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</li> <li id="toc-Adoption_by_Microsoft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_by_Microsoft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Adoption by Microsoft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption_by_Microsoft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_rise_of_JScript" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_rise_of_JScript"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 The rise of JScript </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_rise_of_JScript-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_and_standardization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_and_standardization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Growth and standardization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_and_standardization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaching_maturity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaching_maturity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Reaching maturity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaching_maturity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trademark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trademark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Trademark </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trademark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Website_client-side_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Website_client-side_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Website client-side usage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Website_client-side_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Website client-side usage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Website_client-side_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples_of_scripted_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_scripted_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Examples of scripted behavior </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_scripted_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries_and_frameworks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries_and_frameworks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Libraries and frameworks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries_and_frameworks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Other usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Execution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Execution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Execution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-JavaScript_engine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JavaScript_engine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 JavaScript engine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JavaScript_engine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Runtime_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Runtime_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Runtime system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Runtime_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Features </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Features subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imperative_and_structured" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperative_and_structured"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Imperative and structured </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperative_and_structured-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weakly_typed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weakly_typed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Weakly typed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weakly_typed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynamic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynamic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Dynamic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynamic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Typing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Typing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Run-time_evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Run-time_evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Run-time evaluation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Run-time_evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Object-orientation_(prototype-based)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Object-orientation_(prototype-based)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Object-orientation (prototype-based) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Object-orientation_(prototype-based)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prototypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prototypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Prototypes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prototypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions_as_object_constructors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions_as_object_constructors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.2 Functions as object constructors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functions_as_object_constructors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions_as_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions_as_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.3 Functions as methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functions_as_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Functional </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lexical_closure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexical_closure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 Lexical closure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexical_closure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anonymous_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anonymous_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.2 Anonymous function </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anonymous_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delegative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delegative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Delegative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delegative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Functions_as_roles_(Traits_and_Mixins)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions_as_roles_(Traits_and_Mixins)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.1 Functions as roles (Traits and Mixins) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functions_as_roles_(Traits_and_Mixins)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Object_composition_and_inheritance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Object_composition_and_inheritance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.2 Object composition and inheritance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Object_composition_and_inheritance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Miscellaneous </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zero-based_numbering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zero-based_numbering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7.1 Zero-based numbering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zero-based_numbering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variadic_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variadic_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7.2 Variadic functions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variadic_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Array_and_object_literals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Array_and_object_literals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7.3 Array and object literals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Array_and_object_literals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regular_expressions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regular_expressions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7.4 Regular expressions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regular_expressions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promises_and_Async/await" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promises_and_Async/await"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7.5 Promises and Async/await </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promises_and_Async/await-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Promises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7.5.1 Promises </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Async/await" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Async/await"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7.5.2 Async/await </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Async/await-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vendor-specific_extensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vendor-specific_extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Vendor-specific extensions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vendor-specific_extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Syntax </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Syntax subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Simple_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simple_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Simple examples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simple_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-More_advanced_example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#More_advanced_example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 More advanced example </div> </a> <ul id="toc-More_advanced_example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Security </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Security-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Security subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cross-site_scripting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-site_scripting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Cross-site scripting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-site_scripting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross-site_request_forgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-site_request_forgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Cross-site request forgery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-site_request_forgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misplaced_trust_in_the_client" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misplaced_trust_in_the_client"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Misplaced trust in the client </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misplaced_trust_in_the_client-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misplaced_trust_in_developers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misplaced_trust_in_developers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Misplaced trust in developers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misplaced_trust_in_developers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Browser_and_plugin_coding_errors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Browser_and_plugin_coding_errors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Browser and plugin coding errors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Browser_and_plugin_coding_errors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sandbox_implementation_errors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sandbox_implementation_errors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Sandbox implementation errors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sandbox_implementation_errors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware_vulnerabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware_vulnerabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Hardware vulnerabilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware_vulnerabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Development tools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Related technologies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_technologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Related technologies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Related_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Java" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Java"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Java </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Java-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JSON" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JSON"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 JSON </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JSON-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transpilers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transpilers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Transpilers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transpilers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WebAssembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WebAssembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 WebAssembly </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WebAssembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">JavaScript</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 109 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" > 109 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="جافا سكريبت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جافا سكريبت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%AA" title="جاوااسکریپت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جاوااسکریپت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="জাভাস্ক্রিপ্ট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাভাস্ক্রিপ্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javascript" title="Javascript – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Javascript" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%AA" title="جاوااسکریپت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جاوااسکریپت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%B0%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%BD%ED%8A%B8" title="자바스크립트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자바스크립트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%8D%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%BF" title="ՋավաՍկրիպտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ՋավաՍկրիպտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="जावास्क्रिप्ट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जावास्क्रिप्ट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ജാവാസ്ക്രിപ്റ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജാവാസ്ക്രിപ്റ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="जावास्क्रिप्ट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जावास्क्रिप्ट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="جافا سكريبت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جافا سكريبت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%AA" title="جاوااسکریپت – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جاوااسکریپت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="जाभास्क्रिप्ट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जाभास्क्रिप्ट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F" title="ଜାଭାସ୍କ୍ରିପ୍ଟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜାଭାସ୍କ୍ରିପ୍ଟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%B9" title="جاوا سکرپٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جاوا سکرپٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ජාවා උපදේශාවලිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජාවා උපදේශාවලිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%A4%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%AA" title="جاڤاسکریپت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جاڤاسکریپت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javascript" title="Javascript – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Javascript" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="யாவாக்கிறிட்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யாவாக்கிறிட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81" title="జావాస్క్రిప్టు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జావాస్క్రిప్టు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="จาวาสคริปต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จาวาสคริปต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%B9" title="جاوا اسکرپٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جاوا اسکرپٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E6%89%8B%E7%A8%BF%E8%AA%9E" title="爪哇手稿語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="爪哇手稿語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="JavaScript" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2005#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java (programming language)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese script</a>, or <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">JavaScript</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:JavaScript_code.