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<li id="toc-Stratigraphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stratigraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Stratigraphy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stratigraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coal_gap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coal_gap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Coal gap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coal_gap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleogeography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleogeography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Paleogeography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleogeography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Induan_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Induan_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Induan life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Induan_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_formations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_formations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable formations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_formations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indusium" title="Indusium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Indusium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الإندوان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإندوان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induanu" title="Induanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Induanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indi%C3%A0_(estatge_faun%C3%ADstic)" title="Indià (estatge faunístic) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Indià (estatge faunístic)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indusium_(Geologie)" title="Indusium (Geologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indusium (Geologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induense" title="Induense – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Induense" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induar" title="Induar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Induar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="ایندون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایندون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indusien" title="Indusien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Indusien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induano" title="Induano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Induano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induan" title="Induan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Induan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induano" title="Induano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Induano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indusium_(stratigraphia)" title="Indusium (stratigraphia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Indusium (stratigraphia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indusi" title="Indusi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Indusi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indien" title="Indien – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Indien" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3" title="インドゥアン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インドゥアン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indusium" title="Indusium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Indusium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind_(geologia)" title="Ind (geologia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ind (geologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiano_(geologia)" title="Indiano (geologia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Indiano (geologia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Индский ярус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индский ярус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induan" title="Induan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Induan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus-vaihe" title="Indus-vaihe – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Indus-vaihe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_(geologi)" title="Indus (geologi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Indus (geologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%A7ng_Indu" title="Tầng Indu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tầng Indu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%9C%9F" title="印度期 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印度期" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Induan&params=31.0797_N_119.7058_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°04′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">119°42′21″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.0797°N 119.7058°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.0797; 119.7058</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First age of the Early Triassic epoch</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:23em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;background:rgb(164,70,159);"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Induan</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">251.9 ± 0.024 – 249.9 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:134.74153846154px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_Limestone_and_Shale_Member,_Mikin_Formation,_Mud_(Spiti).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lower_Limestone_and_Shale_Member%2C_Mikin_Formation%2C_Mud_%28Spiti%29.jpg/250px-Lower_Limestone_and_Shale_Member%2C_Mikin_Formation%2C_Mud_%28Spiti%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lower_Limestone_and_Shale_Member%2C_Mikin_Formation%2C_Mud_%28Spiti%29.jpg/375px-Lower_Limestone_and_Shale_Member%2C_Mikin_Formation%2C_Mud_%28Spiti%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lower_Limestone_and_Shale_Member%2C_Mikin_Formation%2C_Mud_%28Spiti%29.jpg/500px-Lower_Limestone_and_Shale_Member%2C_Mikin_Formation%2C_Mud_%28Spiti%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4341" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Induan aged rock layers of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikin_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikin Formation (page does not exist)">Mikin Formation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lahaul_and_Spiti_district" title="Lahaul and Spiti district">Lahaul and Spiti district</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Chronology</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="font-size:14px"><table id="Container" role="presentation" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:none;margin:auto;overflow:hidden;min-width:25.490em"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:38em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:37.96em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−255 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:36.29em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:34.62em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−250 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:32.94em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:31.27em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−245 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:29.60em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.93em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−240 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:26.26em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.58em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−235 