CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>APL (programming language) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f8621e4f-6dd3-49ff-812a-cc9076984744","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"APL_(programming_language)","wgTitle":"APL (programming language)","wgCurRevisionId":1259510364,"wgRevisionId":1259510364,"wgArticleId":1451,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from August 2019","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)","Articles with dead external links from April 2019","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2015","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles with example code",".NET programming languages","APL programming language family","Array programming languages","Command shells","Dynamic programming languages","Dynamically typed programming languages","Functional languages","IBM software","Programming languages created in 1964", "Programming languages with an ISO standard","Programming languages","Homoiconic programming languages"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"APL_(programming_language)","wgRelevantArticleId":1451,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q296187","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.pygments":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready", "ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.pygments.view","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.pygments%2CwikimediaBadges%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg/1200px-APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg/800px-APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg/640px-APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="APL (programming language) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(programming_language)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(programming_language)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-APL_programming_language rootpage-APL_programming_language skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=APL+%28programming+language%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=APL+%28programming+language%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=APL+%28programming+language%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=APL+%28programming+language%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mathematical_notation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematical_notation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Mathematical notation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematical_notation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_into_a_computer_programming_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_into_a_computer_programming_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Development into a computer programming language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_into_a_computer_programming_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Hardware </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_availability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Commercial availability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_availability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microcomputers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microcomputers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Microcomputers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microcomputers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-APL2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#APL2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 APL2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-APL2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Modern implementations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derivative_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivative_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Derivative languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivative_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Language characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Language_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Language characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Language_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Character_set" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_set"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Character set </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_set-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Design </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Terminology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Syntax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Examples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hello,_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hello,_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Hello, world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hello,_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exponentiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exponentiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Exponentiation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exponentiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simple_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simple_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 Simple statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simple_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pick_6_lottery_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pick_6_lottery_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.4 Pick 6 lottery numbers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pick_6_lottery_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.5 Prime numbers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prime_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sorting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sorting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.6 Sorting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sorting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Game_of_Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Game_of_Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.7 Game of Life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Game_of_Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HTML_tags_removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HTML_tags_removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.8 HTML tags removal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HTML_tags_removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Naming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Logo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notable implementations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_implementations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable implementations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-APL\360" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#APL\360"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 APL\360 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-APL\360-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-APL\1130" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#APL\1130"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 APL\1130 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-APL\1130-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-APL*Plus_and_Sharp_APL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#APL*Plus_and_Sharp_APL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 APL*Plus and Sharp APL </div> </a> <ul id="toc-APL*Plus_and_Sharp_APL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-APL2_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#APL2_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 APL2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-APL2_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-APLGOL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#APLGOL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 APLGOL </div> </a> <ul id="toc-APLGOL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dyalog_APL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyalog_APL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Dyalog APL </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyalog_APL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NARS2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NARS2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 NARS2000 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NARS2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-APLX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#APLX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 APLX </div> </a> <ul id="toc-APLX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-York_APL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#York_APL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 York APL </div> </a> <ul id="toc-York_APL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GNU_APL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GNU_APL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 GNU APL </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GNU_APL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretation_and_compilation_of_APL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation_and_compilation_of_APL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Interpretation and compilation of APL </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interpretation_and_compilation_of_APL-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Interpretation and compilation of APL subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Interpretation_and_compilation_of_APL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Idiom_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idiom_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Idiom recognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idiom_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optimised_bytecode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optimised_bytecode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Optimised bytecode </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optimised_bytecode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Compilation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Standards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Video </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Online resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">APL (programming language)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" > 44 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%84_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A9)" title="إيه بي إل (لغة برمجة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيه بي إل (لغة برمجة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL" title="APL – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="APL" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(proqramla%C5%9Fd%C4%B1rma_dili)" title="APL (proqramlaşdırma dili) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="APL (proqramlaşdırma dili)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9F%D0%9B_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="АПЛ (мова праграмавання) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="АПЛ (мова праграмавання)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL" title="APL – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="APL" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL" title="APL – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="APL" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(programovac%C3%AD_jazyk)" title="APL (programovací jazyk) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="APL (programovací jazyk)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(programmeringssprog)" title="APL (programmeringssprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="APL (programmeringssprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(Programmiersprache)" title="APL (Programmiersprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="APL (Programmiersprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL" title="APL – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="APL" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL" title="APL – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="APL" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL" title="APL – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="APL" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ای‌پی‌ال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ای‌پی‌ال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(langage)" title="APL (langage) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="APL (langage)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL" title="APL – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="APL" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL" title="APL – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="APL" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%B0%8D_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4)" title="APL (프로그래밍 언어) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="APL (프로그래밍 언어)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL" title="APL – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="APL" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL" title="APL – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="APL" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL" title="APL – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="APL" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL" title="APL – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="APL" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BD_(%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7)" title="എപിഎൽ (പ്രോഗ്രാമിംഗ് ഭാഷ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എപിഎൽ (പ്രോഗ്രാമിംഗ് ഭാഷ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2" title="एपीएल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एपीएल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL" title="APL – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="APL" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(programmeertaal)" title="APL (programmeertaal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="APL (programmeertaal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL" title="APL – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="APL" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(programmeringsspr%C3%A5k)" title="APL (programmeringsspråk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="APL (programmeringsspråk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B2_(%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE)" title="ਏਪੀਐਲ (ਪ੍ਰੋਗ੍ਰਾਮਿੰਗ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਏਪੀਐਲ (ਪ੍ਰੋਗ੍ਰਾਮਿੰਗ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(j%C4%99zyk_programowania)" title="APL (język programowania) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="APL (język programowania)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(linguagem_de_programa%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="APL (linguagem de programação) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="APL (linguagem de programação)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL" title="APL – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="APL" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="APL (язык программирования) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="APL (язык программирования)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(programovac%C3%AD_jazyk)" title="APL (programovací jazyk) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="APL (programovací jazyk)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(programski_jezik)" title="APL (programski jezik) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="APL (programski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(programski_jezik)" title="APL (programski jezik) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="APL (programski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(ohjelmointikieli)" title="APL (ohjelmointikieli) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="APL (ohjelmointikieli)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(programspr%C3%A5k)" title="APL (programspråk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="APL (programspråk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9F%D0%9B_(%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D3%A3)" title="АПЛ (забони барноманависӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="АПЛ (забони барноманависӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(programlama_dili)" title="APL (programlama dili) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="APL (programlama dili)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL" title="APL – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="APL" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_l%E1%BA%ADp_tr%C3%ACnh)" title="APL (ngôn ngữ lập trình) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="APL (ngôn ngữ lập trình)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="APL语言 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="APL语言" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80)" title="APL (程式語言) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="APL (程式語言)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="APL語言 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="APL語言" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q296187#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:APL_(programming_language)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/APL_(programming_language)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/APL_(programming_language)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&oldid=1259510364" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=APL_%28programming_language%29&id=1259510364&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAPL_%28programming_language%29">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAPL_%28programming_language%29">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=APL_%28programming_language%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:APL_(programming_language)" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/APL" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q296187" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Functional programming language for arrays</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Address_(programming_language)" title="Address (programming language)">Address (programming language)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">APL</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:APL_(programming_language)_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg/120px-APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg/180px-APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg/240px-APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1890" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Array_programming" title="Array programming">Array</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">modular</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">Kenneth E. Iverson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_M._Breed" title="Lawrence M. Breed">Larry Breed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Lathwell" title="Richard H. Lathwell">Dick Lathwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Moore_(computer_scientist)" title="Roger Moore (computer scientist)">Roger Moore</a>, others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">November 27, 1966; 57 years ago (1966-11-27)<a href="#cite_note-Birthdate-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">ISO/IEC 13751:2001 / February 1, 2001; 23 years ago (2001-02-01)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Dynamic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">Cross-platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aplwiki.com/">aplwiki.com</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Major <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>APL\360</li> <li>APL\1130</li> <li>APL*Plus</li> <li>Sharp APL</li> <li>APL2</li> <li>Dyalog APL</li> <li>NARS2000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/APLX" title="APLX">APLX</a></li> <li>GNU APL</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_notation" title="Mathematical notation">Mathematical notation</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%2B_(programming_language)" title="A+ (programming language)">A and A+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FP_(programming_language)" title="FP (programming language)">FP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_(programming_language)" title="J (programming language)">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K_(programming_language)" title="K (programming language)">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nial" title="Nial">Nial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphic_Programming_Language" title="Polymorphic Programming Language">PPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_(programming_language_from_Kx_Systems)" title="Q (programming language from Kx Systems)">q (kdb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_(programming_language)" title="S (programming language)">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap!_(programming_language)" title="Snap! (programming language)">Snap!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speakeasy_(computational_environment)" title="Speakeasy (computational environment)">Speakeasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Language" title="Wolfram Language">Wolfram Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/APLgradeup.svg/40px-APLgradeup.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/APLgradeup.svg/60px-APLgradeup.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/APLgradeup.svg/80px-APLgradeup.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a class="mw-selflink selflink">APL</a> <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/APL_syntax_and_symbols" title="APL syntax and symbols">APL symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> APL (named after the book A Programming Language)<a href="#cite_note-aplbook-3">[3]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> developed in the 1960s by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">Kenneth E. Iverson</a>. Its central datatype is the <a href="/wiki/Array_data_type#Multi-dimensional_arrays" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data type">multidimensional array</a>. It uses a large range of <a href="/wiki/APL_syntax_and_symbols" title="APL syntax and symbols">special graphic symbols</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> to represent most functions and operators, leading to very concise code. It has been an important influence on the development of concept modeling, <a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">spreadsheets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional programming</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and computer math packages.<a href="#cite_note-mworks-6">[6]</a> It has also inspired several other programming languages.<a href="#cite_note-jinsp-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-kinsp-8">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematical_notation">Mathematical notation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mathematical notation">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_notation" title="Mathematical notation">mathematical notation</a> for manipulating arrays was developed by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">Kenneth E. Iverson</a>, starting in 1957 at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. In 1960, he began work for <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> where he developed this notation with <a href="/wiki/Adin_Falkoff" title="Adin Falkoff">Adin Falkoff</a> and published it in his book A Programming Language in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-aplbook-3">[3]</a> The preface states its premise: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Applied mathematics is largely concerned with the design and analysis of explicit procedures for calculating the exact or approximate values of various functions. Such explicit procedures are called algorithms or programs. Because an effective notation for the description of programs exhibits considerable syntactic structure, it is called a programming language. </blockquote> This notation was used inside IBM for short research reports on computer systems, such as the <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_B5000" class="mw-redirect" title="Burroughs B5000">Burroughs B5000</a> and its stack mechanism when <a href="/wiki/Stack_machine" title="Stack machine">stack machines</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Register_machine" title="Register machine">register machines</a> were being evaluated by IBM for upcoming computers. Iverson also used his notation in a draft of the chapter A Programming Language, written for a book he was writing with <a href="/wiki/Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Fred Brooks</a>, Automatic Data Processing, which would be published in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 1979, Iverson received the <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> for his work on APL.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_into_a_computer_programming_language">Development into a computer programming language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development into a computer programming language">edit</a>]</div> As early as 1962, the first attempt to use the notation to describe a complete computer system happened after Falkoff discussed with William C. Carter his work to standardize the instruction set for the machines that later became the <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">IBM System/360</a> family. In 1963, Herbert Hellerman, working at the IBM Systems Research Institute, implemented a part of the notation on an <a href="/wiki/IBM_1620" title="IBM 1620">IBM 1620</a> computer, and it was used by students in a special high school course on calculating transcendental functions by series summation. Students tested their code in Hellerman's lab. This implementation of a part of the notation was called Personalized Array Translator (PAT).<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In 1963, Falkoff, Iverson, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Sussenguth_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Edward H. Sussenguth Jr.">Edward H. Sussenguth Jr.</a>, all working at IBM, used the notation for a formal description of the <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">IBM System/360</a> series machine architecture and functionality, which resulted in a paper published in <a href="/wiki/IBM_Systems_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Systems Journal">IBM Systems Journal</a> in 1964. After this was published, the team turned their attention to an implementation of the notation on a computer system. One of the motivations for this focus of implementation was the interest of John L. Lawrence who had new duties with <a href="/wiki/Science_Research_Associates" title="Science Research Associates">Science Research Associates</a>, an educational company bought by IBM in 1964. Lawrence asked Iverson and his group to help use the language as a tool to develop and use computers in education.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_M._Breed" title="Lawrence M. Breed">Lawrence M. Breed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_S._Abrams" title="Philip S. Abrams">Philip S. Abrams</a> of Stanford University joined the team at IBM Research, they continued their prior work on an implementation programmed in <a href="/wiki/FORTRAN_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="FORTRAN IV">FORTRAN IV</a> for a part of the notation which had been done for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_7090" title="IBM 7090">IBM 7090</a> computer running on the <a href="/wiki/IBM_7090/94_IBSYS" title="IBM 7090/94 IBSYS">IBSYS</a> operating system. This work was finished in late 1965 and later named IVSYS (for Iverson system). The basis of this implementation was described in detail by Abrams in a Stanford University Technical Report, "An Interpreter for Iverson Notation" in 1966. The academic aspect of this was formally supervised by <a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Like Hellerman's PAT system earlier, this implementation omitted the APL character set, but used special English reserved words for functions and operators. The system was later adapted for a <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a> system and, by November 1966, it had been reprogrammed for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360_Model_50" title="IBM System/360 Model 50">IBM System/360 Model 50</a> computer running in a time-sharing mode and was used internally at IBM.