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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Olenekian life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Olenekian_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Olenekian life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Olenekian_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Smithian–Spathian_boundary_event" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smithian–Spathian_boundary_event"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Smithian–Spathian boundary event</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smithian–Spathian_boundary_event-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_formations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_formations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable formations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_formations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olenekium" title="Olenekium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Olenekium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A" title="الأولنكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأولنكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olenekianu" title="Olenekianu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Olenekianu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olenioki%C3%A0" title="Oleniokià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oleniokià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olenekium" title="Olenekium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Olenekium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olenekiense" title="Olenekiense – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Olenekiense" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olenekiar" title="Olenekiar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Olenekiar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اولنکین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اولنکین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol%C3%A9n%C3%A9kien" title="Olénékien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Olénékien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olenekiano" title="Olenekiano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Olenekiano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olenekium" title="Olenekium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Olenekium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olenekiano" title="Olenekiano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Olenekiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olenekium" title="Olenekium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Olenekium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olenyoki" title="Olenyoki – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Olenyoki" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olenekien" title="Olenekien – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Olenekien" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AC%E3%83%8D%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3" title="オレネキアン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オレネキアン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olenekium" title="Olenekium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Olenekium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olenek" title="Olenek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Olenek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olenequiano" title="Olenequiano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Olenequiano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Оленёкский ярус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оленёкский ярус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olenekij" title="Olenekij – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Olenekij" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%A7ng_Olenek" title="Tầng Olenek – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tầng Olenek" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E4%BC%A6%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E6%9C%9F" title="奥伦尼克期 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥伦尼克期" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q914322#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Olenekian&params=31.9653_N_78.0247_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°57′55″N</span> <span class="longitude">78°01′29″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.9653°N 78.0247°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.9653; 78.0247</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smithian_(regional_geological_stage)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithian (regional geological stage)">Smithian (regional geological stage)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Age in the Early Triassic epoch</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:23em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;background:rgb(176,81,165);"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:White">Olenekian</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">249.9 – 246.7 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:135.41846153846px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lange_Anna,_Helgoland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lange_Anna%2C_Helgoland.JPG/250px-Lange_Anna%2C_Helgoland.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lange_Anna%2C_Helgoland.JPG/375px-Lange_Anna%2C_Helgoland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lange_Anna%2C_Helgoland.JPG/500px-Lange_Anna%2C_Helgoland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2352" data-file-height="1568" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Olenekian <a href="/wiki/Buntsandstein" title="Buntsandstein">Buntsandstein</a> in <a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Chronology</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="font-size:14px"><table id="Container" role="presentation" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:none;margin:auto;overflow:hidden;min-width:25.490em"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:38em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:37.96em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−255 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:36.29em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:34.62em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−250 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:32.94em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:31.27em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−245 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:29.60em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.93em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−240 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:26.26em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.58em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−235 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.91em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:21.24em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−230 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.57em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.90em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−225 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.22em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:14.55em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−220 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.88em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:11.21em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−215 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.54em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:7.86em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−210 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.19em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:4.52em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−205 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.85em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:1.17em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−200 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:9.5em;height:38em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#000000"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(153,192,141);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.889em;height:2.111em;left:0.000em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:95%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.055em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1231500821">@supports(writing-mode:vertical-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-text{letter-spacing:-0.12em;line-height:1em;text-orientation:upright;writing-mode:vertical-lr;width:1em}}</style><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Pz</a></span></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(103,197,202);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:35.889em;left:0.000em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-17.945em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821" /><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a></span></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(240,64,40);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.889em;height:2.111em;left:1.140em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.055em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(129,43,146);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.111em;height:33.778em;left:1.140em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-16.