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.91em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:21.24em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−230 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.57em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.90em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−225 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.22em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:14.55em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−220 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.88em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:11.21em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−215 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.54em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:7.86em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−210 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.19em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:4.52em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−205 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.85em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:1.17em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−200 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:9.5em;height:38em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#000000"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(153,192,141);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.889em;height:2.111em;left:0.000em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:95%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.055em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1231500821">@supports(writing-mode:vertical-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-text{letter-spacing:-0.12em;line-height:1em;text-orientation:upright;writing-mode:vertical-lr;width:1em}}</style><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Pz</a></span></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(103,197,202);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:35.889em;left:0.000em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-17.945em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821" /><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a></span></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(240,64,40);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.889em;height:2.111em;left:1.140em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.055em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(129,43,146);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.111em;height:33.778em;left:1.140em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-16.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821" /><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic"><span style="color:white;">Triassic</span></a></span></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(52,178,201);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:2.111em;left:1.140em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.055em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(251,167,148);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.889em;height:2.111em;left:2.280em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.055em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821" /><span class="ts-vertical-text" style="color:;"><a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">LP</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(152,57,153);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:32.410em;height:3.479em;left:2.280em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:95%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.740em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821" /><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic"><span style="color:white;">ET</span></a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(177,104,177);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:25.922em;height:6.388em;left:2.280em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:95%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.194em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821" /><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic"><span style="color:white;">Middle</span></a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(189,140,195);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.111em;height:23.811em;left:2.280em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:95%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-11.906em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821" /><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic"><span style="color:white;">Late</span></a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(66,174,208);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:2.111em;left:2.280em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.055em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic"><span style="line-height:11px;display:block;color:white">E<br />J</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(252,192,178);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.889em;height:2.111em;left:3.420em;width:6.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.055em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Changhsingian" title="Changhsingian"><span style="color:">Changhsing.</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(176,81,165);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:32.410em;height:2.140em;left:3.420em;width:6.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.070em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Olenekian" title="Olenekian"><span style="color:white">Olenekian</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(164,70,159);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:34.550em;height:1.239em;left:3.420em;width:6.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.620em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white">Induan</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(188,117,183);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:28.908em;height:3.402em;left:3.420em;width:6.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.701em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Anisian" title="Anisian"><span style="color:white">Anisian</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(201,131,191);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:25.922em;height:2.986em;left:3.420em;width:6.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.493em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Ladinian" title="Ladinian"><span style="color:white">Ladinian</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(201,155,203);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:19.434em;height:6.488em;left:3.420em;width:6.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.244em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Carnian" title="Carnian"><span style="color:">Carnian</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(214,170,211);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:4.987em;height:14.347em;left:3.420em;width:6.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-7.174em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Norian" title="Norian"><span style="color:">Norian</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(227,185,219);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.111em;height:2.876em;left:3.420em;width:6.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.438em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Rhaetian" title="Rhaetian"><span style="color:">Rhaetian</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(78,179,211);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:2.111em;left:3.420em;width:6.