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<li id="toc-Military_doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Military doctrine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sniper_teams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sniper_teams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Sniper teams </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sniper_teams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Law enforcement applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longest_recorded_sniper_kill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longest_recorded_sniper_kill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Longest recorded sniper kill </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longest_recorded_sniper_kill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Military history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Military history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Military_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1701–1800" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1701–1800"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 1701–1800 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1701–1800-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1801–1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1801–1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 1801–1900 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1801–1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Boer_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Boer_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Second Boer War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Boer_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Training </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Training-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Training subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accuracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accuracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Accuracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accuracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 U.S. military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Russian Army </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Targeting,_tactics,_and_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Targeting,_tactics,_and_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Targeting, tactics, and techniques </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Targeting,_tactics,_and_techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Targeting, tactics, and techniques subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Targeting,_tactics,_and_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Range_finding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range_finding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Range finding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Range_finding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hide_sites_and_hiding_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hide_sites_and_hiding_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Hide sites and hiding techniques </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hide_sites_and_hiding_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shot_placement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shot_placement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Shot placement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shot_placement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Target_acquisition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_acquisition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Target acquisition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_acquisition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relocating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relocating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Relocating </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relocating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_masking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_masking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Sound masking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_masking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Psychological warfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counter-sniper_tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counter-sniper_tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Counter-sniper tactics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counter-sniper_tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irregular_and_asymmetric_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irregular_and_asymmetric_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Irregular and asymmetric warfare </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Irregular_and_asymmetric_warfare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Irregular and asymmetric warfare subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Irregular_and_asymmetric_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_in_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 War in Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_Spring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_Spring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Arab Spring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_Spring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_military_marksmen_and_snipers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_military_marksmen_and_snipers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notable military marksmen and snipers </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_military_marksmen_and_snipers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable military marksmen and snipers subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_military_marksmen_and_snipers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 17th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 18th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sniper</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" > 73 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5" title="قناص – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قناص" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francotirador" title="Francotirador – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Francotirador" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snayper" title="Snayper – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Snayper" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="স্নাইপার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্নাইপার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Снайпер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Снайпер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Снайпэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Снайпэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Снайперист – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Снайперист" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniper" title="Sniper – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sniper" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franctirador" title="Franctirador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Franctirador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odst%C5%99elova%C4%8D" title="Odstřelovač – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Odstřelovač" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finskytte" title="Finskytte – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Finskytte" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scharfsch%C3%BCtze" title="Scharfschütze – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Scharfschütze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snaiper" title="Snaiper – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Snaiper" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Ελεύθερος σκοπευτής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελεύθερος σκοπευτής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francotirador" title="Francotirador – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francotirador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%9Dpafisto" title="Kaŝpafisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kaŝpafisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankotiratzaile" title="Frankotiratzaile – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frankotiratzaile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="تک‌تیرانداز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تک‌تیرانداز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniper" title="Sniper – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sniper" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%BBpskutter" title="Slûpskutter – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Slûpskutter" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snaidhpear" title="Snaidhpear – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Snaidhpear" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francotirador" title="Francotirador – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Francotirador" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%80%EA%B2%A9%EC%88%98" title="저격수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="저격수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Դիպուկահար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դիպուկահար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0" title="स्नाइपर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्नाइपर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snajperist" title="Snajperist – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Snajperist" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel-pafisto" title="Cel-pafisto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cel-pafisto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penembak_runduk" title="Penembak runduk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penembak runduk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiratore_scelto" title="Tiratore scelto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tiratore scelto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%A3_(%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99)" title="צלף (ירי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צלף (ירי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniper" title="Sniper – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sniper" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C" title="ಸ್ನೈಪರ್‌‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ನೈಪರ್‌‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="სნაიპერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სნაიპერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мерген – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мерген" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AE%C5%9Fanbaz" title="Nîşanbaz – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nîşanbaz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Снайпер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Снайпер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snaiperis" title="Snaiperis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Snaiperis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snaiperis" title="Snaiperis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Snaiperis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecchin" title="Cecchin – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cecchin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesterl%C3%B6v%C3%A9sz" title="Mesterlövész – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mesterlövész" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BC" title="സ്നൈപ്പർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്നൈപ്പർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%83%D1%87" title="Мэргэн бууч – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мэргэн бууч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluipschutter" title="Sluipschutter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sluipschutter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%99%E6%92%83%E6%89%8B" title="狙撃手 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="狙撃手" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE" title="Иччархо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Иччархо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarpskytter" title="Skarpskytter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skarpskytter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarpskyttar" title="Skarpskyttar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skarpskyttar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiraire_emboscat" title="Tiraire emboscat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tiraire emboscat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snayper" title="Snayper – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Snayper" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80" title="ਨਿਸ਼ਾਨਚੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿਸ਼ਾਨਚੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strzelec_wyborowy" title="Strzelec wyborowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Strzelec wyborowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atirador_especial" title="Atirador