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/JavaScript_code.png/300px-JavaScript_code.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/JavaScript_code.png/450px-JavaScript_code.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/JavaScript_code.png/600px-JavaScript_code.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="587" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Screenshot of JavaScript source code</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="/wiki/Event-driven_programming" title="Event-driven programming">event-driven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a> of <a href="/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a> initially; others have also contributed to the <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a> standard</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">4 December 1995; 28 years ago (1995-12-04)<a href="#cite_note-press_release-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">ECMAScript 2024<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-fdaa92a1fc5308e94e5ed782a2024ab0bbc4c072-v18-2">[2]</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2005?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> / June 2024; 5 months ago (June 2024)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Beta" title="Software release life cycle">Preview release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">ECMAScript 2025<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-6351048ad5638805e5935d8ba81b639a34072b65-v18-3">[3]</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2005?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> / 27 March 2024; 7 months ago (27 March 2024)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">Dynamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weak_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak typing">weak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duck_typing" title="Duck typing">duck</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">Memory management</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">Garbage collection</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><code>.js</code></li> <li><code>.cjs</code></li> <li><code>.mjs</code><a href="#cite_note-node.js_ECMAScript_Modules_Specification-4">[4]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-262/">ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-262/</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Major <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)" title="V8 (JavaScript engine)">V8</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScriptCore" class="mw-redirect" title="JavaScriptCore">JavaScriptCore</a>, <a href="/wiki/SpiderMonkey_(JavaScript_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="SpiderMonkey (JavaScript engine)">SpiderMonkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chakra_(JScript_engine)" title="Chakra (JScript engine)">Chakra</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>,<a href="#cite_note-looklikejava-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-origin-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>,<a href="#cite_note-origin-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Self_(programming_language)" title="Self (programming language)">Self</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/AWK" title="AWK">AWK</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/HyperTalk" title="HyperTalk">HyperTalk</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/ActionScript" title="ActionScript">ActionScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/ArkTS" title="ArkTS">ArkTS</a>, <a href="/wiki/AssemblyScript" title="AssemblyScript">AssemblyScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haxe" title="Haxe">Haxe</a>, <a href="/wiki/JS%2B%2B" title="JS++">JS++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opa_(programming_language)" title="Opa (programming language)">Opa</a>, <a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below hlist" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 3px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/JavaScript" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:JavaScript">JavaScript</a> at Wikibooks</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> JavaScript (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdʒɑːvəskrɪpt/</a>), often abbreviated as JS, is a <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> and core technology of <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">the Web</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> and <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a>. 99% of <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a> use JavaScript on the <a href="/wiki/Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)">client</a> side for <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">webpage</a> behavior.<a href="#cite_note-deployedstats-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browsers</a> have a dedicated <a href="/wiki/JavaScript_engine" title="JavaScript engine">JavaScript engine</a> that executes the client <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">code</a>. These engines are also utilized in some <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a> and a variety of <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">apps</a>. The most popular <a href="/wiki/Runtime_system" title="Runtime system">runtime system</a> for non-browser usage is <a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a>. JavaScript is a <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level</a>, often <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time compiled</a> language that conforms to the <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a> standard.<a href="#cite_note-tc39-11">[11]</a> It has <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">dynamic typing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prototype-based_programming" title="Prototype-based programming">prototype-based</a> <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-orientation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/First-class_function" title="First-class function">first-class functions</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">multi-paradigm</a>, supporting <a href="/wiki/Event-driven_programming" title="Event-driven programming">event-driven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a> <a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">programming styles</a>. It has <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">application programming interfaces</a> (APIs) for working with text, dates, <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a>, standard <a href="/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">data structures</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">Document Object Model</a> (DOM). The ECMAScript standard does not include any <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> (I/O), such as <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">networking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_storage" title="Data storage">storage</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">graphics</a> facilities. In practice, the web browser or other runtime system provides JavaScript APIs for I/O. Although <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> and JavaScript are similar in name, <a href="/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">syntax</a>, and respective <a href="/wiki/Standard_library" title="Standard library">standard libraries</a>, the two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_at_Netscape">Creation at Netscape</h3></div> The first popular <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(web_browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic (web browser)">Mosaic</a>, was released in 1993. Accessible to non-technical people, it played a prominent role in the rapid growth of the early <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The lead developers of Mosaic then founded the <a href="/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a> corporation, which released a more polished browser, <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Navigator" title="Netscape Navigator">Netscape Navigator</a>, in 1994. This quickly became the most-used.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> During these formative years of the Web, <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a> could only be static, lacking the capability for dynamic behavior after the page was loaded in the browser. There was a desire in the flourishing web development scene to remove this limitation, so in 1995, Netscape decided to add a <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> to Navigator. They pursued two routes to achieve this: collaborating with <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> to embed the <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> language, while also hiring <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a> to embed the <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a> language.<a href="#cite_note-origin-6">[6]</a> The goal was a "language for the masses",<a href="#cite_note-EichVideo-14">[14]</a> "to help nonprogrammers create dynamic, interactive <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">Web sites</a>".<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Netscape management soon decided that the best option was for Eich to devise a new language, with syntax similar to Java and less like Scheme or other extant <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-looklikejava-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-origin-6">[6]</a> Although the new language and its <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a> implementation were called LiveScript when first shipped as part of a Navigator <a href="/wiki/Beta_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta software">beta</a> in September 1995, the name was changed to JavaScript for the official release in December.<a href="#cite_note-origin-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-press_release-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-techvision-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-wired2024-17">[17]</a> The choice of the JavaScript name has caused confusion, implying that it is directly related to Java. At the time, the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com boom</a> had begun and Java was a popular new language, so Eich considered the JavaScript name a marketing ploy by Netscape.<a href="#cite_note-EichVideo-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adoption_by_Microsoft">Adoption by Microsoft</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> debuted <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a> in 1995, leading to a <a href="/wiki/Browser_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Browser war">browser war</a> with Netscape. On the JavaScript front, Microsoft created its own <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a> called <a href="/wiki/JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sjsch5-18">[18]</a> Microsoft first released JScript in 1996, alongside initial support for <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a> and extensions to <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>. Each of these <a href="/wiki/Implementation" title="Implementation">implementations</a> was noticeably different from their counterparts in <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Navigator" title="Netscape Navigator">Netscape Navigator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-O'Reilly-2001-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> These differences made it difficult for developers to make their websites work well in both browsers, leading to widespread use of "best viewed in Netscape" and "best viewed in Internet Explorer" logos for several years.<a href="#cite_note-O'Reilly-2001-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_rise_of_JScript">The rise of JScript</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a> later said of this period: "It's still kind of a <a href="/wiki/Sidekick" title="Sidekick">sidekick</a> language. It's considered slow or annoying. People do <a href="/wiki/Pop-up_ad" title="Pop-up ad">pop-ups</a> or those scrolling messages in the old <a href="/wiki/Status_bar" title="Status bar">status bar</a> at the bottom of your old <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">browser</a>."<a href="#cite_note-EichVideo-14">[14]</a> </blockquote> </div> In November 1996, <a href="/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a> submitted JavaScript to <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">Ecma International</a>, as the starting point for a standard specification that all browser vendors could conform to. This led to the official release of the first <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a> language specification in June 1997. The standards process continued for a few years, with the release of ECMAScript 2 in June 1998 and ECMAScript 3 in December 1999. Work on ECMAScript 4 began in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-sjsch5-18">[18]</a> However, the effort to fully standardize the language was undermined by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> gaining an increasingly dominant position in the browser market. By the early 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a>'s market share reached 95%.<a href="#cite_note-searchenginejournal.com-22">[22]</a> This meant that <a href="/wiki/JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a> became the de facto standard for <a href="/wiki/Client-side_scripting" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side scripting">client-side scripting</a> on the Web. Microsoft initially participated in the standards process and implemented some proposals in its JScript language, but eventually it stopped collaborating on ECMA work. Thus ECMAScript 4 was mothballed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_and_standardization">Growth and standardization</h3></div> During the period of <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a> dominance in the early 2000s, client-side scripting was stagnant. This started to change in 2004, when the successor of Netscape, <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a>, released the <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> browser. Firefox was well received by many, taking significant market share from Internet Explorer.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In 2005, Mozilla joined ECMA International, and work started on the <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">ECMAScript for XML</a> (E4X) standard. This led to Mozilla working jointly with <a href="/wiki/Macromedia" title="Macromedia">Macromedia</a> (later acquired by <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe Systems</a>), who were implementing E4X in their ActionScript 3 language, which was based on an ECMAScript 4 draft. The goal became standardizing ActionScript 3 as the new ECMAScript 4. To this end, Adobe Systems released the <a href="/wiki/Tamarin_(software)" title="Tamarin (software)">Tamarin</a> implementation as an <a href="/wiki/Open-source_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source model">open source</a> project. However, Tamarin and ActionScript 3 were too different from established client-side scripting, and without cooperation from <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, ECMAScript 4 never reached fruition. Meanwhile, very important developments were occurring in open-source communities not affiliated with ECMA work. In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Jesse_James_Garrett" title="Jesse James Garrett">Jesse James Garrett</a> released a white paper in which he coined the term <a href="/wiki/Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax</a> and described a set of technologies, of which JavaScript was the backbone, to create <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">web applications</a> where data can be loaded in the background, avoiding the need for full page reloads. This sparked a renaissance period of JavaScript, spearheaded by open-source libraries and the communities that formed around them. Many new libraries were created, including <a href="/wiki/JQuery" title="JQuery">jQuery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prototype_JavaScript_Framework" title="Prototype JavaScript Framework">Prototype</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dojo_Toolkit" title="Dojo Toolkit">Dojo Toolkit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MooTools" title="MooTools">MooTools</a>. <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> debuted its <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Chrome</a> browser in 2008, with the <a href="/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)" title="V8 (JavaScript engine)">V8</a> JavaScript engine that was faster than its competition.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The key innovation was <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time compilation</a> (JIT),<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> so other browser vendors needed to overhaul their engines for JIT.