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.055em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Hettangian" title="Hettangian"><span style="color:white">Hettangian</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:25.922em;height:0.033em;left:3.230em;width:6.270em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.017em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.889em;height:0.033em;left:0.000em;width:9.500em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.017em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.111em;height:0.067em;left:0.950em;width:8.550em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.033em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:38.000em;left:9.405em;width:0.095em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-19.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:10.090em;height:38em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:35.889em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.5em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:85%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian-Triassic extinction event</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:34.216em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:85%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Olenekian#Smithian–Spathian_boundary_event" title="Olenekian">Smithian–Spathian boundary event</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:23.915em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:85%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Carnian_pluvial_episode" title="Carnian pluvial episode">Carnian pluvial episode</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:31.942em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:85%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;">Full recovery of woody trees<sup id="cite_ref-McElwain2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McElwain2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:29.935em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:85%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0">Coals return<sup id="cite_ref-Retallack1996_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Retallack1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:27.928em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:85%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Scleractinia" title="Scleractinia">Scleractinian</a><br />corals & calcified sponges<sup id="cite_ref-Payne2004_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:2.111em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:85%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Triassic%E2%80%93Jurassic_extinction_event" title="Triassic–Jurassic extinction event">Triassic–Jurassic extinction event</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:11.475em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:85%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Manicouagan_Reservoir#Impact_crater" title="Manicouagan Reservoir">Manicouagan impact</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto;float:left;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:22.500em"><b>Subdivision of the Triassic according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>, as of 2024.</b><sup id="cite_ref-ICS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Vertical axis scale: <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Millions of years ago</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Etymology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Name formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Usage information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Celestial body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Earth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Regional usage</th><td class="infobox-data">Global (<a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time scale(s) used</th><td class="infobox-data">ICS Time Scale</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Definition</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Chronological unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Stratigraphic unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)" title="Stage (stratigraphy)">Stage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time span formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_appearance_datum" title="First appearance datum">FAD</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Conodont" title="Conodont">Conodont</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hindeodus" title="Hindeodus">Hindeodus parvus</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Meishan" title="Meishan">Meishan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Induan&params=31.0798_N_119.7058_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°04′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">119°42′21″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.0798°N 119.7058°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.0798; 119.7058</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">2001<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data">Not formally defined</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary definition candidates</th><td class="infobox-data">FAD of the Conodont <i><a href="/wiki/Neospathodus" title="Neospathodus">Neospathodus waageni</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary GSSP candidate section(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Mud (Muth) village, <a href="/wiki/Spiti_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiti valley">Spiti valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><sup id="cite_ref-GSSP_Web_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSSP_Web-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Induan</b> is the first <a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">age</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early Triassic</a> <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Geologic_timescale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic timescale">geologic timescale</a>, or the lowest <a href="/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)" title="Stage (stratigraphy)">stage</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Triassic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Triassic">Lower Triassic</a> <a href="/wiki/Series_(stratigraphy)" title="Series (stratigraphy)">series</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chronostratigraphy" title="Chronostratigraphy">chronostratigraphy</a>. It spans the time between 251.9 <a href="/wiki/Annum" class="mw-redirect" title="Annum">Ma</a> and 249.9 Ma (million years ago).<sup id="cite_ref-TimeScale_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimeScale-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Induan is sometimes divided into the <b>Griesbachian</b> and the <b>Dienerian</b> subages or substages.