especial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Atirador especial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunetist" title="Lunetist – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lunetist" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Снайпер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Снайпер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snajperisti" title="Snajperisti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Snajperisti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniper" title="Sniper – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sniper" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odstre%C4%BEova%C4%8D" title="Odstreľovač – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Odstreľovač" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrostrelec" title="Ostrostrelec – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ostrostrelec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8E%D9%86" title="نیشانەشکێن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیشانەشکێن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snajper" title="Snajper – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Snajper" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snajper" title="Snajper – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Snajper" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkka-ampuja" title="Tarkka-ampuja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tarkka-ampuja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prickskytt" title="Prickskytt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Prickskytt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="குறிசுடுநர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குறிசுடுநர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B3%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Мәргән – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мәргән" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="พลซุ่มยิง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พลซุ่มยิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Тактирандоз – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тактирандоз" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskin_ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1" title="Keskin nişancı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Keskin nişancı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Снайпер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Снайпер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%E1%BA%A1_th%E1%BB%A7_b%E1%BA%AFn_t%E1%BB%89a" title="Xạ thủ bắn tỉa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xạ thủ bắn tỉa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%99%E5%87%BB%E6%89%8B" title="狙击手 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="狙击手" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%99%E6%93%8A%E6%89%8B" title="狙擊手 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="狙擊手" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%99%E6%93%8A%E6%89%8B" title="狙擊手 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="狙擊手" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q201948#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Highly trained marksman</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the type of firearm, see <a href="/wiki/Sniper_rifle" title="Sniper rifle">Sniper rifle</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sniper_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sniper (disambiguation)">Sniper (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Sniper</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:British_and_French_Snipers_ln_camouflage_Ghillie_suits_during_Ex_Boars_Head_(edited,_background_changed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/British_and_French_Snipers_ln_camouflage_Ghillie_suits_during_Ex_Boars_Head_%28edited%2C_background_changed.jpg/220px-British_and_French_Snipers_ln_camouflage_Ghillie_suits_during_Ex_Boars_Head_%28edited%2C_background_changed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/British_and_French_Snipers_ln_camouflage_Ghillie_suits_during_Ex_Boars_Head_%28edited%2C_background_changed.jpg/330px-British_and_French_Snipers_ln_camouflage_Ghillie_suits_during_Ex_Boars_Head_%28edited%2C_background_changed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/British_and_French_Snipers_ln_camouflage_Ghillie_suits_during_Ex_Boars_Head_%28edited%2C_background_changed.jpg/440px-British_and_French_Snipers_ln_camouflage_Ghillie_suits_during_Ex_Boars_Head_%28edited%2C_background_changed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3214" data-file-height="2357" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">French and British (center) snipers equipped with <a href="/wiki/FR_F2" class="mw-redirect" title="FR F2">FR F2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accuracy_International_AWM" title="Accuracy International AWM">Accuracy International AWM</a> and <a href="/wiki/PGM_H%C3%A9cate_II" title="PGM Hécate II">PGM Hécate II</a> rifles (left to right, 2012) and camouflage <a href="/wiki/Ghillie_suit" title="Ghillie suit">Ghillie suits</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Military / <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Use of <a href="/wiki/Sniper_rifle" title="Sniper rifle">high-precision rifles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Special_reconnaissance" title="Special reconnaissance">special reconnaissance</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%89%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C_1942_%D0%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%89%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C_1942_%D0%B3.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%89%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C_1942_%D0%B3.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%89%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C_1942_%D0%B3.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zaitsev_(sniper)" title="Vasily Zaitsev (sniper)">Vasily Zaytsev</a>, left, and other <a href="/wiki/Snipers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Snipers of the Soviet Union">Soviet snipers</a> equipped with <a href="/wiki/Mosin%E2%80%93Nagant#Russia/USSR" title="Mosin–Nagant">Mosin–Nagant M1891/30</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> in December 1942</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IDF-Barak-338-rifle-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/IDF-Barak-338-rifle-001.jpg/220px-IDF-Barak-338-rifle-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/IDF-Barak-338-rifle-001.jpg/330px-IDF-Barak-338-rifle-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/IDF-Barak-338-rifle-001.jpg/440px-IDF-Barak-338-rifle-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3507" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption>A modern sniper <a href="/wiki/Weapon_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapon system">weapon system</a> which consists of a <a href="/wiki/Sniper_rifle" title="Sniper rifle">sniper rifle</a> (here <a href="/wiki/H-S_Precision_Pro_Series_2000_HTR" title="H-S Precision Pro Series 2000 HTR">Barak HTR 2000</a> chambered in <a href="/wiki/.338_Lapua_Magnum" title=".338 Lapua Magnum">.338 Lapua Magnum</a>), <a href="/wiki/Telescopic_sight" title="Telescopic sight">telescopic sight</a> (Leupold Mark IV x10), and additional optics</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">outline</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:War,_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers,_artist._LCCN91480633_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">Standing army</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Specialties:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifleman" title="Rifleman">Rifleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Comms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">Commissar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Land units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanized_infantry" title="Mechanized infantry">Mechanized</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Naval units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Air units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Combat systems:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Historical:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Development:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">foreign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">Foreign expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit" title="Penal military unit">Penal military unit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_Warfare" title="Unrestricted Warfare">Unrestricted Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">Foot drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> A sniper is a <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Marksman" title="Marksman">marksman</a> who <a href="/wiki/Engagement_(military)" title="Engagement (military)">engages</a> targets from positions of concealment or at distances exceeding the target's detection capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Snipers generally have specialized training and are equipped with telescopic sights. Modern snipers use <a href="/wiki/Sniper_rifle" title="Sniper rifle">high-precision rifles</a> and high-magnification <a href="/wiki/Telescopic_sight" title="Telescopic sight">optics</a>. They often also serve as <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">scouts</a>/<a href="/wiki/Forward_observer" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward observer">observers</a> feeding tactical information back to their units or command headquarters. In addition to <a href="/wiki/Long_range_shooting" title="Long range shooting">long-range</a> and high-grade marksmanship, military snipers are trained in a variety of <a href="/wiki/Special_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Special operation">special operation</a> techniques: detection, stalking, target range estimation methods, <a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">camouflage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tracking_(hunting)" title="Tracking (hunting)">tracking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bushcraft" title="Bushcraft">bushcraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_craft" class="mw-redirect" title="Field craft">field craft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_tactics" title="Infiltration tactics">infiltration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_reconnaissance" title="Special reconnaissance">special reconnaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">observation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Target_acquisition" title="Target acquisition">target acquisition</a>. Snipers need to have complete control of their bodies and senses in order to be effective. They also need to have the skill set to use data from their scope and monitors to adjust their aim to hit targets that are extremely far away. In training, snipers are given charts that they're drilled on to ensure they can make last-minute calculations when they are in the field. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The name sniper comes from the verb to snipe, which originated in the 1770s among soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">British India</a> in reference to shooting <a href="/wiki/Snipe" title="Snipe">snipes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-etymology-3">[3]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Wader" title="Wader">wader</a> that was considered an extremely challenging <a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">game bird</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter">hunters</a> due to its alertness, camouflaging color and erratic flight behavior. Snipe hunters therefore needed to be stealthy in addition to being good trackers and marksmen.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-etymology-3">[3]</a> In the 18th century, letters sent home by English officers in India referred to a day's rough shooting as "going sniping",<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> as it took a skilled <a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flintlock</a> sportsman a lot of patience and endurance to wing-shoot a snipe in flight.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Accomplishing such a shot was regarded as exceptional. During the late 18th century, the term snipe shooting was simplified to sniping. This evolved to the <a href="/wiki/Agent_noun" title="Agent noun">agent noun</a> sniper, first appearing by the 1820s.<a href="#cite_note-etymology-3">[3]</a> The term sniper was first attested militarily in 1824,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> becoming commonplace in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> The older term <a href="/wiki/Sharpshooter" title="Sharpshooter">sharpshooter</a> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> of German word Scharfschütze, in use by British newspapers as early as 1801.