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardware">Hardware</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hardware">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:APL_Greek_characters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/APL_Greek_characters.jpg/220px-APL_Greek_characters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/APL_Greek_characters.jpg/330px-APL_Greek_characters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/APL_Greek_characters.jpg/440px-APL_Greek_characters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>IBM typeballs and typewheel containing APL Greek characters</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:APL-keybd2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/APL-keybd2.svg/220px-APL-keybd2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/APL-keybd2.svg/330px-APL-keybd2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/APL-keybd2.svg/440px-APL-keybd2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="125" /></a><figcaption>A programmer's view of the IBM 2741 keyboard layout with the APL typing element print head inserted</figcaption></figure> A key development in the ability to use APL effectively, before the wide use of <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor#Cathode-ray_tube" title="Computer monitor">cathode-ray tube</a> (CRT) terminals, was the development of a special <a href="/wiki/IBM_Selectric_typewriter" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Selectric typewriter">IBM Selectric typewriter</a> interchangeable typing element with all the special APL characters on it. This was used on paper printing terminal workstations using the Selectric typewriter and typing element mechanism, such as the <a href="/wiki/IBM_1050" title="IBM 1050">IBM 1050</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_2741" title="IBM 2741">IBM 2741</a> terminal. Keycaps could be placed over the normal keys to show which APL characters would be entered and typed when that key was struck. For the first time, a programmer could type in and see proper APL characters as used in Iverson's notation and not be forced to use awkward English keyword representations of them. Falkoff and Iverson had the special APL Selectric typing elements, 987 and 988, designed in late 1964, although no APL computer system was available to use them.<a href="#cite_note-APLQQ91-16">[16]</a> Iverson cited Falkoff as the inspiration for the idea of using an IBM Selectric typing element for the APL character set.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Many APL symbols, even with the APL characters on the Selectric typing element, still had to be typed in by over-striking two extant element characters. An example is the grade up character, which had to be made from a delta (shift-H) and a <a href="/wiki/Sheffer_stroke" title="Sheffer stroke">Sheffer stroke</a> (shift-M). This was necessary because the APL character set was much larger than the 88 characters allowed on the typing element, even when letters were restricted to upper-case (capitals). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_availability">Commercial availability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commercial availability">edit</a>]</div> The first APL interactive login and creation of an APL workspace was in 1966 by Larry Breed using an IBM 1050 terminal at the IBM Mohansic Labs near <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Research_Center" title="Thomas J. Watson Research Center">Thomas J. Watson Research Center</a>, the home of APL, in <a href="/wiki/Yorktown_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorktown Heights">Yorktown Heights</a>, New York.<a href="#cite_note-APLQQ91-16">[16]</a> IBM was chiefly responsible for introducing APL to the marketplace. The first publicly available version of APL was released in 1968 for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_1130" title="IBM 1130">IBM 1130</a>. IBM provided APL\1130 for free but without liability or support.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> It would run in as little as 8k 16-bit words of memory, and used a dedicated 1 megabyte hard disk. APL gained its foothold on mainframe timesharing systems from the late 1960s through the early 1980s, in part because it would support multiple users on lower-specification systems that had no <a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">dynamic address translation</a> hardware.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Additional improvements in performance for selected <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/370" title="IBM System/370">IBM System/370</a> mainframe systems included the APL Assist Microcode in which some support for APL execution was included in the processor's <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a>, as distinct from being implemented entirely by higher-level software. Somewhat later, as suitably performing hardware was finally growing available in the mid- to late-1980s, many users migrated their applications to the personal computer environment. Early IBM APL interpreters for IBM 360 and IBM 370 hardware implemented their own multi-user management instead of relying on the host services, thus they were their own timesharing systems. First introduced for use at IBM in 1966, the APL\360<a href="#cite_note-IBM_APL\360_1968-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-apl360-23">[23]</a> system was a multi-user interpreter. The ability to programmatically communicate with the operating system for information and setting interpreter system variables was done through special privileged "I-beam" functions, using both <a href="/wiki/Monad_(functional_programming)" title="Monad (functional programming)">monadic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dyadics" title="Dyadics">dyadic</a> operations.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In 1973, IBM released APL.SV, which was a continuation of the same product, but which offered <a href="/wiki/Shared_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared variable">shared variables</a> as a means to access facilities outside of the APL system, such as operating system files. In the mid-1970s, the IBM mainframe interpreter was even adapted for use on the <a href="/wiki/IBM_5100" title="IBM 5100">IBM 5100</a> desktop computer, which had a small CRT and an APL keyboard, when most other small computers of the time only offered <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>. In the 1980s, the VSAPL <a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_Product" title="Software as a Product">program product</a> enjoyed wide use with <a href="/wiki/Conversational_Monitor_System" title="Conversational Monitor System">Conversational Monitor System</a> (CMS), <a href="/wiki/Time_Sharing_Option" title="Time Sharing Option">Time Sharing Option</a> (TSO), <a href="/wiki/VSPC" class="mw-redirect" title="VSPC">VSPC</a>, <a href="/wiki/MUSIC/SP" title="MUSIC/SP">MUSIC/SP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CICS" title="CICS">CICS</a> users. In 1973–1974, Patrick E. Hagerty directed the implementation of the University of Maryland APL interpreter for the 1100 line of the Sperry <a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_1100/2200_series" title="UNIVAC 1100/2200 series">UNIVAC 1100/2200 series</a> mainframe computers.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In 1974, student Alan Stebbens was assigned the task of implementing an internal function.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Xerox APL was available from June 1975 for Xerox 560 and Sigma 6, 7, and 9 mainframes running <a href="/wiki/Universal_Time-Sharing_System#CP-V" title="Universal Time-Sharing System">CP-V</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Honeywell_CP-6" title="Honeywell CP-6">Honeywell CP-6</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In the 1960s and 1970s, several timesharing firms arose that sold APL services using modified versions of the IBM APL\360<a href="#cite_note-apl360-23">[23]</a> interpreter. In North America, the better-known ones were <a href="/wiki/IP_Sharp_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="IP Sharp Associates">IP Sharp Associates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Time_Sharing_Corporation" title="Scientific Time Sharing Corporation">Scientific Time Sharing Corporation</a> (STSC), Time Sharing Resources (TSR), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Computer_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Computer Company (page does not exist)">The Computer Company</a> (TCC). CompuServe also entered the market in 1978 with an APL Interpreter based on a modified version of Digital Equipment Corp and Carnegie Mellon's, which ran on DEC's KI and KL 36-bit machines. CompuServe's APL was available both to its commercial market and the consumer information service. With the advent first of less expensive mainframes such as the <a href="/wiki/IBM_4300" title="IBM 4300">IBM 4300</a>, and later the personal computer, by the mid-1980s, the timesharing industry was all but gone. Sharp APL was available from IP Sharp Associates, first as a timesharing service in the 1960s, and later as a program product starting around 1979. Sharp APL was an advanced APL implementation with many language extensions, such as packages (the ability to put one or more objects into a single variable), a file system, nested arrays, and <a href="/wiki/Shared_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared variable">shared variables</a>. APL interpreters were available from other mainframe and mini-computer manufacturers also, notably <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation">Burroughs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data Corporation</a> (CDC), <a href="/wiki/Data_General" title="Data General">Data General</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC), <a href="/wiki/Harris_Corporation" title="Harris Corporation">Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> (HP), <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> and others. Garth Foster of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a> sponsored regular meetings of the APL implementers' community at Syracuse's Minnowbrook Conference Center in <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountain_Lake_(hamlet),_New_York" title="Blue Mountain Lake (hamlet), New York">Blue Mountain Lake, New York</a>. In later years, Eugene McDonnell organized similar meetings at the <a href="/wiki/Asilomar_Conference_Grounds" title="Asilomar Conference Grounds">Asilomar Conference Grounds</a> near <a href="/wiki/Monterey" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterey">Monterey</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, and at Pajaro Dunes near <a href="/wiki/Watsonville" class="mw-redirect" title="Watsonville">Watsonville</a>, California. The SIGAPL special interest group of the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> continues to support the APL community.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microcomputers">Microcomputers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Microcomputers">edit</a>]</div> On microcomputers, which became available from the mid-1970s onwards, <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> became the dominant programming language.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Nevertheless, some microcomputers provided APL instead – the first being the <a href="/wiki/Intel_8008" title="Intel 8008">Intel 8008</a>-based <a href="/wiki/MCM/70" title="MCM/70">MCM/70</a> which was released in 1974<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and which was primarily used in education.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Another machine of this time was the <a href="/wiki/VideoBrain_Family_Computer" title="VideoBrain Family Computer">VideoBrain Family Computer</a>, released in 1977, which was supplied with its dialect of APL called APL/S.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Commodore_SuperPET" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodore SuperPET">Commodore SuperPET</a>, introduced in 1981, included an APL interpreter developed by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">University of Waterloo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In 1976, Bill Gates claimed in his <a href="/wiki/Open_Letter_to_Hobbyists" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Letter to Hobbyists">Open Letter to Hobbyists</a> that <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Corporation">Microsoft Corporation</a> was implementing APL for the <a href="/wiki/Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">Intel 8080</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800">Motorola 6800</a> but had "very little incentive to make [it] available to hobbyists" because of <a href="/wiki/Software_piracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Software piracy">software piracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> It was never released. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="APL2">APL2</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: APL2">edit</a>]</div> Starting in the early 1980s, IBM APL development, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Jim_Brown_(computer_scientist)" title="Jim Brown (computer scientist)">Jim Brown</a>, implemented a new version of the APL language that contained as its primary enhancement the concept of nested arrays, where an array can contain other arrays, and new language features which facilitated integrating nested arrays into program workflow. Ken Iverson, no longer in control of the development of the APL language, left IBM and joined <a href="/wiki/I._P._Sharp_Associates" title="I. P. Sharp Associates">I. P. Sharp Associates</a>, where one of his major contributions was directing the evolution of Sharp APL to be more in accord with his vision.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> APL2 was first released for <a href="/wiki/Conversational_Monitor_System" title="Conversational Monitor System">CMS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time_Sharing_Option" title="Time Sharing Option">TSO</a> in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-FalkoffIBMFamily-39">[39]</a> The APL2 Workstation edition (Windows, <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>) followed later.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> As other vendors were busy developing APL interpreters for new hardware, notably <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputers</a>, APL2 was almost always the standard chosen for new APL interpreter developments. Even today, most APL vendors or their users cite APL2 compatibility as a selling point for those products.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> IBM cites its use for problem solving, system design, prototyping, engineering and scientific computations, expert systems,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> for teaching mathematics and other subjects, visualization and database access.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_implementations">Modern implementations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern implementations">edit</a>]</div> Various implementations of APL by APLX, Dyalog, et al., include extensions for <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>, support for <a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a>, XML-array conversion primitives, graphing, operating system interfaces, and <a href="/wiki/Lambda_calculus" title="Lambda calculus">lambda calculus</a> expressions. Freeware versions include GNU APL for Linux and NARS2000 for Windows (which also runs on Linux under Wine). Both of these are fairly complete versions of APL2 with various language extensions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derivative_languages">Derivative languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Derivative languages">edit</a>]</div> APL has formed the basis of, or influenced, the following languages:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%2B_(programming_language)" title="A+ (programming language)">A and A+</a>, an alternative APL, the latter with graphical extensions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FP_(programming_language)" title="FP (programming language)">FP</a>, a functional programming language.</li> <li>Ivy, an interpreter for an APL-like language developed by <a href="/wiki/Rob_Pike" title="Rob Pike">Rob Pike</a>, and which uses <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> as input.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_(programming_language)" title="J (programming language)">J</a>, which was also designed by Iverson, and which uses <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> with <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Digraph (computing)">digraphs</a> instead of special symbols.<a href="#cite_note-jinsp-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K_(programming_language)" title="K (programming language)">K</a>, a proprietary variant of APL developed by Arthur Whitney.<a href="#cite_note-kinsp-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a>, a numerical computation tool.<a href="#cite_note-mworks-6">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nial" title="Nial">Nial</a>, a high-level array programming language with a functional programming notation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphic_Programming_Language" title="Polymorphic Programming Language">Polymorphic Programming Language</a>, an interactive, extensible language with a similar base language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_(programming_language)" title="S (programming language)">S</a>, a statistical programming language (usually now seen in the open-source version known as <a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap!_(programming_language)" title="Snap! (programming language)">Snap!</a>, a low-code block-based programming language, born as an extended reimplementation of <a href="/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speakeasy_(computational_environment)" title="Speakeasy (computational environment)">Speakeasy</a>, a numerical computing interactive environment.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Language" title="Wolfram Language">Wolfram Language</a>, the programming language of <a href="/wiki/Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematica">Mathematica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_characteristics">Language characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Language characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Character_set">Character set</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Character set">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/APL_(codepage)" class="mw-redirect" title="APL (codepage)">APL (codepage)</a> and <a href="/wiki/APL_syntax_and_symbols#Monadic_functions" title="APL syntax and symbols">syntax and symbols</a></div> APL has been criticized and praised for its choice of a unique, non-standard character set. In the 1960s and 1970s, few terminal devices or even displays could reproduce the APL character set. The most popular ones employed the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Selectric" title="IBM Selectric">IBM Selectric</a> print mechanism used with a special APL type element. One of the early APL <a href="/wiki/Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">line terminals</a> (line-mode operation only, not full screen) was the Texas Instruments TI Model 745 (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1977) with the full APL character set<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> which featured <a href="/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)" title="Duplex (telecommunications)">half and full duplex</a> <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> modes, for interacting with an APL <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a> service or remote mainframe to run a remote computer job, <a href="/wiki/Remote_job_entry" title="Remote job entry">remote job entry</a> (RJE). Over time, with the universal use of high-quality graphic displays, printing devices and <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> support, the APL character font problem has largely been eliminated. However, entering APL characters requires the use of <a href="/wiki/Input_method_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Input method editor">input method editors</a>, keyboard mappings, virtual/on-screen APL symbol sets,<a href="#cite_note-FontsKeys-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> or easy-reference printed keyboard cards which can frustrate beginners accustomed to other programming languages.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> With beginners who have no prior experience with other programming languages, a study involving high school students found that typing and using APL characters did not hinder the students in any measurable way.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In defense of APL, it requires fewer characters to type, and keyboard mappings become memorized over time. Special APL keyboards are also made and in use today, as are freely downloadable fonts for operating systems such as Microsoft Windows.<a href="#cite_note-FontsKeys-49">[49]</a> The reported productivity gains assume that one spends enough time working in the language to make it worthwhile to memorize the symbols, their semantics, keyboard mappings, and many idioms for common tasks.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Design">edit</a>]</div> Unlike traditionally structured programming languages, APL code is typically structured as chains of <a href="/wiki/Unary_operation" title="Unary operation">monadic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Binary_operation" title="Binary operation">dyadic</a> <a href="/wiki/Function_(computer_programming)" title="Function (computer programming)">functions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Higher-order_function" title="Higher-order function">operators</a><a href="#cite_note-MicroAOL_Operators-55">[55]</a> acting on <a href="/wiki/Array_data_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data type">arrays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> APL has many nonstandard primitives (functions and operators) that are indicated by a single symbol or a combination of a few symbols. All primitives are defined to have the same <a href="/wiki/Operator_precedence" class="mw-redirect" title="Operator precedence">precedence</a>, and always associate to the right. Thus, APL is read or best understood from <a href="/wiki/APL_syntax_and_symbols#Syntax_rules" title="APL syntax and symbols">right-to-left</a>. Early APL implementations (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1970 or so) had no programming loop <a href="/wiki/Control_flow" title="Control flow">control flow</a> structures, such as <code>do</code> or <code>while</code> loops, and <code>if-then-else</code> constructs. Instead, they used array operations, and use of <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured programming</a> constructs was often unneeded, since an operation could be performed on a full array in one statement. For example, the <code>iota</code> function (<code>ι</code>) can replace for-loop <a href="/wiki/Iteration" title="Iteration">iteration</a>: ιN when applied to a scalar positive integer yields a one-dimensional array (vector), 1 2 3 ... N. Later APL implementations generally include comprehensive control structures, so that data structure and program control flow can be clearly and cleanly separated. The APL environment is called a workspace. In a workspace the user can define programs and data, i.e., the data values exist also outside the programs, and the user can also manipulate the data without having to define a program.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In the examples below, the APL interpreter first types six spaces before awaiting the user's input. Its own output starts in column one. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td width="240pt"><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-apl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> n ← 4 5 6 7 </pre></div> </td> <td>Assigns <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_vector" title="Coordinate vector">vector</a> of values, {4 5 6 7}, to variable <code>n</code>, an array create operation. An equivalent yet more concise APL expression would be <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-apl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">n ← 3 + ⍳4</code>. Multiple values are stored in array <code>n</code>, the operation performed without formal loops or control flow language. </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-apl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> n 4 5 6 7 </pre></div> </td> <td>Display the contents of <code>n</code>, currently an array or vector. </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-apl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> n+4 8 9 10 11 </pre></div> </td> <td>4 is now added to all elements of vector <code>n</code>, creating a 4-element vector {8 9 10 11}. As above, APL's interpreter displays the result because the expression's value was not assigned to a variable (with a <code>←</code>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-apl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> +/n 22 </pre></div> </td> <td>APL displays the sum of components of the vector <code>n</code>, i.e., <code>22 (= 4 + 5 + 6 + 7)</code> using a very compact notation: read +/ as "plus, over..." and a slight change would be "multiply, over..." </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-apl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> m ← +/3+⍳4 m 22 </pre></div> </td> <td>These operations can be combined into one statement, remembering that APL evaluates expressions right to left: first <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-apl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">⍳4</code> creates an array, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-apl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">[1,2,3,4]</code>, then 3 is added to each component, which are summed together and the result stored in variable <code>m</code>, finally displayed. In normal mathematical notation, it is equivalent to: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \displaystyle m=\sum \limits _{i=1}^{4}(i+3)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <munderover> <mo movablelimits="false">∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </munderover> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>i</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \displaystyle m=\sum \limits _{i=1}^{4}(i+3)}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/666a7d5405a756a30af44732967235a602015f4c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:15.108ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \displaystyle m=\sum \limits _{i=1}^{4}(i+3)}">. Recall that mathematical expressions are not read or evaluated from right-to-left. </td></tr></tbody></table> The user can save the workspace with all values, programs, and execution status. APL uses a set of non-<a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> symbols, which are an extension of traditional arithmetic and algebraic notation. Having single character names for single instruction, multiple data (<a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Single instruction, multiple data">SIMD</a>) vector functions is one way that APL enables compact formulation of algorithms for data transformation such as computing <a href="/wiki/Conway%27s_Game_of_Life" title="Conway's Game of Life">Conway's Game of Life</a> in one line of code.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In nearly all versions of APL, it is theoretically possible to express any computable function in one expression, that is, in one line of code.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Due to the unusual <a href="/wiki/Character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Character set">character set</a>, many programmers use special <a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboards</a> with APL keytops to write APL code.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Although there are various ways to write APL code using only ASCII characters,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> in practice it is almost never done. (This may be thought to support Iverson's thesis about <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity" title="Linguistic relativity">notation as a tool of thought</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>) Most if not all modern implementations use standard keyboard layouts, with special mappings or <a href="/wiki/Input_method_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Input method editor">input method editors</a> to access non-ASCII characters. Historically, the APL font has been distinctive, with uppercase italic alphabetic characters and upright numerals and symbols. Most vendors continue to display the APL character set in a custom font. Advocates of APL[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] claim that the examples of so-called write-only code (badly written and almost incomprehensible code) are almost invariably examples of poor programming practice or novice mistakes, which can occur in any language. Advocates also claim that they are far more productive with APL than with more conventional computer languages, and that working software can be implemented in far less time and with far fewer programmers than using other technology.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] They also may claim that because it is compact and terse, APL lends itself well to larger-scale software development and complexity, because the number of lines of code can be reduced greatly. Many APL advocates and practitioners also view standard programming languages such as <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> as being comparatively tedious. APL is often found where time-to-market is important, such as with trading systems.