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In July 2008, these disparate parties came together for a conference in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>. This led to the eventual agreement in early 2009 to combine all relevant work and drive the language forward. The result was the ECMAScript 5 standard, released in December 2009. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaching_maturity">Reaching maturity</h3></div> Ambitious work on the language continued for several years, culminating in an extensive collection of additions and refinements being formalized with the publication of <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_6" class="mw-redirect" title="ECMAScript 6">ECMAScript 6</a> in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The creation of <a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a> in 2009 by <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Dahl" title="Ryan Dahl">Ryan Dahl</a> sparked a significant increase in the usage of JavaScript outside of web browsers. Node combines the <a href="/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)" title="V8 (JavaScript engine)">V8</a> engine, an <a href="/wiki/Event_loop" title="Event loop">event loop</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">I/O</a> <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">APIs</a>, thereby providing a stand-alone JavaScript runtime system.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-b3-30">[30]</a> As of 2018, Node had been used by millions of developers,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Npm_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Npm (software)">npm</a> had the most modules of any <a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">package manager</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The ECMAScript draft specification is currently maintained openly on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>,<a href="#cite_note-branscombe-33">[33]</a> and editions are produced via regular annual snapshots.<a href="#cite_note-branscombe-33">[33]</a> Potential revisions to the language are vetted through a comprehensive proposal process.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Now, instead of edition numbers, developers check the status of upcoming features individually.<a href="#cite_note-branscombe-33">[33]</a> The current JavaScript ecosystem has many <a href="/wiki/List_of_JavaScript_libraries" title="List of JavaScript libraries">libraries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">frameworks</a>, established programming practices, and substantial usage of JavaScript outside of web browsers.<a href="#cite_note-wired2024-17">[17]</a> Plus, with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Single-page_application" title="Single-page application">single-page applications</a> and other JavaScript-heavy websites, several <a href="/wiki/Source-to-source_compiler" title="Source-to-source compiler">transpilers</a> have been created to aid the development process.<a href="#cite_note-transpilers-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trademark">Trademark</h2></div> "JavaScript" is a <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The trademark was originally issued to <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> on 6 May 1997, and was transferred to Oracle when they acquired Sun in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> A letter was circulated in September 2024, spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Dahl" title="Ryan Dahl">Ryan Dahl</a>, calling on Oracle to free the JavaScript trademark<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a> the original creator of JavaScript, was among the over 14,000 signatories who supported the initiative. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Website_client-side_usage">Website client-side usage</h2></div> JavaScript is the dominant <a href="/wiki/Client-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side">client-side</a> <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting language</a> of the Web, with 99% of all <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a> using it for this purpose.<a href="#cite_note-deployedstats-10">[10]</a> Scripts are embedded in or included from <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> documents and interact with the <a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">DOM</a>. All major <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> have a built-in <a href="/wiki/JavaScript_engine" title="JavaScript engine">JavaScript engine</a> that executes the <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">code</a> on the user's device. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_scripted_behavior">Examples of scripted behavior</h3></div> <ul><li>Loading new <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web page</a> content without reloading the page, via <a href="/wiki/Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax</a> or a <a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/User_(computing)" title="User (computing)">users</a> of <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> can send and receive messages without leaving the current page.</li> <li>Web page animations, such as fading objects in and out, resizing, and moving them.</li> <li>Playing <a href="/wiki/Browser_game" title="Browser game">browser games</a>.</li> <li>Controlling the <a href="/wiki/Media_player_software" title="Media player software">playback</a> of <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming media</a>.</li> <li>Generating <a href="/wiki/Pop-up_ad" title="Pop-up ad">pop-up ads</a> or alert boxes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_validation" title="Data validation">Validating</a> input values of a <a href="/wiki/Form_(HTML)" class="mw-redirect" title="Form (HTML)">web form</a> before the data is sent to a <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a>.</li> <li>Logging data about the user's behavior then sending it to a server. The website owner can use this data for <a href="/wiki/Web_analytics" title="Web analytics">analytics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ad_tracking" title="Ad tracking">ad tracking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Personalization" title="Personalization">personalization</a>.</li> <li>Redirecting a user to another page.</li> <li>Storing and retrieving data on the user's device, via the <a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">storage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a> standards.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries_and_frameworks">Libraries and frameworks</h3></div> Over 80% of websites use a third-party JavaScript <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">library</a> or <a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">web framework</a> as part of their client-side scripting.<a href="#cite_note-lib_usage-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/JQuery" title="JQuery">jQuery</a> is by far the most-used.<a href="#cite_note-lib_usage-41">[41]</a> Other notable ones include <a href="/wiki/Angular_(web_framework)" title="Angular (web framework)">Angular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bootstrap_(front-end_framework)" title="Bootstrap (front-end framework)">Bootstrap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lodash" title="Lodash">Lodash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modernizr" title="Modernizr">Modernizr</a>, <a href="/wiki/React_(software)" title="React (software)">React</a>, <a href="/wiki/Underscore.js" title="Underscore.js">Underscore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vue.js" title="Vue.js">Vue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lib_usage-41">[41]</a> Multiple options can be used in conjunction, such as jQuery and Bootstrap.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> However, the term "Vanilla JS" was coined for websites not using any libraries or frameworks at all, instead relying entirely on standard JavaScript functionality.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_usage">Other usage</h2></div> The use of JavaScript has expanded beyond its <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> roots. <a href="/wiki/JavaScript_engine" title="JavaScript engine">JavaScript engines</a> are now embedded in a variety of other software systems, both for <a href="/wiki/Server-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Server-side">server-side</a> website deployments and non-browser <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">applications</a>. Initial attempts at promoting server-side JavaScript usage were <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Enterprise_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="Netscape Enterprise Server">Netscape Enterprise Server</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Internet_Information_Services" title="Internet Information Services">Internet Information Services</a>,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> but they were small niches.<a href="#cite_note-2009server-46">[46]</a> Server-side usage eventually started to grow in the late 2000s, with the creation of <a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_server-side_JavaScript_implementations" title="List of server-side JavaScript implementations">other approaches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2009server-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Electron_(software_framework)" title="Electron (software framework)">Electron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache_Cordova" title="Apache Cordova">Cordova</a>, <a href="/wiki/React_Native" title="React Native">React Native</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Application_framework" title="Application framework">application frameworks</a> have been used to create many applications with behavior implemented in JavaScript. Other non-browser applications include <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Acrobat" title="Adobe Acrobat">Adobe Acrobat</a> support for scripting <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> documents<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> and <a href="/wiki/GNOME_Shell" title="GNOME Shell">GNOME Shell</a> extensions written in JavaScript.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> JavaScript has been used in some <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a>, usually by leveraging Node.js.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Execution">Execution</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JavaScript_engine">JavaScript engine</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/JavaScript_engine" title="JavaScript engine">JavaScript engine</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JavaScript_engine&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> A <a href="/wiki/JavaScript_engine" title="JavaScript engine">JavaScript engine</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Software_component" title="Software component">software component</a> that executes JavaScript <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">code</a>. The first JavaScript <a href="/wiki/Software_engine" title="Software engine">engines</a> were mere <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreters</a>, but all relevant modern engines use <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time compilation</a> for improved performance.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> JavaScript engines are typically developed by <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> vendors, and every major browser has one. In a browser, the JavaScript engine runs in concert with the <a href="/wiki/Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">rendering engine</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">Document Object Model</a> and <a href="/wiki/Web_IDL" title="Web IDL">Web IDL</a> bindings.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> However, the use of JavaScript engines is not limited to browsers; for example, the <a href="/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)" title="V8 (JavaScript engine)">V8 engine</a> is a core component of the <a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a> <a href="/wiki/Runtime_system" title="Runtime system">runtime system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JavaScript_engine_v8_doc-54">[54]</a> Since <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a> is the standardized specification of JavaScript, ECMAScript engine is another name for these <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a>. With the advent of <a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a>, some engines can also execute this code in the same <a href="/wiki/Sandbox_(computer_security)" title="Sandbox (computer security)">sandbox</a> as regular JavaScript code.<a href="#cite_note-JavaScript_engine_Wasm-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-JavaScript_engine_v8_doc-54">[54]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Runtime_system">Runtime system</h3></div> A JavaScript engine must be embedded within a <a href="/wiki/Runtime_system" title="Runtime system">runtime system</a> (such as a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> or a standalone system) to enable scripts to interact with the broader environment. The runtime system includes the necessary APIs for <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> operations, such as <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">networking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_storage" title="Data storage">storage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">graphics</a>, and provides the ability to import scripts. JavaScript is a single-<a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">threaded</a> language. The runtime processes <a href="/wiki/Message_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Message (computer science)">messages</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Queue_(abstract_data_type)" title="Queue (abstract data type)">queue</a> one at a time, and it calls a <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">function</a> associated with each new message, creating a <a href="/wiki/Call_stack" title="Call stack">call stack</a> frame with the function's <a href="/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming)" title="Parameter (computer programming)">arguments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_variable" title="Local variable">local variables</a>. The call stack shrinks and grows based on the function's needs. When the call stack is empty upon function completion, JavaScript proceeds to the next message in the queue. This is called the <a href="/wiki/Event_loop" title="Event loop">event loop</a>, described as "run to completion" because each message is fully processed before the next message is considered. However, the language's <a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">concurrency model</a> describes the event loop as <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_I/O" title="Asynchronous I/O">non-blocking</a>: program I/O is performed using <a href="/wiki/Event_(computing)" title="Event (computing)">events</a> and <a href="/wiki/Callback_(computer_programming)" title="Callback (computer programming)">callback functions</a>. This means, for example, that JavaScript can process a mouse click while waiting for a database query to return information.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The notable standalone runtimes are <a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deno_(software)" title="Deno (software)">Deno</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bun_(software)" title="Bun (software)">Bun</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2></div> The following features are common to all conforming ECMAScript implementations unless explicitly specified otherwise. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperative_and_structured">Imperative and structured</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">Structured programming</a></div> JavaScript supports much of the <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured programming</a> syntax from <a href="/wiki/C_(computer_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="C (computer language)">C</a> (e.g., <code>if</code> statements, <code>while</code> loops, <code>switch</code> statements, <code>do while</code> loops, etc.). One partial exception is <a href="/wiki/Scope_(computer_science)" title="Scope (computer science)">scoping</a>: originally JavaScript only had <a href="/wiki/Function_scoping" class="mw-redirect" title="Function scoping">function scoping</a> with <code>var</code>; <a href="/wiki/Block_scoping" class="mw-redirect" title="Block scoping">block scoping</a> was added in ECMAScript 2015 with the keywords <code>let</code> and <code><a href="/wiki/Const_(computer_programming)" title="Const (computer programming)">const</a></code>. Like C, JavaScript makes a distinction between <a href="/wiki/Expression_(computer_science)" title="Expression (computer science)">expressions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statement_(computer_science)" title="Statement (computer science)">statements</a>. One syntactic difference from C is <a href="/wiki/Defensive_semicolon" class="mw-redirect" title="Defensive semicolon">automatic semicolon insertion</a>, which allow semicolons (which terminate statements) to be omitted.