<a href="#cite_note-etymology-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The word alludes to good marksmanship, itself descendent of the <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting sport">shooting competitions</a> (Schützenfeste)<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a> that took place throughout the year in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> in the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a> Small companies of shooters (Schützenfähnlein)<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a> from the <a href="/wiki/German_states" class="mw-redirect" title="German states">German states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swiss_cantons" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss cantons">Swiss cantons</a> would form teams of Scharfschützen<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> for such popular competitions; proudly carrying flags depicting a <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbow</a> on one side and a target <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musket</a> on the other.<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a> The earliest known date for the creation of a shooting club formed specifically for the use of firearms comes from <a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a>, Switzerland, where one club has a charter dating from 1466.<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Army">Confederate</a> marksmen equipped with the imported <a href="/wiki/Whitworth_rifle" title="Whitworth rifle">Whitworth rifles</a> were known as the <a href="/wiki/Whitworth_Sharpshooters" title="Whitworth Sharpshooters">Whitworth Sharpshooters</a>. Snipers are also called "hunters" in many languages, due to the nature of the craft (with the hunting horn also being a symbol of marksmanship), being called caçadores, chasseurs and Jäger. Other words for sniper include franc-tireur, tireur d'élite and atirador de escol. Completely different and peculiar is the Italian term cecchino <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[tʃekˈkiːno]</a>, in common use since First World War. The term cecchino is derived from Cecco (Beppe), familiarly and mockingly referring to the Austro-Hungarian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Joseph I">Franz Joseph I</a> (in Italian Francesco Giuseppe I; Cecco and Beppe are nicknames for Francesco and Giuseppe respectively). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_warfare">Modern warfare</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern warfare">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Snipers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Snipers of the Soviet Union">Snipers of the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scout_Sniper" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout Sniper">Scout Sniper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Designated_marksman" title="Designated marksman">Designated marksman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_reconnaissance" title="Special reconnaissance">Special reconnaissance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ISTAR" class="mw-redirect" title="ISTAR">ISTAR</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:50_cal_sniper_rifle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/50_cal_sniper_rifle.jpg/220px-50_cal_sniper_rifle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/50_cal_sniper_rifle.jpg/330px-50_cal_sniper_rifle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/50_cal_sniper_rifle.jpg/440px-50_cal_sniper_rifle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3912" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Over-watch being provided by an army sergeant during a high-level meeting, Baghdad, Iraq</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barrett_M82A1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Barrett_M82A1.jpg/220px-Barrett_M82A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Barrett_M82A1.jpg/330px-Barrett_M82A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Barrett_M82A1.jpg/440px-Barrett_M82A1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2373" data-file-height="1479" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> sniper using a Barrett M82</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_doctrine">Military doctrine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Military doctrine">edit</a>]</div> Different countries use different <a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">military doctrines</a> regarding snipers in <a href="/wiki/Military_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Military unit">military units</a>, settings, and <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">tactics</a>. A sniper's primary function in modern warfare is to stay concealed at all times and avoid detection. Then from long range, to provide detailed <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a> from a concealed position and, if necessary, to reduce the enemy's combat ability by neutralizing high-value targets (especially <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officers</a> and other <a href="/wiki/VIP" class="mw-redirect" title="VIP">key personnel</a>), and in the process, cause disruption, <a href="/wiki/Suppression_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression fire">pinning down</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demoralization_(warfare)" title="Demoralization (warfare)">demoralizing the enemy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_p.-8">[8]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Typical sniper missions include managing <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">intelligence</a> information they gather during <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Target_acquisition" title="Target acquisition">target acquisition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bomb_damage_assessment" title="Bomb damage assessment">impact feedback</a> for <a href="/wiki/Air_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Air strike">air strikes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, assisting employed combat force with accurate <a href="/wiki/Fire_support" title="Fire support">fire support</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counter-sniper_tactics" title="Counter-sniper tactics">counter-sniper tactics</a>, killing enemy <a href="/wiki/Commander" title="Commander">commanders</a>, selecting targets of opportunity, and even <a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%A9riel" class="mw-redirect" title="Matériel">destruction of military equipment</a>, which tend to require use of <a href="/wiki/Anti-materiel_rifle" title="Anti-materiel rifle">anti-materiel rifles</a> in the larger calibers such as the <a href="/wiki/.50_BMG" title=".50 BMG">.50 BMG</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Barrett_M82" title="Barrett M82">Barrett M82</a>, <a href="/wiki/McMillan_Tac-50" class="mw-redirect" title="McMillan Tac-50">McMillan Tac-50</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Denel_NTW-20" title="Denel NTW-20">Denel NTW-20</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a>- and Russian-derived military <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrines</a> include squad-level snipers. Snipers have increasingly been demonstrated as useful by US and UK forces in the recent <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">Iraq campaign</a> in a fire support role to cover the movement of infantry, especially in <a href="/wiki/Urban_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban combat">urban</a> areas.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Military snipers from the US, UK and other countries that adopt their military doctrine are typically deployed in two-man <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sniper_teams">sniper teams</a> consisting of a shooter and a <a href="/wiki/Spotter_(sniping)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spotter (sniping)">spotter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Senich_p.-10">[10]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] A common practice is for a shooter and a spotter to take turns to avoid <a href="/wiki/Asthenopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthenopia">eye fatigue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In most recent combat operations occurring in large densely populated towns, such as <a href="/wiki/Fallujah,_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallujah, Iraq">Fallujah, Iraq</a>, two teams would be deployed together to increase their security and effectiveness in an urban environment. A sniper team would be armed with a long-range weapon and a rapid-firing shorter-ranged weapon in case of <a href="/wiki/Close_quarter_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Close quarter combat">close quarter combat</a>. The German doctrine of largely independent snipers and emphasis on concealment, developed during the Second World War, has been most influential on modern sniper tactics, and is currently used throughout Western militaries (examples are specialized camouflage clothing, concealment in terrain and emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C5%93il" title="Coup d'œil">coup d'œil</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Senich_1982_p.-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Shore_p._316-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sniper_teams">Sniper teams</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sniper teams">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sniper" title="Special:EditPage/Sniper">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:061019-A-7603F-151.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/061019-A-7603F-151.jpg/220px-061019-A-7603F-151.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/061019-A-7603F-151.jpg/330px-061019-A-7603F-151.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/061019-A-7603F-151.jpg/440px-061019-A-7603F-151.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A U.S. Army sniper team from <a href="/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a> Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sniper_rifle" title="Sniper rifle">Sniper rifles</a> are classified as <a href="/wiki/Crew_served_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Crew served weapon">crew-served</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_military" class="mw-redirect" title="United States military">United States military</a>. A sniper team (or sniper cell) consists of a combination of at least one primary weapon operator, (i.e.: the shooter), with other support personnel and force protection elements, such as a spotter or a flanker. Within the <a href="/wiki/Table_of_Organization_and_Equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Table of Organization and Equipment">Table of Organization and Equipment</a> for both the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a>, the shooter does not operate alone, but has a backup shooter trained to fulfill multiple roles in addition to being sniper-qualified in the operation of the main weapon.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The shooter focuses mainly on firing the shot, while the spotter assists in observation of targets, accounts for <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric sciences">atmospheric conditions</a> and handles ancillary tasks as immediate security of their location, communication with other parties (e.g. directing artillery fire and <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a>). A flanker is an extra teammate who is tasked to act as a <a href="/wiki/Picket_(military)" title="Picket (military)">sentry</a> observing areas not immediately visible to the sniper and spotter, assisting with the team's rear security and <a href="/wiki/Perimeter_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Perimeter defense">perimeter defense</a>, and therefore are usually armed with a faster-firing weapon such as an <a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">assault rifle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_rifle" title="Battle rifle">battle rifle</a> or <a href="/wiki/Designated_marksman_rifle" title="Designated marksman rifle">designated marksman rifle</a>. Both the spotter and flanker carry additional ammunition and associated equipment.