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> APL makes a clear distinction between functions and operators.<a href="#cite_note-MicroAOL_Operators-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Functions take arrays (variables or constants or expressions) as arguments, and return arrays as results. Operators (similar to <a href="/wiki/Higher-order_function" title="Higher-order function">higher-order functions</a>) take functions or arrays as arguments, and derive related functions. For example, the sum function is derived by applying the reduction operator to the addition function. Applying the same reduction operator to the maximum function (which returns the larger of two numbers) derives a function which returns the largest of a group (vector) of numbers. In the J language, Iverson substituted the terms verb for function and adverb or conjunction for operator. APL also identifies those features built into the language, and represented by a symbol, or a fixed combination of symbols, as primitives. Most primitives are either functions or operators. Coding APL is largely a process of writing non-primitive functions and (in some versions of APL) operators. However a few primitives are considered to be neither functions nor operators, most noticeably assignment. Some words used in APL literature have meanings that differ from those in both mathematics and the generality of computer science. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Terminology of APL operators </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Term </th> <th scope="col">Description </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">function </th> <td>operation or mapping that takes zero, one (right) or two (left & right) arguments which may be scalars, arrays, or more complicated structures, and may return a similarly complex result. A function may be: <ul><li>Primitive: built-in and represented by a single glyph;<a href="#cite_note-aplxch6-67">[67]</a></li> <li>Defined: as a named and ordered collection of program statements;<a href="#cite_note-aplxch6-67">[67]</a></li> <li>Derived: as a combination of an operator with its arguments.<a href="#cite_note-aplxch6-67">[67]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">array </th> <td>data valued object of zero or more <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthogonal">orthogonal</a> dimensions in <a href="/wiki/Row-_and_column-major_order" title="Row- and column-major order">row-major</a> order in which each item is a primitive scalar datum or another array.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">niladic </th> <td>not taking or requiring any arguments, nullary<a href="#cite_note-Bohman_Froberg-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">monadic </th> <td>requiring only one argument; on the right for a function, on the left for an operator, unary<a href="#cite_note-Bohman_Froberg-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">dyadic </th> <td>requiring both a left and a right argument, binary<a href="#cite_note-Bohman_Froberg-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">ambivalent or monadic </th> <td>capable of use in a monadic or dyadic context, permitting its left argument to be elided[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">definition needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-aplxch6-67">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">operator </th> <td>operation or mapping that takes one (left) or two (left & right) function or array valued arguments (operands) and derives a function. An operator may be: <ul><li>Primitive: built-in and represented by a single glyph;<a href="#cite_note-aplxch6-67">[67]</a></li> <li>Defined: as a named and ordered collection of program statements.<a href="#cite_note-aplxch6-67">[67]</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/APL_syntax_and_symbols" title="APL syntax and symbols">APL syntax and symbols</a></div> APL has explicit representations of functions, operators, and syntax, thus providing a basis for the clear and explicit statement of extended facilities in the language, and tools to experiment on them.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hello,_world">Hello, world</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hello, world">edit</a>]</div> This displays "<a href="/wiki/Hello,_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Hello, world">Hello, world</a>": <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-apl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>'Hello, world' </pre></div> A design theme in APL is to define default actions in some cases that would produce syntax errors in most other programming languages. The 'Hello, world' string constant above displays, because display is the default action on any expression for which no action is specified explicitly (e.g. assignment, function parameter). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exponentiation">Exponentiation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Exponentiation">edit</a>]</div> Another example of this theme is that exponentiation in APL is written as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">2*3</code>, which indicates raising 2 to the power 3 (this would be written as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">2^3</code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">2**3</code> in some languages, or relegated to a function call such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">pow(2, 3);</code> in others). Many languages use <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">*</code> to signify multiplication, as in <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">2*3</code>, but APL chooses to use <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">2×3</code>. However, if no base is specified (as with the statement <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">*3</code> in APL, or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">^3</code> in other languages), most programming languages one would see this as a syntax error. APL, however, assumes the missing base to be the natural logarithm constant <a href="/wiki/E_(mathematical_constant)" title="E (mathematical constant)">e</a>, and interprets <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">*3</code> as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">2.71828*3</code>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Simple_statistics">Simple statistics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Simple statistics">edit</a>]</div> Suppose that <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">X</code> is an array of numbers. Then <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">(+/X)÷⍴X</code> gives its average. Reading right-to-left, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">⍴X</code> gives the number of elements in X, and since <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">÷</code> is a dyadic operator, the term to its left is required as well. It is surrounded by parentheses since otherwise X would be taken (so that the summation would be of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">X÷⍴X</code>—each element of X divided by the number of elements in X), and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">+/X</code> gives the sum of the elements of X. Building on this, the following expression computes <a href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">standard deviation</a>: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-apl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>((+/((X - (+/X)÷⍴X)*2))÷⍴X)*0.5 </pre></div> Naturally, one would define this expression as a function for repeated use rather than rewriting it each time. Further, since assignment is an operator, it can appear within an expression, so the following would place suitable values into T, AV and SD: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-apl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>SD←((+/((X - AV←(T←+/X)÷⍴X)*2))÷⍴X)*0.5 </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pick_6_lottery_numbers">Pick 6 lottery numbers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pick 6 lottery numbers">edit</a>]</div> This following immediate-mode expression generates a typical set of Pick 6 <a href="/wiki/Lottery" title="Lottery">lottery</a> numbers: six <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-random" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-random">pseudo-random</a> <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integers</a> ranging from 1 to 40, guaranteed non-repeating, and displays them sorted in ascending order: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-apl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>x[⍋x←6?40] </pre></div> The above does a lot, concisely, although it may seem complex to a new <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/APLer" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:APLer">APLer</a>. It combines the following APL functions (also called primitives<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and glyphs<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a>): <ul><li>The first to be executed (APL executes from rightmost to leftmost) is dyadic function <code>?</code> (named <code>deal</code> when dyadic) that returns a <a href="/wiki/Array_data_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data structure">vector</a> consisting of a select number (left argument: 6 in this case) of random integers ranging from 1 to a specified maximum (right argument: 40 in this case), which, if said maximum ≥ vector length, is guaranteed to be non-repeating; thus, generate/create 6 random integers ranging from 1 to 40.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li> <li>This vector is then assigned (<code>←</code>) to the variable <code>x</code>, because it is needed later.</li> <li>This vector is then sorted in ascending order by a monadic <code>⍋</code> function, which has as its right argument everything to the right of it up to the next unbalanced close-bracket or close-parenthesis. The result of <code>⍋</code> is the indices that will put its argument into ascending order.</li> <li>Then the output of <code>⍋</code> is used to index the variable <code>x</code>, which we saved earlier for this purpose, thereby selecting its items in ascending sequence.</li></ul> Since there is no function to the left of the left-most x to tell APL what to do with the result, it simply outputs it to the display (on a single line, separated by spaces) without needing any explicit instruction to do that. <code>?</code> also has a monadic equivalent called <code>roll</code>, which simply returns one random integer between 1 and its sole operand [to the right of it], inclusive. Thus, a <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">role-playing game</a> program might use the expression <code>?20</code> to roll a twenty-sided die. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prime_numbers">Prime numbers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Prime numbers">edit</a>]</div> The following expression finds all <a href="/wiki/Prime_number" title="Prime number">prime numbers</a> from 1 to R. In both time and space, the calculation complexity is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O(R^{2})\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O(R^{2})\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7f0e6bdedb302cd53a7925a15431adf27738bc3f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:6.788ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O(R^{2})\,\!}"> (in <a href="/wiki/Big_O_notation" title="Big O notation">Big O notation</a>). <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-apl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>(~R∊R∘.×R)/R←1↓⍳R </pre></div> Executed from right to left, this means: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">Iota</a> <code>⍳</code> creates a vector containing <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integers</a> from <code>1</code> to <code>R</code> (if <code>R= 6</code> at the start of the program, <code>⍳R</code> is <code>1 2 3 4 5 6</code>)</li> <li>Drop first element of this vector (<code>↓</code> function), i.e., <code>1</code>. So <code>1↓⍳R</code> is <code>2 3 4 5 6</code></li> <li>Set <code>R</code> to the new vector (<code>←</code>, assignment primitive), i.e., <code>2 3 4 5 6</code></li> <li>The <code>/</code> replicate operator is dyadic (binary) and the interpreter first evaluates its left argument (fully in parentheses):</li> <li>Generate <a href="/wiki/Outer_product" title="Outer product">outer product</a> of <code>R</code> multiplied by <code>R</code>, i.e., a matrix that is the <a href="/wiki/Multiplication_table" title="Multiplication table">multiplication table</a> of R by R (<code>°.×</code> operator), i.e.,</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td>4 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>36 </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Build a vector the same length as <code>R</code> with <code>1</code> in each place where the corresponding number in <code>R</code> is in the outer product matrix (<code>∈</code>, set inclusion or element of or <a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">Epsilon</a> operator), i.e., <code>0 0 1 0 1</code></li> <li>Logically negate (not) values in the vector (change zeros to ones and ones to zeros) (<code>∼</code>, logical not or <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">Tilde</a> operator), i.e., <code>1 1 0 1 0</code></li> <li>Select the items in <code>R</code> for which the corresponding element is <code>1</code> (<code>/</code> replicate operator), i.e., <code>2 3 5</code></li></ul> (This assumes the APL origin is 1, i.e., indices start with 1. APL can be set to use 0 as the origin, so that <code>ι6</code> is <code>0 1 2 3 4 5</code>, which is convenient for some calculations.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sorting">Sorting</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sorting">edit</a>]</div> The following expression <a href="/wiki/Sorting" title="Sorting">sorts</a> a word list stored in matrix X according to word length: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-apl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>X[⍋X+.≠' ';] </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Game_of_Life">Game of Life</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Game of Life">edit</a>]</div> The following function "life", written in Dyalog APL,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> takes a Boolean matrix and calculates the new generation according to <a href="/wiki/Conway%27s_Game_of_Life" title="Conway's Game of Life">Conway's Game of Life</a>. It demonstrates the power of APL to implement a complex algorithm in very little code, but understanding it requires some advanced knowledge of APL (as the same program would in many languages). <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-apl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>life ← {⊃1 ⍵ ∨.∧ 3 4 = +/ +⌿ ¯1 0 1 ∘.⊖ ¯1 0 1 ⌽¨ ⊂⍵} </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HTML_tags_removal">HTML tags removal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: HTML tags removal">edit</a>]</div> In the following example, also Dyalog, the first line assigns some HTML code to a variable <code>txt</code> and then uses an APL expression to remove all the HTML tags: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-apl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> txt←'<html><body>This is emphasized text.</body></html>' {⍵ /⍨ ~{⍵∨≠\⍵}⍵∊'<>'} txt This is emphasized text. </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Naming">edit</a>]</div> APL derives its name from the initials of Iverson's book A Programming Language,<a href="#cite_note-aplbook-3">[3]</a> even though the book describes <a href="#Mathematical_notation">Iverson's mathematical notation</a>, rather than the implemented programming language described in this article. The name is used only for actual implementations, starting with <a href="#APL\360">APL\360</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adin_Falkoff" title="Adin Falkoff">Adin Falkoff</a> coined the name in 1966 during the implementation of APL\360 at <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">As I walked by the office the three students shared, I could hear sounds of an argument going on. I poked my head in the door, and Eric asked me, "Isn't it true that everyone knows the notation we're using is called APL?" I was sorry to have to disappoint him by confessing that I had never heard it called that. Where had he got the idea it was well known? And who had decided to call it that? In fact, why did it have to be called anything? Quite a while later I heard how it was named. When the implementation effort started in June of 1966, the documentation effort started, too. I suppose when they had to write about "it", Falkoff and Iverson realized that they would have to give "it" a name. There were probably many suggestions made at the time, but I have heard of only two. A group in SRA in Chicago which was developing instructional materials using the notation was in favor of the name "Mathlab". This did not catch on. Another suggestion was to call it "Iverson's Better Math" and then let people coin the appropriate acronym. This was deemed facetious. Then one day Adin Falkoff walked into Ken's office and wrote "A Programming Language" on the board, and underneath it the acronym "APL". Thus it was born. It was just a week or so after this that Eric Iverson asked me his question, at a time when the name hadn't yet found its way the thirteen miles up the Taconic Parkway from IBM Research to IBM Mohansic.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McDonnell" title="Eugene McDonnell">Eugene McDonnell</a>, <a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></cite></div></blockquote> APL is occasionally re-interpreted as Array Programming Language or Array Processing Language,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> thereby making APL into a <a href="/wiki/Backronym" title="Backronym">backronym</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Logo">Logo</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Logo">edit</a>]</div> There has always been cooperation between APL vendors, and joint conferences were held on a regular basis from 1969 until 2010.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> At such conferences, APL <a href="/wiki/Merchandising" title="Merchandising">merchandise</a> was often handed out, featuring APL motifs or collection of vendor logos. Common were apples (as a pun on the similarity in pronunciation of apple and APL) and the code snippet <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-apl mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">⍺*⎕</code> which are the symbols produced by <a href="/wiki/APL_syntax_and_symbols#APL2_keyboard_function_to_symbol_mapping" title="APL syntax and symbols">the classic APL keyboard</a> layout when holding the APL <a href="/wiki/Modifier_key" title="Modifier key">modifier key</a> and typing "APL". Despite all these community efforts, no universal vendor-agnostic logo for the programming language emerged. As popular programming languages increasingly have established recognisable logos, <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a> getting one in 2020,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> British APL Association launched a campaign in the second half of 2021, to establish such a logo for APL, and after a community election and multiple rounds of feedback, a logo was chosen in May 2022.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Use">edit</a>]</div> APL is used for many purposes including <a href="/wiki/Financial_software" title="Financial software">financial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a> applications,<a href="#cite_note-simcorp-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">neural networks</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> It has been argued that APL is a <a href="/wiki/Calculation" title="Calculation">calculation</a> tool and not a programming language;<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> its symbolic nature and array capabilities have made it popular with <a href="/wiki/Domain_expert" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain expert">domain experts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Data scientist">data scientists</a><a href="#cite_note-Hsu-87">[87]</a> who do not have or require the skills of a <a href="/wiki/Computer_programmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer programmer">computer programmer</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] APL is well suited to <a href="/wiki/Image_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Image manipulation">image manipulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer animation</a>, where graphic transformations can be encoded as matrix multiplications. One of the first commercial computer graphics houses, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Effects_(studio)" title="Digital Effects (studio)">Digital Effects</a>, produced an APL graphics product named Visions, which was used to create television commercials and animation for the 1982 film <a href="/wiki/Tron" title="Tron">Tron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Latterly, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stormwind.fi/en/">Stormwind</a> <a href="/wiki/Simulation_video_game" title="Simulation video game">boating simulator</a> uses APL to implement its core logic, its interfacing to the rendering pipeline middleware and a major part of its <a href="/wiki/Physics_engine" title="Physics engine">physics engine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Today, APL remains in use in a wide range of commercial and scientific applications, for example <a href="/wiki/Investment_management" title="Investment management">investment management</a>,<a href="#cite_note-simcorp-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Asset_management" title="Asset management">asset management</a>,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a>,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> and <a href="/wiki/DNA_profiling" title="DNA profiling">DNA profiling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_implementations">Notable implementations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notable implementations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="APL\360">APL\360</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: APL\360">edit</a>]</div> The first implementation of APL using recognizable APL symbols was APL\360 which ran on the <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">IBM System/360</a>, and was completed in November 1966<a href="#cite_note-Birthdate-1">[1]</a> though at that time remained in use only within IBM.<a href="#cite_note-FalkoffIBMFamily-39">[39]</a> In 1973 its implementors, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_M._Breed" title="Lawrence M. Breed">Larry Breed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Lathwell" title="Richard H. Lathwell">Dick Lathwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Moore_(computer_scientist)" title="Roger Moore (computer scientist)">Roger Moore</a>, were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Grace_Murray_Hopper_Award" title="Grace Murray Hopper Award">Grace Murray Hopper Award</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM). It was given "for their work in the design and implementation of APL\360, setting new standards in simplicity, efficiency, reliability and response time for interactive systems."<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In 1975, the <a href="/wiki/IBM_5100" title="IBM 5100">IBM 5100</a> microcomputer offered APL\360<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> as one of two built-in ROM-based interpreted languages for the computer, complete with a keyboard and display that supported all the special symbols used in the language.<a href="#cite_note-byte197512-98">[98]</a> Significant developments to APL\360 included CMS/APL, which made use of the <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual storage</a> capabilities of <a href="/wiki/Conversational_Monitor_System" title="Conversational Monitor System">CMS</a> and APLSV, which introduced <a href="/wiki/Shared_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared variable">shared variables</a>, system variables and system functions. It was subsequently ported to the <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/370" title="IBM System/370">IBM System/370</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Storage_Personal_Computing" title="Virtual Storage Personal Computing">VSPC</a> platforms until its final release in 1983, after which it was replaced by APL2.<a href="#cite_note-FalkoffIBMFamily-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="APL\1130">APL\1130</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: APL\1130">edit</a>]</div> In 1968, APL\1130 became the first publicly available APL system, created by IBM for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_1130" title="IBM 1130">IBM 1130</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> It became the most popular <a href="/wiki/IBM_Type-III_Library" title="IBM Type-III Library">IBM Type-III Library</a> software that IBM released.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="APL*Plus_and_Sharp_APL">APL*Plus and Sharp APL</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: APL*Plus and Sharp APL">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/I._P._Sharp_Associates" title="I. P. Sharp Associates">I. P. Sharp Associates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Time_Sharing_Corporation" title="Scientific Time Sharing Corporation">Scientific Time Sharing Corporation</a></div> APL*Plus and Sharp APL are versions of APL\360 with added business-oriented extensions such as data formatting and facilities to store APL arrays in external files. They were jointly developed by two companies, employing various members of the original IBM APL\360 development team.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The two companies were <a href="/wiki/I._P._Sharp_Associates" title="I. P. Sharp Associates">I. P. Sharp Associates</a> (IPSA), an APL\360 services company formed in 1964 by Ian Sharp, Roger Moore and others, and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Time_Sharing_Corporation" title="Scientific Time Sharing Corporation">STSC</a>, a time-sharing and consulting service company formed in 1969 by Lawrence Breed and others. Together the two developed APL*Plus and thereafter continued to work together but develop APL separately as APL*Plus and Sharp APL. STSC ported APL*Plus to many platforms with versions being made for the VAX 11,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> PC and UNIX, whereas IPSA took a different approach to the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> and made Sharp APL available on this platform using additional <a href="/wiki/PC-based_IBM-compatible_mainframes" class="mw-redirect" title="PC-based IBM-compatible mainframes">PC-XT/360</a> hardware. In 1993, <a href="/wiki/Soliton_Incorporated" title="Soliton Incorporated">Soliton Incorporated</a> was formed to support Sharp APL and it developed Sharp APL into SAX (Sharp APL for Unix). As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit">[update]</a>, APL*Plus continues as APL2000 APL+Win. In 1985, Ian Sharp, and Dan Dyer of STSC, jointly received the <a href="/wiki/Iverson_Award" title="Iverson Award">Kenneth E. Iverson Award for Outstanding Contribution to APL</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IversonAwards-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="APL2_2">APL2</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: APL2">edit</a>]</div> APL2 was a significant re-implementation of APL by IBM which was developed from 1971 and first released in 1984. It provides many additions to the language, of which the most notable is nested (non-rectangular) array support.<a href="#cite_note-FalkoffIBMFamily-39">[39]</a> The entire APL2 Products and Services Team was awarded the Iverson Award in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-IversonAwards-103">[103]</a> In 2021, IBM sold APL2 to Log-On Software, who develop and sell the product as Log-On APL2.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="APLGOL">APLGOL</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: APLGOL">edit</a>]</div> In 1972, APLGOL was released as an experimental version of APL that added structured programming language constructs to the language framework. New statements were added for interstatement control, conditional statement execution, and statement structuring, as well as statements to clarify the intent of the algorithm.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> It was implemented for Hewlett-Packard in 1977.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dyalog_APL">Dyalog APL</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Dyalog APL">edit</a>]</div> Dyalog APL was first released by <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> company Dyalog Ltd.