<a href="#cite_note-Flanagan2006-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weakly_typed">Weakly typed</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Weakly_typed" class="mw-redirect" title="Weakly typed">Weakly typed</a></div> JavaScript is <a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">weakly typed</a>, which means certain types are implicitly cast depending on the operation used.<a href="#cite_note-casting_rules-58">[58]</a> <ul><li>The binary <code>+</code> operator casts both operands to a string unless both operands are numbers. This is because the addition operator doubles as a concatenation operator</li> <li>The binary <code>-</code> operator always casts both operands to a number</li> <li>Both unary operators (<code>+</code>, <code>-</code>) always cast the operand to a number</li></ul> Values are cast to strings like the following:<a href="#cite_note-casting_rules-58">[58]</a> <ul><li>Strings are left as-is</li> <li>Numbers are converted to their string representation</li> <li>Arrays have their elements cast to strings after which they are joined by commas (<code>,</code>)</li> <li>Other objects are converted to the string <code>[object Object]</code> where <code>Object</code> is the name of the constructor of the object</li></ul> Values are cast to numbers by casting to strings and then casting the strings to numbers. These processes can be modified by defining <code>toString</code> and <code>valueOf</code> functions on the <a href="#Object-orientation_(prototype-based)">prototype</a> for string and number casting respectively. JavaScript has received criticism for the way it implements these conversions as the complexity of the rules can be mistaken for inconsistency.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-casting_rules-58">[58]</a> For example, when adding a number to a string, the number will be cast to a string before performing concatenation, but when subtracting a number from a string, the string is cast to a number before performing subtraction. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>JavaScript type conversions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>left operand </th> <th>operator </th> <th>right operand </th> <th>result </th></tr> <tr> <td><code>[]</code> (empty array) </td> <td><code>+</code> </td> <td><code>[]</code> (empty array) </td> <td><code>""</code> (empty string) </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>[]</code> (empty array) </td> <td><code>+</code> </td> <td><code>{}</code> (empty object) </td> <td><code>"[object Object]"</code> (string) </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>false</code> (boolean) </td> <td><code>+</code> </td> <td><code>[]</code> (empty array) </td> <td><code>"false"</code> (string) </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>"123"</code>(string) </td> <td><code>+</code> </td> <td><code>1</code> (number) </td> <td><code>"1231"</code> (string) </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>"123"</code> (string) </td> <td><code>-</code> </td> <td><code>1</code> (number) </td> <td><code>122</code> (number) </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>"123"</code> (string) </td> <td><code>-</code> </td> <td><code>"abc"</code> (string) </td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/NaN" title="NaN">NaN</a></code> (number) </td></tr></tbody></table> Often also mentioned is <code>{} + []</code> resulting in <code>0</code> (number). This is misleading: the <code>{}</code> is interpreted as an empty code block instead of an empty object, and the empty array is cast to a number by the remaining unary <code>+</code> operator. If the expression is wrapped in parentheses - <code>({} + [])</code> – the curly brackets are interpreted as an empty object and the result of the expression is <code>"[object Object]"</code> as expected.<a href="#cite_note-casting_rules-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynamic">Dynamic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic Programming">Dynamic Programming</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Typing">Typing</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">Dynamic typing</a></div> JavaScript is <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">dynamically typed</a> like most other <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting languages</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">type</a> is associated with a <a href="/wiki/Value_(computer_science)" title="Value (computer science)">value</a> rather than an expression. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable (programming)">variable</a> initially bound to a number may be reassigned to a <a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">string</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> JavaScript supports various ways to test the type of objects, including <a href="/wiki/Duck_typing" title="Duck typing">duck typing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlanagan2006176–178-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Run-time_evaluation">Run-time evaluation</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eval" title="Eval">eval</a></div> JavaScript includes an <code><a href="/wiki/Eval" title="Eval">eval</a></code> function that can execute statements provided as strings at run-time. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Object-orientation_(prototype-based)">Object-orientation (prototype-based)</h3></div> Prototypal inheritance in JavaScript is described by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Crockford" title="Douglas Crockford">Douglas Crockford</a> as: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">You make prototype objects, and then ... make new instances. Objects are mutable in JavaScript, so we can augment the new instances, giving them new fields and methods. These can then act as prototypes for even newer objects. We don't need classes to make lots of similar objects... Objects inherit from objects. What could be more object oriented than that?<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> </blockquote> In JavaScript, an <a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">object</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">associative array</a>, augmented with a prototype (see below); each key provides the name for an object <a href="/wiki/Property_(programming)" title="Property (programming)">property</a>, and there are two syntactical ways to specify such a name: dot notation (<code>obj.x = 10</code>) and bracket notation (<code>obj['x'] = 10</code>). A property may be added, rebound, or deleted at run-time. Most <a href="/wiki/Property_(programming)" title="Property (programming)">properties</a> of an object (and any property that belongs to an object's prototype inheritance chain) can be enumerated using a <code>for...in</code> loop. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prototypes">Prototypes</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prototype-based_programming" title="Prototype-based programming">Prototype-based programming</a></div> JavaScript uses <a href="/wiki/Prototype-based_programming" title="Prototype-based programming">prototypes</a> where many other object-oriented languages use <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">classes</a> for <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Inheritance (object-oriented programming)">inheritance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> It is possible to simulate many class-based features with prototypes in JavaScript.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Functions_as_object_constructors">Functions as object constructors</h4></div> Functions double as object constructors, along with their typical role. Prefixing a function call with new will create an instance of a prototype, inheriting properties and methods from the constructor (including properties from the <code>Object</code> prototype).<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> ECMAScript 5 offers the <code>Object.create</code> method, allowing explicit creation of an instance without automatically inheriting from the <code>Object</code> prototype (older environments can assign the prototype to <code>null</code>).<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The constructor's <code>prototype</code> property determines the object used for the new object's internal prototype. New methods can be added by modifying the prototype of the function used as a constructor. JavaScript's built-in constructors, such as <code>Array</code> or <code>Object</code>, also have prototypes that can be modified. While it is possible to modify the <code>Object</code> prototype, it is generally considered bad practice because most objects in JavaScript will inherit methods and properties from the <code>Object</code> prototype, and they may not expect the prototype to be modified.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Functions_as_methods">Functions as methods</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Method_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Method (computer science)">Method (computer science)</a></div> Unlike in many object-oriented languages, in JavaScript there is no distinction between a function definition and a <a href="/wiki/Method_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Method (computer science)">method</a> definition. Rather, the distinction occurs during function calling. When a function is called as a method of an object, the function's local this keyword is bound to that object for that invocation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functional">Functional</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">Functional programming</a></div> JavaScript <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">functions</a> are <a href="/wiki/First-class_function" title="First-class function">first-class</a>; a function is considered to be an object.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> As such, a function may have properties and methods, such as <code>.call()</code> and <code>.bind()</code>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lexical_closure">Lexical closure</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Closure_(computer_programming)" title="Closure (computer programming)">Closure (computer programming)</a></div> A nested function is a function defined within another function. It is created each time the outer function is invoked. In addition, each nested function forms a <a href="/wiki/Closure_(computer_programming)" title="Closure (computer programming)">lexical closure</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Scope_(programming)#Lexical_scoping_vs._dynamic_scoping" class="mw-redirect" title="Scope (programming)">lexical scope</a> of the outer function (including any constant, local variable, or argument value) becomes part of the internal state of each inner function object, even after execution of the outer function concludes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlanagan2006141-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anonymous_function">Anonymous function</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">Anonymous function</a></div> JavaScript also supports <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">anonymous functions</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delegative">Delegative</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Delegation_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Delegation (object-oriented programming)">Delegation (object-oriented programming)</a></div> JavaScript supports implicit and explicit <a href="/wiki/Delegation_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Delegation (object-oriented programming)">delegation</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Functions_as_roles_(Traits_and_Mixins)">Functions as roles (Traits and Mixins)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Role-oriented_programming" title="Role-oriented programming">Role-oriented programming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traits_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traits (computer science)">Traits (computer science)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mixin" title="Mixin">Mixin</a></div> JavaScript natively supports various function-based implementations of <a href="/wiki/Role-oriented_programming" title="Role-oriented programming">Role</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> patterns like <a href="/wiki/Traits_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traits (computer science)">Traits</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixin" title="Mixin">Mixins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Such a function defines additional behavior by at least one method bound to the <code>this</code> keyword within its <code>function</code> body. A Role then has to be delegated explicitly via <code>call</code> or <code>apply</code> to objects that need to feature additional behavior that is not shared via the prototype chain. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Object_composition_and_inheritance">Object composition and inheritance</h4></div> Whereas explicit function-based delegation does cover <a href="/wiki/Object_composition" title="Object composition">composition</a> in JavaScript, implicit delegation already happens every time the prototype chain is walked in order to, e.g., find a method that might be related to but is not directly owned by an object. Once the method is found it gets called within this object's context. Thus <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Inheritance (object-oriented programming)">inheritance</a> in JavaScript is covered by a delegation automatism that is bound to the prototype property of constructor functions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zero-based_numbering">Zero-based numbering</h4></div> JavaScript is a <a href="/wiki/Zero-based_numbering#Usage_in_programming_languages" title="Zero-based numbering">zero-index</a> language. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Variadic_functions">Variadic functions</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Variadic_function" title="Variadic function">Variadic function</a></div> An indefinite number of parameters can be passed to a function. The function can access them through <a href="/wiki/Formal_parameter" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal parameter">formal parameters</a> and also through the local <code>arguments</code> object. <a href="/wiki/Variadic_functions" class="mw-redirect" title="Variadic functions">Variadic functions</a> can also be created by using the <code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function/bind">bind</a></code> method. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Array_and_object_literals">Array and object literals</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Associative_arrays" class="mw-redirect" title="Associative arrays">Associative arrays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Object_literal" class="mw-redirect" title="Object literal">Object literal</a></div> Like in many scripting languages, arrays and objects (<a href="/wiki/Associative_arrays" class="mw-redirect" title="Associative arrays">associative arrays</a> in other languages) can each be created with a succinct shortcut syntax. In fact, these <a href="/wiki/Object_literal" class="mw-redirect" title="Object literal">literals</a> form the basis of the <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a> data format. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regular_expressions">Regular expressions</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">Regular expression</a></div> In a manner similar to <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, JavaScript also supports <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a>, which provide a concise and powerful syntax for text manipulation that is more sophisticated than the built-in string functions.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Promises_and_Async/await">Promises and Async/await</h4></div> JavaScript supports <a href="/wiki/Futures_and_promises" title="Futures and promises">promises</a> and <a href="/wiki/Async/await" title="Async/await">Async/await</a> for handling asynchronous operations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Promises">Promises</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Futures_and_promises" title="Futures and promises">Futures and promises</a></div> A built-in Promise object provides functionality for handling promises and associating handlers with an asynchronous action's eventual result. Recently, the JavaScript specification introduced combinator methods, which allow developers to combine multiple JavaScript promises and do operations based on different scenarios. The methods introduced are: Promise.race, Promise.all, Promise.allSettled and Promise.any. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Async/await">Async/await</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Async/await" title="Async/await">Async/await</a></div> Async/await allows an asynchronous, non-blocking function to be structured in a way similar to an ordinary synchronous function. Asynchronous, non-blocking code can be written, with minimal overhead, structured similarly to traditional synchronous, blocking code. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vendor-specific_extensions">Vendor-specific extensions</h3></div> Historically, some <a href="/wiki/JavaScript_engine" title="JavaScript engine">JavaScript engines</a> supported these non-standard features: <ul><li>conditional <code>catch</code> clauses (like Java)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_comprehension" title="List comprehension">array comprehensions</a> and generator expressions (like Python)</li> <li>concise function expressions (<code>function(args) expr</code>; this experimental syntax predated arrow functions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">ECMAScript for XML</a> (E4X), an extension that adds native XML support to ECMAScript (unsupported in Firefox since version 21<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/JavaScript_syntax" title="JavaScript syntax">JavaScript syntax</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simple_examples">Simple examples</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Variable_(computer_science)" title="Variable (computer science)">Variables</a> in JavaScript can be defined using either the <code>var</code>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <code>let</code><a href="#cite_note-moz_let-78">[78]</a> or <code>const</code><a href="#cite_note-moz_const-79">[79]</a> keywords. Variables defined without keywords will be defined at the global scope. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>// Declares a function-scoped variable named `x`, and implicitly assigns the // special value `undefined` to it. Variables without value are automatically // set to undefined. // var is generally considered bad practice and let and const are usually preferred. var x; // Variables can be manually set to `undefined` like so let x2 = undefined; // Declares a block-scoped variable named `y`, and implicitly sets it to // `undefined`. The `let` keyword was introduced in ECMAScript 2015. let y; // Declares a block-scoped, un-reassignable variable named `z`, and sets it to // a string literal. The `const` keyword was also introduced in ECMAScript 2015, // and must be explicitly assigned to. // The keyword `const` means constant, hence the variable cannot be reassigned // as the value is `constant`. const z = "this value cannot be reassigned!"; // Declares a global-scoped variable and assigns 3. This is generally considered // bad practice, and will not work if strict mode is on. t = 3; // Declares a variable named `myNumber`, and assigns a number literal (the value // `2`) to it. let myNumber = 2; // Reassigns `myNumber`, setting it to a string literal (the value `"foo"`). // JavaScript is a dynamically-typed language, so this is legal. myNumber = "foo"; </pre></div> Note the <a href="/wiki/Comment_(computer_programming)" title="Comment (computer programming)">comments</a> in the examples above, all of which were preceded with two <a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">forward slashes</a>. There is no built-in <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">Input/output</a> functionality in JavaScript, instead it is provided by the run-time environment. The ECMAScript specification in edition 5.1 mentions that "there are no provisions in this specification for input of external data or output of computed results".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> However, most runtime environments have a <code>console</code> object that can be used to print output.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Here is a minimalist <a href="/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program" title=""Hello, World!" program">"Hello, World!" program</a> in JavaScript in a runtime environment with a console object: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>console.log("Hello, World!"); </pre></div> In HTML documents, a program like this is required for an output: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>// Text nodes can be made using the "write" method. // This is frowned upon, as it can overwrite the document if the document is fully loaded. document.write('foo'); // Elements can be made too. First, they have to be created in the DOM. const myElem = document.createElement('span'); // Attributes like classes and the id can be set as well myElem.classList.add('foo'); myElem.id = 'bar'; // After setting this, the tag will look like this: `` myElem.setAttribute('data-attr', 'baz'); // Which could also be written as `myElem.dataset.attr = 'baz'` // Finally append it as a child element to the <body> in the HTML document.body.appendChild(myElem); // Elements can be imperatively grabbed with querySelector for one element, or querySelectorAll for multiple elements that can be looped with forEach document.querySelector('.class'); // Selects the first element with the "class" class document.querySelector('#id'); // Selects the first element with an `id` of "id" document.querySelector('[data-other]'); // Selects the first element with the "data-other" attribute document.querySelectorAll('.multiple'); // Returns an Array-like NodeList of all elements with the "multiple" class </pre></div>A simple <a href="/wiki/Recursion_(computer_science)" title="Recursion (computer science)">recursive</a> function to calculate the <a href="/wiki/Factorial" title="Factorial">factorial</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Natural_number" title="Natural number">natural number</a>: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>function factorial(n) { // Checking the argument for legitimacy. Factorial is defined for positive integers. if (isNaN(n)) { console.error("Non-numerical argument not allowed."); return NaN; // The special value: Not a Number } if (n === 0) return 1; // 0! = 1 if (n < 0) return undefined; // Factorial of negative numbers is not defined. if (n % 1) { console.warn(`${n} will be rounded to the closest integer. For non-integers consider using gamma function instead.`); n = Math.round(n); } // The above checks need not be repeated in the recursion, hence defining the actual recursive part separately below. // The following line is a function expression to recursively compute the factorial. It uses the arrow syntax introduced in ES6. const recursivelyCompute = a => a > 1 ? a * recursivelyCompute(a - 1) : 1; // Note the use of the ternary operator `?`. return recursivelyCompute(n); } factorial(3); // Returns 6 </pre></div> An <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">anonymous function</a> (or lambda): <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>const counter = function() { let count = 0; return function() { return ++count; } }; const x = counter(); x(); // Returns 1 x(); // Returns 2 x(); // Returns 3 </pre></div> This example shows that, in JavaScript, <a href="/wiki/Closure_(computer_programming)" title="Closure (computer programming)">function closures</a> capture their non-local variables by reference. Arrow functions were first introduced in <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript#6th_Edition_–_ECMAScript_2015" title="ECMAScript">6th Edition – ECMAScript 2015</a>. They shorten the syntax for writing functions in JavaScript. Arrow functions are anonymous, so a variable is needed to refer to them in order to invoke them after their creation, unless surrounded by parenthesis and executed immediately. Example of arrow function: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>// Arrow functions let us omit the `function` keyword. // Here `long_example` points to an anonymous function value. const long_example = (input1, input2) => { console.log("Hello, World!"); const output = input1 + input2; return output; }; // If there are no braces, the arrow function simply returns the expression // So here it's (input1 + input2) const short_example = (input1, input2) => input1 + input2; long_example(2, 3); // Prints "Hello, World!" and returns 5 short_example(2, 5); // Returns 7 // If an arrow function has only one parameter, the parentheses can be removed. const no_parentheses = input => input + 2; no_parentheses(3); // Returns 5 // An arrow function, like other function definitions, can be executed in the same statement as they are created. // This is useful when writing libraries to avoid filling the global scope, and for closures. let three = ((a, b) => a + b) (1, 2); const generate_multiplier_function = a => (b => isNaN(b) || !b ? a : a*=b); const five_multiples = generate_multiplier_function(5); // The supplied argument "seeds" the expression and is retained by a. five_multiples(1); // Returns 5 five_multiples(3); // Returns 15 five_multiples(4); // Returns 60 </pre></div> In JavaScript, <a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">objects</a> can be created as <a href="/wiki/Instance_(computer_science)" title="Instance (computer science)">instances</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">class</a>. Object class example: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>class Ball { constructor(radius) { this.radius = radius; this.area = Math.PI * ( radius ** 2 ); } // Classes (and thus objects) can contain functions known as methods show() { console.log(this.radius); } }; const myBall = new Ball(5); // Creates a new instance of the ball object with radius 5 myBall.radius++; // Object properties can usually be modified from the outside myBall.show(); // Using the inherited "show" function logs "6" </pre></div> In JavaScript, <a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">objects</a> can be instantiated directly from a function. Object functional example: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>function Ball(radius) { const area = Math.PI * ( radius ** 2 ); const obj = { radius, area }; // Objects are mutable, and functions can be added as properties. obj.show = () => console.log(obj.radius); return obj; }; const myBall = Ball(5); // Creates a new ball object with radius 5. No "new" keyword needed. myBall.radius++; // The instance property can be modified. myBall.show(); // Using the "show" function logs "6" - the new instance value. </pre></div> <a href="/wiki/Variadic_function" title="Variadic function">Variadic function</a> demonstration (<code>arguments</code> is a special <a href="/wiki/Variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable (programming)">variable</a>):<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>function sum() { let x = 0; for (let i = 0; i < arguments.length; ++i) x += arguments[i]; return x; } sum(1, 2); // Returns 3 sum(1, 2, 3); // Returns 6 // As of ES6, using the rest operator. function sum(...args) { return args.reduce((a, b) => a + b); } sum(1, 2); // Returns 3 sum(1, 2, 3); // Returns 6 </pre></div> <a href="/wiki/Immediately-invoked_function_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Immediately-invoked function expression">Immediately-invoked function expressions</a> are often used to create closures. Closures allow gathering properties and methods in a namespace and making some of them private: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>let counter = (function() { let i = 0; // Private property return { // Public methods get: function() { alert(i); }, set: function(value) { i = value; }, increment: function() { alert(++i); } }; })(); // Module counter.get(); // Returns 0 counter.set(6); counter.increment(); // Returns 7 counter.increment(); // Returns 8 </pre></div> <a href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_programming)" title="Generator (computer programming)">Generator</a> objects (in the form of generator functions) provide a function which can be called, exited, and re-entered while maintaining internal context (statefulness).<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>function* rawCounter() { yield 1; yield 2; } function* dynamicCounter() { let count = 0; while (true) { // It is not recommended to utilize while true loops in most cases. yield ++count; } } // Instances const counter1 = rawCounter(); const counter2 = dynamicCounter(); // Implementation counter1.next(); // {value: 1, done: false} counter1.next(); // {value: 2, done: false} counter1.next(); // {value: undefined, done: true} counter2.next(); // {value: 1, done: false} counter2.next(); // {value: 2, done: false} counter2.next(); // {value: 3, done: false} // ...infinitely </pre></div> JavaScript can export and import from modules:<a href="#cite_note-moz_modules-84">[84]</a> Export example: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>/* mymodule.js */ // This function remains private, as it is not exported let sum = (a, b) => { return a + b; } // Export variables export let name = 'Alice'; export let age = 23; // Export named functions export function add(num1, num2) { return num1 + num2; } // Export class export class Multiplication { constructor(num1, num2) { this.num1 = num1; this.num2 = num2; } add() { return sum(this.num1, this.num2); } } </pre></div> Import example: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>// Import one property import { add } from './mymodule.js'; console.log(add(1, 2)); //> 3 // Import multiple properties import { name, age } from './mymodule.js'; console.log(name, age); //> "Alice", 23 // Import all properties from a module import * from './module.js' console.log(name, age); //> "Alice", 23 console.log(add(1,2)); //> 3 </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="More_advanced_example">More advanced example</h3></div> This sample code displays various JavaScript features. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>/* Finds the lowest common multiple (LCM) of two numbers */ function LCMCalculator(x, y) { // constructor function if (isNaN(x*y)) throw new TypeError("Non-numeric arguments not allowed."); const checkInt = function(x) { // inner function if (x % 1 !== 0) throw new TypeError(x + "is not an integer"); return x; }; this.a = checkInt(x) // semicolons ^^^^ are optional, a newline is enough this.b = checkInt(y); } // The prototype of object instances created by a constructor is // that constructor's "prototype" property. LCMCalculator.prototype = { // object literal constructor: LCMCalculator, // when reassigning a prototype, set the constructor property appropriately gcd: function() { // method that calculates the greatest common divisor // Euclidean algorithm: let a = Math.abs(this.a), b = Math.abs(this.b), t; if (a < b) { // swap variables // t = b; b = a; a = t; [a, b] = [b, a]; // swap using destructuring assignment (ES6) } while (b !== 0) { t = b; b = a % b; a = t; } // Only need to calculate GCD once, so "redefine" this method. // (Actually not redefinition—it's defined on the instance itself, // so that this.gcd refers to this "redefinition" instead of LCMCalculator.prototype.gcd. // Note that this leads to a wrong result if the LCMCalculator object members "a" or "b" are altered afterwards.) // Also, 'gcd' === "gcd", this['gcd'] === this.gcd this['gcd'] = function() { return a; }; return a; }, // Object property names can be specified by strings delimited by double (") or single (') quotes. "lcm": function() { // Variable names do not collide with object properties, e.g., |lcm| is not |this.lcm|. // not using |this.a*this.b| to avoid FP precision issues let lcm = this.a / this.gcd() * this.b; // Only need to calculate lcm once, so "redefine" this method. this.lcm = function() { return lcm; }; return lcm; }, // Methods can also be declared using ES6 syntax toString() { // Using both ES6 template literals and the (+) operator to concatenate values return `LCMCalculator: a = ${this.a}, b = ` + this.b; } }; // Define generic output function; this implementation only works for Web browsers function output(x) { document.body.appendChild(document.createTextNode(x)); document.body.appendChild(document.createElement('br')); } // Note: Array's map() and forEach() are defined in JavaScript 1.6. // They are used here to demonstrate JavaScript's inherent functional nature. [ [25, 55], [21, 56], [22, 58], [28, 56] ].map(function(pair) { // array literal + mapping function return new LCMCalculator(pair[0], pair[1]); }).sort((a, b) => a.lcm() - b.lcm()) // sort with this comparative function; => is a shorthand form of a function, called "arrow function" .forEach(printResult); function printResult(obj) { output(obj + ", gcd = " + obj.gcd() + ", lcm = " + obj.lcm()); } </pre></div> The following output should be displayed in the browser window. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-output mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>LCMCalculator: a = 28, b = 56, gcd = 28, lcm = 56 LCMCalculator: a = 21, b = 56, gcd = 7, lcm = 168 LCMCalculator: a = 25, b = 55, gcd = 5, lcm = 275 LCMCalculator: a = 22, b = 58, gcd = 2, lcm = 638 </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Browser_security" title="Browser security">Browser security</a></div> JavaScript and the <a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">DOM</a> provide the potential for malicious authors to deliver scripts to run on a client computer via the Web. Browser authors minimize this risk using two restrictions. First, scripts run in a <a href="/wiki/Sandbox_(computer_security)" title="Sandbox (computer security)">sandbox</a> in which they can only perform Web-related actions, not general-purpose programming tasks like creating files. Second, scripts are constrained by the <a href="/wiki/Same-origin_policy" title="Same-origin policy">same-origin policy</a>: scripts from one website do not have access to information such as usernames, passwords, or cookies sent to another site. Most JavaScript-related security bugs are breaches of either the same origin policy or the sandbox. There are subsets of general JavaScript—ADsafe, Secure ECMAScript (SES)—that provide greater levels of security, especially on code created by third parties (such as advertisements).<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Closure Toolkit is another project for safe embedding and isolation of third-party JavaScript and HTML.