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821" /><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic"><span style="color:white;">Triassic</span></a></span></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(52,178,201);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:2.111em;left:1.140em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.055em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(251,167,148);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.889em;height:2.111em;left:2.280em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.055em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821" /><span class="ts-vertical-text" style="color:;"><a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">LP</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(152,57,153);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:32.410em;height:3.479em;left:2.280em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:95%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.740em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821" /><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic"><span style="color:white;">ET</span></a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(177,104,177);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:25.922em;height:6.388em;left:2.280em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:95%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.194em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821" /><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic"><span style="color:white;">Middle</span></a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(189,140,195);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.111em;height:23.811em;left:2.280em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:95%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-11.906em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821" /><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic"><span style="color:white;">Late</span></a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(66,174,208);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:2.111em;left:2.280em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.055em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic"><span style="line-height:11px;display:block;color:white">E<br />J</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(252,192,178);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.889em;height:2.111em;left:3.420em;width:6.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.055em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Changhsingian" title="Changhsingian"><span style="color:">Changhsing.</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(176,81,165);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:32.410em;height:2.140em;left:3.420em;width:6.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.070em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white">Olenekian</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(164,70,159);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:34.550em;height:1.239em;left:3.420em;width:6.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.620em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Induan" title="Induan"><span style="color:white">Induan</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(188,117,183);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:28.908em;height:3.402em;left:3.420em;width:6.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.701em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Anisian" title="Anisian"><span style="color:white">Anisian</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(201,131,191);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:25.922em;height:2.986em;left:3.420em;width:6.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.493em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Ladinian" title="Ladinian"><span style="color:white">Ladinian</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(201,155,203);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:19.434em;height:6.488em;left:3.420em;width:6.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.244em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Carnian" title="Carnian"><span style="color:">Carnian</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(214,170,211);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:4.987em;height:14.347em;left:3.420em;width:6.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-7.174em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Norian" title="Norian"><span style="color:">Norian</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(227,185,219);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.111em;height:2.876em;left:3.420em;width:6.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.438em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Rhaetian" title="Rhaetian"><span style="color:">Rhaetian</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(78,179,211);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:2.111em;left:3.420em;width:6.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.055em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Hettangian" title="Hettangian"><span style="color:white">Hettangian</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:25.922em;height:0.033em;left:3.230em;width:6.270em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.017em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.889em;height:0.033em;left:0.000em;width:9.500em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.017em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.111em;height:0.067em;left:0.950em;width:8.550em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.033em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:38.000em;left:9.405em;width:0.095em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-19.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:10.090em;height:38em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:35.889em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.5em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:85%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian-Triassic extinction event</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:34.216em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:85%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Smithian–Spathian_boundary_event">Smithian–Spathian boundary event</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:23.915em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:85%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Carnian_pluvial_episode" title="Carnian pluvial episode">Carnian pluvial episode</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:31.942em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:85%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;">Full recovery of woody trees<sup id="cite_ref-McElwain2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McElwain2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:29.935em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:85%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0">Coals return<sup id="cite_ref-Retallack1996_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Retallack1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:27.928em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:85%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Scleractinia" title="Scleractinia">Scleractinian</a><br />corals & calcified sponges<sup id="cite_ref-Payne2004_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:2.111em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:85%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Triassic%E2%80%93Jurassic_extinction_event" title="Triassic–Jurassic extinction event">Triassic–Jurassic extinction event</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:11.475em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:85%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Manicouagan_Reservoir#Impact_crater" title="Manicouagan Reservoir">Manicouagan impact</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto;float:left;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:22.500em"><b>Subdivision of the Triassic according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>, as of 2024.