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> in 1983<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> and, as of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit">[update]</a>, is available for <a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> (including on the <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a>), <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> platforms. It is based on APL2, with extensions to support <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional programming</a>,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tacit_programming" title="Tacit programming">tacit programming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Licences are free for personal/non-commercial use.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In 1995, two of the development team – <a href="/wiki/John_M._Scholes_(computer_scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Scholes (computer scientist)">John Scholes</a> and Peter Donnelly – were awarded the Iverson Award for their work on the interpreter.<a href="#cite_note-IversonAwards-103">[103]</a> Gitte Christensen and Morten Kromberg were joint recipients of the Iverson Award in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NARS2000">NARS2000</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: NARS2000">edit</a>]</div> NARS2000 is an open-source APL interpreter written by Bob Smith, a prominent APL developer and implementor from <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Time_Sharing_Corporation" title="Scientific Time Sharing Corporation">STSC</a> in the 1970s and 1980s. NARS2000 contains advanced features and new datatypes and runs natively on <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, and other platforms under <a href="/wiki/Wine_(software)" title="Wine (software)">Wine</a>. It is named after a development tool from the 1980s, NARS (Nested Arrays Research System).<a href="#cite_note-NARS2000-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="APLX">APLX</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: APLX">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/APLX" title="APLX">APLX</a></div> APLX is a <a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">cross-platform</a> <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming language dialect">dialect</a> of APL, based on APL2 and with several extensions, which was first released by <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> company MicroAPL in 2002. Although no longer in development or on commercial sale it is now available free of charge from Dyalog.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="York_APL">York APL</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: York APL">edit</a>]</div> York APL<a href="#cite_note-YorkAPL-116">[116]</a> was developed at the <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a>, Ontario around 1968, running on IBM 360 mainframes. One notable difference between it and APL\360 was that it defined the "shape" (ρ) of a scalar as 1 whereas APL\360 defined it as the more mathematically correct 0 — this made it easier to write functions that acted the same with scalars and vectors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GNU_APL">GNU APL</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: GNU APL">edit</a>]</div> GNU APL is a free implementation of Extended APL as specified in ISO/IEC 13751:2001 and is thus an implementation of APL2. It runs on <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, macOS, several BSD dialects, and on Windows (either using <a href="/wiki/Cygwin" title="Cygwin">Cygwin</a> for full support of all its system functions or as a native 64-bit Windows binary with some of its system functions missing). GNU APL uses <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> internally and can be scripted. It was written by Jürgen Sauermann.<a href="#cite_note-GNU-117">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a>, was an early adopter of APL, using it to write a text editor as a high school student in the summer of 1969.<a href="#cite_note-Berättar-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation_and_compilation_of_APL">Interpretation and compilation of APL</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Interpretation and compilation of APL">edit</a>]</div> APL is traditionally an <a href="/wiki/Interpreted_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreted language">interpreted language</a>, having language characteristics such as <a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">weak variable typing</a> not well suited to <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compilation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> However, with arrays as its core data structure<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> it provides opportunities for performance gains through <a href="/wiki/Data_parallelism" title="Data parallelism">parallelism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel computing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Massively_parallel_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Massively parallel (computing)">massively parallel</a> applications,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Very-large-scale_integration" title="Very-large-scale integration">very-large-scale integration</a> (VLSI),<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> and from the outset APL has been regarded as a high-performance language<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> – for example, it was noted for the speed with which it could perform complicated matrix operations "because it operates on arrays and performs operations like matrix inversion internally".<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Nevertheless, APL is rarely purely interpreted and compilation or partial compilation techniques that are, or have been, used include the following: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Idiom_recognition">Idiom recognition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Idiom recognition">edit</a>]</div> Most APL interpreters support <a href="/wiki/Programming_idiom" title="Programming idiom">idiom</a> recognition<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> and evaluate common idioms as single operations.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> For example, by evaluating the idiom <code>BV/⍳⍴A</code> as a single operation (where <code>BV</code> is a Boolean vector and <code>A</code> is an array), the creation of two intermediate arrays is avoided.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optimised_bytecode">Optimised bytecode</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Optimised bytecode">edit</a>]</div> Weak typing in APL means that a name may reference an array (of any datatype), a function or an operator. In general, the interpreter cannot know in advance which form it will be and must therefore perform analysis, syntax checking etc. at run-time.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> However, in certain circumstances, it is possible to deduce in advance what type a name is expected to reference and then generate <a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a> which can be executed with reduced run-time overhead. This bytecode can also be optimised using compilation techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Constant_folding" title="Constant folding">constant folding</a> or <a href="/wiki/Common_subexpression_elimination" title="Common subexpression elimination">common subexpression elimination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DyalogCompiler-135">[135]</a> The interpreter will execute the bytecode when present and when any assumptions which have been made are met. Dyalog APL includes support for optimised bytecode.<a href="#cite_note-DyalogCompiler-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compilation">Compilation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Compilation">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Compilation</a> of APL has been the subject of research and experiment since the language first became available; the first compiler is considered to be the Burroughs APL-700<a href="#cite_note-DriscollOrth-136">[136]</a> which was released around 1971.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In order to be able to compile APL, language limitations have to be imposed.<a href="#cite_note-DriscollOrth-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> APEX is a research APL compiler which was written by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bernecky" title="Robert Bernecky">Robert Bernecky</a> and is available under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/STSC" class="mw-redirect" title="STSC">STSC</a> APL Compiler is a hybrid of a bytecode optimiser and a compiler – it enables compilation of functions to <a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a> provided that its sub-functions and globals are <a href="/wiki/Declaration_(computer_programming)" title="Declaration (computer programming)">declared</a>, but the interpreter is still used as a <a href="/wiki/Runtime_library" title="Runtime library">runtime library</a> and to execute functions which do not meet the compilation requirements.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Standards">edit</a>]</div> APL has been standardized by the <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a> (ANSI) <a href="/wiki/Working_group" title="Working group">working group</a> X3J10 and <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) and <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> (IEC), ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 Subcommittee 22 Working Group 3. The Core APL language is specified in ISO 8485:1989, and the Extended APL language is specified in ISO/IEC 13751:2001. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Birthdate-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birthdate_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birthdate_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsoftware.com/papers/APLQA.htm#APL_birthday">"APL Quotations and Anecdotes"</a>. jsoftware.com. Retrieved April 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jsoftware.com&rft.atitle=APL+Quotations+and+Anecdotes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsoftware.com%2Fpapers%2FAPLQA.htm%23APL_birthday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/algorithm/iota">"std::iota"</a>. cppreference.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cppreference.com&rft.atitle=std%3A%3Aiota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.cppreference.com%2Fw%2Fcpp%2Falgorithm%2Fiota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aplbook-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aplbook_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aplbook_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aplbook_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_E._Iverson1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">Kenneth E. Iverson</a> (1 December 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/apl/Books/APROGRAMMING%20LANGUAGE">A Programming Language</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-43014-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-43014-8"><bdi>978-0-471-43014-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26792153M">26792153M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105954505" class="extiw" title="d:Q105954505">Q105954505</a>. Retrieved 2023-08-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Programming+Language&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1962-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26792153M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-471-43014-8&rft.au=Kenneth+E.+Iverson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.softwarepreservation.org%2Fprojects%2Fapl%2FBooks%2FAPROGRAMMING%2520LANGUAGE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre1991" class="citation journal cs1">McIntyre, Donald B. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051735/http://domino.research.ibm.com/tchjr/journalindex.nsf/e90fc5d047e64ebf85256bc80066919c/9c834f5a16efa82085256bfa00685c72!OpenDocument">"Language as an Intellectual Tool: From Hieroglyphics to APL"</a>. IBM Systems Journal. 30 (4): 554–581. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Fsj.304.0554">10.1147/sj.304.0554</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.research.ibm.com/tchjr/journalindex.nsf/e90fc5d047e64ebf85256bc80066919c/9c834f5a16efa82085256bfa00685c72!OpenDocument">the original</a> on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBM+Systems+Journal&rft.atitle=Language+as+an+Intellectual+Tool%3A+From+Hieroglyphics+to+APL&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=554-581&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1147%2Fsj.304.0554&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdomino.research.ibm.com%2Ftchjr%2Fjournalindex.nsf%2Fe90fc5d047e64ebf85256bc80066919c%2F9c834f5a16efa82085256bfa00685c72%21OpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080212043802/https://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=0703524&srt=all&aw=140&ao=AMTURING">"ACM Award Citation – John Backus"</a>. Awards.acm.org. 1977. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=0703524&srt=all&aw=140&ao=AMTURING">the original</a> on February 12, 2008. Retrieved February 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACM+Award+Citation+%E2%80%93+John+Backus&rft.pub=Awards.acm.org&rft.date=1977&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fawards.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D0703524%26srt%3Dall%26aw%3D140%26ao%3DAMTURING&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mworks-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mworks_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mworks_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoler" class="citation web cs1">Moler, Cleve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090411120119/http://www.mathworks.com/company/newsletters/news_notes/clevescorner/jan06.pdf">"The Growth of MATLAB"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathworks.com/company/newsletters/news_notes/clevescorner/jan06.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 11, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Growth+of+MATLAB&rft.aulast=Moler&rft.aufirst=Cleve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathworks.com%2Fcompany%2Fnewsletters%2Fnews_notes%2Fclevescorner%2Fjan06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jinsp-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jinsp_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jinsp_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHui" class="citation web cs1">Hui, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsoftware.com/jwiki/Essays/Bibliography">"A Bibliography of APL and J"</a>. jsoftware.com/jwiki. Retrieved March 2, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jsoftware.com%2Fjwiki&rft.atitle=A+Bibliography+of+APL+and+J&rft.aulast=Hui&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsoftware.com%2Fjwiki%2FEssays%2FBibliography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kinsp-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kinsp_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kinsp_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090404064737/http://kx.com/Company/press-releases/arthur-interview.php">"An Interview with Arthur Whitney"</a>. Kx Systems. January 4, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kx.com/Company/press-releases/arthur-interview.php">the original</a> on April 4, 2009. Retrieved March 2, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Interview+with+Arthur+Whitney&rft.pub=Kx+Systems&rft.date=2004-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkx.com%2FCompany%2Fpress-releases%2Farthur-interview.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Iverson, Kenneth E., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/apl/Books/Iverson-AutomaticDataProcessing-bilevel.pdf/view">"Automatic Data Processing: Chapter 6: A programming language"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090604091847/http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/apl/Books/Iverson-AutomaticDataProcessing-bilevel.pdf/view">Archived</a> June 4, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1960, Draft copy for Brooks and Iverson 1963 book, Automatic Data Processing. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Brooks, Fred</a>; Iverson, Kenneth, (1963), Automatic Data Processing, John Wiley & Sons Inc. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091223064709/http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=9147499&srt=all&aw=140&ao=AMTURING">"Turing Award Citation 1979"</a>. Awards.acm.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=9147499&srt=all&aw=140&ao=AMTURING">the original</a> on 2009-12-23. Retrieved February 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turing+Award+Citation+1979&rft.pub=Awards.acm.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fawards.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D9147499%26srt%3Dall%26aw%3D140%26ao%3DAMTURING&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellerman1964" class="citation journal cs1">Hellerman, H. (July 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F364520.364573">"Experimental Personalized Array Translator System"</a>. Communications of the ACM. 7 (7): 433–438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F364520.364573">10.1145/364520.364573</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2181070">2181070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Experimental+Personalized+Array+Translator+System&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=433-438&rft.date=1964-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F364520.364573&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2181070%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hellerman&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F364520.364573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalkoffIverson1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adin_Falkoff" title="Adin Falkoff">Falkoff, Adin D.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_E_Iverson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth E Iverson (page does not exist)">Iverson, Kenneth E.</a> (August 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsoftware.com/papers/APLEvol.htm">"The Evolution of APL"</a>. ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 13 (8): 47–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F960118.808372">10.1145/960118.808372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGPLAN+Notices&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+APL&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=47-57&rft.date=1978-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F960118.808372&rft.aulast=Falkoff&rft.aufirst=Adin+D.&rft.au=Iverson%2C+Kenneth+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsoftware.com%2Fpapers%2FAPLEvol.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Abrams, Philip S., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infolab.stanford.edu/TR/CS-TR-66-47.html">An interpreter for "Iverson notation"</a>, Technical Report: CS-TR-66-47, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, August 1966; </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaigh2005" class="citation journal cs1">Haigh, Thomas (2005). "Biographies: Kenneth E. Iverson". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.2005.4">10.1109/MAHC.2005.4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Biographies%3A+Kenneth+E.+Iverson&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.2005.4&rft.aulast=Haigh&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-APLQQ91-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-APLQQ91_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-APLQQ91_16-1">b</a> Breed, Larry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=138094.140933">"The First APL Terminal Session"</a>, APL Quote Quad, Association for Computing Machinery, Volume 22, Number 1, September 1991, p. 2–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/tdih/?setdate=December">19, 2009 Adin Falkoff</a> – Computer History Museum. "Iverson credited him for choosing the name APL and the introduction of the IBM golf-ball typewriter with the replacement typehead, which provided the famous character set to represent programs." </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreed2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Breed" class="mw-redirect" title="Larry Breed">Breed, Larry</a> (August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512031437/http://www.vector.org.uk/archive/v223/APL_1130.htm">"How We Got to APL\1130"</a>. Vector (British APL Association). 22 (3). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0955-1433">0955-1433</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vector.org.uk/archive/v223/APL_1130.htm">the original</a> on 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2007-04-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vector+%28British+APL+Association%29&rft.atitle=How+We+Got+to+APL%5C1130&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2006-08&rft.issn=0955-1433&rft.aulast=Breed&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vector.org.uk%2Farchive%2Fv223%2FAPL_1130.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/1130/lang/1130-03.3.001_APL_1130_May69.pdf">APL\1130 Manual</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221034650/http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/1130/lang/1130-03.3.001_APL_1130_May69.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-02-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, May 1969 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quadibloc.com/comp/aplint.htm">"Remembering APL"</a>. Quadibloc.com. Retrieved June 17, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remembering+APL&rft.pub=Quadibloc.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quadibloc.com%2Fcomp%2Faplint.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM_APL\360_1968-21"><a href="#cite_ref-IBM_APL\360_1968_21-0">^</a> Falkoff, Adin; Iverson, Kenneth E., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/apl/APL_360_Users_Manual_Aug68.pdf">"APL\360 Users Guide"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229200744/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/apl/APL_360_Users_Manual_Aug68.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-02-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, IBM Research, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, August 1968. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/apl/APL_360_Terminal_System_Mar67.pdf">"APL\360 Terminal System"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100711092528/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/apl/APL_360_Terminal_System_Mar67.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-07-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, IBM Research, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, March 1967. </li> <li id="cite_note-apl360-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apl360_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apl360_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakin1968" class="citation book cs1">Pakin, Sandra (1968). APL\360 Reference Manual. Science Research Associates, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-574-16135-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-574-16135-2"><bdi>978-0-574-16135-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=APL%5C360+Reference+Manual&rft.pub=Science+Research+Associates%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-574-16135-2&rft.aulast=Pakin&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Falkoff, Adin D.; Iverson, Kenneth E.,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/174/ibmrd1704F.pdf">The Design of APL</a>, IBM Journal of Research and Development, Volume 17, Number 4, July 1973. "These environmental defined functions were based on the use of still another class of functions—called "I-beams" because of the shape of the symbol used for them—which provide a more general facility for communication between APL programs and the less abstract parts of the system. The I-beam functions were first introduced by the system programmers to allow them to execute System/360 instructions from within APL programs, and thus use APL as a direct aid in their programming activity. The obvious convenience of functions of this kind, which appeared to be part of the language, led to the introduction of the monadic I-beam function for direct use by anyone. Various arguments to this function yielded information about the environment such as available space and time of day." </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinker2004" class="citation report cs1">Minker, Jack (January 2004). "2.3.4 Computer Software Developments in the CSC, 1962–1973". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610064807/http://www.cs.umd.edu/department/dept-history/minker-report.pdf">Beginning of Computing and Computer Sciences at the University of Maryland</a> (PDF) (Report). University of Maryland. p. 38. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.umd.edu/department/dept-history/minker-report.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 10, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Beginning+of+Computing+and+Computer+Sciences+at+the+University+of+Maryland&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=University+of+Maryland&rft.date=2004-01&rft.aulast=Minker&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.umd.edu%2Fdepartment%2Fdept-history%2Fminker-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStebbens" class="citation web cs1">Stebbens, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000314/http://lathwellproductions.ca/wordpress/film">"How it all began"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lathwellproductions.ca/wordpress/film">the original</a> on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2011-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+it+all+began&rft.aulast=Stebbens&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flathwellproductions.ca%2Fwordpress%2Ffilm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/apl/Books/197506_Xerox%20APL%20Language%20and%20Operations%20Reference%20Manual_90131C.pdf">"Xerox APL Language and Operations Reference Manual"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/apl/Books/197506_Xerox%20APL%20Language%20and%20Operations%20Reference%20Manual_90131C.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xerox+APL+Language+and+Operations+Reference+Manual&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.softwarepreservation.org%2Fprojects%2Fapl%2FBooks%2F197506_Xerox%2520APL%2520Language%2520and%2520Operations%2520Reference%2520Manual_90131C.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sigapl.org/">"SIGAPL"</a>. Sigapl.org. Retrieved June 17, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SIGAPL&rft.pub=Sigapl.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigapl.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/69316/basic/">"Fifty Years of BASIC, the Programming Language That Made Computers Personal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. April 29, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Fifty+Years+of+BASIC%2C+the+Programming+Language+That+Made+Computers+Personal&rft.date=2014-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F69316%2Fbasic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403063223/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=346">"MCM Computers M70/M700"</a>. old-computers.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=346">the original</a> on April 3, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=old-computers.com&rft.atitle=MCM+Computers+M70%2FM700&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.old-computers.com%2Fmuseum%2Fcomputer.asp%3Fc%3D346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStachniak2011" class="citation book cs1">Stachniak, Stachniak (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cyWOA2FED7EC">Inventing the PC: The MCM/70 Story</a>. McGill Queens's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3852-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3852-8"><bdi>978-0-7735-3852-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+PC%3A+The+MCM%2F70+Story&rft.pub=McGill+Queens%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-3852-8&rft.aulast=Stachniak&rft.aufirst=Stachniak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcyWOA2FED7EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Miller, Michael (December 17, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.pcmag.com/opinion/38348/opinion/pcs-that-paved-the-way-for-the-altair">"PCs That Paved the Way for the Altair"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PC_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a>. Ziff Davis. Retrieved April 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=PCs+That+Paved+the+Way+for+the+Altair&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.pcmag.com%2Fopinion%2F38348%2Fopinion%2Fpcs-that-paved-the-way-for-the-altair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OQEAAAAAMBAJ&q=videobrain+family+computer+apl%2Fs&pg=PA133/s">"VideoBrain Family Computer"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a>, November 1978, advertisement. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/1981-12-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_019_1981_Dec#page/n131/mode/2up">"A Look at SuperPet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Compute!" title="Compute!">Compute!