<a href="#cite_note-Shah-15">[15]</a> The spotter is responsible for detecting, identifying and assigning priority of targets for the shooter, as well as assessing the outcome of the shot. Using a <a href="/wiki/Spotting_scope" title="Spotting scope">spotting scope</a> and/or a <a href="/wiki/Rangefinding_telemeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangefinding telemeter">rangefinder</a>, the spotter will predict the <a href="/wiki/External_ballistics" title="External ballistics">external ballistics</a> and read the <a href="/wiki/Wind_speed" title="Wind speed">wind speed</a> using an <a href="/wiki/Anemometer" title="Anemometer">anemometer</a> or physical indicators like the <a href="/wiki/Mirage" title="Mirage">mirage</a> caused by ground heat. Also, in conjunction with the shooter, the spotter will calculate the distance, shooting angle (<a href="/wiki/Slant_range" title="Slant range">slant range</a>), <a href="/wiki/Angular_mil" class="mw-redirect" title="Angular mil">mil</a>-related correction, interference by atmospheric factors and the <a href="/wiki/Deflection_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Deflection shooting">required leads</a> for moving targets. It is not unusual for the spotter to be equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_table" title="Ballistic table">ballistic table</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">notebook</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computer</a> specifically for performing these calculations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement_applications">Law enforcement applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Law enforcement applications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YAMAM-sniper-0020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/YAMAM-sniper-0020.jpg/220px-YAMAM-sniper-0020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/YAMAM-sniper-0020.jpg/330px-YAMAM-sniper-0020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/YAMAM-sniper-0020.jpg/440px-YAMAM-sniper-0020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/YAMAM" class="mw-redirect" title="YAMAM">YAMAM</a> (Israel's <a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism unit">counter-terrorism unit</a>) sniper shooting with suppressed <a href="/wiki/Barrett_MRAD" title="Barrett MRAD">Barrett MRAD</a> sniper rifles</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_sniper" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement sniper">Law enforcement snipers</a>, commonly called police snipers, and military snipers differ in many ways, including their areas of operation and tactics. A police sharpshooter is part of a police operation and usually takes part in relatively short missions. Police forces typically deploy such sharpshooters in <a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">hostage</a> scenarios. This differs from a military sniper, who operates as part of a larger army, engaged in warfare. Sometimes as part of a <a href="/wiki/SWAT" title="SWAT">SWAT</a> team, police snipers are deployed alongside negotiators and an assault team trained for <a href="/wiki/Close_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Close combat">close quarters combat</a>. As policemen, they are trained to shoot only as a last resort, when there is a direct threat to life; the police sharpshooter has a well-known rule: "Be prepared to take a life to save a life."<a href="#cite_note-cbssniper-16">[16]</a> Police snipers typically operate at much shorter ranges than military snipers, generally under 100 meters (109 yd) and sometimes even less than 50 meters (55 yd). Both types of snipers do make difficult shots under pressure, and often perform one-shot kills. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secret_Service_on_White_House_roof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Secret_Service_on_White_House_roof.jpg/220px-Secret_Service_on_White_House_roof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Secret_Service_on_White_House_roof.jpg/330px-Secret_Service_on_White_House_roof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Secret_Service_on_White_House_roof.jpg/440px-Secret_Service_on_White_House_roof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>A US Secret Service sniper on the roof of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a></figcaption></figure> Police units that are unequipped for tactical operations may rely on a specialized SWAT team, which may have a dedicated sniper.<a href="#cite_note-cbssniper-16">[16]</a> Some police sniper operations begin with military assistance.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Police snipers placed in vantage points, such as high buildings, can provide security for events.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In one high-profile incident commonly referred to as "The Shot Seen Around the World" due to going viral online, Mike Plumb, a SWAT sniper in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio_Division_of_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbus, Ohio Division of Police">Columbus, Ohio</a>, prevented a suicide by shooting a revolver out of the individual's hand, leaving him unharmed.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-nasta-20">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USCG_TACLET_Airborne_Use_of_Force.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/USCG_TACLET_Airborne_Use_of_Force.jpg/220px-USCG_TACLET_Airborne_Use_of_Force.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/USCG_TACLET_Airborne_Use_of_Force.jpg/330px-USCG_TACLET_Airborne_Use_of_Force.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/USCG_TACLET_Airborne_Use_of_Force.jpg/440px-USCG_TACLET_Airborne_Use_of_Force.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>A U.S. Coast Guard <a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Detachments" title="Law Enforcement Detachments">TACLET</a> marksman uses an M107 from a helicopter</figcaption></figure> The need for specialized training for police sharpshooters was made apparent in 1972 during the <a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a> when the German police could not deploy specialized personnel or equipment during the standoff at the airport in the closing phase of the crisis, and consequently all of the Israeli hostages were killed. While the German army did have snipers in 1972, the use of army snipers in the scenario was impossible due to the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">German constitution</a>'s explicit prohibition of the use of the military in domestic matters. This lack of trained snipers who could be used in civilian roles was later addressed with the founding of the specialized police counter-terrorist unit <a href="/wiki/GSG_9" title="GSG 9">GSG 9</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longest_recorded_sniper_kill">Longest recorded sniper kill</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Longest recorded sniper kill">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Longest_recorded_sniper_kills" title="Longest recorded sniper kills">Longest recorded sniper kills</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UA_training_Pivnichnyi_Burevii_2022_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/UA_training_Pivnichnyi_Burevii_2022_02.jpg/220px-UA_training_Pivnichnyi_Burevii_2022_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/UA_training_Pivnichnyi_Burevii_2022_02.jpg/330px-UA_training_Pivnichnyi_Burevii_2022_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/UA_training_Pivnichnyi_Burevii_2022_02.jpg/440px-UA_training_Pivnichnyi_Burevii_2022_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Ukrainian sniper during the military training near the Belarus border in 2022</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Longest_recorded_sniper_kills" title="Longest recorded sniper kills">longest confirmed sniper kill</a> in combat was achieved by an undisclosed member of the <a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">Security Service of Ukraine</a> in November 2023, hitting a Russian soldier at a distance of 3,800 m (4,156 yd) during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Luo_2023_q544-21">[21]</a> The previous record holder was a member of the Canadian <a href="/wiki/JTF2" class="mw-redirect" title="JTF2">JTF2</a> special forces who in June 2017 achieved a hit at a distance of 3,540 m (3,871 yd).<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_Sniper_MOD_45154902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/British_Army_Sniper_MOD_45154902.jpg/220px-British_Army_Sniper_MOD_45154902.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/British_Army_Sniper_MOD_45154902.jpg/330px-British_Army_Sniper_MOD_45154902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/British_Army_Sniper_MOD_45154902.jpg/440px-British_Army_Sniper_MOD_45154902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3757" data-file-height="2493" /></a><figcaption>British sniper in training in Northumberland, 2010</figcaption></figure> In November 2009, <a href="/wiki/Craig_Harrison_(British_Army_soldier)" title="Craig Harrison (British Army soldier)">Craig Harrison</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Corporal_of_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporal of Horse">Corporal of Horse</a> (CoH) in the <a href="/wiki/Blues_and_Royals" title="Blues and Royals">Blues and Royals</a> RHG/D of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> struck two <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> machine gunners consecutively south of <a href="/wiki/Musa_Qala" title="Musa Qala">Musa Qala</a> in Helmand Province in Afghanistan at a range of 2,475 m (2,707 yd) or 1.54 miles using a <a href="/wiki/Accuracy_International_AWM" title="Accuracy International AWM">L115A3 Long Range Rifle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-skynews-super-24">[24]</a> The QTU Lapua external ballistics software,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> using continuous doppler <a href="/wiki/Drag_coefficient" title="Drag coefficient">drag coefficient</a> (Cd) data provided by Lapua,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> predicts that such shots traveling 2,475 m (2,707 yd) would likely have struck their targets after nearly 6.0 seconds of flight time, having lost 93% of their kinetic energy, retaining 255 m/s (840 ft/s) of their original 936 m/s (3,070 ft/s) velocity, and having dropped 121.39 m (398 ft 3 in) or 2.8° from the original bore line. Due to the extreme distances and travel time involved, even a light cross-breeze of 2.7 m/s (6.0 mph) would have diverted such shots 9.2 m (360 in) off target, which would have required compensation. The calculation assumes a flat-fire scenario (a situation where the shooting and target positions are at equal elevation), using British military custom high-pressure .338 Lapua Magnum cartridges, loaded with 16.2 g (250 gr) Lapua LockBase B408 bullets, fired at 936 m/s (3,071 ft/s) muzzle velocity<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> under the following on-site (average) atmospheric conditions: barometric pressure: 1,019 hPa (30.1 inHg) at sea-level equivalent or 899 hPa (26.5 inHg) on-site, humidity: 25.9%, and temperature: 15 °C (59 °F) in the region for November 2009,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> resulting in an air density ρ = 1.0854 kg/m3 at the 1,043 m (3,422 ft) elevation of Musa Qala. Harrison mentions in reports that the environmental conditions were perfect for long range shooting, "... no wind, mild weather, clear visibility."<a href="#cite_note-skynews-super-24">[24]</a> In a BBC interview, Harrison reported it took about nine shots for him and his spotter to initially range the target successfully.<a href="#cite_note-basc1-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_history">Military history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Military history">edit</a>]</div> Before the development of <a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">rifling</a>, firearms were <a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">smoothbore</a> and inaccurate over long distance. Barrel rifling was invented at the end of the fifteenth century, but was only employed in large cannons. Over time, rifling, along with other gunnery advances, has increased the performance of modern firearms. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1701–1800">1701–1800</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1701–1800">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Marksman" title="Marksman">Marksmanship</a> (later "sharpshooting" or "sniping") occurred as early as the mid-eighteenth century. For instance, in the 1752 <a href="/wiki/Appin_Murder" title="Appin Murder">Appin Murder</a>, Colin Roy Campbell of Glenure was shot in the back near <a href="/wiki/Duror" title="Duror">Duror</a> by an unknown sniper, most likely from within <a href="/wiki/Clan_Stewart_of_Appin" title="Clan Stewart of Appin">Clan Stewart of Appin</a>, in retaliation for Campbell's role in an early version of the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a>; the mass eviction of Stewart clansmen and their replacement by members of <a href="/wiki/Clan_Campbell" title="Clan Campbell">Clan Campbell</a>. Hunting terminology was quickly adapted to warfare by British soldiers. In a 1772 letter, a soldier described enemies firing very accurately:<a href="#cite_note-JSAHR1925-30">[30]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">… in erecting our batteries, the people frequently play tricks, by putting a hat with a cockade in it on a spunge staff, which the enemy fire at and often hit, to the diversion of the soldiery, who humorously call it sniping, and watch the flash to return the fire.</blockquote> On 11 September 1777, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a>, British Captain <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Ferguson" title="Patrick Ferguson">Patrick Ferguson</a> had a tall, distinguished American officer in his rifle's iron sights. Ferguson did not take the shot, as he considered shooting anyone in the back dishonourable. Only later, did Ferguson learn that <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> had been on the battlefield that day.<a href="#cite_note-Leckie2010-31">[31]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battles of Saratoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Riflemen" title="Morgan's Riflemen">Morgan's Riflemen</a> hid in the trees and used early model rifles to shoot senior British officers. Most notably, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Murphy_(sniper)" title="Timothy Murphy (sniper)">Timothy Murphy</a> shot and killed General <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_of_Balnain" title="Simon Fraser of Balnain">Simon Fraser of Balnain</a> on 7 October 1777 at a distance of about 400 yards.