</b><sup id="cite_ref-ICS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Vertical axis scale: <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Millions of years ago</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Etymology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Name formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Usage information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Celestial body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Earth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Regional usage</th><td class="infobox-data">Global (<a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time scale(s) used</th><td class="infobox-data">ICS Time Scale</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Definition</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Chronological unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Stratigraphic unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)" title="Stage (stratigraphy)">Stage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time span formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data">Not formally defined</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary definition candidates</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_appearance_datum" title="First appearance datum">FAD</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Conodont" title="Conodont">Conodont</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Neospathodus" title="Neospathodus">Neospathodus waageni</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary GSSP candidate section(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Mud (Muth) village, <a href="/wiki/Spiti_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiti valley">Spiti valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><sup id="cite_ref-GSSP_Web_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSSP_Web-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data">Not formally defined</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary definition candidates</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>FAD of the Conodont <i><a href="/wiki/Chiosella" title="Chiosella">Chiosella timorensis</a></i></li> <li>Base of <a href="/wiki/Chronozone" title="Chronozone">magnetic zone</a> MT1n</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary GSSP candidate section(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desli_Caira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desli Caira (page does not exist)">Desli Caira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Dobruja" title="Northern Dobruja">Northern Dobruja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guandao" title="Guandao">Guandao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Geologic_timescale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic timescale">geologic timescale</a>, the <b>Olenekian</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">age</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early Triassic</a> <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a>; in <a href="/wiki/Chronostratigraphy" title="Chronostratigraphy">chronostratigraphy</a>, it is a <a href="/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)" title="Stage (stratigraphy)">stage</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Triassic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Triassic">Lower Triassic</a> <a href="/wiki/Series_(stratigraphy)" title="Series (stratigraphy)">series</a>. It spans the time between 249.9 <a href="/wiki/Annum" class="mw-redirect" title="Annum">Ma</a> and 246.7 Ma (million years ago).<sup id="cite_ref-TimeScale_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimeScale-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Olenekian is sometimes divided into the <b>Smithian</b> and the <b>Spathian</b> subages or substages.<sup id="cite_ref-Tozer1965_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tozer1965-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Olenekian follows the <a href="/wiki/Induan" title="Induan">Induan</a> and is followed by the <a href="/wiki/Anisian" title="Anisian">Anisian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle Triassic</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-TimeScale_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimeScale-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Olenekian saw the deposition of a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Buntsandstein" title="Buntsandstein">Buntsandstein</a> in Europe. The Olenekian is roughly coeval with the regional Yongningzhenian Stage used in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stratigraphic_definitions">Stratigraphic definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olenekian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Stratigraphic definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Olenekian Stage was introduced into scientific literature by Russian stratigraphers in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stage is named after <a href="/wiki/Olen%C3%ABk" class="mw-redirect" title="Olenëk">Olenëk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. Before the subdivision in Olenekian and Induan became established, both stages formed the Scythian Stage, which has since disappeared from the official timescale. </p><p>The base of the Olenekian is at the lowest occurrence of the <a href="/wiki/Ammonoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonoids">ammonoids</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hedenstroemia" title="Hedenstroemia">Hedenstroemia</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Meekoceras_gracilitatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Meekoceras gracilitatis">Meekoceras gracilitatis</a></i>, and of the conodont <i><a href="/wiki/Neospathodus_waageni" class="mw-redirect" title="Neospathodus waageni">Neospathodus waageni</a></i>. It is defined as ending near the lowest occurrences of <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japonites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japonites (page does not exist)">Japonites</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradanubites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paradanubites (page does not exist)">Paradanubites</a></i>, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paracrochordiceras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paracrochordiceras (page does not exist)">Paracrochordiceras</a></i>; and of the <a href="/wiki/Conodont" title="Conodont">conodont</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Chiosella_timorensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiosella timorensis">Chiosella timorensis</a></i>. A <a href="/wiki/GSSP" class="mw-redirect" title="GSSP">GSSP</a> (global reference profile for the base) has not been established as of December 2020. </p><p>In the 1960s, English paleontologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_T._Tozer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward T. Tozer (page does not exist)">Edward T. Tozer</a> (sometimes collaborating with American geologist Norman J. Silberling) crafted Triassic timescales based on North American ammonoid zones, further refining it in the following decades. Tozer's nomenclature was largely derived from <a href="/wiki/Johann_August_Georg_Edmund_Mojsisovics_von_Mojsvar" title="Johann August Georg Edmund Mojsisovics von Mojsvar">Mojsisovics</a>'s work, who coined most of the Triassic stages and substages, but he redefined them using North American sites. He recommended the Lower Triassic series be divided into the Griesbachian, Dienerian, Smithian, and Spathian. The latter two roughly correspond with the Olenekian. Tozer's timescale became popular in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-Lucas2010_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucas2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He named the Smithian after Smith Creek on <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a>, Canada (the creek itself is named after geologist <a href="/wiki/James_Perrin_Smith" title="James Perrin Smith">J. P. Smith</a>). The Smithian is defined by the <i><a href="/wiki/Arctoceras" title="Arctoceras">Arctoceras bloomstrandi</a></i> ammonoid zone (contains <i>Euflemingites romunderi</i> and <i>Juvenites crassus</i>) and the overlying <i><a href="/wiki/Meekoceras" title="Meekoceras">Meekoceras gracilitatis</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wasatchites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wasatchites (page does not exist)">Wasatchites tardus</a></i> subzones. He named the Spathian after Spath Creek on Ellesmere Island (this creek is named after geologist <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Frank_Spath" title="Leonard Frank Spath">L. F. Spath</a>), and defined it by the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procolumbites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procolumbites (page does not exist)">Procolumbites subrobustus</a></i> ammonoid zone.