</a>. Small System Services Inc. December 1981. Retrieved April 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Compute%21&rft.atitle=A+Look+at+SuperPet&rft.date=1981-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2F1981-12-compute-magazine%2FCompute_Issue_019_1981_Dec%23page%2Fn131%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates1976" class="citation magazine cs1">Gates, Bill (January 31, 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digibarn.com/collections/newsletters/homebrew/V2_01/index.html">"An Open Letter to Hobbyists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Homebrew_Computer_Club" title="Homebrew Computer Club">Homebrew Computer Club</a> Newsletter. Retrieved April 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Homebrew+Computer+Club+Newsletter&rft.atitle=An+Open+Letter+to+Hobbyists&rft.date=1976-01-31&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digibarn.com%2Fcollections%2Fnewsletters%2Fhomebrew%2FV2_01%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHui" class="citation web cs1">Hui, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://keiapl.org/rhui/remember.htm">"Remembering Ken Iverson"</a>. keiapl.org. KEIAPL. Retrieved January 10, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=keiapl.org&rft.atitle=Remembering+Ken+Iverson&rft.aulast=Hui&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkeiapl.org%2Frhui%2Fremember.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/iverson_9147499.cfm">"Kenneth E. Iverson"</a>. ACM A.M. Turing Award. ACM. Retrieved January 10, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACM+A.M.+Turing+Award&rft.atitle=Kenneth+E.+Iverson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famturing.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Fiverson_9147499.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sigapl.org/Articles/JimBrown-TechCompromise.php">"APL2: The Early Years: Can you and should you compromise on technical issues?"</a>. SIGPLAN Chapter on Array-Programming Languages. ACM. Retrieved January 10, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIGPLAN+Chapter+on+Array-Programming+Languages&rft.atitle=APL2%3A+The+Early+Years%3A+Can+you+and+should+you+compromise+on+technical+issues%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigapl.org%2FArticles%2FJimBrown-TechCompromise.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FalkoffIBMFamily-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FalkoffIBMFamily_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FalkoffIBMFamily_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FalkoffIBMFamily_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FalkoffIBMFamily_39-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalkoff1991" class="citation journal cs1">Falkoff, Adin D. (1991). "The IBM family of APL systems". IBM Systems Journal. 30 (4): 416–432. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Fsj.304.0416">10.1147/sj.304.0416</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19030940">19030940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBM+Systems+Journal&rft.atitle=The+IBM+family+of+APL+systems&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=416-432&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1147%2Fsj.304.0416&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19030940%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Falkoff&rft.aufirst=Adin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117121942/http://www.edm2.com/index.php/IBM_APL2">"IBM APL2"</a>. EDM2. 2019-10-09. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edm2.com/index.php/IBM_APL2">the original</a> on 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2021-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EDM2&rft.atitle=IBM+APL2&rft.date=2019-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edm2.com%2Findex.php%2FIBM_APL2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg22012321">"APL2: What's New"</a>. ibm.com. IBM. Retrieved April 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ibm.com&rft.atitle=APL2%3A+What%27s+New&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.ibm.com%2Fsupport%2Fdocview.wss%3Fuid%3Dswg22012321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMicro_APL" class="citation web cs1">Micro APL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://microapl.com/apl/apl_concepts_chapter1.html">"Overview of the APL System"</a>. microapl.com. Micro APL. Retrieved January 10, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=microapl.com&rft.atitle=Overview+of+the+APL+System&rft.au=Micro+APL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmicroapl.com%2Fapl%2Fapl_concepts_chapter1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson" class="citation web cs1">Robertson, Graeme. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093211/http://archive.vector.org.uk/art10500450">"A Personal View of APL2010"</a>. archive.vector.org.uk. Vector – Journal of the British APL Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.vector.org.uk/art10500450">the original</a> on April 2, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.vector.org.uk&rft.atitle=A+Personal+View+of+APL2010&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.vector.org.uk%2Fart10500450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguezRojasAlfonsecaBurgos1989" class="citation journal cs1">Rodriguez, P.; Rojas, J.; Alfonseca, M.; Burgos, J. I. (1989). "An Expert System in Chemical Synthesis written in APL2/PC". ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad. 19 (4): 299–303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F75144.75185">10.1145/75144.75185</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16876053">16876053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGAPL+APL+Quote+Quad&rft.atitle=An+Expert+System+in+Chemical+Synthesis+written+in+APL2%2FPC&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=299-303&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F75144.75185&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16876053%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Rojas%2C+J.&rft.au=Alfonseca%2C+M.&rft.au=Burgos%2C+J.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131122133145/http://www-03.ibm.com/software/products/en/apl2">"APL2: A Programming Language for Problem Solving, Visualization and Database Access"</a>. www-03.ibm.com. IBM. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/software/products/en/apl2">the original</a> on November 22, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www-03.ibm.com&rft.atitle=APL2%3A+A+Programming+Language+for+Problem+Solving%2C+Visualization+and+Database+Access&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-03.ibm.com%2Fsoftware%2Fproducts%2Fen%2Fapl2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPike2018" class="citation web cs1">Pike, Rob (2018-03-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190813210651/https://godoc.org/robpike.io/ivy">"Ivy"</a>. GoDoc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://godoc.org/robpike.io/ivy">the original</a> on 2019-08-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoDoc&rft.atitle=Ivy&rft.date=2018-03-25&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgodoc.org%2Frobpike.io%2Fivy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wolfram.com/language/faq/">"Wolfram Language FAQ"</a>. Wolfram. Retrieved February 20, 2020. <q>LISP and APL were two early influences</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wolfram+Language+FAQ&rft.pub=Wolfram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wolfram.com%2Flanguage%2Ffaq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTexas_Instruments1977" class="citation journal cs1">Texas Instruments (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wMe6erbb5V4C&q=apl%20terminal%20%22texas%20instruments%22&pg=PA32">"TI 745 full page ad: Introducing a New Set of Characters"</a>. Computerworld. 11 (27): 32. Retrieved January 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=TI+745+full+page+ad%3A+Introducing+a+New+Set+of+Characters&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Texas+Instruments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwMe6erbb5V4C%26q%3Dapl%2520terminal%2520%2522texas%2520instruments%2522%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FontsKeys-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FontsKeys_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FontsKeys_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dyalog.com/apl-font-keyboard.htm">"APL Fonts and Keyboards"</a>. Dyalog, Ltd. 2004–2024. Retrieved November 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dyalog%2C+Ltd.&rft.atitle=APL+Fonts+and+Keyboards&rft.date=2004%2F2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dyalog.com%2Fapl-font-keyboard.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Bob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudleyplace.com/APL/Keyboard.ahtml">"NARS2000 Keyboard"</a>. www.sudleyplace.com. Bob Smith; NARS2000. Retrieved January 19, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sudleyplace.com&rft.atitle=NARS2000+Keyboard&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudleyplace.com%2FAPL%2FKeyboard.ahtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microapl.co.uk/apl/introduction_chapter1.html">"Introduction to APL – APL Symbols"</a>. www.microapl.co.uk. MicroAPL Ltd. Retrieved January 8, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.microapl.co.uk&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+APL+%E2%80%93+APL+Symbols&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microapl.co.uk%2Fapl%2Fintroduction_chapter1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownHawksTrimble1993" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, James A.; Hawks, Brent; Trimble, Ray (1993). "Extending the APL character set". ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad. 24 (1): 41–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F166198.166203">10.1145/166198.166203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGAPL+APL+Quote+Quad&rft.atitle=Extending+the+APL+character+set&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-46&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F166198.166203&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft.au=Hawks%2C+Brent&rft.au=Trimble%2C+Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKromberg" class="citation web cs1">Kromberg, Morten. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150120194338/http://archive.vector.org.uk/art10500090">"Unicode Support for APL"</a>. archive.vector.org.uk. Vector, Journal of the British APL Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.vector.org.uk/art10500090">the original</a> on January 20, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.vector.org.uk&rft.atitle=Unicode+Support+for+APL&rft.aulast=Kromberg&rft.aufirst=Morten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.vector.org.uk%2Fart10500090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsu" class="citation web cs1">Hsu, Aaron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817061145/http://video.dyalog.com/Dyalog13/?v=kIItfQJEVdM">"Computer Science Outreach and Education with APL"</a>. Dyalog, Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.dyalog.com/Dyalog13/?v=kIItfQJEVdM">the original</a> on August 17, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Computer+Science+Outreach+and+Education+with+APL&rft.pub=Dyalog%2C+Ltd.&rft.aulast=Hsu&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.dyalog.com%2FDyalog13%2F%3Fv%3DkIItfQJEVdM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MicroAOL_Operators-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MicroAOL_Operators_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MicroAOL_Operators_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMicroAPL" class="citation web cs1">MicroAPL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microapl.co.uk/apl/apl_concepts_chapter5.html">"Operators"</a>. www.microapl.co.uk. MicroAPL. Retrieved January 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.microapl.co.uk&rft.atitle=Operators&rft.au=MicroAPL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microapl.co.uk%2Fapl%2Fapl_concepts_chapter5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrimitive_Functions" class="citation web cs1">Primitive Functions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microapl.co.uk/apl_help/ch_020_010_140.htm">"Primitive Functions"</a>. www.microapl.co.uk/. Retrieved January 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.microapl.co.uk%2F&rft.atitle=Primitive+Functions&rft.au=Primitive+Functions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microapl.co.uk%2Fapl_help%2Fch_020_010_140.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorkspace" class="citation web cs1">Workspace. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microapl.co.uk/apl/apl_concepts_chapter2.html">"The Workspace"</a>. www.microapl.co.uk. Retrieved January 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.microapl.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Workspace&rft.au=Workspace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microapl.co.uk%2Fapl%2Fapl_concepts_chapter2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130708114840/http://catpad.net/michael/apl/">"example"</a>. Catpad.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catpad.net/michael/apl">the original</a> on July 8, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=example&rft.pub=Catpad.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatpad.net%2Fmichael%2Fapl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microapl.co.uk/apl/introduction_chapter2.html">"Entering APL Symbols"</a>. www.microapl.co.uk. Retrieved January 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.microapl.co.uk&rft.atitle=Entering+APL+Symbols&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microapl.co.uk%2Fapl%2Fintroduction_chapter2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickey1993" class="citation web cs1">Dickey, Lee (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060929174125/http://www.math.uwaterloo.ca/apl_archives/apl/translit.schemes">"A list of APL Transliteration Schemes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.uwaterloo.ca/apl_archives/apl/translit.schemes">the original</a> on 2006-09-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+list+of+APL+Transliteration+Schemes&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Dickey&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.math.uwaterloo.ca%2Fapl_archives%2Fapl%2Ftranslit.schemes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIverson1980" class="citation journal cs1">Iverson, K.E. (August 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130920071911/http://www.jsoftware.com/papers/tot.htm">"Notation as a Tool of Thought"</a>. Communications of the ACM. 23 (8): 444–465. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F358896.358899">10.1145/358896.358899</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsoftware.com/papers/tot.htm">the original</a> on 2013-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Notation+as+a+Tool+of+Thought&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=444-465&rft.date=1980-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F358896.358899&rft.aulast=Iverson&rft.aufirst=K.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsoftware.com%2Fpapers%2Ftot.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatenburg" class="citation web cs1">Batenburg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekevanbatenburg.nl/PRVAPL.HTML">"APL Efficiency"</a>. www.ekevanbatenburg.nl. Retrieved January 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ekevanbatenburg.nl&rft.atitle=APL+Efficiency&rft.au=Batenburg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekevanbatenburg.nl%2FPRVAPL.HTML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaxman" class="citation web cs1">Vaxman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vaxman.de/publications/apl_slides.pdf">"APL Great Programming"</a> (PDF). www.vaxman.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.vaxman.de/publications/apl_slides.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved January 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vaxman.de&rft.atitle=APL+Great+Programming&rft.au=Vaxman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaxman.de%2Fpublications%2Fapl_slides.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanko1987" class="citation journal cs1">Janko, Wolfgang (May 1987). "Investigation into the efficiency of using APL for the programming of an inference machine". ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad. 17 (4): 450–456. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F384282.28372">10.1145/384282.28372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGAPL+APL+Quote+Quad&rft.atitle=Investigation+into+the+efficiency+of+using+APL+for+the+programming+of+an+inference+machine&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=450-456&rft.date=1987-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F384282.28372&rft.aulast=Janko&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorealis" class="citation web cs1">Borealis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aplborealis.com/whyapl.html">"Why APL?"</a>. www.aplborealis.com. Retrieved January 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aplborealis.com&rft.atitle=Why+APL%3F&rft.au=Borealis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aplborealis.com%2Fwhyapl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIverson1987" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">Iverson, Kenneth E.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsoftware.com/papers/APLDictionary.htm">"A Dictionary of APL"</a>. www.jsoftware.com. Retrieved January 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jsoftware.com&rft.atitle=A+Dictionary+of+APL&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Iverson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsoftware.com%2Fpapers%2FAPLDictionary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aplxch6-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aplxch6_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aplxch6_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aplxch6_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aplxch6_67-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aplxch6_67-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aplxch6_67-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microapl.co.uk/APL/apl_concepts_chapter6.html">"APL concepts"</a>. Microapl.co.uk. Retrieved February 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APL+concepts&rft.pub=Microapl.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microapl.co.uk%2FAPL%2Fapl_concepts_chapter6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709072354/http://www.nial.com/ArrayTheory.html">"Nested array theory"</a>. Nial.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nial.com/ArrayTheory.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-09. Retrieved February 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nested+array+theory&rft.pub=Nial.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nial.com%2FArrayTheory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bohman_Froberg-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bohman_Froberg_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bohman_Froberg_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bohman_Froberg_69-2">c</a> "Programmera i APL", Bohman, Fröberg, <a href="/wiki/Studentlitteratur" title="Studentlitteratur">Studentlitteratur</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-44-13162-3" title="Special:BookSources/91-44-13162-3">91-44-13162-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIverson1983" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">Iverson, Kenneth E.</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsoftware.com/papers/APLSyntaxSemantics.htm">"APL Syntax and Semantics"</a>. www.jsoftware.com. I. P. Sharp Associates. Retrieved January 11, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jsoftware.com&rft.atitle=APL+Syntax+and+Semantics&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Iverson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsoftware.com%2Fpapers%2FAPLSyntaxSemantics.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMicroAPL" class="citation web cs1">MicroAPL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microapl.co.uk/apl_help/ch_020_020.htm">"APL Primitives"</a>. www.microapl.co.uk. MicroAPL. Retrieved January 11, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.microapl.co.uk&rft.atitle=APL+Primitives&rft.au=MicroAPL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microapl.co.uk%2Fapl_help%2Fch_020_020.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.nars2000.org/index.php/APL_Font">"APL Font – Extra APL Glyphs"</a>. wiki.nars2000.org. NARS2000. Retrieved January 11, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiki.nars2000.org&rft.atitle=APL+Font+%E2%80%93+Extra+APL+Glyphs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.nars2000.org%2Findex.php%2FAPL_Font&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox" class="citation web cs1">Fox, Ralph L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sigapl.org/article1.php">"Systematically Random Numbers"</a>. www.sigapl.org. SIGAPL. Retrieved January 11, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sigapl.org&rft.atitle=Systematically+Random+Numbers&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Ralph+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigapl.org%2Farticle1.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholes2009" class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Scholes" title="John M. Scholes">Scholes, John</a> (January 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9xAKttWgP4">Conway's Game of Life in APL</a> (video). <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. Retrieved November 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conway%27s+Game+of+Life+in+APL&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2009-01-26&rft.aulast=Scholes&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Da9xAKttWgP4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Further technical details in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aplwiki.com/wiki/Conway%27s_Game_of_Life">APL Wiki's article "Conway's Game of Life"</a>. Retrieved November 20, 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> McDonnell, E.E. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.jsoftware.com/wiki/Doc/A_Source_Book_in_APL#origins">introduction to A Source Book in APL</a>, APL Press, 1981. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/apl/Papers/ASourceBookInAPL/view">full book scan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Acharya, R; Pereira, (904567457) N.E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.cs.vt.edu/~cs5314/Lang-Paper-Presentation/Papers/HoldPapers/APL.pdf#page=3">APL Programming Language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211103210435/https://courses.cs.vt.edu/~cs5314/Lang-Paper-Presentation/Papers/HoldPapers/APL.pdf#page=3">Archived</a> 2021-11-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Paper for CS5314 (Concepts of Programming Languages) at Virginia Tech. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> APL Wiki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aplwiki.com/wiki/APL_conference">APL Conference</a>. Retrieved 13 Oct 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Jacob Williams. Degenerate Conic: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://degenerateconic.com/new-blood/">New Blood</a>. Retrieved 13 Oct 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> APL Wiki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aplwiki.com/wiki/APL_logo">APL logo</a>. Retrieved 20 May 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-simcorp-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-simcorp_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-simcorp_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.simcorp.com/-/media/files/investor/annual-reports/simcorp-annual-report-2017.pdf">"2017 Annual Report"</a> (PDF). SimCorp. February 1, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.simcorp.com/-/media/files/investor/annual-reports/simcorp-annual-report-2017.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved April 3, 2018. <q>Sofia is a front-to-back investment management platform like SimCorp Dimension. ... Sofia is based on the APL coding language just like some parts of SimCorp Dimension.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2017+Annual+Report&rft.pub=SimCorp&rft.date=2018-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.simcorp.com%2F-%2Fmedia%2Ffiles%2Finvestor%2Fannual-reports%2Fsimcorp-annual-report-2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeLeloucheMeissonnierZarri1982" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Georges; Lelouche, Ruddy; Meissonnier, Vincent; Zarri, Gian Piero (September 1, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234789115">"Using APL in an Artificial Intelligence environment"</a>. ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad. 13 (1): 183–191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F390006.802242">10.1145/390006.802242</a>. Retrieved April 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGAPL+APL+Quote+Quad&rft.atitle=Using+APL+in+an+Artificial+Intelligence+environment&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=183-191&rft.date=1982-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F390006.802242&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Lelouche%2C+Ruddy&rft.au=Meissonnier%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Zarri%2C+Gian+Piero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F234789115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFordyceSullivan1985" class="citation journal cs1">Fordyce, K.; Sullivan, G. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F255315.255347">"Artificial Intelligence Development Aids"</a>. APL Quote Quad. APL 85 Conf. Proc. (15): 106–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F255315.255347">10.1145/255315.255347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=APL+Quote+Quad&rft.atitle=Artificial+Intelligence+Development+Aids&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=106-113&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F255315.255347&rft.aulast=Fordyce&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F255315.255347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfonseca1990" class="citation journal cs1">Alfonseca, Manuel (July 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220731305">"Neural networks in APL"</a>. ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad. 20 (4): 2–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F97811.97816">10.1145/97811.97816</a>. Retrieved April 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGAPL+APL+Quote+Quad&rft.atitle=Neural+networks+in+APL&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2-6&rft.date=1990-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F97811.97816&rft.aulast=Alfonseca&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F220731305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKromberg" class="citation web cs1">Kromberg, Morten. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://begriffs.com/posts/2014-11-26-robots-in-apl.html">"Robot Programming in APL"</a>. www.dyalog.com/. Retrieved January 6, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dyalog.com%2F&rft.atitle=Robot+Programming+in+APL&rft.aulast=Kromberg&rft.aufirst=Morten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbegriffs.com%2Fposts%2F2014-11-26-robots-in-apl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1978" class="citation journal cs1">Holmes, W.N. (May 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcomjnl%2F21.2.128">"Is APL a Programming Language?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Computer_Journal" title="The Computer Journal">The Computer Journal</a>. 21 (2): 128–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcomjnl%2F21.2.128">10.1093/comjnl/21.2.128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Computer+Journal&rft.atitle=Is+APL+a+Programming+Language%3F&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=128-131&rft.date=1978-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcomjnl%2F21.2.128&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=W.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fcomjnl%252F21.2.128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hsu-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Hsu_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsu2017" class="citation web cs1">Hsu, Aaron (November 18, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323152845/https://confengine.com/functional-conf-2017/proposal/4620/design-patterns-vs-anti-pattern-in-apl">"Design Patterns vs. Anti-pattern in APL"</a>. functionalconf.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://confengine.com/functional-conf-2017/proposal/4620/design-patterns-vs-anti-pattern-in-apl">the original</a> on March 23, 2018. Retrieved 2018-04-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=functionalconf.com&rft.atitle=Design+Patterns+vs.+Anti-pattern+in+APL&rft.date=2017-11-18&rft.aulast=Hsu&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconfengine.com%2Ffunctional-conf-2017%2Fproposal%2F4620%2Fdesign-patterns-vs-anti-pattern-in-apl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnenat-ThalmannThalmann1985" class="citation book cs1">Magnenat-Thalmann, Nadia; Thalmann, Daniel (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=neGoCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38">Computer Animation Theory and Practice</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag">Springer-Verlag</a>. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784431684336" title="Special:BookSources/9784431684336"><bdi>9784431684336</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 3, 2018. <q><a href="/wiki/Digital_Effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Effects">Digital Effects</a> is another production house that worked on Tron. They used a laser-scanning system to digitize, store and reproduce images. Judson Rosebush, president of Digital Effects, is the primary designer of APL VISION and FORTRAN VISION, two computer animation packages that are currently used.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Animation+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9784431684336&rft.aulast=Magnenat-Thalmann&rft.aufirst=Nadia&rft.au=Thalmann%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DneGoCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutsell2017" class="citation web cs1">Gutsell, Sam (October 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.optima-systems.co.uk/stormwind-simulator-dyalog-16">"Stormwind Simulator at Dyalog '16"</a>. www.optima-systems.co.uk. Optima Systems. Retrieved April 3, 2018. <q>Stormwind is a [3D boating simulator] that has gained a huge amount of interest in the APL community.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.optima-systems.co.uk&rft.atitle=Stormwind+Simulator+at+Dyalog+%2716&rft.date=2017-10-17&rft.aulast=Gutsell&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.optima-systems.co.uk%2Fstormwind-simulator-dyalog-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.tieto.com/sites/default/files/migrated/documents/Case_OP-Pohjola_fi2806.pdf">"OP-Pohjola ja Tieto hoitivat sovelluksen muutostyöt sujuvalla yhteistyöllä"</a> [Smooth cooperation between <a href="/wiki/OP_Financial_Group" title="OP Financial Group">OP-Pohjola</a> and Tieto enabled app modification] (PDF). www.tieto.com (in Finnish). <a href="/wiki/Tieto" class="mw-redirect" title="Tieto">Tieto</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tieto.com/sites/default/files/migrated/documents/Case_OP-Pohjola_fi2806.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2022-10-09. Retrieved April 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tieto.com&rft.atitle=OP-Pohjola+ja+Tieto+hoitivat+sovelluksen+muutosty%C3%B6t+sujuvalla+yhteisty%C3%B6ll%C3%A4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tieto.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmigrated%2Fdocuments%2FCase_OP-Pohjola_fi2806.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180407183212/http://profdoccare.se/var-ide/om-oss/vi-idag/">"Vi idag"</a> [We today]. profdoccare.se (in Swedish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://profdoccare.se/var-ide/om-oss/vi-idag/">the original</a> on April 7, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018. <q>Through the choice of APL as a technical platform, it is relatively easy to quickly build a solution that can be called a executable prototype (translated from the original)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=profdoccare.se&rft.atitle=Vi+idag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprofdoccare.se%2Fvar-ide%2Fom-oss%2Fvi-idag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner" class="citation web cs1">Brenner, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dna-view.com/DNAtechID.htm">"DNA Identification Technology and APL"</a>. dna-view.com. Presentation at the 2005 APL User Conference. Retrieved January 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dna-view.com&rft.atitle=DNA+Identification+Technology+and+APL&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdna-view.com%2FDNAtechID.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner2014" class="citation web cs1">Brenner, Charles (17 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXlP3r6PzeE">"There's DNA Everywhere – an Opportunity for APL"</a>. www.youtube.com. YouTube. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/oXlP3r6PzeE">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-14. Retrieved January 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.youtube.com&rft.atitle=There%27s+DNA+Everywhere+%E2%80%93+an+Opportunity+for+APL&rft.date=2014-10-17&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DoXlP3r6PzeE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402212031/http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=0694605&srt=all&aw=145&ao=GMHOPPER&yr=1973">"Awards – 1973 – Lawrence Breed"</a>. Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=0694605&srt=all&aw=145&ao=GMHOPPER&yr=1973">the original</a> on April 2, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Awards+%E2%80%93+1973+%E2%80%93+Lawrence+Breed&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fawards.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D0694605%26srt%3Dall%26aw%3D145%26ao%3DGMHOPPER%26yr%3D1973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402212035/http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3412588&srt=all&aw=145&ao=GMHOPPER&yr=1973">"Awards – 1973 – Richard Lathwell"</a>. Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3412588&srt=all&aw=145&ao=GMHOPPER&yr=1973">the original</a> on April 2, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Awards+%E2%80%93+1973+%E2%80%93+Richard+Lathwell&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fawards.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D3412588%26srt%3Dall%26aw%3D145%26ao%3DGMHOPPER%26yr%3D1973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402212037/http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=4987585&srt=all&aw=145&ao=GMHOPPER&yr=1973">"Awards – 1973 – Roger Moore"</a>. Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=4987585&srt=all&aw=145&ao=GMHOPPER&yr=1973">the original</a> on April 2, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Awards+%E2%80%93+1973+%E2%80%93+Roger+Moore&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fawards.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D4987585%26srt%3Dall%26aw%3D145%26ao%3DGMHOPPER%26yr%3D1973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180430050157/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=795">"IBM 5100"</a>. old-computers.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=795">the original</a> on April 30, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=old-computers.com&rft.atitle=IBM+5100&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.old-computers.com%2Fmuseum%2Fcomputer.asp%3Fc%3D795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-byte197512-98"><a href="#cite_ref-byte197512_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1975-12/1975_12_BYTE_00-04_Assembling_an_Altair#page/n91/mode/2up">"Welcome, IBM, to personal computing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Byte_(magazine)" title="Byte (magazine)">Byte</a>. December 1975. p. 90. Retrieved April 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byte&rft.atitle=Welcome%2C+IBM%2C+to+personal+computing&rft.pages=90&rft.date=1975-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbyte-magazine-1975-12%2F1975_12_BYTE_00-04_Assembling_an_Altair%23page%2Fn91%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sigapl.org/APLChronology.php">"Chronology of APL and its Influences on Computer Language Development"</a>. www.sigapl.org. ACM. Retrieved April 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sigapl.org&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+APL+and+its+Influences+on+Computer+Language+Development&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigapl.org%2FAPLChronology.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarry_Breed2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_M._Breed" title="Lawrence M. Breed">Larry Breed</a> (August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512031437/http://www.vector.org.uk/archive/v223/APL_1130.htm">"How We Got To APL\1130"</a>. Vector (British APL Association). 22 (3). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0955-1433">0955-1433</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vector.org.uk/archive/v223/APL_1130.htm">the original</a> on May 12, 2008. Retrieved April 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vector+%28British+APL+Association%29&rft.atitle=How+We+Got+To+APL%5C1130&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2006-08&rft.issn=0955-1433&rft.au=Larry+Breed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vector.org.uk%2Farchive%2Fv223%2FAPL_1130.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Moore2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Moore_(computer_scientist)" title="Roger Moore (computer scientist)">Roger Moore</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404053142/http://www.rogerdmoore.ca/INF/ERInstallationHistory.htm">"History of I. P. Sharp Associates Timesharing and Network"</a>. Rogerdmoore.ca. Roger Moore. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rogerdmoore.ca/INF/ERInstallationHistory.htm">the original</a> on April 4, 2019. Retrieved March 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rogerdmoore.ca&rft.atitle=History+of+I.+P.+Sharp+Associates+Timesharing+and+Network&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Roger+Moore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frogerdmoore.ca%2FINF%2FERInstallationHistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenthal1981" class="citation magazine cs1">Blumenthal, Marcia (May 18, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MCFtKT_NaYIC&q=vax%20apl&pg=PA2">"VAX-11s Acquire APL Processor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a>. Retrieved April 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=VAX-11s+Acquire+APL+Processor&rft.date=1981-05-18&rft.aulast=Blumenthal&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMCFtKT_NaYIC%26q%3Dvax%2520apl%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IversonAwards-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IversonAwards_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IversonAwards_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IversonAwards_103-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120226063703/http://www.sigapl.org/award.htm">"Kenneth E. Iverson Award for Outstanding Contribution to APL"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SIGPLAN" title="SIGPLAN">SIGPLAN</a> Chapter on Array Programming Languages (SIGAPL). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sigapl.org/award.htm">the original</a> on February 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kenneth+E.+Iverson+Award+for+Outstanding+Contribution+to+APL&rft.pub=SIGPLAN+Chapter+on+Array+Programming+Languages+%28SIGAPL%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigapl.org%2Faward.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Schora2021" class="citation web cs1">Mark Schora (2021-01-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://log-on.com/2021/01/26/log-on-software-announces-log-on-apl2/">"Log-On Software announces Log-On APL2"</a>. Log-On Software. Retrieved 2021-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Log-On+Software&rft.atitle=Log-On+Software+announces+Log-On+APL2&rft.date=2021-01-26&rft.au=Mark+Schora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flog-on.com%2F2021%2F01%2F26%2Flog-on-software-announces-log-on-apl2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelley,_R.A.1973" class="citation journal cs1">Kelley, R.A. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5391426/authors#authors">"APLGOL, an Experimental Structured Programming Language"</a>. IBM Journal of Research and Development. 17: 69–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Frd.171.0069">10.1147/rd.171.0069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBM+Journal+of+Research+and+Development&rft.atitle=APLGOL%2C+an+Experimental+Structured+Programming+Language&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=69-73&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1147%2Frd.171.0069&rft.au=Kelley%2C+R.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F5391426%2Fauthors%23authors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston,_Ronald_L.1977" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Ronald L. (July 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Hewlett-Packard_Journal_Vol._28_No._11_1977-07_Hewlett-Packard/page/n9/mode/2up">"APLGOL: Structured Programming Facilities for APL"</a>. Hewlett-Packard Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APLGOL%3A+Structured+Programming+Facilities+for+APL&rft.pub=Hewlett-Packard+Journal&rft.date=1977-07&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Ronald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHewlett-Packard_Journal_Vol._28_No._11_1977-07_Hewlett-Packard%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dyalog.com/">"Dyalog Ltd website"</a>. Retrieved 6 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dyalog+Ltd+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dyalog.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vector.org.uk/archive/v234b/d25.pdf">"Dyalog at 25"</a> (PDF). Vector Magazine. British APL Association. September 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vector+Magazine&rft.atitle=Dyalog+at+25&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vector.org.uk%2Farchive%2Fv234b%2Fd25.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKromberg,_Morten2007" class="citation book cs1">Kromberg, Morten (22 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dyalog.com/uploads/documents/Papers/Arrays%20of%20Objects.pdf">"Arrays of objects"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the 2007 symposium on Dynamic languages. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1297081.1297087">10.1145/1297081.1297087</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781595938688" title="Special:BookSources/9781595938688"><bdi>9781595938688</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18484472">18484472</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.dyalog.com/uploads/documents/Papers/Arrays%20of%20Objects.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 27 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arrays+of+objects&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2007+symposium+on+Dynamic+languages&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2007-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18484472%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1297081.1297087&rft.isbn=9781595938688&rft.au=Kromberg%2C+Morten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dyalog.com%2Fuploads%2Fdocuments%2FPapers%2FArrays%2520of%2520Objects.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholes" class="citation web cs1">Scholes, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.vector.org.uk/art10007770">"D: A functional subset of Dyalog APL"</a>. British APL Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%3A+A+functional+subset+of+Dyalog+APL&rft.pub=British+APL+Association&rft.aulast=Scholes&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.vector.org.uk%2Fart10007770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholes" class="citation web cs1">Scholes, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dfns.dyalog.com/n_tacit.htm">"Translation of D-functions into tacit form"</a>. Dyalog Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Translation+of+D-functions+into+tacit+form&rft.pub=Dyalog+Ltd.&rft.aulast=Scholes&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdfns.dyalog.com%2Fn_tacit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dyalog.com/prices-and-licences.htm#basiclic">"Dyalog – Prices and Licences"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dyalog+%E2%80%93+Prices+and+Licences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dyalog.com%2Fprices-and-licences.htm%23basiclic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dyalog.com/dyalogue-newsletters.htm?nl=27&a=158">"2016 Iverson Award Recognises Dyalog's CEO and CXO"</a>. Retrieved 6 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2016+Iverson+Award+Recognises+Dyalog%27s+CEO+and+CXO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dyalog.com%2Fdyalogue-newsletters.htm%3Fnl%3D27%26a%3D158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NARS2000-114"><a href="#cite_ref-NARS2000_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nars2000.org/">"Nested Arrays Research System – NARS2000: An Experimental APL Interpreter"</a>. NARS2000. Sudley Place Software. Retrieved July 10, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NARS2000&rft.atitle=Nested+Arrays+Research+System+%E2%80%93+NARS2000%3A+An+Experimental+APL+Interpreter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nars2000.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://microapl.com/apl/">"APLX has been withdrawn from commercial sale but can be downloaded free of charge"</a>. Microapl.com. Retrieved April 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APLX+has+been+withdrawn+from+commercial+sale+but+can+be+downloaded+free+of+charge&rft.pub=Microapl.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmicroapl.com%2Fapl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YorkAPL-116"><a href="#cite_ref-YorkAPL_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/apl/Books/YorkAPL">"York APL"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=York+APL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.softwarepreservation.org%2Fprojects%2Fapl%2FBooks%2FYorkAPL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GNU-117"><a href="#cite_ref-GNU_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GNU_APL">"GNU APL"</a>. directory.fsf.org. <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Directory" title="Free Software Directory">Free Software Directory</a>. Retrieved September 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=directory.fsf.org&rft.atitle=GNU+APL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdirectory.fsf.org%2Fwiki%2FGNU_APL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berättar-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Berättar_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStallman" class="citation web cs1">Stallman, Richard M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181126072301/http://www.lysator.liu.se/history/garb/txt/87-2-rms.txt">"RMS Berättar"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lysator.liu.se/history/garb/txt/87-2-rms.txt">the original</a> on November 26, 2018. Retrieved April 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RMS+Ber%C3%A4ttar&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lysator.liu.se%2Fhistory%2Fgarb%2Ftxt%2F87-2-rms.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudd1988" class="citation book cs1">Budd, Timothy (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rTb2BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">An APL Compiler</a>. Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-96643-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-96643-4"><bdi>978-0-387-96643-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+APL+Compiler&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-387-96643-4&rft.aulast=Budd&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrTb2BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sigapl.org/about.php">"What is APL?"</a>. www.sigapl.org. SIGAPL. Retrieved January 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sigapl.org&rft.atitle=What+is+APL%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigapl.org%2Fabout.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuChing1991" class="citation journal cs1">Ju, Dz-Ching; Ching, Wai-Mee (1991). "Exploitation of APL data parallelism on a shared-memory MIMD machine". Newsletter ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 26 (7): 61–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F109625.109633">10.1145/109625.109633</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8584353">8584353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsletter+ACM+SIGPLAN+Notices&rft.atitle=Exploitation+of+APL+data+parallelism+on+a+shared-memory+MIMD+machine&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=61-72&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F109625.109633&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8584353%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ju&rft.aufirst=Dz-Ching&rft.au=Ching%2C+Wai-Mee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsuBowman" class="citation web cs1">Hsu, Aaron W.; Bowman, William J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~dpw/obt/abstracts/obt12_submission_11.pdf">"Revisiting APL in the Modern Era"</a> (PDF). www.cs.princeton.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~dpw/obt/abstracts/obt12_submission_11.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved January 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cs.princeton.edu&rft.atitle=Revisiting+APL+in+the+Modern+Era&rft.aulast=Hsu&rft.aufirst=Aaron+W.&rft.au=Bowman%2C+William+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.princeton.edu%2F~dpw%2Fobt%2Fabstracts%2Fobt12_submission_11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChingJu1991" class="citation journal cs1">Ching, W.-M.; Ju, D. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231727/http://domino.research.ibm.com/tchjr/journalindex.nsf/c469af92ea9eceac85256bd50048567c/f892e104dfc4d0fd85256bfa0067fb42!OpenDocument">"Execution of automatically parallelized APL programs on RP3"</a>. IBM Journal of Research & Development. 35 (5/6): 767–777. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Frd.355.0767">10.1147/rd.355.0767</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.research.ibm.com/tchjr/journalindex.nsf/c469af92ea9eceac85256bd50048567c/f892e104dfc4d0fd85256bfa0067fb42!OpenDocument">the original</a> on March 3, 2016. Retrieved January 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBM+Journal+of+Research+%26+Development&rft.atitle=Execution+of+automatically+parallelized+APL+programs+on+RP3&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=5%2F6&rft.pages=767-777&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1147%2Frd.355.0767&rft.aulast=Ching&rft.aufirst=W.-M.&rft.au=Ju%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdomino.research.ibm.com%2Ftchjr%2Fjournalindex.nsf%2Fc469af92ea9eceac85256bd50048567c%2Ff892e104dfc4d0fd85256bfa0067fb42%21OpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlellochSabot1990" class="citation journal cs1">Blelloch, Guy E.; Sabot, Gary W. (1990). "Compiling Collection-Oriented Languages onto Massively Parallel Computers". Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing. 8 (2): 119–134. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.51.5088">10.1.1.51.5088</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0743-7315%2890%2990087-6">10.1016/0743-7315(90)90087-6</a>. <q>Collection oriented languages include APL, APL2</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Parallel+and+Distributed+Computing&rft.atitle=Compiling+Collection-Oriented+Languages+onto+Massively+Parallel+Computers&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119-134&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.51.5088%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0743-7315%2890%2990087-6&rft.aulast=Blelloch&rft.aufirst=Guy+E.&rft.au=Sabot%2C+Gary+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJendrsczokHoffmannEdigerKeller" class="citation web cs1">Jendrsczok, Johannes; Hoffmann, Rolf; Ediger, Patrick; Keller, Jörg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150122211834/https://www.fernuni-hagen.de/imperia/md/content/fakultaetfuermathematikundinformatik/pv/97-08/papergca_09_1_.pdf">"Implementing APL-like data parallel functions on a GCA machine"</a> (PDF). www.fernuni-hagen.de. pp. 1–6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fernuni-hagen.de/imperia/md/content/fakultaetfuermathematikundinformatik/pv/97-08/papergca_09_1_.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 22, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2015. <q>GCA – Global Cellular Automation. Inherently massively parallel. 'APL has been chosen because of the ability to express matrix and vector' structures.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fernuni-hagen.de&rft.atitle=Implementing+APL-like+data+parallel+functions+on+a+GCA+machine&rft.pages=1-6&rft.aulast=Jendrsczok&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+Rolf&rft.au=Ediger%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Keller%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fernuni-hagen.de%2Fimperia%2Fmd%2Fcontent%2Ffakultaetfuermathematikundinformatik%2Fpv%2F97-08%2Fpapergca_09_1_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner1984" class="citation book cs1">Brenner, Norman (1984). "VLSI circuit design using APL with fortran subroutines". Proceedings of the international conference on APL - APL '84. Vol. 14. pp. 77–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F800058.801079">10.1145/800058.801079</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89791-137-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89791-137-7"><bdi>0-89791-137-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30863491">30863491</a>. <q>APL for interactiveness and ease of coding</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VLSI+circuit+design+using+APL+with+fortran+subroutines&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+international+conference+on+APL+-+APL+%2784&rft.pages=77-79&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30863491%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F800058.801079&rft.isbn=0-89791-137-7&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner1984" class="citation book cs1">Brenner, Norman (1984). "VLSI circuit design using APL with fortran subroutines". Proceedings of the international conference on APL – APL '84. ACM SIGAPL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0897911375" title="Special:BookSources/978-0897911375"><bdi>978-0897911375</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VLSI+circuit+design+using+APL+with+fortran+subroutines&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+international+conference+on+APL+%E2%80%93+APL+%2784&rft.pub=ACM+SIGAPL&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0897911375&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambleHobson1989" class="citation book cs1">Gamble, D.J.; Hobson, R.F. (1989). "Towards a graphics/Procedural environment for constructing VLSI module generators". Conference Proceeding IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications, Computers and Signal Processing. pp. 606–611. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FPACRIM.1989.48437">10.1109/PACRIM.1989.48437</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7921438">7921438</a>. <q>VLSI module generators are described. APL and C, as examples of interpreted and compiled languages, can be interfaced to an advanced graphics display.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Towards+a+graphics%2FProcedural+environment+for+constructing+VLSI+module+generators&rft.btitle=Conference+Proceeding+IEEE+Pacific+Rim+Conference+on+Communications%2C+Computers+and+Signal+Processing&rft.pages=606-611&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FPACRIM.1989.48437&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7921438%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=D.J.&rft.au=Hobson%2C+R.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1983" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Robert S. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qURs4j9vKn4C&q=%22IBM%20APL%27s%20fast%20execution%22&pg=PA379">"Two Implementations of APL"</a>. PC Magazine. 2 (5): 379. Retrieved January 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=Two+Implementations+of+APL&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=379&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqURs4j9vKn4C%26q%3D%2522IBM%2520APL%2527s%2520fast%2520execution%2522%26pg%3DPA379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213004709/http://marthallama.org/apl/">"The APL Computer Language"</a>. MARTHA and LLAMA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marthallama.org/apl/">the original</a> on February 13, 2015. Retrieved January 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MARTHA+and+LLAMA&rft.atitle=The+APL+Computer+Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarthallama.org%2Fapl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzgerWen2000" class="citation book cs1">Metzger, Robert; Wen, Zhaofang (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u38h_fV3UqgC&pg=PA12">Automatic Algorithm Recognition and Replacement: A New Approach to Program Optimization</a>. The MIT press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262133685" title="Special:BookSources/9780262133685"><bdi>9780262133685</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Automatic+Algorithm+Recognition+and+Replacement%3A+A+New+Approach+to+Program+Optimization&rft.pub=The+MIT+press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780262133685&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Wen%2C+Zhaofang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du38h_fV3UqgC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder1982" class="citation journal cs1">Snyder, Lawrence (1982). "Recognition and Selection of Idioms for Code Optimization". Acta Informatica. 