<sup id="cite_ref-Tozer1965_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tozer1965-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Induan is preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Changhsingian" title="Changhsingian">Changhsingian</a> (latest <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>) and is followed by the <a href="/wiki/Olenekian" title="Olenekian">Olenekian</a>. </p><p>The Induan is roughly coeval with the regional <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feixianguanian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feixianguanian (page does not exist)">Feixianguanian</a> Stage of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Induan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stratigraphy">Stratigraphy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Induan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Stratigraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> is the first <a href="/wiki/Geologic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic period">period</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">era</a>. It is subdivided into the <a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Lower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Upper</a> Triassic <a href="/wiki/Series_(stratigraphy)" title="Series (stratigraphy)">series</a>, which are further subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)" title="Stage (stratigraphy)">stages</a>. The Induan is the first stage of the Lower Triassic, from 251.9 million to 249.9 million years ago, spanning the first 2 million years after the <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TimeScale_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimeScale-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stages can be defined globally or regionally. For global stratigraphic correlation, the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a> (ICS) ratifies global stages based on a <a href="/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point" title="Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point">Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point</a> (GSSP) from a single <a href="/wiki/Formation_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation (geology)">formation</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Stratotype" title="Stratotype">stratotype</a>) identifying the lower boundary of the stage. The GSSP for the Induan is defined as the bottom of Bed 27c of the <a href="/wiki/Meishan" title="Meishan">Meishan</a> Section, China, <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Induan&params=31_4_47.28_N_119_42_20.9_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°4′47.28″N</span> <span class="longitude">119°42′20.9″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.0798000°N 119.705806°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.0798000; 119.705806</span></span></span></a></span></span>, with the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Conodont" title="Conodont">conodont</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hindeodus" title="Hindeodus">Hindeodus parvus</a></i> as its primary marker (<a href="/wiki/Biostratigraphy" title="Biostratigraphy">biostratigraphy</a>), and minimum zones (negative anomalies) of <a href="/wiki/Carbon-13" title="Carbon-13"><sup>13</sup>C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen-18" title="Oxygen-18"><sup>18</sup>O</a> (corresponding to the extinction event) as its secondary marker. Bed 27c comprises a medium-<a href="/wiki/Bed_(geology)" title="Bed (geology)">bedded</a> section of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, overlain by <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> and a medium-bedded section of <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomitic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">argillaceous</a> calcimicrite.<sup id="cite_ref-ics_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ics-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calcimicrite is a type of limestone that contains more <a href="/wiki/Micrite" title="Micrite">micrite</a> than <a href="/wiki/Allochem" title="Allochem">allochem</a>, and the diameter of any particle measures less than 20 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">microns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Induan is succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Olenekian" title="Olenekian">Olenekian</a>, whose GSSP is defined at the bottom of Bed A-2 of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikin_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikin Formation (page does not exist)">Mikin Formation</a> near <a href="/wiki/Mud_village,_Spiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mud village, Spiti">Mud village, Spiti</a>, India, with the appearance of the conodont <i><a href="/wiki/Neospathodus" title="Neospathodus">Neospathodus waageni</a></i> and a <sup>13</sup>C peak.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Induan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been several propositions for the organization of the Triassic timescale. Most of the Triassic stages and sub-stages, which are still used today, were coined in an 1895 publication by Austro-Hungarian geologist <a href="/wiki/Johann_August_Georg_Edmund_Mojsisovics_von_Mojsvar" title="Johann August Georg Edmund Mojsisovics von Mojsvar">Johann August Georg Edmund Mojsisovics von Mojsvar</a>, Austrian geologist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Diener" title="Carl Diener">Carl Diener</a>, and German geologist <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Waagen" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Waagen">Wilhelm Heinrich Waagen</a>. They were defined using ammonite research conducted in large part by Mojsisovics and Diener in primarily Austria, Italy, and Bosnia; as well as Waagen's work in the Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Salt_Range" title="Salt Range">Salt Range</a>. They divided the Triassic into four series (from lowest to highest): the Scythian, Dinaric, Tyrolean, and Bavarian. The Scythian was divided (from lowest to highest) into the Brahmanian and Jakutian stages. The Brahmanian's lower boundary was defined by the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Ammonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonite">ammonite</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otoceras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otoceras (page does not exist)">Otoceras woodwardi</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> (Austrian paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludolf_Griesbach" title="Carl Ludolf Griesbach">Carl Ludolf Griesbach</a> had already proposed this ammonite demarcate the beginning of the Triassic in 1880), and its upper boundary by a section of <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> in the Salt Range characterized by <a href="/wiki/Ceratitida" title="Ceratitida">ceratite</a> ammonites.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lucas2010_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucas2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1956, Soviet paleontologists Lubov D. Kiparisova and Yurij N. Popov decided to divide the Lower Triassic series into, what they coined, the Induan and Olenekian stages.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Induan honors the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>, as they also bounded it using the same criteria and sites as Mojsisovics' Brahmanian in the Indus region, though they resided in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> at the time. That is, the Induan is synonymous with the Brahmanian.