<sup id="cite_ref-Tozer1965_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tozer1965-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Olenekian_life">Olenekian life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olenekian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Olenekian life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Olenekian_life" title="Category:Olenekian life">Category:Olenekian life</a></div> <p>Life was still recovering from the severe <a href="/wiki/End-Permian_mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="End-Permian mass extinction">end-Permian mass extinction</a>. During the Olenekian, the <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> changed from <a href="/wiki/Lycopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopod">lycopod</a> dominated (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Pleuromeia" title="Pleuromeia">Pleuromeia</a></i>) to <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pteridophyte" title="Pteridophyte">pteridophyte</a> dominated.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goudemand_et_al_2019_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goudemand_et_al_2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These vegetation changes are due to global changes in temperature and <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Conifers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gymnosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnosperms">gymnosperms</a>) were the dominant plants during most of the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a>. Among land vertebrates, the <a href="/wiki/Archosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Archosaurs">archosaurs</a> - a group of <a href="/wiki/Diapsid" title="Diapsid">diapsid</a> reptiles encompassing <a href="/wiki/Crocodiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodiles">crocodiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pterosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterosaurs">pterosaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosaurs">dinosaurs</a>, and ultimately <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a> - first evolved from <a href="/wiki/Archosauriformes" title="Archosauriformes">archosauriform</a> ancestors during the Olenekian. This group includes ferocious predators like <i><a href="/wiki/Erythrosuchus" title="Erythrosuchus">Erythrosuchus</a></i>. </p><p>In the oceans, <a href="/wiki/Microbialite" title="Microbialite">microbial reefs</a> were common during the Early Triassic, possibly due to lack of competition with <a href="/wiki/Metazoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Metazoan">metazoan</a> reef builders as a result of the extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, transient metazoan reefs reoccurred during the Olenekian wherever permitted by environmental conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ammonoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonoids">Ammonoids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conodonts" class="mw-redirect" title="Conodonts">conodonts</a> diversified, but both suffered losses during the Smithian-Spathian boundary extinction (see below)<sup id="cite_ref-Smithian-Spathian_boundary_event_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithian-Spathian_boundary_event-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the end of the Smithian subage. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ray-finned_fishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray-finned fishes">Ray-finned fishes</a> largely remained unaffected by the Permian-Triassic extinction event. <a href="/wiki/Coelacanth" title="Coelacanth">Coelacanths</a> show their highest post-<a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> diversity during the Early Triassic.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many fish genera show a <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">cosmopolitan distribution</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Induan" title="Induan">Induan</a> and Olenekian, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Australosomus" title="Australosomus">Australosomus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Birgeria" title="Birgeria">Birgeria</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Parasemionotus" title="Parasemionotus">Parasemionotidae</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pteronisculus" title="Pteronisculus">Pteronisculus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Boreosomus" title="Boreosomus">Ptycholepidae</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Saurichthys" title="Saurichthys">Saurichthys</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Whiteia" title="Whiteia">Whiteia</a></i>. This is well exemplified in the <a href="/wiki/Induan" title="Induan">Griesbachian</a> (early <a href="/wiki/Induan" title="Induan">Induan</a>) aged fish assemblages of the <a href="/wiki/Wordie_Creek_Formation" title="Wordie Creek Formation">Wordie Creek Formation</a> (East <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Stensiö1932_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stensiö1932-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen1936_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen1936-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Induan" title="Induan">Dienerian</a> (late <a href="/wiki/Induan" title="Induan">Induan</a>) aged assemblages of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Sakamena_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Sakamena Formation (page does not exist)">Middle Sakamena Formation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Candelaria_Formation,_Nevada" title="Candelaria Formation, Nevada">Candelaria Formation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, United States),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikin_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikin Formation (page does not exist)">Mikin Formation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, India),<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Daye_Formation" title="Daye Formation">Daye Formation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>, China),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Smithian aged assemblages of the <a href="/wiki/Vikingh%C3%B8gda_Formation" title="Vikinghøgda Formation">Vikinghøgda Formation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a>, Norway),<sup id="cite_ref-Stensiö1921_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stensiö1921-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Thaynes_Group" title="Thaynes Group">Thaynes Group</a> (western <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Romano2017_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romano2017-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helongshan_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helongshan Formation (page does not exist)">Helongshan Formation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>, China),<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several Early Triassic layers of the <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_Mountain_Formation" title="Sulphur Mountain Formation">Sulphur Mountain Formation</a> (western <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ray-finned fishes diversified after the mass extinction and reached peak diversity during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle Triassic</a>. This diversification is, however, obscured by a <a href="/wiki/Megabias" title="Megabias">taphonomic megabias</a> (Spathian-Bithynian Gap, SBG)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the late Olenekian and early middle <a href="/wiki/Anisian" title="Anisian">Anisian</a>. The earliest large durophagous neopterygian is known from the SBG, suggesting an early onset of the Triassic actinopterygian revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Olenekian <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">chondrichthyan</a> fishes include <a