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Content_Security_Policy" title="Content Security Policy">Content Security Policy</a> is the main intended method of ensuring that only trusted code is executed on a Web page. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross-site_scripting">Cross-site scripting</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">Cross-site scripting</a></div> A common JavaScript-related security problem is <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">cross-site scripting</a> (XSS), a violation of the <a href="/wiki/Same-origin_policy" title="Same-origin policy">same-origin policy</a>. XSS vulnerabilities occur when an attacker can cause a target Website, such as an online banking website, to include a malicious script in the webpage presented to a victim. The script in this example can then access the banking application with the privileges of the victim, potentially disclosing secret information or transferring money without the victim's authorization. One important solution to XSS vulnerabilities is <a href="/wiki/HTML_sanitization" title="HTML sanitization">HTML sanitization</a>. Some browsers include partial protection against reflected XSS attacks, in which the attacker provides a URL including malicious script. However, even users of those browsers are vulnerable to other XSS attacks, such as those where the malicious code is stored in a database. Only correct design of Web applications on the server-side can fully prevent XSS. XSS vulnerabilities can also occur because of implementation mistakes by browser authors.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross-site_request_forgery">Cross-site request forgery</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_request_forgery" title="Cross-site request forgery">Cross-site request forgery</a></div> Another cross-site vulnerability is <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_request_forgery" title="Cross-site request forgery">cross-site request forgery</a> (CSRF). In CSRF, code on an attacker's site tricks the victim's browser into taking actions the user did not intend at a target site (like transferring money at a bank). When target sites rely solely on cookies for request authentication, requests originating from code on the attacker's site can carry the same valid login credentials of the initiating user. In general, the solution to CSRF is to require an authentication value in a hidden form field, and not only in the cookies, to authenticate any request that might have lasting effects. Checking the HTTP Referrer header can also help. "JavaScript hijacking" is a type of CSRF attack in which a <code><script></code> tag on an attacker's site exploits a page on the victim's site that returns private information such as <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a> or JavaScript. Possible solutions include: <ul><li>requiring an authentication token in the <a href="/wiki/POST_(HTTP)" title="POST (HTTP)">POST</a> and <a href="/wiki/GET_(HTTP)" class="mw-redirect" title="GET (HTTP)">GET</a> parameters for any response that returns private information.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misplaced_trust_in_the_client">Misplaced trust in the client</h3></div> Developers of client-server applications must recognize that untrusted clients may be under the control of attackers. The application author cannot assume that their JavaScript code will run as intended (or at all) because any secret embedded in the code could be extracted by a determined adversary. Some implications are: <ul><li>Website authors cannot perfectly conceal how their JavaScript operates because the raw source code must be sent to the client. The code can be <a href="/wiki/Obfuscated_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Obfuscated code">obfuscated</a>, but obfuscation can be reverse-engineered.</li> <li>JavaScript form validation only provides convenience for users, not security. If a site verifies that the user agreed to its terms of service, or filters invalid characters out of fields that should only contain numbers, it must do so on the server, not only the client.</li> <li>Scripts can be selectively disabled, so JavaScript cannot be relied on to prevent operations such as right-clicking on an image to save it.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li> <li>It is considered very bad practice to embed sensitive information such as passwords in JavaScript because it can be extracted by an attacker.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prototype_pollution" title="Prototype pollution">Prototype pollution</a> is a runtime vulnerability in which attackers can overwrite arbitrary properties in an object's prototype.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misplaced_trust_in_developers">Misplaced trust in developers</h3></div> Package management systems such as <a href="/wiki/Npm_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Npm (software)">npm</a> and Bower are popular with JavaScript developers. Such systems allow a developer to easily manage their program's dependencies upon other developers' program libraries. Developers trust that the maintainers of the libraries will keep them secure and up to date, but that is not always the case. A vulnerability has emerged because of this blind trust. Relied-upon libraries can have new releases that cause bugs or vulnerabilities to appear in all programs that rely upon the libraries. Inversely, a library can go unpatched with known vulnerabilities out in the wild. In a study done looking over a sample of 133,000 websites, researchers found 37% of the websites included a library with at least one known vulnerability.<a href="#cite_note-jslibs-91">[91]</a> "The median lag between the oldest library version used on each website and the newest available version of that library is 1,177 days in ALEXA, and development of some libraries still in active use ceased years ago."<a href="#cite_note-jslibs-91">[91]</a> Another possibility is that the maintainer of a library may remove the library entirely. This occurred in March 2016 when Azer Koçulu removed his repository from npm. This caused tens of thousands of programs and websites depending upon his libraries to break.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Browser_and_plugin_coding_errors">Browser and plugin coding errors</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Buffer_overflow" title="Buffer overflow">Buffer overflow</a></div> JavaScript provides an interface to a wide range of browser capabilities, some of which may have flaws such as <a href="/wiki/Buffer_overflow" title="Buffer overflow">buffer overflows</a>. These flaws can allow attackers to write scripts that would run any code they wish on the user's system. This code is not by any means limited to another JavaScript application. For example, a buffer overrun exploit can allow an attacker to gain access to the operating system's <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a> with superuser privileges. These flaws have affected major browsers including Firefox,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Internet Explorer,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> and Safari.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Plugins, such as video players, <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash#Flash_client_security" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</a>, and the wide range of <a href="/wiki/ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a> controls enabled by default in Microsoft Internet Explorer, may also have flaws exploitable via JavaScript (such flaws have been exploited in the past).<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In Windows Vista, Microsoft has attempted to contain the risks of bugs such as buffer overflows by running the Internet Explorer process with limited privileges.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a> similarly confines its page renderers to their own "<a href="/wiki/Sandbox_(computer_security)" title="Sandbox (computer security)">sandbox</a>". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sandbox_implementation_errors">Sandbox implementation errors</h3></div> Web browsers are capable of running JavaScript outside the sandbox, with the privileges necessary to, for example, create or delete files. Such privileges are not intended to be granted to code from the Web. Incorrectly granting privileges to JavaScript from the Web has played a role in vulnerabilities in both Internet Explorer<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> and Firefox.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In Windows XP Service Pack 2, Microsoft demoted JScript's privileges in Internet Explorer.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> allows JavaScript source files on a computer's hard drive to be launched as general-purpose, non-sandboxed programs (see: <a href="/wiki/Windows_Script_Host" title="Windows Script Host">Windows Script Host</a>). This makes JavaScript (like <a href="/wiki/VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a>) a theoretically viable vector for a <a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan horse</a>, although JavaScript Trojan horses are uncommon in practice.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardware_vulnerabilities">Hardware vulnerabilities</h3></div> In 2015, a JavaScript-based proof-of-concept implementation of a <a href="/wiki/Rowhammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowhammer">rowhammer</a> attack was described in a paper by security researchers.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In 2017, a JavaScript-based attack via browser was demonstrated that could bypass <a href="/wiki/Address_space_layout_randomization" title="Address space layout randomization">ASLR</a>. It is called "ASLR⊕Cache" or AnC.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In 2018, the paper that announced the <a href="/wiki/Spectre_(security_vulnerability)" title="Spectre (security vulnerability)">Spectre</a> attacks against Speculative Execution in Intel and other processors included a JavaScript implementation.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_tools">Development tools</h2></div> Important tools have evolved with the language. <ul><li>Every major web browser has built-in <a href="/wiki/Web_development_tools" title="Web development tools">web development tools</a>, including a JavaScript <a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">debugger</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_program_analysis" title="Static program analysis">Static program analysis</a> tools, such as <a href="/wiki/ESLint" title="ESLint">ESLint</a> and <a href="/wiki/JSLint" title="JSLint">JSLint</a>, scan JavaScript code for conformance to a set of standards and guidelines.</li> <li>Some browsers have built-in <a href="/wiki/Profiling_(computer_programming)" title="Profiling (computer programming)">profilers</a>. Stand-alone profiling libraries have also been created, such as benchmark.js and jsbench.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-112">[112]</a></li> <li>Many <a href="/wiki/Text_editor" title="Text editor">text editors</a> have syntax highlighting support for JavaScript code.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_technologies">Related technologies</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Java">Java</h3></div> A common misconception is that JavaScript is directly related to <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>. Both indeed have a C-like syntax (the C language being their most immediate common ancestor language). They are also typically <a href="/wiki/Sandbox_(computer_security)" title="Sandbox (computer security)">sandboxed</a>, and JavaScript was designed with Java's syntax and standard library in mind. In particular, all Java keywords were reserved in original JavaScript, JavaScript's standard library follows Java's naming conventions, and JavaScript's <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">Math</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">Date</code> objects are based on classes from Java 1.0.<a href="#cite_note-popularity-113">[113]</a> Both languages first appeared in 1995, but Java was developed by <a href="/wiki/James_Gosling" title="James Gosling">James Gosling</a> of Sun Microsystems and JavaScript by <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a> of Netscape Communications. The differences between the two languages are more prominent than their similarities. Java has <a href="/wiki/Static_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static typing">static typing</a>, while JavaScript's typing is <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">dynamic</a>. Java is loaded from <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiled</a> bytecode, while JavaScript is loaded as human-readable source code. Java's objects are <a href="/wiki/Class-based_programming" title="Class-based programming">class-based</a>, while JavaScript's are <a href="/wiki/Prototype-based_programming" title="Prototype-based programming">prototype-based</a>. Finally, Java did not support functional programming until Java 8, while JavaScript has done so from the beginning, being influenced by <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JSON">JSON</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a> is a data format derived from JavaScript; hence the name JavaScript Object Notation. It is a widely used format supported by many other programming languages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transpilers">Transpilers</h3></div> Many websites are JavaScript-heavy, so <a href="/wiki/Transpiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Transpiler">transpilers</a> have been created to convert code written in other languages, which can aid the development process.<a href="#cite_note-transpilers-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a> and <a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a> are two notable languages that transpile to JavaScript. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a> is a newer language with a <a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a> format designed to complement JavaScript, especially the performance-critical portions of <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web page</a> scripts. All of the major <a href="/wiki/JavaScript_engine" title="JavaScript engine">JavaScript engines</a> support WebAssembly,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> which runs in the same <a href="/wiki/Sandbox_(computer_security)" title="Sandbox (computer security)">sandbox</a> as regular JavaScript code. <a href="/wiki/Asm.js" title="Asm.js">asm.js</a> is a subset of JavaScript that served as the forerunner of WebAssembly.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-press_release-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-press_release_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-press_release_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070916144913/https://wp.netscape.com/newsref/pr/newsrelease67.html">"Netscape and Sun announce JavaScript, the Open, Cross-platform Object Scripting Language for Enterprise Networks and the Internet"</a> (Press release). 4 December 1995. 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Retrieved 13 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jsben.ch&rft.atitle=JSBEN.CH+Performance+Benchmarking+Playground+for+JavaScript&rft.au=JSBEN.CH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjsben.ch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavaScript" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-popularity-113"><a href="#cite_ref-popularity_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEich2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Eich, Brendan</a> (3 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brendaneich.com/2008/04/popularity/">"Popularity"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110703020955/https://brendaneich.com/2008/04/popularity/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popularity&rft.date=2008-04-03&rft.aulast=Eich&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrendaneich.com%2F2008%2F04%2Fpopularity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavaScript" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visualstudiomagazine.com/articles/2017/11/06/edge-webassembly.aspx">"Edge Browser Switches WebAssembly to 'On' -- Visual Studio Magazine"</a>. Visual Studio Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180210002432/https://visualstudiomagazine.com/articles/2017/11/06/edge-webassembly.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visual+Studio+Magazine&rft.atitle=Edge+Browser+Switches+WebAssembly+to+%27On%27+--+Visual+Studio+Magazine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisualstudiomagazine.com%2Farticles%2F2017%2F11%2F06%2Fedge-webassembly.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavaScript" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asmjs.org/faq.html">"frequently asked questions"</a>. asm.js. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140604012024/https://asmjs.org/faq.