<sup id="cite_ref-Lucas2010_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucas2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, English paleontologist Edward T. Tozer (sometimes collaborating with American geologist Norman J. Silberling) crafted Triassic timescales based on North American ammonoid zones (further refining it in the following decades), based on the works of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_McLearn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank McLearn (page does not exist)">Frank McLearn</a> in British Columbia and <a href="/wiki/Siemon_Muller" title="Siemon Muller">Siemon Muller</a> in Nevada who pieced together the ammonoid fossil record of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Cordillera" title="North American Cordillera">North American Cordillera</a>. Tozer's nomenclature was largely derived from Mojsisovics's work, but he redefined them using North American sites. He recommended the Lower Triassic series be divided into the: Griesbachian, Dienerian, Smithian, and Spathian. The former two roughly correspond with the Induan. Tozer's timescale became popular in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-Lucas2010_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucas2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He named the Griesbachian after Griesbach Creek on <a href="/wiki/Axel_Heiberg_Island" title="Axel Heiberg Island">Axel Heiberg Island</a>, Canada, and further split it into the Gangetian and Ellesmarian substages; the former he defined by the ammonite zones of <i>O. concavum</i> and <i>O. boreale</i>, and the latter by <i><a href="/wiki/Ophiceras" title="Ophiceras">Ophiceras commune</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proptychites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proptychites (page does not exist)">Proptychites striatus</a></i>. He named the Dienerian after Diener Creek on <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a>, Canada, and defined it by the ammonite zones <i>P. candus</i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vavilovites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vavilovites (page does not exist)">Vavilovites sverdrupi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tozer1965_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tozer1965-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s, the ICS was founded to globally standardize stratigraphy. They erected the Subcommission on Triassic Stratigraphy (STS), which published its first timescale to Triassic stratigraphy in 1985. They divided it into the Lower, Middle, and Upper series; the Lower Triassic divided into the Induan and Olenekian stages; and the Induan further divided into the Griesbachian and Dienerian substages. In a revised 1991 <a href="/wiki/Geologic_timescale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic timescale">timescale</a>, they dropped several more of Tozer's considerations, and likewise did away with Induan substages entirely, though Tozer's original definition of them are still in use in ammonoid research.<sup id="cite_ref-Lucas2010_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucas2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, detailed studies of <i>Otoceras</i> sites in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, Himalayas, Greenland, <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> and the Arctic territories of North America have revealed the problematic interval of existence of this genus.<sup id="cite_ref-Kutygin2019_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kutygin2019-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the same decade, most geologists had moved away from ammonite zones, preferring conodonts. Consequently, in 1996, the STS moved the Induan's <a href="/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point" title="Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point">GSSP</a> to Meishan, China, with the appearance of <i>H. parvus</i>. It was the first GSSP approved by the STS.<sup id="cite_ref-Lucas2010_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucas2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coal_gap">Coal gap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Induan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coal gap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a> is formed when plant matter decays into <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a>, which is then buried and subjected to heat and pressure over a long time. Following the Permian extinction, there is a conspicuous lack of <a href="/wiki/Coal_seam" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal seam">coal seams</a> dating to the Early Triassic, and only a few thin ones have been identified dating to the Middle Triassic. The apparent marginalization of peat-producing plants has variously been explained to be a consequence of: high global elevation, excess <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidity</a> due to volcanic <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> emissions or <a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">nitrous oxides</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bolide" title="Bolide">bolide</a> (meteor) impact, the transition from an <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_and_icehouse_Earth" title="Greenhouse and icehouse Earth">icehouse to a greenhouse Earth</a> (the melting of the poles and surging global temperatures), excess plant predation by herbivores (insects or <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a>) which evolved more efficient eating strategies (though they were quite diverse before even the Permian), or mass die-off of peat-producing plants.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleogeography">Paleogeography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Induan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Paleogeography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Induan_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Induan_map.jpg/310px-Induan_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Induan_map.jpg/465px-Induan_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Induan_map.jpg/620px-Induan_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Paleoclimatic reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Pangea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangea">Pangea</a> during the Induan</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Induan, all major landmasses had already amalgamated into the <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a> <a href="/wiki/Pangea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangea">Pangea</a>, the northern portion referred to as <a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a>, and the southern portion <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>. At this point in time, the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> was near but not on Antarctica. Eastern Gondwana lay south of the <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">60°S</a>, and the western part north.<sup id="cite_ref-Veevers2004_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veevers2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major <a href="/wiki/Rift_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rift (geology)">rifting</a> zone existed on Madagascar, which was wedged in between the <a href="/wiki/African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a>, gradually pushing them apart. This action would eventually expand the newly forming <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Neo-Tethys Ocean</a> at the expense of the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Tethys_Ocean" title="Paleo-Tethys Ocean">Paleo-Tethys Ocean</a>. Behind the burgeoning Neo-Tethys lay a major rift pushing India away from western Australia, which promulgated volcanoes across the area. During the Permian extinction, this volcanic activity created the <a href="/wiki/Panjal_Traps" title="Panjal Traps">Panjal Traps</a>. In eastern Australia, the <a href="/wiki/Hunter-Bowen_orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter-Bowen orogeny">Hunter-Bowen orogeny</a> and related magmatic activity was shutting down. The <a href="/wiki/Fold_and_thrust_belt" title="Fold and thrust belt">fold belts</a> from this event, as well as the first phase of those at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fold_Belt" title="Cape Fold Belt">Cape Fold Belt</a> in what is now the South African coast, were being degraded by the <a href="/wiki/Gondwanide_orogeny" title="Gondwanide orogeny">Gondwanide orogeny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Veevers2004_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veevers2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Induan_life">Induan life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Induan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Induan life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Category:Induan_life" title="Category:Induan life">Category:Induan life</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claraia_Clarai_Museum_Gr%C3%B6den.