href="/wiki/Hybodontiformes" title="Hybodontiformes">hybodonts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoselachii" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoselachii">neoselachians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Stensiö1921_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stensiö1921-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also a few surviving lineages of <a href="/wiki/Eugeneodontida" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugeneodontida">eugeneodontid</a> <a href="/wiki/Holocephali" title="Holocephali">holocephalians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a mainly Palaeozoic group that went <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> during the Early Triassic. </p><p>Marine <a href="/wiki/Temnospondyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Temnospondyl">temnospondyl</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphibians" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibians">amphibians</a>, such as the superficially crocodile-shaped <a href="/wiki/Trematosauridae" title="Trematosauridae">trematosaurids</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Aphaneramma" title="Aphaneramma">Aphaneramma</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Wantzosaurus" title="Wantzosaurus">Wantzosaurus</a></i>, show wide geographic ranges during the <a href="/wiki/Induan" title="Induan">Induan</a> and Olenekian ages. Their fossils are found in <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheyer_et_al_2014_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheyer_et_al_2014-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Trematosaurus" title="Trematosaurus">Trematosaurus</a></i>, inhabited freshwater environments and were less widespread. </p><p>The first marine reptiles appeared during the Olenekian.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheyer_et_al_2014_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheyer_et_al_2014-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hupehsuchia" title="Hupehsuchia">Hupehsuchia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ichthyopterygia" title="Ichthyopterygia">Ichthyopterygia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sauropterygia" title="Sauropterygia">Sauropterygia</a> are among the first marine reptiles to enter the scene (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Cartorhynchus" title="Cartorhynchus">Cartorhynchus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chaohusaurus" title="Chaohusaurus">Chaohusaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Utatsusaurus" title="Utatsusaurus">Utatsusaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hupehsuchus" title="Hupehsuchus">Hupehsuchus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Grippia" title="Grippia">Grippia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Omphalosaurus" title="Omphalosaurus">Omphalosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Corosaurus" title="Corosaurus">Corosaurus</a></i>). Sauropterygians and ichthyosaurs ruled the oceans during the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">Era</a>. </p><p>An example of an exceptionally diverse Early Triassic assemblage is the <a href="/wiki/Paris_biota" title="Paris biota">Paris biota</a>, fossils of which were discovered near <a href="/wiki/Paris,_Idaho" title="Paris, Idaho">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a><sup id="cite_ref-Brayard2017_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brayard2017-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other nearby sites in Idaho and <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2021_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2021-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Paris Biota was deposited in the wake of the SSBM and it features at least 7 <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a> and 20 distinct <a href="/wiki/Metazoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Metazoan">metazoan</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_(taxonomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order (taxonomy)">orders</a>, including leptomitid <a href="/wiki/Protomonaxonida" title="Protomonaxonida">protomonaxonid</a> <a href="/wiki/Sponges" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponges">sponges</a> (previously only known from the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a>), <a href="/wiki/Thylacocephala" title="Thylacocephala">thylacocephalans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crustacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Crustacea">crustaceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nautiloid" title="Nautiloid">nautiloids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonoids">ammonoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coleoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleoid">coleoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ophiuroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophiuroid">ophiuroids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crinoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Crinoidea">crinoids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vertebrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrata">vertebrates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such diverse assemblages show that organisms diversified wherever and whenever climatic and environmental conditions ameliorated. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left 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img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pleuromeia_restoration.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Life restoration of Pleuromeia, a genus of lycophyte that was globally abundant during the Olenekinian"><img alt="Life restoration of Pleuromeia, a genus of lycophyte that was globally abundant during the Olenekinian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pleuromeia_restoration.png/49px-Pleuromeia_restoration.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pleuromeia_restoration.png/74px-Pleuromeia_restoration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pleuromeia_restoration.png/99px-Pleuromeia_restoration.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="1804" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Life restoration of <i><a href="/wiki/Pleuromeia" title="Pleuromeia">Pleuromeia</a></i>, a genus of lycophyte that was globally abundant during the Olenekinian</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Birgeria_americana_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skull of the ray-finned fish Birgeria americana"><img alt="Skull of the ray-finned fish Birgeria americana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Birgeria_americana_white_background.jpg/180px-Birgeria_americana_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Birgeria_americana_white_background.jpg/270px-Birgeria_americana_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Birgeria_americana_white_background.jpg/360px-Birgeria_americana_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6504" data-file-height="3400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skull of the <a href="/wiki/Ray-finned_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray-finned fish">ray-finned fish</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Birgeria" title="Birgeria">Birgeria</a> americana</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trematosaurus_brauni.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Skull of the temnospondyl amphibian Trematosaurus brauni"><img alt="Skull of the temnospondyl amphibian Trematosaurus brauni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Trematosaurus_brauni.JPG/180px-Trematosaurus_brauni.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Trematosaurus_brauni.JPG/270px-Trematosaurus_brauni.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Trematosaurus_brauni.JPG/360px-Trematosaurus_brauni.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skull of the <a href="/wiki/Temnospondyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Temnospondyl">temnospondyl</a> amphibian <i><a href="/wiki/Trematosaurus" title="Trematosaurus">Trematosaurus</a> brauni</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erythrosuchus_africanus_34.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skull of the archosauriform reptile Erythrosuchus africanus"><img alt="Skull of the archosauriform reptile Erythrosuchus africanus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Erythrosuchus_africanus_34.jpg/180px-Erythrosuchus_africanus_34.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Erythrosuchus_africanus_34.jpg/270px-Erythrosuchus_africanus_34.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Erythrosuchus_africanus_34.jpg/360px-Erythrosuchus_africanus_34.