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=frequently+asked+questions&rft.pub=asm.js&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasmjs.org%2Ffaq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavaScript" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDere2017" class="citation news cs1">Dere, Mohan (21 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.freecodecamp.org/integrating-create-react-app-redux-react-router-redux-observable-bootstrap-altogether-216db97e89a3">"How to integrate create-react-app with all the libraries you need to make a great app"</a>. freeCodeCamp. Retrieved 14 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=freeCodeCamp&rft.atitle=How+to+integrate+create-react-app+with+all+the+libraries+you+need+to+make+a+great+app&rft.date=2017-12-21&rft.aulast=Dere&rft.aufirst=Mohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.freecodecamp.org%2Fintegrating-create-react-app-redux-react-router-redux-observable-bootstrap-altogether-216db97e89a3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavaScript" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanchal2022" class="citation news cs1">Panchal, Krunal (26 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.groovyweb.co/blog/angular-vs-react-detail-comparison">"Angular vs React Detailed Comparison"</a>. Groovy Web. Retrieved 5 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Groovy+Web&rft.atitle=Angular+vs+React+Detailed+Comparison&rft.date=2022-04-26&rft.aulast=Panchal&rft.aufirst=Krunal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.groovyweb.co%2Fblog%2Fangular-vs-react-detail-comparison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavaScript" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript#External_links" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript Specification Documents</a></div> <ul><li>Flanagan, David. JavaScript: The Definitive Guide. 7th edition. Sebastopol, California: O'Reilly, 2020. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-491-95202-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-491-95202-3">978-1-491-95202-3</a>.</li> <li>Haverbeke, Marijn. Eloquent JavaScript. 3rd edition. No Starch Press, 2018. 472 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1593279509" title="Special:BookSources/978-1593279509">978-1593279509</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eloquentjavascript.net/">(download)</a></li> <li>Zakas, Nicholas. Principles of Object-Oriented JavaScript, 1st edition. No Starch Press, 2014. 120 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1593275402" title="Special:BookSources/978-1593275402">978-1593275402</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (48 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="2902" data-mwtitle="En-JavaScript.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/En-JavaScript.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/En-JavaScript.ogg/En-JavaScript.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-JavaScript.ogg" title="File:En-JavaScript.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 20 August 2013 (2013-08-20), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://javascript.info/">The Modern JavaScript Tutorial</a>. A community maintained continuously updated collection of tutorials on the entirety of the language.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pldi21.org/prerecorded_hopl.12.html">"JavaScript: The First 20 Years"</a>. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JavaScript%3A+The+First+20+Years&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pldi21.org%2Fprerecorded_hopl.12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavaScript" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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analysis">Code analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESLint" title="ESLint">ESLint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSHint" title="JSHint">JSHint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSLint" title="JSLint">JSLint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subset" title="Subset">Supersets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JS%2B%2B" title="JS++">JS++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArkTS" title="ArkTS">ArkTS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Source-to-source_compiler" title="Source-to-source compiler">Transpilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AtScript" title="AtScript">AtScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babel_(transcompiler)" title="Babel (transcompiler)">Babel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ClojureScript" class="mw-redirect" title="ClojureScript">ClojureScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm_(programming_language)" title="Elm (programming language)">Elm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emscripten" title="Emscripten">Emscripten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Closure_Compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Closure Compiler">Google Closure Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Toolkit" title="Google Web Toolkit">Google Web Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haxe" title="Haxe">Haxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveScript_(programming_language)" title="LiveScript (programming language)">LiveScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morfik" title="Morfik">Morfik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nim_(programming_language)" title="Nim (programming language)">Nim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opa_(programming_language)" title="Opa (programming language)">Opa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PureScript" title="PureScript">PureScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_(programming_language)" title="Reason (programming language)">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSharper" title="WebSharper">WebSharper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_library" title="JavaScript library">JavaScript library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_syntax" title="JavaScript syntax">JavaScript syntax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">Debuggers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrome_(browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrome (browser)">Chrome DevTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox Inspector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komodo_IDE" title="Komodo IDE">Komodo IDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge DevTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera DevTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari Web Inspector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Documentation_generator" title="Documentation generator">Doc generators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JSDoc" title="JSDoc">JSDoc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editors (<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_JavaScript-based_source_code_editors" title="Comparison of JavaScript-based source code editors">comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ace_(editor)" title="Ace (editor)">Ace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud9_IDE" title="Cloud9 IDE">Cloud9 IDE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(text_editor)" title="Atom (text editor)">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CodeMirror" title="CodeMirror">CodeMirror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brackets_(text_editor)" title="Brackets (text editor)">Brackets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Table_(software)" title="Light Table (software)">Light Table</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PhpStorm" class="mw-redirect" title="PhpStorm">PhpStorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eclipse_projects#Top-level_sub-projects" title="List of Eclipse projects">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express" title="Microsoft Visual Studio Express">Visual Studio Express</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio#Azure_DevOps_Services" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio Team Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)" title="Vim (text editor)">Vim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_engine" title="JavaScript engine">Engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ECMAScript_engines" title="List of ECMAScript engines">List of ECMAScript engines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Frameworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_JavaScript-based_web_frameworks" title="Comparison of JavaScript-based web frameworks">Comparison of JavaScript frameworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_JavaScript_libraries" title="List of JavaScript libraries">List of JavaScript libraries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AssemblyScript" title="AssemblyScript">AssemblyScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asm.js" title="Asm.js">asm.js</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">Document Object Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAuthn" title="WebAuthn">WebAuthn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package managers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Npm" title="Npm">npm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnpm" title="Pnpm">pnpm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn_(package_manager)" title="Yarn (package manager)">yarn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Module bundlers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webpack" title="Webpack">Webpack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vite_(software)" title="Vite (software)">Vite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esbuild" title="Esbuild">esbuild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Server-side_JavaScript" class="mw-redirect" title="Server-side JavaScript">Server-side</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Server_Pages" title="Active Server Pages">Active Server Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bun_(software)" title="Bun (software)">Bun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CommonJS" title="CommonJS">CommonJS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deno_(software)" title="Deno (software)">Deno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSGI" title="JSGI">JSGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">Unit testing</a> frameworks (<a href="/wiki/List_of_unit_testing_frameworks#JavaScript" title="List of unit testing frameworks">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jasmine_(JavaScript_testing_framework)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jasmine (JavaScript testing framework)">Jasmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocha_(JavaScript_framework)" title="Mocha (JavaScript framework)">Mocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QUnit" title="QUnit">QUnit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Crockford" title="Douglas Crockford">Douglas Crockford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Dahl" title="Ryan Dahl">Ryan Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Resig" title="John Resig">John Resig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Programming_languages" title="Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Programming_languages" title="Template talk:Programming languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Programming_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Programming_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">.NET</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">JavaScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> Lists: <a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages" title="Category:Programming languages">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ECMAScript" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ECMAScript" title="Template:ECMAScript"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ECMAScript" title="Template talk:ECMAScript"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ECMAScript" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ECMAScript"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ECMAScript" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActionScript" title="ActionScript">ActionScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caja_project" title="Caja project">Caja</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">JavaScript</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_engine" title="JavaScript engine">engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asm.js" title="Asm.js">asm.js</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JScript_.NET" title="JScript .NET">JScript .NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QtScript" title="QtScript">QtScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMLScript" title="WMLScript">WMLScript</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ECMAScript_engines" title="List of ECMAScript engines">Engines</a> (comparison)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presto_(layout_engine)#JavaScript_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Presto (layout engine)">Carakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presto_(layout_engine)#JavaScript_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Presto (layout engine)">Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InScript_(JavaScript_engine)" title="InScript (JavaScript engine)">InScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebKit#JavaScriptCore" title="WebKit">JavaScriptCore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KJS_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="KJS (software)">KJS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presto_(layout_engine)#ECMAScript_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Presto (layout engine)">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QtScript" title="QtScript">QtScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhino_(JavaScript_engine)" title="Rhino (JavaScript engine)">Rhino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpiderMonkey" title="SpiderMonkey">SpiderMonkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpiderMonkey#TraceMonkey" title="SpiderMonkey">TraceMonkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpiderMonkey#JägerMonkey" title="SpiderMonkey">JägerMonkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarin_(software)" title="Tamarin (software)">Tamarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)" title="V8 (JavaScript engine)">V8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra_(JavaScript_engine)" title="Chakra (JavaScript engine)">ChakraCore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakra_(JScript_engine)" title="Chakra (JScript engine)">Chakra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JScript_.NET" title="JScript .NET">JScript .NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashorn_(JavaScript_engine)" title="Nashorn (JavaScript engine)">Nashorn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Frameworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Client-side_JavaScript" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side JavaScript">Client-side</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dojo_Toolkit" title="Dojo Toolkit">Dojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(framework)" title="Echo (framework)">Echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext_JS" title="Ext JS">Ext JS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Toolkit" title="Google Web Toolkit">Google Web Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JQuery" title="JQuery">jQuery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lively_Kernel" title="Lively Kernel">Lively Kernel</a></li> <li>midori</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MochiKit" title="MochiKit">MochiKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MooTools" title="MooTools">MooTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prototype_JavaScript_Framework" title="Prototype JavaScript Framework">Prototype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyjs" title="Pyjs">Pyjs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qooxdoo" title="Qooxdoo">qooxdoo</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SproutCore" title="SproutCore">SproutCore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spry_framework" title="Spry framework">Spry</a></li> <li>Wakanda Framework</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Server-side_JavaScript" class="mw-redirect" title="Server-side JavaScript">Server-side</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deno_(software)" title="Deno (software)">Deno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bun_(software)" title="Bun (software)">Bun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaxer#Aptana_Jaxer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaxer">Jaxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppJet" title="AppJet">AppJet</a></li> <li>WakandaDB</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cappuccino</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_library" title="JavaScript library">Libraries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backbone.js" title="Backbone.js">Backbone.js</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWFObject" title="SWFObject">SWFObject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underscore.js" title="Underscore.js">Underscore.js</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Crockford" title="Douglas Crockford">Douglas Crockford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Resig" title="John Resig">John Resig</a></li> <li>Scott