<a href="#cite_note-MastHalberstadt2007-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rose2008-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dougan2006-34">[34]</a> In early 1800, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Coote_Manningham" title="Coote Manningham">Coote Manningham</a> and Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. <a href="/wiki/William_Stewart_(British_Army_officer,_born_1774)" title="William Stewart (British Army officer, born 1774)">William Stewart</a> of the British Army proposed using what they had learned while leading light infantry to establish a special unit of marksmen. Subsequently raised as the "<a href="/wiki/Rifle_Brigade_(The_Prince_Consort%27s_Own)" title="Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own)">Experimental Corps of Riflemen</a>", they were armed with the formidable <a href="/wiki/Baker_rifle" title="Baker rifle">Baker rifle</a> rather than the inaccurate smoothbore muskets used by most troops at that time.<a href="#cite_note-forming-35">[35]</a> Through the combination of a leather wad and tight grooves on the inside of the barrel (rifling), this weapon was far more accurate, though slower to load. On 25 August 1800, three companies, under the command of Stewart, spearheaded an amphibious landing at <a href="/wiki/Ferrol,_Spain" title="Ferrol, Spain">Ferrol</a>, Spain. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1801–1900">1801–1900</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1801–1900">edit</a>]</div> The term, "sharp shooter" was in use in British newspapers as early as 1801. In the Edinburgh Advertiser, 23 June 1801, can be found the following quote in a piece about the North British Militia; "This Regiment has several Field Pieces, and two companies of Sharp Shooters, which are very necessary in the modern Stile of War". The term appears even earlier, around 1781, in Continental Europe, translated from the German Scharfschütze. <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ashanti_Empire#Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Ashanti Empire">Scouts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Ashanti Empire">Ashanti army</a> were made up of professional hunters who used their skill as <a href="/wiki/Marksmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Marksmen">marksmen</a> to snipe at advancing enemy forces in response to detection by the enemy. They executed this often from a perch high in trees.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The Whitworth rifle was arguably the first long-range sniper rifle in the world.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">muzzleloader</a> designed by Sir <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Whitworth" title="Joseph Whitworth">Joseph Whitworth</a>, a prominent British engineer, it used <a href="/wiki/Polygonal_rifling" title="Polygonal rifling">polygonal rifling</a> instead, which meant that the projectile did not have to bite into grooves as was done with conventional rifling. The Whitworth rifle was far more accurate than the <a href="/wiki/Pattern_1853_Enfield" title="Pattern 1853 Enfield">Pattern 1853 Enfield</a>, which had shown some weaknesses during the recent <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>. At trials in 1857 which tested the accuracy and range of both weapons, Whitworth's design outperformed the Enfield at a rate of about three to one. The Whitworth rifle was capable of hitting the target at a range of 2,000 yards, whereas the Enfield could only manage it at 1,400 yards.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> During the Crimean War, the first optical sights were designed to fit onto rifles. Much of this pioneering work was the brainchild of Colonel D. Davidson, using optical sights produced by <a href="/wiki/Chance_Brothers" title="Chance Brothers">Chance Brothers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>. This allowed a marksman to observe and target objects more accurately at a greater distance than ever before.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The telescopic sight, or scope, was originally fixed and could not be adjusted, which therefore limited its range. Despite its success at the trials, the rifle was not adopted by the British Army. However, the <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth" title="Armstrong Whitworth">Whitworth Rifle Company</a> was able to sell the weapon to the <a href="/wiki/French_army" class="mw-redirect" title="French army">French army</a>, and also to the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederacy</a> during the American Civil War,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> where both the Union and Confederate armies employed sharpshooters. The most notable incident was during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Battle of Spotsylvania Court House</a>, where on 9 May 1864, Union General <a href="/wiki/John_Sedgwick" title="John Sedgwick">John Sedgwick</a> was killed by a Confederate Whitworth sharpshooter at a range of about 1,000 yards (910 meters) after saying the enemy "couldn't hit an elephant at this distance".<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Boer_War">Second Boer War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Second Boer War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burnham_in_africa_close_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Burnham_in_africa_close_up.jpg/220px-Burnham_in_africa_close_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Burnham_in_africa_close_up.jpg/330px-Burnham_in_africa_close_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Burnham_in_africa_close_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</a> in Africa</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer War">Boer War</a> the latest <a href="/wiki/Breech-loading_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breech-loading weapon">breech-loading</a> rifled guns with <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(firearms)" title="Magazine (firearms)">magazines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">smokeless powder</a> were used by both sides. The British were equipped with the <a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Metford" title="Lee–Metford">Lee–Metford</a> rifle, while the Boers had received the latest <a href="/wiki/Mauser" title="Mauser">Mauser</a> rifles from Germany. In the open terrain of South Africa the marksmen were a crucial component to the outcome of the battle. The first British sniper unit began life as the <a href="/wiki/Lovat_Scouts" title="Lovat Scouts">Lovat Scouts</a>, a Scottish Highland regiment formed in 1899, that earned high praise during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902).<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The unit was formed by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser,_14th_Lord_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser, 14th Lord Lovat">Lord Lovat</a> and reported to an American, Major <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</a>, the British Army Chief of Scouts under <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Lord Roberts</a>. Burnham fittingly described these scouts as "half wolf and half jackrabbit.".<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_p._5-45">[45]</a> Just like their Boer scout opponents, these scouts were well practised in the arts of marksmanship, <a href="/wiki/Field_craft" class="mw-redirect" title="Field craft">field craft</a>, map reading, observation, and military tactics.<a href="#cite_note-cooper1994-46">[46]</a> They were skilled <a href="/wiki/Woodsmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodsmen">woodsmen</a> and practitioners of discretion: "He who shoots and runs away, lives to shoot another day." They were also the first known military unit to wear a <a href="/wiki/Ghillie_suit" title="Ghillie suit">ghillie suit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pegler_p.-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesketh_Hesketh-Prichard" title="Hesketh Hesketh-Prichard">Hesketh Hesketh-Prichard</a> said of them that "keener men never lived",<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and that "Burnham was the greatest scout of our time."<a href="#cite_note-sniping_chap11-49">[49]</a> Burnham distinguished himself in wars in South Africa, Rhodesia, and in Arizona fighting the Apaches, and his definitive work, Scouting on Two Continents, provides a dramatic and enlightening picture of what a sniper was at the time and how he operated.<a href="#cite_note-cooper1994-46">[46]</a> After the war, this regiment went on to formally become the first official sniper unit, then better known as sharpshooters.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_p._5-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: World War I">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Periscope_rifle_Gallipoli_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Periscope_rifle_Gallipoli_1915.jpg/220px-Periscope_rifle_Gallipoli_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Periscope_rifle_Gallipoli_1915.jpg/330px-Periscope_rifle_Gallipoli_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Periscope_rifle_Gallipoli_1915.jpg/440px-Periscope_rifle_Gallipoli_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>An Australian sniper aims a periscope-equipped rifle at <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli</a> in 1915. The spotter beside him is helping to find targets with his own periscope.</figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, snipers appeared as deadly sharpshooters in the trenches. At the start of the war, only <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Germany">Imperial Germany</a> had troops that were issued scoped sniper rifles. Although sharpshooters existed on all sides, the Germans specially equipped some of their soldiers with scoped rifles that could pick off enemy soldiers showing their heads out of their trench.<a href="#cite_note-Senich_1982_p.-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] At first the French and British believed such hits to be coincidental hits, until the German scoped rifles were discovered.<a href="#cite_note-Senich_1982_p.-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] During World War I, the German army received a reputation for the deadliness and efficiency of its snipers, partly because of the high-quality lenses that German industry could manufacture.<a href="#cite_note-Senich_1982_p.-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] During the First World War, the static movement of <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a> and a need for protection from snipers created a requirement for <a href="/wiki/Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">loopholes</a> both for discharging firearms and for observation.<a href="#cite_note-One-50">[50]</a> Often a steel plate was used with a "key hole", which had a rotating piece to cover the loophole when not in use.<a href="#cite_note-One-50">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spotting_the_Enemy_Sniper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A drawing shows three soldiers raising a dummy head on a stick above a trench parapet. A cigarette hangs from the dummy's mouth. One man holds a periscope at the ready." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Spotting_the_Enemy_Sniper.jpg/170px-Spotting_the_Enemy_Sniper.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Spotting_the_Enemy_Sniper.jpg/255px-Spotting_the_Enemy_Sniper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Spotting_the_Enemy_Sniper.jpg/340px-Spotting_the_Enemy_Sniper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers raise a Papier-mâché dummy head to locate an enemy sniper</figcaption></figure> Soon the British army began to train their own snipers in specialized sniper schools. Major <a href="/wiki/Hesketh_Hesketh-Prichard" title="Hesketh Hesketh-Prichard">Hesketh Hesketh-Prichard</a> was given formal permission to begin sniper training in 1915, and founded the <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="First Army (United Kingdom)">First Army</a> School of Sniping, Observation, and Scouting at <a href="/wiki/Linghem" title="Linghem">Linghem</a> in France in 1916.<a href="#cite_note-Parker_pp._211-212-51">[51]</a> Starting with a first class of only six, in time he was able to lecture to large numbers of soldiers from different Allied nations, proudly proclaiming in a letter that his school was turning out snipers at three times the rate of any such other school in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Parker_p211-212-52">[52]</a> He also devised a metal-armoured double loophole that would protect the sniper observer from enemy fire. The front loophole was fixed, but the rear was housed in a metal shutter sliding in grooves. Only when the two loopholes were lined up—a one-to-twenty chance—could an enemy shoot between them.<a href="#cite_note-sniping_chap5-53">[53]</a> Another innovation was the use of a dummy head to find the location of an enemy sniper.<a href="#cite_note-sniping_chap2-54">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">papier-mâché</a> figures were painted to resemble soldiers to draw sniper fire. Some were equipped with rubber surgical tubing so the dummy could "smoke" a cigarette and thus appear realistic. Holes punched in the dummy by enemy sniper bullets then could be used for triangulation purposes to determine the position of the enemy sniper, who could then be attacked with artillery fire. He developed many of the modern techniques in sniping, including the use of spotting scopes and working in pairs, and using <a href="/wiki/Kim%27s_Game" title="Kim's Game">Kim's Game</a> to train observational skills.