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skull of the <a href="/wiki/Archosauriform" class="mw-redirect" title="Archosauriform">archosauriform</a> reptile <i><a href="/wiki/Erythrosuchus" title="Erythrosuchus">Erythrosuchus</a> africanus</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaohusaurus_AGM_CH-628-22.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Marine ichthyosauromorph reptile Chaohusaurus"><img alt="Marine ichthyosauromorph reptile Chaohusaurus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chaohusaurus_AGM_CH-628-22.png/180px-Chaohusaurus_AGM_CH-628-22.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chaohusaurus_AGM_CH-628-22.png/270px-Chaohusaurus_AGM_CH-628-22.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chaohusaurus_AGM_CH-628-22.png/360px-Chaohusaurus_AGM_CH-628-22.png 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="612" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Marine <a href="/wiki/Ichthyosauromorpha" title="Ichthyosauromorpha">ichthyosauromorph</a> reptile <i><a href="/wiki/Chaohusaurus" title="Chaohusaurus">Chaohusaurus</a></i></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smithian–Spathian_boundary_event"><span id="Smithian.E2.80.93Spathian_boundary_event"></span>Smithian–Spathian boundary event</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olenekian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Smithian–Spathian boundary event"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triassic_marine_vertebrate_apex_predators.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Triassic_marine_vertebrate_apex_predators.png/220px-Triassic_marine_vertebrate_apex_predators.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Triassic_marine_vertebrate_apex_predators.png/330px-Triassic_marine_vertebrate_apex_predators.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Triassic_marine_vertebrate_apex_predators.png/440px-Triassic_marine_vertebrate_apex_predators.png 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="773" /></a><figcaption>Early Triassic and Anisian marine predators:<sup id="cite_ref-Scheyer_et_al_2014_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheyer_et_al_2014-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1. <i><a href="/wiki/Wantzosaurus" title="Wantzosaurus">Wantzosaurus</a></i>, 2. <i><a href="/wiki/Fadenia" title="Fadenia">Fadenia</a></i>, 3. <i><a href="/wiki/Saurichthys" title="Saurichthys">Saurichthys</a></i>, 4. <i><a href="/wiki/Rebellatrix" title="Rebellatrix">Rebellatrix</a></i>, 5. <i><a href="/wiki/Hovasaurus" title="Hovasaurus">Hovasaurus</a></i>, 6. <i><a href="/wiki/Birgeria" title="Birgeria">Birgeria</a></i>, 7. <i><a href="/wiki/Aphaneramma" title="Aphaneramma">Aphaneramma</a></i>, 8. <i><a href="/wiki/Bobasatrania" title="Bobasatrania">Bobasatrania</a></i>, 9. <a href="/wiki/Hybodontiformes" title="Hybodontiformes">Hybodontiformes</a>, 10. <i><a href="/wiki/Mylacanthus" title="Mylacanthus">Mylacanthus</a></i>, 11. <i><a href="/wiki/Tanystropheus" title="Tanystropheus">Tanystropheus</a></i>, 12. <i><a href="/wiki/Corosaurus" title="Corosaurus">Corosaurus</a></i>, 13. <i><a href="/wiki/Ticinepomis" title="Ticinepomis">Ticinepomis</a></i>, 14. <i><a href="/wiki/Mixosaurus" title="Mixosaurus">Mixosaurus</a></i>, 15. <a href="/wiki/Cymbospondylidae" title="Cymbospondylidae">Cymbospondylidae</a>, 16. <a href="/wiki/Neoselachii" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoselachii">Neoselachii</a>, 17. <i><a href="/wiki/Omphalosaurus" title="Omphalosaurus">Omphalosaurus</a></i> skeleton, 18. <i><a href="/wiki/Placodus" title="Placodus">Placodus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>An important <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">extinction event</a> occurred during the Olenekian age of the Early Triassic, near the subage boundary between the Smithian and <a href="/wiki/Spathian" class="mw-redirect" title="Spathian">Spathian</a>. The main victims of this <b>Smithian–Spathian boundary event</b>, often called the <b>Smithian–Spathian extinction</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were the <a href="/wiki/Palaeozoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeozoic">Palaeozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Disaster_taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaster taxa">disaster taxa</a> that survived the <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a> and flourished in the newly vacated <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">niches</a> during immediate aftermath of the Great Death;<sup id="cite_ref-SunEtAl2015PPP_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SunEtAl2015PPP-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ammonoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonoid">ammonoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conodont" title="Conodont">conodonts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiolarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiolarian">radiolarians</a> in particular suffered drastic biodiversity losses,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SunEtAl2015PPP_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SunEtAl2015PPP-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is accentuated, among others, by the <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">cosmopolitan distribution</a> of the ammonoid <i><a href="/wiki/Anasibirites" title="Anasibirites">Anasibirites</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brayard2006_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brayard2006-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marine_reptile" title="Marine reptile">Marine reptiles</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ichthyopterygia" title="Ichthyopterygia">ichthyopterygians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sauropterygia" title="Sauropterygia">sauropterygians</a>, diversified after the extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheyer_et_al_2014_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheyer_et_al_2014-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> was also affected significantly, changing from <a href="/wiki/Lycopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopod">lycopod</a>-dominated (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Pleuromeia" title="Pleuromeia">Pleuromeia</a></i>) during the <a href="/wiki/Induan" title="Induan">Dienerian</a> and Smithian subages to <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperm</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Pteridophyte" title="Pteridophyte">pteridophyte</a>-dominated in the Spathian.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goudemand_et_al_2019_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goudemand_et_al_2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These vegetation changes are due to global changes in temperature and <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Conifers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gymnosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnosperms">gymnosperms</a>) were the dominant plants during most of the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a>. Until recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the existence of this extinction event about 249.4 Ma ago<sup id="cite_ref-Widmann2020_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widmann2020-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was not recognised.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Smithian–Spathian boundary extinction was linked to late eruptions of the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Traps" title="Siberian Traps">Siberian Traps</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which released warming <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>, resulting in global warming<sup id="cite_ref-Romano_et_al_2012_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romano_et_al_2012-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in acidification, both on land<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large spike in <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> concentrations relative to total organic carbon, much like during the Permian-Triassic extinction, has been suggested as another contributor to the extinction,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this is controversial and has been disputed by other research that suggests elevated mercury levels already existed by the middle Smithian.