17 (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00264357">10.1007/BF00264357</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8369972">8369972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Informatica&rft.atitle=Recognition+and+Selection+of+Idioms+for+Code+Optimization&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00264357&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8369972%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng1981" class="citation thesis cs1">Cheng, Feng Sheng (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7896&context=rtd">Idiom matching: an optimization technique for an APL compiler</a> (Thesis). Iowa State University. Retrieved May 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Idiom+matching%3A+an+optimization+technique+for+an+APL+compiler&rft.inst=Iowa+State+University&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Feng+Sheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.dr.iastate.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D7896%26context%3Drtd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://help.dyalog.com/16.0/Content/Language/Defined%20Functions%20and%20Operators/Idiom%20Recognition/Idiom%20Recognition.htm">"Idiom Recognition"</a>. dyalog.com. Retrieved May 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Idiom+Recognition&rft.pub=dyalog.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhelp.dyalog.com%2F16.0%2FContent%2FLanguage%2FDefined%2520Functions%2520and%2520Operators%2FIdiom%2520Recognition%2FIdiom%2520Recognition.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrawn1977" class="citation journal cs1">Strawn, George O. (March 1977). "Does APL really need run-time parsing?". Software: Practice and Experience. 7 (2): 193–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fspe.4380070207">10.1002/spe.4380070207</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1463012">1463012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Software%3A+Practice+and+Experience&rft.atitle=Does+APL+really+need+run-time+parsing%3F&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=193-200&rft.date=1977-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fspe.4380070207&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1463012%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Strawn&rft.aufirst=George+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DyalogCompiler-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DyalogCompiler_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DyalogCompiler_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.dyalog.com/16.0/Compiler%20User%20Guide.pdf">"Compiler User Guide"</a> (PDF). www.dyalog.com. Dyalog Ltd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://docs.dyalog.com/16.0/Compiler%20User%20Guide.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved May 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dyalog.com&rft.atitle=Compiler+User+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.dyalog.com%2F16.0%2FCompiler%2520User%2520Guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DriscollOrth-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DriscollOrth_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DriscollOrth_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriscollOrth1986" class="citation journal cs1">Driscoll, Graham C. Jr.; Orth, Donald L. (November 1986). "Compiling APL: The Yorktown APL Translator". IBM Journal of Research and Development. 30 (6): 583–593. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Frd.306.0583">10.1147/rd.306.0583</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2299699">2299699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBM+Journal+of+Research+and+Development&rft.atitle=Compiling+APL%3A+The+Yorktown+APL+Translator&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=583-593&rft.date=1986-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1147%2Frd.306.0583&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2299699%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Driscoll&rft.aufirst=Graham+C.+Jr.&rft.au=Orth%2C+Donald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sigapl.org/APLChronology.php">"Chronology of APL"</a>. www.sigapl.org. ACM. Retrieved May 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sigapl.org&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+APL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigapl.org%2FAPLChronology.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWai-Mee1986" class="citation journal cs1">Wai-Mee, Ching (November 1986). "Program Analysis and Code Generation in an APL/370 Compiler". IBM Journal of Research and Development. 30 (6): 594–602. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Frd.306.0594">10.1147/rd.306.0594</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17306407">17306407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBM+Journal+of+Research+and+Development&rft.atitle=Program+Analysis+and+Code+Generation+in+an+APL%2F370+Compiler&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=594-602&rft.date=1986-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1147%2Frd.306.0594&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17306407%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wai-Mee&rft.aufirst=Ching&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snakeisland.com/apexup.htm">"The APEX Project"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+APEX+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snakeisland.com%2Fapexup.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chilton.com/~jimw/aplcomp.html">"APL Compiler (message from Jim Weigang to the comp.lang.apl Newsgroup)"</a>. Apr 5, 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APL+Compiler+%28message+from+Jim+Weigang+to+the+comp.lang.apl+Newsgroup%29&rft.date=1994-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chilton.com%2F~jimw%2Faplcomp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-public.slac.stanford.edu/sciDoc/docMeta.aspx?slacPubNumber=slac-r-114">An APL Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240127023607/https://www-public.slac.stanford.edu/sciDoc/docMeta.aspx?slacPubNumber=slac-r-114">Archived</a> 2024-01-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1970 Stanford doctoral dissertation by Philip Abrams)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sigapl.org/Articles/MichaelMontalbanoPersonalViewOfAPL.php">A Personal History Of APL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231107115811/http://sigapl.org/Articles/MichaelMontalbanoPersonalViewOfAPL.php">Archived</a> 2023-11-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1982 article by <a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Montalbano" title="Michael S. Montalbano">Michael S. Montalbano</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre1991" class="citation journal cs1">McIntyre, Donald B. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060504050437/http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/304/ibmsj3004N.pdf">"Language as an intellectual tool: From hieroglyphics to APL"</a> (PDF). IBM Systems Journal. 30 (4): 554–581. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Fsj.304.0554">10.1147/sj.304.0554</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/304/ibmsj3004N.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 4, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBM+Systems+Journal&rft.atitle=Language+as+an+intellectual+tool%3A+From+hieroglyphics+to+APL&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=554-581&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1147%2Fsj.304.0554&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.ibm.com%2Fjournal%2Fsj%2F304%2Fibmsj3004N.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIverson1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">Iverson, Kenneth E.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227012149/http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/304/ibmsj3004O.pdf">"A Personal view of APL"</a> (PDF). IBM Systems Journal. 30 (4): 582–593. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Fsj.304.0582">10.1147/sj.304.0582</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/304/ibmsj3004O.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 27, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBM+Systems+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Personal+view+of+APL&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=582-593&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1147%2Fsj.304.0582&rft.aulast=Iverson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.ibm.com%2Fjournal%2Fsj%2F304%2Fibmsj3004O.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027152546/http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/apl/Books/APROGRAMMING%20LANGUAGE/view">A Programming Language</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">Kenneth E. Iverson</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/apl/Papers/197201_APL%20In%20Exposition_320-3010.pdf/view">APL in Exposition</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">Kenneth E. Iverson</a></li> <li>Brooks, Frederick P.; Kenneth Iverson (1965). Automatic Data Processing, System/360 Edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-10605-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-10605-4">0-471-10605-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAskoolum2006" class="citation book cs1">Askoolum, Ajay (August 2006). System Building with APL + Win. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-03020-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-03020-2"><bdi>978-0-470-03020-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=System+Building+with+APL+%2B+Win&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2006-08&rft.isbn=978-0-470-03020-2&rft.aulast=Askoolum&rft.aufirst=Ajay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalkoffIversonSussenguth1964" class="citation journal cs1">Falkoff, Adin D.; <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">Iverson, Kenneth E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Sussenguth" title="Edward H. Sussenguth">Sussenguth, Edward H.</a> (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227012111/http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/032/falkoff.pdf">"A Formal Description of System/360"</a> (PDF). IBM Systems Journal. 3 (2): 198–261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Fsj.32.0198">10.1147/sj.32.0198</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/032/falkoff.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 27, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBM+Systems+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Formal+Description+of+System%2F360&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=198-261&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1147%2Fsj.32.0198&rft.aulast=Falkoff&rft.aufirst=Adin+D.&rft.au=Iverson%2C+Kenneth+E.&rft.au=Sussenguth%2C+Edward+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.ibm.com%2Fjournal%2Fsj%2F032%2Ffalkoff.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWexelblat1981" class="citation book cs1">Wexelblat, Richard L, ed. (1981). "XIV". History of Programming Languages: Proceedings of the History of Programming Languages Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., June 1-3, 1978. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0127450407" title="Special:BookSources/978-0127450407"><bdi>978-0127450407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XIV&rft.btitle=History+of+Programming+Languages%3A+Proceedings+of+the+History+of+Programming+Languages+Conference%2C+Los+Angeles%2C+Calif.%2C+June+1-3%2C+1978&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0127450407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanon1989" class="citation book cs1">Banon, Gerald Jean Francis (1989). Bases da Computacao Grafica. Rio de Janeiro: Campus. p. 141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bases+da+Computacao+Grafica&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Campus&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Banon&rft.aufirst=Gerald+Jean+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLePage1978" class="citation book cs1">LePage, Wilbur R. (1978). Applied A.P.L. Programming. Prentice Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applied+A.P.L.+Programming&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=LePage&rft.aufirst=Wilbur+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMouginDucasse2003" class="citation journal cs1">Mougin, Philippe; Ducasse, Stephane (November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061114145417/http://www.fscript.org/documentation/OOPAL.pdf">"OOPAL: Integrating array programming in object-oriented programming"</a> (PDF). ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 38 (11): 65–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F949343.949312">10.1145/949343.949312</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fscript.org/documentation/OOPAL.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 14, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGPLAN+Notices&rft.atitle=OOPAL%3A+Integrating+array+programming+in+object-oriented+programming&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=65-77&rft.date=2003-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F949343.949312&rft.aulast=Mougin&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft.au=Ducasse%2C+Stephane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fscript.org%2Fdocumentation%2FOOPAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071004214341/http://www.dyalog.dk/whatsnew/OO4APLERS.pdf">An Introduction to Object Oriented Programming For APL Programmers</a> (PDF). Dyalog Limited. September 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dyalog.dk/whatsnew/OO4APLERS.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 4, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Object+Oriented+Programming+For+APL+Programmers&rft.pub=Dyalog+Limited&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dyalog.dk%2Fwhatsnew%2FOO4APLERS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShustek2012" class="citation web cs1">Shustek, Len (October 10, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/the-apl-programming-language-source-code/#A-Taste-of-APL">"The APL Programming Language Source Code"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a> (CHM). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906205616/http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/the-apl-programming-language-source-code/">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+APL+Programming+Language+Source+Code&rft.pub=Computer+History+Museum+%28CHM%29&rft.date=2012-10-10&rft.aulast=Shustek&rft.aufirst=Len&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fatchm%2Fthe-apl-programming-language-source-code%2F%23A-Taste-of-APL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvobodaWhite2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Svoboda_(computer_scientist)" title="Antonín Svoboda (computer scientist)">Svoboda, Antonín</a>; White, Donnamaie E. (2016) [2012, 1985, 1979-08-01]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.donnamaie.com/Advanced_logic_ckt/Advanced_Logical_Circuit_Design_Techniques%20sm.pdf">Advanced Logical Circuit Design Techniques</a> (PDF) (retyped electronic reissue ed.). <a href="/wiki/Garland_STPM_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Garland STPM Press">Garland STPM Press</a> (original issue) / WhitePubs Enterprises, Inc. (reissue). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-7014-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-7014-4"><bdi>978-0-8240-7014-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/78-31384">78-31384</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170414163013/http://www.donnamaie.com/Advanced_logic_ckt/Advanced_Logical_Circuit_Design_Techniques%20sm.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2017-04-14. Retrieved 2017-04-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Logical+Circuit+Design+Techniques&rft.edition=retyped+electronic+reissue&rft.pub=Garland+STPM+Press+%28original+issue%29+%2F+WhitePubs+Enterprises%2C+Inc.+%28reissue%29&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F78-31384&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-7014-4&rft.aulast=Svoboda&rft.aufirst=Anton%C3%ADn&rft.au=White%2C+Donnamaie+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.donnamaie.com%2FAdvanced_logic_ckt%2FAdvanced_Logical_Circuit_Design_Techniques%2520sm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPL+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.donnamaie.com/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g3uzAAAAIAAJ">[2]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video">Video</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Video">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kUQWuK1L4w">The Origins of APL</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> – a 1974 talk show style interview with the original developers of APL.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_DTpQ4Kk2wA">APL demonstration</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> – a 1975 live demonstration of APL by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Spence_(engineer)" title="Robert Spence (engineer)">Professor Bob Spence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9xAKttWgP4">Conway's Game Of Life in APL</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> – a 2009 tutorial by John Scholes of Dyalog Ltd. which implements <a href="/wiki/Conway%27s_Game_of_Life" title="Conway's Game of Life">Conway's Game of Life</a> in a single line of APL.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ra_JyBCI4Xg">50 Years of APL</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> – a 2009 introduction to APL by Graeme Robertson.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:APL_(programming_language)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:APL (programming language)">APL (programming language)</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_resources">Online resources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Online resources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tryapl.org/">TryAPL.org</a>, an online APL primer</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apl2c.de/home/Links/links.html">APL2C</a>, a source of links to APL compilers</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="APL_programming" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:APL_programming_language" title="Template:APL programming language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:APL_programming_language" title="Template talk:APL programming language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:APL_programming_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:APL programming language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="APL_programming" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">APL programming</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APL_syntax_and_symbols" title="APL syntax and symbols">APL syntax and symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_function" title="Direct function">Direct function</a> (dfn)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_encoding_of_APL_symbols" title="Digital encoding of APL symbols">Code pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iverson_bracket" title="Iverson bracket">Iverson bracket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rank_(J_programming_language)" title="Rank (J programming language)">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Variables" title="Shared Variables">Shared Variables</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:APL_(programming_language)_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg/80px-APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg/120px-APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg/160px-APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1890" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Implementations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dyalog APL</li> <li>APL2 → <a href="/wiki/APLX" title="APLX">APLX</a></li> <li>SHARP APL</li> <li>NARS → NARS2000°</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dialect_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect (computing)">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%2B_(programming_language)" title="A+ (programming language)">A → A+</a>°</li> <li>APLNext → VisualAPL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELI_(programming_language)" title="ELI (programming language)">ELI</a></li> <li>GNU APL°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_(programming_language)" title="J (programming language)">J</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kdb%2B" title="Kdb+">kdb+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K_(programming_language)" title="K (programming language)">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Q_(programming_language_from_Kx_Systems)" title="Q (programming language from Kx Systems)">Q</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphic_Programming_Language" title="Polymorphic Programming Language">Polymorphic Programming Language</a> (PPL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">Professional associations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a>: SIGAPL</li> <li>British APL Association</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampere_WS-1" title="Ampere WS-1">Ampere</a></li> <li>Analogic Corporation</li> <li>APL2000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CompuServe" title="CompuServe">CompuServe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC)</li> <li>DNA Systems</li> <li>Dyalog Ltd.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._P._Sharp_Associates" title="I. P. Sharp Associates">I. P. Sharp Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx_Systems" title="Kx Systems">Kx Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCM/70" title="MCM/70">Micro Computer Machines</a> (MCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Research_Associates" title="Science Research Associates">Science Research Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Time_Sharing_Corporation" title="Scientific Time Sharing Corporation">Scientific Time Sharing Corporation</a> (STSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soliton_Incorporated" title="Soliton Incorporated">Soliton Incorporated</a></li> <li>Telecompute Integrated Systems, Inc.</li> <li>Time Sharing Resources (TSR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a> (CMU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_S._Abrams" title="Philip S. Abrams">Phil Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bernecky" title="Robert Bernecky">Bob Bernecky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_M._Breed" title="Lawrence M. Breed">Larry Breed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenner_(mathematician)" title="Charles Brenner (mathematician)">Charles Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Fred Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Brown_(computer_scientist)" title="Jim Brown (computer scientist)">Jim Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adin_Falkoff" title="Adin Falkoff">Adin Falkoff</a></li> <li>Patrick E. Hagerty</li> <li>Herbert Hellerman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Hui" title="Roger Hui">Roger Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">Kenneth E. Iverson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Lathwell" title="Richard H. Lathwell">Dick Lathwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McDonnell" title="Eugene McDonnell">Eugene McDonnell</a></li> <li>Robert Metzger</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Moore_(computer_scientist)" title="Roger Moore (computer scientist)">Roger Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Perlis" title="Alan Perlis">Alan Perlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Scholes" title="John M. Scholes">John Scholes</a></li> <li>J. Henri Schueler</li> <li>Bob Smith</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Sussenguth" title="Edward H. Sussenguth">Edward H. Sussenguth</a> Jr.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Whitney_(computer_scientist)" title="Arthur Whitney (computer scientist)">Arthur Whitney</a></li> <li>William Yerazunis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodnay_Zaks" title="Rodnay Zaks">Rodnay Zaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iverson_Award" title="Iverson Award">Iverson Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Italics = discontinued</li> <li>° = <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:APL_(programming_language)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:APL (programming language)">Commons</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:APL_programming_language_family" title="Category:APL programming language family">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Programming_languages" title="Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Programming_languages" title="Template talk:Programming languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Programming_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Programming_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">APL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">.NET</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> Lists: <a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages" title="Category:Programming languages">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ISO_standards" title="Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ISO_standards" title="Template talk:ISO standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ISO_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standards by standard number</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards" title="List of ISO standards">ISO standards</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO romanizations</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1–9999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1" title="ISO 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2" title="ISO 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)" title="A440 (pitch standard)">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31" title="ISO 31">31</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-0" title="ISO 31-0">-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-3" title="ISO 31-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-4" title="ISO 31-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-5" title="ISO 31-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-6" title="ISO 31-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-7" title="ISO 31-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-8" title="ISO 31-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-10" title="ISO 31-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-11" title="ISO 31-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-13" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-13">-13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">68-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_128" title="ISO 128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_217" title="ISO 217">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicat_softening_point" title="Vicat softening point">306</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_symbol#Ionizing_radiation_symbol" title="Hazard symbol">361</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_take-off" title="Power take-off">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prontor-Compur" title="Prontor-Compur">519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">639</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_657" title="ISO 657">657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_668" title="ISO 668">668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_704" title="ISO 704">704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_732" title="ISO 732">732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimagnetic_watch" title="Antimagnetic watch">764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_punch" title="Hole punch">838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_860" title="ISO 860">860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_898" title="ISO 898">898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_965" title="ISO 965">965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_999" title="ISO 999">999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1000" title="ISO 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">1004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">1007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-A" title="OCR-A">1073-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-B" title="OCR-B">1073-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_redundancy_check" title="Longitudinal redundancy check">1155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock-resistant_watch#ISO_1413_shock-resistant_standard" title="Shock-resistant watch">1413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1629" title="ISO 1629">1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1745" title="ISO 1745">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2014" title="ISO 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2015" title="ISO 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2033" title="ISO 2033">2033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">2047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">2108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2145" title="ISO 2145">2145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2146" title="ISO 2146">2146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">2281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere" title="International Standard Atmosphere">2533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2709" title="ISO 2709">2709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2711" title="ISO 2711">2711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2788" title="ISO 