<a href="#cite_note-Prichard-Vernon_pp._10,19-55">[55]</a> In 1920, he wrote his account of his war time activities in his book <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sniping_in_France" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Sniping in France">Sniping in France</a>, to which reference is still made by modern authors regarding the subject.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert_p._45-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brookesmith_p._77-58">[58]</a> The main sniper rifles used during the First World War were the German Mauser <a href="/wiki/Gewehr_98" title="Gewehr 98">Gewehr 98</a>; the British <a href="/wiki/Pattern_1914_Enfield" title="Pattern 1914 Enfield">Pattern 1914 Enfield</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Enfield" title="Lee–Enfield">Lee–Enfield</a> SMLE Mk III, the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Ross_rifle" title="Ross rifle">Ross rifle</a>, the American <a href="/wiki/M1903_Springfield" title="M1903 Springfield">M1903 Springfield</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> the Italian M1891 <a href="/wiki/Carcano" title="Carcano">Carcano</a>, and the Russian M1891 <a href="/wiki/Mosin%E2%80%93Nagant" title="Mosin–Nagant">Mosin–Nagant</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pav-Stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pav-Stamp.jpg/220px-Pav-Stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Pav-Stamp.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>Soviet sniper <a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Pavlichenko" title="Lyudmila Pavlichenko">Lyudmila Pavlichenko</a> on a 1943 stamp</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Interbellum" class="mw-redirect" title="Interbellum">interbellum</a>, most nations dropped their specialized sniper units, notably the Germans. Effectiveness and dangers of snipers once again came to the fore during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. The only nation that had specially trained sniper units during the 1930s was the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Soviet snipers were trained in their skills as marksmen, in using the terrain to hide themselves from the enemy and the ability to work alongside regular forces. This made the Soviet sniper training focus more on "normal" combat situations than those of other nations. Snipers reappeared as important factors on the battlefield from the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">first campaign of World War II</a>. During Germany's <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">1940 campaigns</a>, lone, well-hidden French and British snipers were able to halt the German advance for a considerable amount of time. For example, during the pursuit to <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>, British snipers were able to significantly delay the German infantry's advance. This prompted the British once again to increase training of specialized sniper units. Apart from marksmanship, British snipers were trained to blend in with the environment, often by using special camouflage clothing for concealment. However, because the British Army offered sniper training exclusively to officers and <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">non-commissioned officers</a>, the resulting small number of trained snipers in combat units considerably reduced their overall effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-Shore_p._316-12">[12]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>, Finnish snipers took a heavy toll of the invading <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simo_H%C3%A4yh%C3%A4" title="Simo Häyhä">Simo Häyhä</a> is credited with 505 confirmed kills,<a href="#cite_note-snipercentral.com-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-62">[62]</a> most with the Finnish version of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_sights" title="Iron sights">iron-sighted</a> bolt-action Mosin–Nagant. The most successful German sniper was <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Hetzenauer" title="Matthäus Hetzenauer">Matthäus Hetzenauer</a> with 345 confirmed kills. In Germany, confirmed kills are only valid in the presence of an officer, so Hetzenauer's estimated kills are many times higher. His longest confirmed kill was reported at 1,100 meters (1,200 yards).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadowski2015Chapter_3:_A_Brief_History_of_Military_Snipers-63">[63]</a> Hetzenauer received the <a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross</a> on 17 April 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherzer2007388-64">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_169-0526,_Russland,_Scharfsch%C3%BCtze_in_Stellung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bundesarchiv_Bild_169-0526%2C_Russland%2C_Scharfsch%C3%BCtze_in_Stellung.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_169-0526%2C_Russland%2C_Scharfsch%C3%BCtze_in_Stellung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bundesarchiv_Bild_169-0526%2C_Russland%2C_Scharfsch%C3%BCtze_in_Stellung.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_169-0526%2C_Russland%2C_Scharfsch%C3%BCtze_in_Stellung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bundesarchiv_Bild_169-0526%2C_Russland%2C_Scharfsch%C3%BCtze_in_Stellung.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_169-0526%2C_Russland%2C_Scharfsch%C3%BCtze_in_Stellung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>German sniper in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (1942)</figcaption></figure> One of the best known battles involving snipers, and the battle that made the Germans reinstate their specialized sniper training, was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>. Their defensive position inside a city filled with rubble meant that Soviet snipers were able to inflict significant casualties on the Wehrmacht troops. Because of the nature of fighting in city rubble, snipers were very hard to spot and seriously dented the <a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">morale</a> of the German attackers. The best known of these snipers was probably <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zaitsev_(sniper)" title="Vasily Zaitsev (sniper)">Vasily Zaytsev</a>, featured in the novel <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Rats" title="War of the Rats">War of the Rats</a> and the subsequent film <a href="/wiki/Enemy_at_the_Gates" title="Enemy at the Gates">Enemy at the Gates</a>. German Scharfschützen were prepared before the war, equipped with <a href="/wiki/Karabiner_98" class="mw-redirect" title="Karabiner 98">Karabiner 98</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Gewehr_43" title="Gewehr 43">Gewehr 43</a> rifles, but there were often not enough of these weapons available, and as such some were armed with captured scoped Mosin–Nagant 1891/30, SVT, Czech Mauser rifles or scoped Gewehr 98 from WW1. The Wehrmacht re-established its sniper training in 1942, drastically increasing the number of snipers per unit with the creation of an additional 31 sniper training companies by 1944. German snipers were at the time the only snipers in the world issued with purpose-manufactured sniping ammunition, known as the 'effect-firing' sS round.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The 'effect-firing' sS round featured an extra carefully measured propellant charge and seated a heavy 12.8 gram (198 gr) full-metal-jacketed boat-tail projectile of match-grade build quality, lacking usual features such as a seating ring to improve the already high ballistic coefficient of .584 (G1) further.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> For aiming optics German snipers used the <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Zeiss</a> Zielvier 4x (ZF39) <a href="/wiki/Telescopic_sight" title="Telescopic sight">telescopic sight</a> which had <a href="/wiki/Bullet_drop_compensation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullet drop compensation">bullet drop compensation</a> in 50 m increments for ranges from 100 m up to 800 m or in some variations from 100 m up to 1000 m or 1200 m. There were ZF42, Zielfernrohr 43 (ZF 4), Zeiss Zielsechs 6x, Zeiss Zielacht 8x and other telescopic sights by various manufacturers like the Ajack 4x, Hensoldt Dialytan 4x and Kahles Heliavier 4x with similar features employed on German sniper rifles. Several different <a href="/wiki/Telescopic_sight#Mounting" title="Telescopic sight">mountings</a> produced by various manufacturers were used for mounting aiming optics to the rifles. In February 1945 the <a href="/wiki/Zielger%C3%A4t_1229" title="Zielgerät 1229">Zielgerät 1229</a> active infrared aiming device was issued for night sniping with the <a href="/wiki/StG_44" title="StG 44">StG 44</a> assault rifle. A total of 428,335 individuals received Red Army sniper training, including Soviet and non-Soviet partisans, with 9,534 receiving the sniping 'higher qualification'. During World War ІІ, two six-month training courses for women alone trained nearly 55,000 snipers, of which more than two thousand later served in the army.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] On average there was at least one sniper in an infantry platoon and one in every reconnaissance platoon, including in tank and even artillery units.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] Some used the <a href="/wiki/PTRD" class="mw-redirect" title="PTRD">PTRD</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_rifle" title="Anti-tank rifle">anti-tank rifle</a> with an adapted scope as an early example of an anti-materiel rifle. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_sniper_from_%22C%22_Company,_5th_Battalion,_The_Black_Watch,_51st_(Highland)_Division,_in_position_in_the_loft_space_of_a_ruined_building_in_Gennep,_Holland,_14_February_1945._B14628.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/A_sniper_from_%22C%22_Company%2C_5th_Battalion%2C_The_Black_Watch%2C_51st_%28Highland%29_Division%2C_in_position_in_the_loft_space_of_a_ruined_building_in_Gennep%2C_Holland%2C_14_February_1945._B14628.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/A_sniper_from_%22C%22_Company%2C_5th_Battalion%2C_The_Black_Watch%2C_51st_%28Highland%29_Division%2C_in_position_in_the_loft_space_of_a_ruined_building_in_Gennep%2C_Holland%2C_14_February_1945._B14628.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/A_sniper_from_%22C%22_Company%2C_5th_Battalion%2C_The_Black_Watch%2C_51st_%28Highland%29_Division%2C_in_position_in_the_loft_space_of_a_ruined_building_in_Gennep%2C_Holland%2C_14_February_1945._B14628.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1817" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>A British sniper in <a href="/wiki/Gennep" title="Gennep">Gennep</a>, Holland, 14 February 1945</figcaption></figure> In the United States Armed Forces, sniper training was only very elementary and was mainly concerned with being able to hit targets over long distances. Snipers were required to be able to hit a body over 400 meters away, and a head over 200 meters away. There was almost no instruction in blending into the environment. Sniper training varied from place to place, resulting in wide variation in the qualities of snipers. The main reason the US did not extend sniper training beyond long-range shooting was the limited deployment of US soldiers until the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_Invasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandy Invasion">Normandy Invasion</a>. During the campaigns in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italy</a>, most fighting occurred in <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> and mountainous regions where the potential for concealment was limited, in contrast to Western and Central Europe.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pte._L._V._Hughes,_Canadian_Military,_WW2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pte._L._V._Hughes%2C_Canadian_Military%2C_WW2.jpg/170px-Pte._L._V._Hughes%2C_Canadian_Military%2C_WW2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pte._L._V._Hughes%2C_Canadian_Military%2C_WW2.jpg/255px-Pte._L._V._Hughes%2C_Canadian_Military%2C_WW2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pte._L._V._Hughes%2C_Canadian_Military%2C_WW2.jpg/340px-Pte._L._V._Hughes%2C_Canadian_Military%2C_WW2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Canadian Sniper during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></figcaption></figure> The U.S. Army's lack of familiarity with sniping tactics proved disastrous in Normandy and the campaign in Western Europe where they encountered well trained German snipers.<a href="#cite_note-Senich_1982_p.-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In Normandy, German snipers remained hidden in the dense vegetation and were able to encircle American units, firing at them from all sides. The American and British forces were surprised by how near the German snipers could approach in safety and attack them, as well as by their ability to hit targets at up to 1,000m. A notable mistake made by inexperienced American soldiers was to lie down and wait when targeted by German snipers, allowing the snipers to pick them off one after another.<a href="#cite_note-Senich_1982_p.