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the Smithian-Spathian Boundary extinction event, a flat <a href="/wiki/Latitudinal_gradients_in_species_diversity" title="Latitudinal gradients in species diversity">gradient of latitudinal species richness</a> is observed, suggesting that warmer temperatures extended into higher <a href="/wiki/Latitudes" class="mw-redirect" title="Latitudes">latitudes</a>, allowing extension of geographic ranges of species adapted to warmer temperatures, and displacement or extinctions of species adapted to cooler temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Brayard2006_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brayard2006-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen isotope">Oxygen isotope</a> studies on conodonts have revealed that temperatures rose in the first 2 million years of the Triassic, ultimately reaching <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperatures</a> of up to 40 °C (104 °F) in the tropics during the Smithian.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extinction itself occurred during a subsequent drop in global temperatures (ca. 8°C over a geologically short period) in the latest Smithian; however, temperature alone cannot account for the Smithian-Spathian boundary extinction, because several factors were at play.<sup id="cite_ref-Goudemand_et_al_2019_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goudemand_et_al_2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Widmann2020_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widmann2020-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative explanation for the extinction event hypothesises the biotic crisis took place not at the Smithian-Spathian boundary but shortly before, during the Late Smithian Thermal Maximum (LSTM), with the Smithian-Spathian boundary itself being associated with cessation of intrusive magmatic activity of the Siberian Traps,<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangBiogeosciences_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangBiogeosciences-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with significant global cooling,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which a gradual biotic recovery took place over the early and middle Spathian,<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangBiogeosciences_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangBiogeosciences-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with a decline in continental weathering<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a rejuvenation of ocean circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the ocean, many large and mobile species moved away from the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a>, but large fish remained,<sup id="cite_ref-Romano2017_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romano2017-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and amongst the immobile species such as <a href="/wiki/Molluscs" class="mw-redirect" title="Molluscs">molluscs</a>, only the ones that could cope with the heat survived; half the <a href="/wiki/Bivalves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalves">bivalves</a> disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conodonts decreased in average size as a result of the extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen2019_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen2019-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On land, the tropics were nearly devoid of life,<sup id="cite_ref-Sun_et_al_2012_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sun_et_al_2012-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with exceptionally arid conditions recorded in Iberia and other parts of Europe then at low latitude.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many big, active <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> returned to the tropics, and plants recolonised on land, only when temperatures returned to normal. </p><p>There is evidence that life had recovered rapidly, at least locally. This is indicated by sites that show exceptionally high biodiversity (e.g. the earliest Spathian <a href="/wiki/Paris_Biota" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Biota">Paris Biota</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Brayard2017_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brayard2017-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith2021_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2021-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which suggest that <a href="/wiki/Food_webs" class="mw-redirect" title="Food webs">food webs</a> were complex and comprised several <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic levels</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_formations">Notable formations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olenekian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notable formations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Buntsandstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Buntsandstein">Middle Buntsandstein</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jialingjiang_Formation" title="Jialingjiang Formation">Jialingjiang Formation</a> (South China)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanlinghu_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanlinghu Formation (page does not exist)">Nanlinghu Formation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>, China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulphur_Mountain_Formation" title="Sulphur Mountain Formation">Sulphur Mountain Formation</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaynes_Group" title="Thaynes Group">Thaynes Group</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thaynes_Limestone" title="Thaynes Limestone">Limestone</a> (western USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Formation" title="Virgin Formation">Virgin Formation</a> (Utah, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikingh%C3%B8gda_Formation" title="Vikinghøgda Formation">Vikinghøgda Formation</a> (Lusitaniadalen and Vendomdalen members) (<a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>, Norway)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olenekian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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M.; Wignall, P. B.; Yan, C.; Chen, Y.; Jiang, H.; Wang, L.; Lai, X. (18 October 2012). "Lethally Hot Temperatures During the Early Triassic Greenhouse". <i>Science</i>. <b>338</b> (6105): <span class="nowrap">366–</span>370. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...338..366S">2012Sci...338..366S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1224126">10.1126/science.1224126</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23087244">23087244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Lethally+Hot+Temperatures+During+the+Early+Triassic+Greenhouse&rft.volume=338&rft.issue=6105&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E366-%3C%2Fspan%3E370&rft.date=2012-10-18&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23087244&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1224126&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Sci...338..366S&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Joachimski%2C+M.+M.&rft.au=Wignall%2C+P.+B.&rft.au=Yan%2C+C.&rft.au=Chen%2C+Y.&rft.au=Jiang%2C+H.&rft.au=Wang%2C+L.&rft.au=Lai%2C+X.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlenekian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLloretDe_la_HoraGretterBorruel-Abadía2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lloret, Joan; De la Hora, Raúl; Gretter, Nicola; Borruel-Abadía, Violeta; Barrenechea, José F.; Ronchi, Ausonio; Diez, José B.; Arche, Alfredo; López-Gómez, José (September 2020). "Gradual changes in the Olenekian-Anisian continental record and biotic implications in the Central-Eastern Pyrenean basin, NE Spain". <i>Global and Planetary Change</i>. <b>192</b>: 103252. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020GPC...19203252L">2020GPC...19203252L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gloplacha.2020.103252">10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+and+Planetary+Change&rft.atitle=Gradual+changes+in+the+Olenekian-Anisian+continental+record+and+biotic+implications+in+the+Central-Eastern+Pyrenean+basin%2C+NE+Spain&rft.volume=192&rft.pages=103252&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gloplacha.2020.103252&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020GPC...19203252L&rft.aulast=Lloret&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft.au=De+la+Hora%2C+Ra%C3%BAl&rft.au=Gretter%2C+Nicola&rft.au=Borruel-Abad%C3%ADa%2C+Violeta&rft.au=Barrenechea%2C+Jos%C3%A9+F.&rft.au=Ronchi%2C+Ausonio&rft.au=Diez%2C+Jos%C3%A9+B.