2788">2788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2848" title="ISO 2848">2848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2852" title="ISO 2852">2852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2921" title="ISO 2921">2921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/126_film" title="126 film">3029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">3103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">3166</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">-3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">3297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3307" title="ISO 3307">3307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">3601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">3602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3864" title="ISO 3864">3864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International Standard Recording Code">3901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDI_World_Dental_Federation_notation" title="FDI World Dental Federation notation">3950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3977" title="ISO 3977">3977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4031" title="ISO 4031">4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4157" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 4157">4157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4165" title="ISO 4165">4165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">4217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">5725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5775" title="ISO 5775">5775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5776" title="ISO 5776">5776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">5800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">5807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5964" title="ISO 5964">5964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">6166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6344" title="ISO 6344">6344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">6346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">6373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6385" title="ISO 6385">6385</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">6425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">6709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6943" title="ISO 6943">6943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7001" title="ISO 7001">7001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7002" title="ISO 7002">7002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7010" title="ISO 7010">7010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7027" title="ISO 7027">7027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7064" title="ISO/IEC 7064">7064</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">7098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">7185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7200" title="ISO 7200">7200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">7498</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7637" title="ISO 7637">7637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7736" title="ISO 7736">7736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8000" title="ISO 8000">8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">8093</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8178" title="ISO 8178">8178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">8217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8373" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8373">8373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8501-1" title="ISO 8501-1">8501-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTAM" title="FTAM">8571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8583" title="ISO 8583">8583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8691" title="ISO 8691">8691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8805/8806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Of_Temporal_Ordering_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification">8807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(automotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuse (automotive)">8820-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-8-I" title="ISO-8859-8-I">-8-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">8879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9000">9000/9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASMO_449" title="ASMO 449">9036</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">9075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">9141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_spray_test" title="Salt spray test">9227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9241" title="ISO 9241">9241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_Distributed_Data_Interface" title="Fiber Distributed Data Interface">9314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">9362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">9407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Message_Specification" title="Manufacturing Message Specification">9506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9564" title="ISO 9564">9564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592/9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.500" title="X.500">9594</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9797-1" title="ISO/IEC 9797-1">9797-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9897" title="ISO 9897">9897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">9984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">9985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10000–19999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10006" title="ISO 10006">10006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10007" title="ISO 10007">10007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_(hash_function)" title="Whirlpool (hash function)">10118-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10160" title="ISO 10160">10160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10161" title="ISO 10161">10161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)#ISO/IEC_10206:1990_Extended_Pascal" title="Pascal (programming language)">10206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10218" title="ISO 10218">10218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">10303</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data modeling language)">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-21" title="ISO 10303-21">-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-22" title="ISO 10303-22">-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-28" title="ISO 10303-28">-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">-238</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Identifier_Code" title="Market Identifier Code">10383</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">10585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">10589</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10628" title="ISO 10628">10628</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">10664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-ODP" title="RM-ODP">10746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">10861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">10957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10962" title="ISO 10962">10962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11170" title="ISO 11170">11170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11783" title="ISO 11783">11783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module">11889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAN_bus#CAN_lower-layer_standards" title="CAN bus">11898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">11940</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941 (TR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11992" title="ISO 11992">11992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_12006" title="ISO 12006">12006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DICOM" title="DICOM">12052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_TR_12182" title="ISO/IEC TR 12182">12182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">12234-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_categories#ISO_12620_(ISO_TC37_Data_Category_Registry,_ISOcat)" title="Linguistic categories">12620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">13211</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isofix" title="Isofix">13216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13399" title="ISO 13399">13399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13406-2" title="ISO 13406-2">13406-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">13450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13485" title="ISO 13485">13485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13567" title="ISO 13567">13567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13584" title="ISO 13584">13584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number" title="International Bank Account Number">13616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14000">14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">14031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14224" title="ISO 14224">14224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/UA" title="PDF/UA">14289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">14396</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Multimedia_Integration_Framework" title="Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_11" title="MPEG-4 Part 11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_base_media_file_format" title="ISO base media file format">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14617" title="ISO 14617">14617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644" title="ISO 14644">14644</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">14649</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14698" title="ISO 14698">14698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14971" title="ISO 14971">14971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">15022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15189" title="ISO 15189">15189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15398" title="ISO 15398">15398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPIP" title="JPIP">-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF417" title="PDF417">15438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15686" title="ISO 15686">15686</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">15706</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code" title="International Standard Musical Work Code">15707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">15919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">15924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926" title="ISO 15926">15926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926_WIP" title="ISO 15926 WIP">15926 WIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/X" title="PDF/X">15930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MaxiCode" title="MaxiCode">16023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">16355-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/VT" title="PDF/VT">16612-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_16750" title="ISO 16750">16750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IATF_16949" title="IATF 16949">16949 (TS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_17100" title="ISO 17100">17100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Virtualization_Format" title="Open Virtualization Format">17203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDMX" title="SDMX">17369</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Entity_Identifier" title="Legal Entity Identifier">17442</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COLLADA" title="COLLADA">17506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">17799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_18245" title="ISO 18245">18245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Specification_Language" title="Process Specification Language">18629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_Activity_Test" title="Photographic Activity Test">18916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/A" title="PDF/A">19005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19011" title="ISO 19011">19011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">19092</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-2">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19114" title="ISO 19114">19114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_metadata#ISO_19115:_Geographic_information_–_Metadata" title="Geospatial metadata">19115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">19125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language#ISO_19136" title="Geography Markup Language">19136</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">19407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19439" title="ISO 19439">19439</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture">19500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Discovery_Metamodel" title="Knowledge Discovery Metamodel">19506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Constraint_Language" title="Object Constraint Language">19507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Process_Model_and_Notation" title="Business Process Model and Notation">19510</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19600" title="ISO 19600">19600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3D" title="X3D">19775-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19794-5" title="ISO/IEC 19794-5">19794-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Infrastructure_Management_Interface" title="Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface">19831</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20000–29999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20022" title="ISO 20022">20022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20121" title="ISO 20121">20121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20400" title="ISO 20400">20400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Xin_code" title="Han Xin code">20830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21001" title="ISO 21001">21001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Text_Code" title="International Standard Text Code">21047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">21122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21500" title="ISO 21500">21500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22300" title="ISO 22300">22300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22301" title="ISO 22301">22301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22395" title="ISO 22395">22395</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP" title="Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP">23009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">23090-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">23092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">23094-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">23094-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">23271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_Micro_QR_Code" title="Rectangular Micro QR Code">23941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/E" title="PDF/E">24517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_Markup_Framework" title="Lexical Markup Framework">24613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-TimeML" title="ISO-TimeML">24617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroPDF417" title="MicroPDF417">24728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25178" title="ISO 25178">25178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25964" title="ISO 25964">25964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26000" title="ISO 26000">26000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">26262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">26324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001" title="ISO/IEC 27001">27001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27005" title="ISO/IEC 27005">27005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27006" title="ISO/IEC 27006">27006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">27729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_28000" title="ISO 28000">28000</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">29199-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">29500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">30170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">31000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">32000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_37001" title="ISO 37001">37001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">40500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">45001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_50001" title="ISO 50001">50001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_55000" title="ISO 55000">55000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_56000" title="ISO 56000">56000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_standards" title="Category:ISO standards">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IEC_standards" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_IEC_standards" title="Template:List of IEC standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_IEC_standards" title="Template talk:List of IEC standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_IEC_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of IEC standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IEC_standards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60027" title="IEC 60027">60027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60034" title="IEC 60034">60034</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60038" title="IEC 60038">60038</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RKM_code" title="RKM code">60062</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_series_of_preferred_numbers" title="E series of preferred numbers">60063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60068" title="IEC 60068">60068</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_Tracking_Index" title="Comparative Tracking Index">60112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60228" title="IEC 60228">60228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60269" title="IEC 60269">60269</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">60297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60309" title="IEC 60309">60309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60320" title="IEC 60320">60320</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60364" title="IEC 60364">60364</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60446" title="IEC 60446">60446</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">60559</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60601" title="IEC 60601">60601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870" title="IEC 60870">60870</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870-5" title="IEC 60870-5">60870-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870-6" title="IEC 60870-6">60870-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60906-1" title="IEC 60906-1">60906-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">60908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60929" title="IEC 60929">60929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES3" title="AES3">60958</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_60980-344&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEC 60980-344 (page does not exist)">60980-344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61030" title="IEC 61030">61030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61131" title="IEC 61131">61131</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61131-3" title="IEC 61131-3">61131-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IO-Link" title="IO-Link">61131-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">61158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61162" title="IEC 61162">61162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61334" title="IEC 61334">61334</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61355" title="IEC 61355">61355</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61360" title="IEC 61360">61360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61400" title="IEC 61400">61400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61499" title="IEC 61499">61499</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61508" title="IEC 61508">61508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61511" title="IEC 61511">61511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">61784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61850" title="IEC 61850">61850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61851" title="IEC 61851">61851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61883" title="IEC 61883">61883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_nomenclature" title="Battery nomenclature">61960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61968" title="IEC 61968">61968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61970" title="IEC 61970">61970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP-XACT" title="IP-XACT">62014-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">62026</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62056" title="IEC 62056">62056</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62061" title="IEC 62061">62061</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62196" title="IEC 62196">62196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN_62262" title="EN 62262">62262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62264" title="IEC 62264">62264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62304" title="IEC 62304">62304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62325" title="IEC 62325">62325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62351" title="IEC 62351">62351</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES47" title="AES47">62365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62366" title="IEC 62366">62366</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62379" title="IEC 62379">62379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Addressable_Lighting_Interface" title="Digital Addressable Lighting Interface">62386</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62455" title="IEC 62455">62455</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">62680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62682" title="IEC 62682">62682</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62700" title="IEC 62700">62700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63110" title="IEC 63110">63110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63119" title="IEC 63119">63119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63382" title="IEC 63382">63382</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ISO/IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10021" title="ISO/IEC 10021">10021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">13346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHEG-5" title="MHEG-5">13522-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19788" title="ISO/IEC 19788">19788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_24727" title="ISO/IEC 24727">24727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_24744" title="ISO/IEC 24744">24744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Remote_Console" title="Universal Remote Console">24752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000-series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27040" title="ISO/IEC 27040">27040</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_29119" title="ISO/IEC 29119">29119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_33001" title="ISO/IEC 33001">33001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_81346" title="IEC 81346">81346</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&oldid=1259510364">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&oldid=1259510364</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:.NET_programming_languages" title="Category:.NET programming languages">.NET programming languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:APL_programming_language_family" title="Category:APL programming language family">APL programming language family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Array_programming_languages" title="Category:Array programming languages">Array programming languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Command_shells" title="Category:Command shells">Command shells</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dynamic_programming_languages" title="Category:Dynamic programming languages">Dynamic programming languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dynamically_typed_programming_languages" title="Category:Dynamically typed programming languages">Dynamically typed programming languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Functional_languages" title="Category:Functional languages">Functional languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IBM_software" title="Category:IBM software">IBM software</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages_created_in_1964" title="Category:Programming languages created in 1964">Programming languages created in 1964</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages_with_an_ISO_standard" title="Category:Programming languages with an ISO standard">Programming languages with an ISO standard</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages" title="Category:Programming languages">Programming languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Homoiconic_programming_languages" title="Category:Homoiconic programming languages">Homoiconic programming languages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Finnish-language_sources_(fi)" title="Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)">CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2019">Articles with dead external links from August 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)">CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2019">Articles with dead external links from April 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_March_2015" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2015">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_February_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2018" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_example_code" title="Category:Articles with example code">Articles with example code</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 15:49 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APL_(programming_language)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dfb9d98f5-rfj29","wgBackendResponseTime":221,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.860","walltime":"2.688","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12528,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":388379,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15938,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":55,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":528423,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":3,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2251.786 1 -total"," 44.37% 999.104 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.68% 420.694 80 Template:Cite_web"," 7.84% 176.626 30 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.55% 169.938 1 Template:Cite_Q"," 6.21% 139.729 2 Template:Infobox"," 5.22% 117.617 1 Template:Infobox_programming_language"," 4.52% 101.669 7 Template:Navbox"," 4.30% 96.861 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.28% 96.325 10 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.023","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9607607,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"1 1 Kenneth E. Iverson\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","240","21.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","19.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","10.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","7.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","60","5.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.5"],["(for generator)","40","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","3.5"],["chunk \u003CModule:If_empty:3\u003E","40","3.5"],["[others]","200","17.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7b85cf7f5-gt2kc","timestamp":"20241125154927","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"APL (programming language)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/APL_(programming_language)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q296187","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q296187","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-13T10:51:37Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T15:49:25Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b6\/APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg","headline":"functional, symbolic programming language for operating on multidimensional arrays"}</script> </body> </html>