Isaacs</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_HTML" title="Dynamic HTML">DHTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">Ecma International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSDoc" title="JSDoc">JSDoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSGI" title="JSGI">JSGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSHint" title="JSHint">JSHint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSLint" title="JSLint">JSLint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_Style_Sheets" title="JavaScript Style Sheets">JSSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(JavaScript_conformance_test)" title="Sputnik (JavaScript conformance test)">Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_speed_test#SunSpider" title="Browser speed test">SunSpider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_module_definition" title="Asynchronous module definition">Asynchronous module definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CommonJS" title="CommonJS">CommonJS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> Lists</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_JavaScript_libraries" title="List of JavaScript libraries">JavaScript libraries</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ajax_frameworks#JavaScript" title="List of Ajax frameworks">Ajax frameworks</a></dd> <dt><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> Comparisons</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_JavaScript_frameworks" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of JavaScript frameworks">JavaScript frameworks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_server-side_JavaScript_solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of server-side JavaScript solutions">server-side JavaScript</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Web_browsers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Web_browsers" title="Template:Web browsers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Web_browsers" title="Template talk:Web browsers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Web_browsers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Web browsers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Web_browsers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browsers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Features_*_standards_*_protocols" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Features</li> <li>standards</li> <li>protocols</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookmark_(digital)" title="Bookmark (digital)">Bookmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">Extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_browsing" title="Private browsing">Privacy mode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Web_standards" title="Web standards">Web standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">v5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">DOM</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">JavaScript</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">Cookies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_cookies" title="Third-party cookies">third-party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_Certificate_Status_Protocol" title="Online Certificate Status Protocol">OCSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Active" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Active</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc_(web_browser)" title="Arc (web browser)">Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avast_Secure_Browser" title="Avast Secure Browser">Avast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%91c_C%E1%BB%91c" title="Cốc Cốc">Coc Coc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comodo_Dragon" title="Comodo Dragon">Comodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_(web_browser)" title="Epic (web browser)">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxthon" title="Maxthon">Maxthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Opera_Mobile" title="Opera Mobile">Mobile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puffin_Browser" title="Puffin Browser">Puffin </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QQ_Browser" title="QQ Browser">QQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Internet" title="Samsung Internet">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Silk" title="Amazon Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleipnir_(web_browser)" title="Sleipnir (web browser)">Sleipnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRWare_Iron" title="SRWare Iron">SRWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_Browser" title="UC Browser">UC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaldi_(web_browser)" title="Vivaldi (web browser)">Vivaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naver_Whale" title="Naver Whale">Whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yandex_Browser" title="Yandex Browser">Yandex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_Open_Source" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and Open Source">FOSS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_(web_browser)" title="Brave (web browser)">Brave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooble" title="Dooble">Dooble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkon" title="Falkon">Falkon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_Browser" title="Otter Browser">Otter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermium" title="Supermium">Supermium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungoogled-chromium" title="Ungoogled-chromium">ungoogled</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floorp" title="Floorp">Floorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_IceCat" title="GNU IceCat">GNU IceCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreWolf" title="LibreWolf">LibreWolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midori_(web_browser)" title="Midori (web browser)">Midori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SlimBrowser" title="SlimBrowser">SlimBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Browser" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Browser">Tor Browser</a></li> <li>Gecko <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk_(web_browser)" title="Basilisk (web browser)">Basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-Meleon" title="K-Meleon">K-Meleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_Moon" title="Pale Moon">Pale Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaMonkey" title="SeaMonkey">SeaMonkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfox" title="Waterfox">Waterfox</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNOME_Web" title="GNOME Web">GNOME Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICab" title="ICab">iCab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagi_(search_engine)#Orion_Browser" title="Kagi (search engine)">Orion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-<a href="/wiki/Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/360_Secure_Browser" title="360 Secure Browser">360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuckDuckGo_Private_Browser" title="DuckDuckGo Private Browser">DuckDuckGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konqueror" title="Konqueror">Konqueror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunascape" title="Lunascape">Lunascape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetFront" title="NetFront">NetFront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutebrowser" title="Qutebrowser">qutebrowser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eww_(web_browser)" title="Eww (web browser)">eww</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(web_browser)" title="Flow (web browser)">Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladybird_(web_browser)" title="Ladybird (web browser)">Ladybird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Links_(web_browser)" title="Links (web browser)">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynx_(web_browser)" title="Lynx (web browser)">Lynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetSurf" title="NetSurf">NetSurf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Mini" title="Opera Mini">Opera Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3m" title="W3m">w3m</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Discontinued" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Discontinued</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaker_(web_browser)" title="Beaker (web browser)">Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrio" title="Citrio">Citrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flock_(web_browser)" title="Flock (web browser)">Flock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcore" title="Redcore">Redcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockmelt" title="Rockmelt">Rockmelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SalamWeb" title="SalamWeb">SalamWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(search_engine)#Browser" title="Sputnik (search engine)">Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch_(web_browser)" title="Torch (web browser)">Torch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beonex_Communicator" title="Beonex Communicator">Beonex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_(web_browser)" title="Camino (web browser)">Camino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classilla" title="Classilla">Classilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conkeror" title="Conkeror">Conkeror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_Lite" title="Firefox Lite">Firefox Lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeon" title="Galeon">Galeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostzilla" title="Ghostzilla">Ghostzilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comodo_IceDragon" title="Comodo IceDragon">IceDragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazehakase" title="Kazehakase">Kazehakase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kylo_(web_browser)" title="Kylo (web browser)">Kylo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Lotus_Symphony" title="IBM Lotus Symphony">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroB" title="MicroB">MicroB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimo" title="Minimo">Minimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Application_Suite" title="Mozilla Application Suite">Mozilla suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PirateBrowser" title="PirateBrowser">PirateBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Pogo" title="AT&T Pogo">Pogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirix_Strata" title="Kirix Strata">Strata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiftfox" title="Swiftfox">Swiftfox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiftweasel" title="Swiftweasel">Swiftweasel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TenFourFox" class="mw-redirect" title="TenFourFox">TenFourFox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timberwolf_(web_browser)" title="Timberwolf (web browser)">Timberwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XB_Browser" title="XB Browser">xB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trident_(software)" title="Trident (software)">MSHTML</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AOL_Explorer" title="AOL Explorer">AOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepnet_Explorer" title="Deepnet Explorer">Deepnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenBrowser" title="GreenBrowser">GreenBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaBrowser" title="MediaBrowser">MediaBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeoPlanet" title="NeoPlanet">NeoPlanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetCaptor" title="NetCaptor">NetCaptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceTime_(software)#SpaceTime_Browser" title="SpaceTime (software)">SpaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZAC_Browser" title="ZAC Browser">ZAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arora_(web_browser)" title="Arora (web browser)">Arora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(web_browser)" title="Bolt (web browser)">BOLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_Browser" title="Dolphin Browser">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_(web_browser)" title="Fluid (web browser)">Fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_TV_(smart_TV_platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Google TV (smart TV platform)">Google TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Browser" title="Iris Browser">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Browser" title="Mercury Browser">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Browser_for_Symbian" title="Nokia Browser for Symbian">Nokia Symbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OmniWeb" title="OmniWeb">OmniWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Coast" title="Opera Coast">Opera Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origyn_Web_Browser" title="Origyn Web Browser">Origyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QtWeb" title="QtWeb">QtWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiira" title="Shiira">Shiira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_(web_browser)" title="Steel (web browser)">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_(web_browser)" title="Surf (web browser)">surf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbl" title="Uzbl">Uzbl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebPositive" class="mw-redirect" title="WebPositive">WebPositive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xombrero" title="Xombrero">xombrero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaco_(web_browser)" title="Abaco (web browser)">abaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaya_(web_editor)" title="Amaya (web editor)">Amaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachne_(web_browser)" title="Arachne (web browser)">Arachne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazer_(web_browser)" title="Blazer (web browser)">Blazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cake_Browser" title="Cake Browser">Cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(web_browser)" title="Charon (web browser)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CM_Browser" title="CM Browser">CM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Live_Labs_Deepfish" title="Microsoft Live Labs Deepfish">Deepfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillo" title="Dillo">Dillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge_Legacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Edge Legacy">Edge Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELinks" title="ELinks">ELinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazelle_(web_browser)" title="Gazelle (web browser)">Gazelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HotJava" title="HotJava">HotJava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Home_Page_Reader" title="IBM Home Page Reader">IBM Home Page Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_WebExplorer" title="IBM WebExplorer">IBM WebExplorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBrowse" title="IBrowse">IBrowse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_for_Mac" title="Internet Explorer for Mac">Internet Explorer for Mac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KidZui" title="KidZui">KidZui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_Mode_Browser" title="Line Mode Browser">Line Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(web_browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic (web browser)">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_TV" title="MSN TV">MSN TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetPositive" class="mw-redirect" title="NetPositive">NetPositive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netscape_(web_browser)" title="Netscape (web browser)">Netscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skweezer" title="Skweezer">Skweezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyfire_(company)" title="Skyfire (company)">Skyfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThunderHawk" title="ThunderHawk">ThunderHawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_Mobile_Browser" title="Vision Mobile Browser">Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinWAP" title="WinWAP">WinWAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldWideWeb" title="WorldWideWeb">WorldWideWeb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Web_browsers" title="Category:Web browsers">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_web_browsers" title="Comparison of web browsers">Comparisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_web_browsers" title="List of web browsers">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Node.js" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NodeJs" title="Template:NodeJs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NodeJs" title="Template talk:NodeJs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NodeJs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NodeJs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Node.js" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a></div></th></tr><tr><th 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