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Claraia_Clarai_Museum_Gr%C3%B6den.jpg/220px-Claraia_Clarai_Museum_Gr%C3%B6den.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Claraia_Clarai_Museum_Gr%C3%B6den.jpg/330px-Claraia_Clarai_Museum_Gr%C3%B6den.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Claraia_Clarai_Museum_Gr%C3%B6den.jpg/440px-Claraia_Clarai_Museum_Gr%C3%B6den.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3035" data-file-height="2475" /></a><figcaption>Fossils of <i><a href="/wiki/Claraia" title="Claraia">Claraia</a> clarai</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The Induan followed the <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">mass extinction event</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">period</a>, and historically, it was thought recovery was delayed by as much as five million years to the Middle Triassic. The 21st century discoveries of diverse arrays of conodonts, ammonoids, <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</a>, benthic <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">foraminifera</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Ichnotaxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichnotaxa">ichnotaxa</a> suggest that recovery instead took under 1.5 million years. Marine <a href="/wiki/Black_shale" class="mw-redirect" title="Black shale">black shale</a> deposits are common especially in the Dienerian substage of the Induan. These point to <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">low oxygenation</a> in the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of the Induan aged <a href="/wiki/Guiyang_biota" title="Guiyang biota">Guiyang biota</a> shows that at least some locations hosted reasonably complex ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-Dai2023_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dai2023-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a> <a href="/wiki/Pangea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangea">Pangea</a> remained almost lifeless, deserted, hot, and dry. Both global <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Community_(ecology)" title="Community (ecology)">community</a>-level (alpha) <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">diversity</a> remained low through much of the Induan.<sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In higher <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> during the Griesbachian was <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperm</a> dominated but became <a href="/wiki/Lycopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopod">lycopod</a> dominated (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Pleuromeia" title="Pleuromeia">Pleuromeia</a></i>) in the Dienerian.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This change reflects a shift in global climate from cool and dry in the Griesbachian to hot and humid in the Dienerian and points to an extinction event during the Induan, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500,000 years after the end-Permian mass extinction event.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It led to the <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> of the Permian <i><a href="/wiki/Glossopteris" title="Glossopteris">Glossopteris</a></i> flora. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lystrosaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lystrosaurid">lystrosaurids</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Proterosuchid" class="mw-redirect" title="Proterosuchid">proterosuchids</a> were the only groups of land animals to dominate during the Induan Stage. Other animals, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ammonoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonoid">ammonoids</a>, insects, and the <a href="/wiki/Tetrapods" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapods">tetrapods</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynodont">cynodonts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, etc.) remained rare and terrestrial ecosystems did not recover for some 30 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the seas and much of the freshwater during the Induan were <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">anoxic</a>, predominantly during the <a href="/wiki/Dienerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dienerian">Dienerian</a> subage.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Microbialite" title="Microbialite">Microbial reefs</a> were common, possibly due to lack of competition with <a href="/wiki/Metazoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Metazoan">metazoan</a> <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reef</a> builders as a result of the extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding <a href="/wiki/Bony_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Bony fish">bony fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">ray-finned fishes</a> remained largely unaffected by the <a href="/wiki/Permian-Triassic_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Permian-Triassic extinction event">Permian-Triassic extinction event</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coelacanths" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelacanths">coelacanths</a> exhibit their highest post-<a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> diversity during the Early Triassic.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many genera show a <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">cosmopolitan distribution</a> during the Induan and <a href="/wiki/Olenekian" title="Olenekian">Olenekian</a> (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Australosomus" title="Australosomus">Australosomus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Birgeria" title="Birgeria">Birgeria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bobasatrania" title="Bobasatrania">Bobasatrania</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Parasemionotus" title="Parasemionotus">Parasemionotidae</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pteronisculus" title="Pteronisculus">Pteronisculus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Boreosomus" title="Boreosomus">Ptycholepidae</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Saurichthys" title="Saurichthys">Saurichthys</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Whiteia" title="Whiteia">Whiteia</a></i>). This is well exemplified in the <a href="/wiki/Griesbachian" class="mw-redirect" title="Griesbachian">Griesbachian</a> aged fish assemblages of the <a href="/wiki/Wordie_Creek_Formation" title="Wordie Creek Formation">Wordie Creek Formation</a> (East <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Stensiö1932_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stensiö1932-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen1936_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen1936-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Dienerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dienerian">Dienerian</a> aged assemblages of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Sakamena_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Sakamena Formation (page does not exist)">Middle Sakamena Formation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Candelaria_Formation,_Nevada" title="Candelaria Formation, Nevada">Candelaria Formation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, United