-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] German snipers often infiltrated Allied lines and sometimes when the front-lines moved, they continued to fight from their sniping positions, refusing to surrender until their rations and munitions were exhausted. Those tactics were also a consequence of changes in German enlistment. After several years of war and heavy losses on the Eastern Front, the German army was forced to rely more heavily on enlisting teenage soldiers. Due to lack of training in more complex group tactics, and thanks to rifle training provided by the <a href="/wiki/Hitlerjugend" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitlerjugend">Hitlerjugend</a>, those soldiers were often used as autonomous left-behind snipers. While an experienced sniper would take a few lethal shots and retreat to a safer position, those young boys, due both to a disregard for their own safety and to lack of tactical experience would frequently remain in a concealed position and fight until they ran out of ammunition or were killed or wounded. While this tactic generally ended in the demise of the sniper, giving rise to the nickname "Suicide Boys" that was given to those soldiers, this irrational behavior proved quite disruptive to the Allied forces' progress. After World War II, many elements of German sniper training and doctrine were copied by other countries.<a href="#cite_note-Senich_1982_p.-11">[11]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> trained snipers. In the jungles of Asia and the Pacific Islands, snipers posed a serious threat to U.S., British, and <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a> troops. Japanese snipers were specially trained to use the environment to conceal themselves. Japanese snipers used foliage on their uniforms and dug well-concealed hide-outs that were often connected with small trenches. There was no need for long range accuracy because most combat in the jungle took place within a few hundred meters. Japanese snipers were known for their patience and ability to remain hidden for long periods. They almost never left their carefully camouflaged hiding spots. This meant that whenever a sniper was in the area, the location of the sniper could be determined after the sniper had fired a few shots. The Allies used their own snipers in the Pacific, notably the U.S. Marines, who used <a href="/wiki/M1903_Springfield_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="M1903 Springfield rifle">M1903 Springfield rifles</a>. Common sniper rifles used during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> include: the Soviet M1891/30 Mosin–Nagant and, to a lesser extent, the <a href="/wiki/SVT-40" title="SVT-40">SVT-40</a>; the German Mauser <a href="/wiki/Karabiner_98k" title="Karabiner 98k">Karabiner 98k</a> and Gewehr 43; the British <a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Enfield_No._4" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee–Enfield No. 4">Lee–Enfield No. 4</a> and Pattern 1914 Enfield; the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Type_97_Sniper_Rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 97 Sniper Rifle">Arisaka 97</a>; the American <a href="/wiki/M1903_Springfield_rifle#Variants" class="mw-redirect" title="M1903 Springfield rifle">M1903A4 Springfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/M1_Garand#Sniper_models" title="M1 Garand">M1C Garand</a>. The Italians trained few snipers and supplied them with a scoped Carcano Model 1891. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training">Training</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Training">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rackandchamber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Rackandchamber.jpg/220px-Rackandchamber.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Rackandchamber.jpg/330px-Rackandchamber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Rackandchamber.jpg/440px-Rackandchamber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>A US Marine extracts a fired cartridge casing and chambers a new round into his <a href="/wiki/M40_(rifle)" class="mw-redirect" title="M40 (rifle)">M40A3</a></figcaption></figure> Military sniper training aims to teach a high degree of proficiency in <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> and concealment, stalking, <a href="/wiki/Observing" class="mw-redirect" title="Observing">observation</a> and map reading as well as precision marksmanship under various operational conditions. Trainees typically shoot thousands of rounds over a number of weeks, while learning these core skills. Snipers are trained to squeeze the trigger straight back with the ball of their finger, to avoid jerking the gun sideways.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The most accurate position is <a href="/wiki/Prone_position" title="Prone position">prone</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Sandbag" title="Sandbag">sandbag</a> supporting the <a href="/wiki/Stock_(firearms)" title="Stock (firearms)">stock</a>, and the stock's cheek-piece against the cheek.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In the field, a <a href="/wiki/Bipod" title="Bipod">bipod</a> can be used instead. Sometimes a <a href="/wiki/Sling_(firearms)" title="Sling (firearms)">sling</a> is wrapped around the weak arm (or both) to reduce stock movement.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a> Some doctrines train a sniper to breathe deeply before shooting, then hold their <a href="/wiki/Human_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Human lung">lungs</a> empty while they line up and take their shot.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Other doctrines assert that exhausting the lungs results in an accelerated heart rate and suggest only a partial exhale before firing. Some go further, teaching their snipers to shoot between heartbeats to minimize barrel motion.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accuracy">Accuracy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Accuracy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Marines_snipers_displaying_their_L115A1_rifles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Royal_Marines_snipers_displaying_their_L115A1_rifles.jpg/220px-Royal_Marines_snipers_displaying_their_L115A1_rifles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Royal_Marines_snipers_displaying_their_L115A1_rifles.jpg/330px-Royal_Marines_snipers_displaying_their_L115A1_rifles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Royal_Marines_snipers_displaying_their_L115A1_rifles.jpg/440px-Royal_Marines_snipers_displaying_their_L115A1_rifles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="839" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> sniper displaying his <a href="/wiki/L115A1" class="mw-redirect" title="L115A1">L115A1</a> rifle resting on three-legged <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sticks_(weapon_mount)" title="Shooting sticks (weapon mount)">shooting sticks</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Range and accuracy vary depending on the cartridge and specific ammunition types that are used. Typical ranges for common battle field cartridges are as follows: </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Cartridge </th> <th>Maximum effective range (m)<a href="#cite_note-smallcalpdf-68">[68]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/5.56%C3%9745mm_NATO" title="5.56×45mm NATO">5.56×45mm NATO</a> (<a href="/wiki/.223_Remington" title=".223 Remington">.223 Remington</a>) </td> <td><div style="float:right;">300–500</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/7.62%C3%9751mm" class="mw-redirect" title="7.62×51mm">7.62×51mm</a> (<a href="/wiki/.308_Winchester" title=".308 Winchester">.308 Winchester</a>) </td> <td><div style="float:right;">800–1,000</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/7.62%C3%9754mmR" title="7.62×54mmR">7.62×54mmR</a> </td> <td><div style="float:right;">800–1,000</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/7_mm_Remington_Magnum" class="mw-redirect" title="7 mm Remington Magnum">7 mm Remington Magnum</a> </td> <td><div style="float:right;">900–1,100</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/.300_Winchester_Magnum" title=".300 Winchester Magnum">.300 Winchester Magnum</a> </td> <td><div style="float:right;">900–1,200</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/.338_Lapua_Magnum" title=".338 Lapua Magnum">.338 Lapua Magnum</a> </td> <td><div style="float:right;">1,300–1,600</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/.50_BMG" title=".50 BMG">.50 BMG</a> (<a href="/wiki/12.7%C3%9799mm_NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="12.7×99mm NATO">12.7×99mm NATO</a>) </td> <td><div style="float:right;">1,500–2,000</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/12.7%C3%97108mm" class="mw-redirect" title="12.7×108mm">12.7×108mm</a> (Russian) </td> <td><div style="float:right;">1,500–2,000</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/14.5%C3%97114mm" class="mw-redirect" title="14.5×114mm">14.5×114mm</a> (Russian) </td> <td><div style="float:right;">1,900–2,300</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/.408_Cheyenne_Tactical" title=".408 Cheyenne Tactical">.408 Cheyenne Tactical</a> </td> <td><div style="float:right;">1,500–2,400</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> The key to sniping is accuracy, which applies to both the weapon and the shooter. The weapon should be able to consistently place shots within tight tolerances.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The sniper in turn must use the weapon to accurately place shots under varying conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] A sniper must have the ability to accurately estimate the various factors that influence a bullet's trajectory and point of impact, such as range to the target, wind direction, wind velocity, altitude and elevation of the sniper, and the target and ambient temperature. Mistakes in estimation compound over distance and can decrease lethality or cause a shot to miss completely.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Snipers <a href="/wiki/Calibration" title="Calibration">zero</a> their weapons at a target range or in the field. This is the process of adjusting the scope so that the bullets' points-of-impact are at the point-of-aim (centre of scope or scope's cross-hairs) for a specific distance.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] A rifle and scope should retain its zero as long as possible under all conditions to reduce the need to re-zero during missions.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] A sandbag can serve as a useful platform for shooting a sniper rifle, although any soft surface such as a <a href="/wiki/Rucksack" class="mw-redirect" title="Rucksack">rucksack</a> will steady a rifle and contribute to consistency.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In particular, bipods help when firing from a prone position, and enable the firing position to be sustained for an extended period of time. Many police and military sniper rifles come equipped with an adjustable bipod.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Makeshift bipods known as <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sticks_(weapon_mount)" title="Shooting sticks (weapon mount)">shooting sticks</a> can be constructed from items such as tree branches or ski poles.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Some military snipers use three-legged shooting sticks. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._military">U.S. military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: U.S. military">edit</a>]</div> Servicemen volunteer for the rigorous sniper training and are accepted on the basis of their aptitude, physical ability, marksmanship, patience and mental stability. Military snipers may be further trained as <a href="/wiki/Forward_air_control" title="Forward air control">forward air controllers</a> (FACs) to direct air strikes or <a href="/wiki/Artillery_observer" title="Artillery observer">forward observers</a> (FOs) to direct artillery or <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar</a> fire.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Army">Russian Army</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Russian Army">edit</a>]</div> From 2011, the Russian armed forces have run newly developed sniper courses in <a href="/wiki/Military_district" title="Military district">military district</a> training centres. In place of the Soviet practice of mainly squad sharpshooters, which were often designated during initial training (and of whom only few become snipers per se), these new army snipers are trained intensively for three months (for conscripts) or longer (for contract soldiers). The training program includes theory and practice of countersniper engagements, artillery spotting, and coordination of air support.<a href="#cite_note-Shah-15">[15]</a> The first instructors are the graduates of the Solnechnogorsk sniper training centre. The method of sniper deployment, according to the Ministry of Defence, is likely to be one three-platoon company at the brigade level, with one of the platoons acting independently and the other two supporting the battalions as needed.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Targeting,_tactics,_and_techniques">Targeting, tactics, and techniques</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Targeting, tactics, and techniques">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_24_MEU_Deployment_2012_(Image_11_of_21).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_24_MEU_Deployment_2012_%28Image_11_of_21%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_24_MEU_Deployment_2012_%28Image_11_of_21%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_24_MEU_Deployment_2012_%28Image_11_of_21%29.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_24_MEU_Deployment_2012_%28Image_11_of_21%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_24_MEU_Deployment_2012_%28Image_11_of_21%29.