&rft.au=Arche%2C+Alfredo&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-G%C3%B3mez%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlenekian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olenekian&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrackRieberNicoraMundil2005" class="citation journal cs1">Brack, Peter; Rieber, Hans; Nicora, Alda; Mundil, Roland (1 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2005%2Fv28i4%2F001">"The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino (Southern Alps, Northern Italy) and its implications for the Triassic time scale"</a>. <i>Episodes</i>. <b>28</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">233–</span>244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2005%2Fv28i4%2F001">10.18814/epiiugs/2005/v28i4/001</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episodes&rft.atitle=The+Global+boundary+Stratotype+Section+and+Point+%28GSSP%29+of+the+Ladinian+Stage+%28Middle+Triassic%29+at+Bagolino+%28Southern+Alps%2C+Northern+Italy%29+and+its+implications+for+the+Triassic+time+scale&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.date=2005-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2005%2Fv28i4%2F001&rft.aulast=Brack&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Rieber%2C+Hans&rft.au=Nicora%2C+Alda&rft.au=Mundil%2C+Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18814%252Fepiiugs%252F2005%252Fv28i4%252F001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlenekian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.</span>; <b>2004</b>: <i>A Geologic Time Scale 2004</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><span class="smallcaps">Kiparisova, L.D. & Popov, J.N.</span>; <b>1956</b>: <i>Расчленение нижнего отдела триасовой системы на ярусы (Subdivision of the lower series of the Triassic System into stages)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Doklady_Akademii_Nauk_SSSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR">Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR</a> <b>109</b>(4), pp 842–845 <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olenekian&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/bak/geowhen/stages/Olenekian.html">GeoWhen Database - Olenekian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu/charts/Timeslices/8_Lower_Triassic.pdf">Lower Triassic timescale</a> at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060518101406/http://norges.uio.no/timescale/Fig16.1_Tri_colB.pdf">Lower Triassic timescale</a> at the website of Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0;border: none;;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 2px 2px 2px; border-color:rgb(129,43,146); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Lower/Early Triassic</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 2px 2px 2px; border-color:rgb(129,43,146); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle Triassic</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 2px 2px 2px; border-color:rgb(129,43,146); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Upper/Late Triassic</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(129,43,146); text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Induan" title="Induan">Induan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Olenekian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(129,43,146); text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisian" title="Anisian">Anisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladinian" title="Ladinian">Ladinian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(129,43,146); text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnian" title="Carnian">Carnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norian" title="Norian">Norian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhaetian" title="Rhaetian">Rhaetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geological_history_of_Earth1258" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template talk:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geological_history_of_Earth1258" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(present–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary <span class="nobold">(present–2.58 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene (present–11.7 ka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene <span class="nobold">(2.58–23.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene <span class="nobold">(23.0–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(66.0–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous <span class="nobold">(66.0–145 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late (66.0–100 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early (100–145 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic <span class="nobold">(145–201 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late (145–164 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle (164–174 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early (174–201 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic <span class="nobold">(201–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late (201–237 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle (237–247 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early (247–252 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(252–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian <span class="nobold">(252–299 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">Lopingian (252–260 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous <span class="nobold">(299–359 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_(geology)" title="Mississippian (geology)">Mississippian (323–359 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian <span class="nobold">(359–419 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Late (359–383 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Devonian" title="Middle Devonian">Middle (383–393 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Devonian" title="Early Devonian">Early (393–419 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian <span class="nobold">(419–444 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pridoli_Epoch" title="Pridoli Epoch">Pridoli (419–423 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Epoch" title="Ludlow Epoch">Ludlow (423–427 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Epoch" title="Wenlock Epoch">Wenlock (427–433 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llandovery_Epoch" title="Llandovery Epoch">Llandovery (433–444 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician <span class="nobold">(444–485 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician" title="Late Ordovician">Late (444–458 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ordovician" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ordovician">Middle (458–470 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Ordovician" title="Early Ordovician">Early (470–485 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian <span class="nobold">(485–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">Furongian (485–497 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaolingian" title="Miaolingian">Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Series_2" title="Cambrian Series 2">Series 2 (509–521 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terreneuvian" title="Terreneuvian">Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic Eon<br /><span class="nobold">(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(539 Ma–1 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonian" title="Tonian">Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1–1.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenian" title="Stenian">Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectasian" title="Ectasian">Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calymmian" title="Calymmian">Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1.6–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statherian" title="Statherian">Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosirian" title="Orosirian">Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyacian" title="Rhyacian">Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderian" title="Siderian">Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean Eon <span class="nobold">(2.5–4 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoarchean" title="Neoarchean">Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoarchean" title="Paleoarchean">Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoarchean" title="Eoarchean">Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean Eon <span class="nobold">(4–4.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">ka</a> = kiloannum (thousand years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a> = megaannum (million years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ga</a> = gigaannum (billion years ago).<br /> <i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a>  •  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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