States),<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikin_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikin Formation (page does not exist)">Mikin Formation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, India),<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Daye_Formation" title="Daye Formation">Daye Formation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>, China),<sup id="cite_ref-Dai2023_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dai2023-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Smithian_(regional_geological_stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithian (regional geological stage)">Smithian</a> (Olenekian) aged assemblages of the <a href="/wiki/Vikingh%C3%B8gda_Formation" title="Vikinghøgda Formation">Vikinghøgda Formation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a>, Norway),<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Thaynes_Group" title="Thaynes Group">Thaynes Group</a> (western <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Olenekian" title="Olenekian">Spathian</a> aged <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helongshan_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helongshan Formation (page does not exist)">Helongshan Formation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>, China),<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several Early Triassic layers of the <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_Mountain_Formation" title="Sulphur Mountain Formation">Sulphur Mountain Formation</a> (western <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Induan <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">chondrichthyan</a> fishes include <a href="/wiki/Hybodontiformes" title="Hybodontiformes">hybodonts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoselachii" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoselachii">neoselachians</a> and a few surviving lineages of <a href="/wiki/Eugeneodontida" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugeneodontida">eugeneodontid</a> <a href="/wiki/Holocephali" title="Holocephali">holocephalians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a mainly Palaeozoic group. Cartilaginous fishes were seemingly rare during the Induan. </p><p>Crocodile-shaped, marine <a href="/wiki/Temnospondyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Temnospondyl">temnospondyl</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphibians" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibians">amphibians</a> (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Aphaneramma" title="Aphaneramma">Aphaneramma</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wantzosaurus" title="Wantzosaurus">Wantzosaurus</a></i>) were geographically widespread during the Induan and <a href="/wiki/Olenekian" title="Olenekian">Olenekian</a> ages. Their fossils are found in <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalve</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Claraia" title="Claraia">Claraia</a></i> was widespread and common in the <a href="/wiki/Panthalassa" title="Panthalassa">Panthalassa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys</a> oceans. The geologically oldest <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Liostrea" title="Liostrea">Liostrea</a></i>) are known from the Induan. They grew on the shells of living <a href="/wiki/Ammonoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonoids">ammonoids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_formations">Notable formations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Induan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable formations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candelaria_Formation,_Nevada" title="Candelaria Formation, Nevada">Candelaria Formation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daye_Formation" title="Daye Formation">Daye Formation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>, China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinwoody_Formation" title="Dinwoody Formation">Dinwoody Formation</a> (western USA)</li> <li>upper <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guodikeng_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guodikeng Formation (page does not exist)">Guodikeng Formation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, China)</li> <li>lower <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiucaiyuan_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiucaiyuan Formation (page does not exist)">Jiucaiyuan Formation</a> (Xinjiang, China)</li> <li>middle <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakamena_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakamena Formation (page does not exist)">Sakamena Formation</a> (Madagascar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardebukta_Formation" title="Vardebukta Formation">Vardebukta Formation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>, Norway)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werfen_Formation" title="Werfen Formation">Werfen Formation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wordie_Creek_Formation" title="Wordie Creek Formation">Wordie Creek Formation</a> (Greenland)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Induan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a> – System that relates geologic strata to time</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Induan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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London: Geological Society of London. pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2Fsp295.3">10.1144/sp295.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130268582">130268582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+eugeneodontid+sharks+from+the+Lower+Triassic+Sulphur+Mountain+Formation+of+Western+Canada&rft.btitle=Fishes+and+the+Break-up+of+Pangaea&rft.place=London&rft.series=Geological+Society+of+London%2C+Special+Publications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+London&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2Fsp295.3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130268582%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mutter&rft.aufirst=Raoul+J.&rft.au=Neuman%2C+Andrew+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1144%2FSP295.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInduan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheyer et al. (2014): Early Triassic Marine Biotic Recovery: The Predators' Perspective. PLoS ONE <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088987">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088987</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hautmann et al. (2017): Geologically oldest oysters were epizoans on Early Triassic ammonoids. Journal of Molluscan Studies 83:253-260 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyx018">https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyx018</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Induan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">Brack, P.; Rieber, H.; Nicora, A. & Mundil, R.</span>; <b>2005</b>: <i>The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino (Southern Alps, Northern Italy) and its implications for the Triassic time scale</i>, Episodes <b>28(4)</b>, pp. 233–244.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><span class="smallcaps">Gradstein, F. M.; Ogg, J. G. & Smith, A. G.</span>; <b>2004</b>: <i>A Geologic Time Scale 2004</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><span class="smallcaps">Kiparisova, Lubov Dmitrievna & Popov, Yurij Nikolaivitch</span>; <b>1956</b>: <i>Расчленение нижнего отдела триасовой системы на ярусы (Subdivision of the lower series of the Triassic System into stages)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Doklady_Akademii_Nauk_SSSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR">Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR</a> <b>109</b>(4), pp 842–845 <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Induan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/bak/geowhen/stages/Induan.html">GeoWhen Database - Induan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu/charts/Timeslices/8_Lower_Triassic.pdf">Lower Triassic timescale</a> at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060518101406/http://norges.uio.no/timescale/Fig16.1_Tri_colB.pdf">Lower Triassic timescale</a> at the website of Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Triassic_footer" title="Template:Triassic footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Triassic_footer" title="Template talk:Triassic footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Triassic_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Triassic footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Triassic_Period28" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic Period</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;border: none;;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 2px 2px 2px; border-color:rgb(129,43,146); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Lower/Early Triassic</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 2px 2px 2px; border-color:rgb(129,43,146); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle Triassic</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 2px 2px 2px; border-color:rgb(129,43,146); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Upper/Late Triassic</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(129,43,146); text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Induan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olenekian" title="Olenekian">Olenekian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(129,43,146); text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisian" title="Anisian">Anisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladinian" title="Ladinian">Ladinian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(129,43,146); text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnian" title="Carnian">Carnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norian" title="Norian">Norian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhaetian" title="Rhaetian">Rhaetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geological_history_of_Earth1258" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template talk:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geological_history_of_Earth1258" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(present–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary <span class="nobold">(present–2.58 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene (present–11.7 ka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene <span class="nobold">(2.58–23.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene <span class="nobold">(23.0–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(66.0–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous <span class="nobold">(66.0–145 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late (66.0–100 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early (100–145 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic <span class="nobold">(145–201 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late (145–164 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle (164–174 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early (174–201 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic <span class="nobold">(201–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late (201–237 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle (237–247 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early (247–252 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(252–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian <span class="nobold">(252–299 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">Lopingian (252–260 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous <span class="nobold">(299–359 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_(geology)" title="Mississippian (geology)">Mississippian (323–359 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian <span class="nobold">(359–419 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Late (359–383 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Devonian" title="Middle Devonian">Middle (383–393 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Devonian" title="Early Devonian">Early (393–419 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian <span class="nobold">(419–444 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pridoli_Epoch" title="Pridoli Epoch">Pridoli (419–423 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Epoch" title="Ludlow Epoch">Ludlow (423–427 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Epoch" title="Wenlock Epoch">Wenlock (427–433 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llandovery_Epoch" title="Llandovery Epoch">Llandovery (433–444 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician <span class="nobold">(444–485 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician" title="Late Ordovician">Late (444–458 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ordovician" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ordovician">Middle (458–470 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Ordovician" title="Early Ordovician">Early (470–485 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian <span class="nobold">(485–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">Furongian (485–497 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaolingian" title="Miaolingian">Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Series_2" title="Cambrian Series 2">Series 2 (509–521 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terreneuvian" title="Terreneuvian">Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic Eon<br /><span class="nobold">(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(539 Ma–1 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonian" title="Tonian">Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1–1.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenian" title="Stenian">Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectasian" title="Ectasian">Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calymmian" title="Calymmian">Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1.6–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statherian" title="Statherian">Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosirian" title="Orosirian">Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyacian" title="Rhyacian">Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderian" title="Siderian">Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean Eon <span class="nobold">(2.5–4 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoarchean" title="Neoarchean">Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoarchean" title="Paleoarchean">Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoarchean" title="Eoarchean">Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean Eon <span class="nobold">(4–4.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">ka</a> = kiloannum (thousand years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a> = megaannum (million years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ga</a> = gigaannum (billion years ago).<br /> <i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a>  •  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/16px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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