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_24_MEU_Deployment_2012_%28Image_11_of_21%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>US Marine telescopic sight picture during high-angle marksmanship training</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Army_Sgt._Chuck_Riegel,_left,_assigned_to_the_1st_Battalion,_501st_Parachute_Infantry_Regiment,_4th_Infantry_Brigade_Combat_Team,_25th_Infantry_Division,_U.S._Army_Alaska,_engages_a_target_with_an_M107_140307-F-LX370-566.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/U.S._Army_Sgt._Chuck_Riegel%2C_left%2C_assigned_to_the_1st_Battalion%2C_501st_Parachute_Infantry_Regiment%2C_4th_Infantry_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_25th_Infantry_Division%2C_U.S._Army_Alaska%2C_engages_a_target_with_an_M107_140307-F-LX370-566.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/U.S._Army_Sgt._Chuck_Riegel%2C_left%2C_assigned_to_the_1st_Battalion%2C_501st_Parachute_Infantry_Regiment%2C_4th_Infantry_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_25th_Infantry_Division%2C_U.S._Army_Alaska%2C_engages_a_target_with_an_M107_140307-F-LX370-566.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/U.S._Army_Sgt._Chuck_Riegel%2C_left%2C_assigned_to_the_1st_Battalion%2C_501st_Parachute_Infantry_Regiment%2C_4th_Infantry_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_25th_Infantry_Division%2C_U.S._Army_Alaska%2C_engages_a_target_with_an_M107_140307-F-LX370-566.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3784" data-file-height="2468" /></a><figcaption>Aerial platform shooting training</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Range_finding">Range finding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Range finding">edit</a>]</div> The range to the target is measured or estimated as precisely as conditions permit and correct range estimation becomes absolutely critical at long ranges, because a bullet travels with a curved <a href="/wiki/Trajectory" title="Trajectory">trajectory</a> and the sniper must compensate for this by aiming higher at longer distances.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] If the exact distance is not known the sniper may compensate incorrectly and the bullet path may be too high or low. As an example, for a typical military sniping cartridge such as <a href="/wiki/7.62%C3%9751mm_NATO" title="7.62×51mm NATO">7.62×51mm NATO</a> (.308 Winchester) M118 Special Ball round this difference (or "drop") from 700 to 800 meters (770–870 yd) is 200 millimetres (7.9 in). This means that if the sniper incorrectly estimated the distance as 700 meters when the target was in fact 800 meters away, the bullet will be 200 millimeters lower than expected by the time it reaches the target.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Laser_rangefinder" title="Laser rangefinder">Laser rangefinders</a> may be used, and range estimation is often the job of both parties in a team.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_2006-70">[70]</a> One useful method of range finding without a laser rangefinder is comparing the height of the target (or nearby objects) to their size on the mil dot scope, or taking a known distance and using some sort of measure (utility poles, fence posts) to determine the additional distance. The average human head is 150 millimeters (5.9 in) in width, average human shoulders are 500 millimeters (20 in) apart and the average distance from a person's pelvis to the top of their head is 1,000 millimeters (39 in). To determine the range to a target without a laser rangefinder, the sniper may use the <a href="/wiki/Angular_mil" class="mw-redirect" title="Angular mil">mil</a> dot <a href="/wiki/Reticle" title="Reticle">reticle</a> on a scope to accurately find the range. Mil dots are used like a <a href="/wiki/Slide_rule" title="Slide rule">slide rule</a> to measure the height of a target, and if the height is known, the range can be as well. The height of the target (in yards) ×1000, divided by the height of the target (in mils), gives the range in yards. This is only in general, however, as both scope magnification (7×, 40×) and mil dot spacing change. The USMC standard is that 1 mil (that is, 1 milliradian) equals 3.438 MOA (<a href="/wiki/Minute_of_arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Minute of arc">minute of arc</a>, or, equivalently, minute of angle), while the US Army standard is 3.6 MOA, chosen so as to give a diameter of 1 yard at a distance of 1,000 yards (or equivalently, a diameter of 1 meter at a range of 1 kilometer.) Many commercial manufacturers use 3.5, splitting the difference, since it is easier to work with.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] It is important to note that angular mil (mil) is only an approximation of a <a href="/wiki/Milliradian" title="Milliradian">milliradian</a> and different organizations use <a href="/wiki/Angular_mil#Definitions_of_the_angular_mil" class="mw-redirect" title="Angular mil">different approximations</a>. At longer ranges, bullet drop plays a significant role in targeting.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The effect can be estimated from a chart, which may be memorized or taped to the rifle, although some scopes come with <a href="/wiki/Telescopic_sight#Bullet_drop_compensation" title="Telescopic sight">Bullet Drop Compensator</a> (BDC) systems that only require the range be dialed in. These are tuned to both a specific class of rifle and specific ammunition. Every bullet type and load will have different <a href="/wiki/Ballistics" title="Ballistics">ballistics</a>. .308 Federal 175 grain (11.3 g) BTHP match shoots at 2,600 ft/s (790 m/s). Zeroed at 100 yards (100 m), a 16.2 MOA adjustment would have to be made to hit a target at 600 yards (500 m). If the same bullet was shot with 168 grain (10.9 g), a 17.1 MOA adjustment would be necessary.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Shooting uphill or downhill is confusing for many because <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> does not act perpendicular to the direction the bullet is traveling. Thus, gravity must be divided into its component <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_vector" title="Euclidean vector">vectors</a>. Only the fraction of gravity equal to the <a href="/wiki/Cosine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosine">cosine</a> of the angle of fire with respect to the horizon affects the rate of fall of the bullet, with the remainder adding or subtracting negligible velocity to the bullet along its trajectory. To find the correct zero, the sniper multiplies the actual distance to the range by this fraction and aims as if the target were that distance away. For example, a sniper who observes a target 500 meters away at a 45-degree angle downhill would multiply the range by the cosine of 45 degrees, which is 0.707. The resulting distance will be 353 meters. This number is equal to the horizontal distance to the target. All other values, such as windage, time-to-target, impact velocity, and energy will be calculated based on the actual range of 500 meters. Recently, a small device known as a cosine indicator has been developed.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] This device is clamped to the tubular body of the telescopic sight, and gives an indicative readout in numerical form as the rifle is aimed up or down at the target.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] This is translated into a figure used to compute the horizontal range to the target. Windage plays a significant role, with the effect increasing with wind speed or the distance of the shot. The slant of visible convections near the ground can be used to estimate crosswinds, and correct the point of aim. All adjustments for range, wind, and elevation can be performed by aiming off the target, called "holding over" or <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_windage" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentucky windage">Kentucky windage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Alternatively, the scope can be adjusted so that the point of aim is changed to compensate for these factors, sometimes referred to as "dialing in". The shooter must remember to return the scope to zeroed position. Adjusting the scope allows for more accurate shots, because the cross-hairs can be aligned with the target more accurately, but the sniper must know exactly what differences the changes will have on the point-of-impact at each target range.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] For moving targets, the point-of-aim is ahead of the target in the direction of movement. Known as "leading" the target, the amount of "lead" depends on the speed and angle of the target's movement as well as the distance to the target. For this technique, holding over is the preferred method.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Anticipating the behavior of the target is necessary to accurately place the shot.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hide_sites_and_hiding_techniques">Hide sites and hiding techniques</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hide sites and hiding techniques">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camouflaged-sniper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Camouflaged-sniper.jpg/220px-Camouflaged-sniper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Camouflaged-sniper.jpg/330px-Camouflaged-sniper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Camouflaged-sniper.jpg/440px-Camouflaged-sniper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>A sniper wearing a <a href="/wiki/Ghillie_suit" title="Ghillie suit">ghillie suit</a> to remain hidden in grassland terrain</figcaption></figure> The term "<a href="/wiki/Hide_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Hide site">hide site</a>" refers to a covered and concealed position from which a sniper and his team can conduct surveillance or fire at targets. A good hide conceals and camouflages the sniper effectively, provides cover from enemy fire and allows a wide view of the surrounding area. The main purpose of ghillie suits and hide sites is to break up the outline of a person with a rifle. Many snipers use ghillie suits to hide and stay hidden. Ghillie suits vary according to the terrain into which the sniper wishes to blend. For example, in dry grassland the sniper will typically wear a ghillie suit covered in dead grass. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shot_placement">Shot placement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Shot placement">edit</a>]</div> Shot placement, which is where on the body the sniper is aiming, varies with the type of sniper. Military snipers, who generally do not shoot at targets at less than 300 m (330 yd), usually attempt body shots, aiming at the chest. These shots depend on tissue damage, organ trauma, and <a href="/wiki/Bleeding" title="Bleeding">blood loss</a> to kill the target. Body shots are used because the chest is a larger target. Police snipers, who generally shoot at much shorter distances, may attempt a more precise shot at particular parts of body or particular devices: in one incident in 2007 in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, a <a href="/wiki/GIPN" class="mw-redirect" title="GIPN">GIPN</a> sniper took a shot from 80 m (87 yd) at the pistol of a police officer threatening to commit suicide, destroying the weapon and preventing the police officer from killing himself.<a href="#cite_note-www.laprovence.com-71">[71]</a> In a high-risk or hostage-taking situation where a suspect is imminently threatening to kill a hostage, police snipers may take head shots to ensure an instant kill. The snipers aim for the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a> to sever the spine from the brain. While this is believed to prevent the target from reflexively firing their weapon, there is evidence that any brain-hit is sufficient.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target_acquisition">Target acquisition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Target acquisition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Target_acquisition" title="Target acquisition">Target acquisition</a></div> Snipers are trained for the detection, identification, and location of a targeted soldier in sufficient detail to permit the effective employment of lethal and non-lethal means. Since most kills in modern warfare are by other <a href="/wiki/Crew-served_weapon" title="Crew-served weapon">crew-served weapons</a>, reconnaissance is one of the most effective uses of snipers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] They use their aerobic conditioning, infiltration skills and excellent long-distance observation equipment (optical scopes) and tactics to approach and observe the enemy. In this role, their <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">rules of engagement</a> typically let them shoot at high-value targets of opportunity, such as enemy officers. The targets may be personnel or high-value <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a> (military equipment and weapons) but most often they target the most important enemy personnel such as officers or specialists (e.g. communications operators) so as to cause maximum disruption to enemy operations. Other personnel they might target include those who pose an immediate threat to the sniper, like dog handlers, who are often employed in a search for snipers. A sniper identifies officers by their appearance and behavior such as symbols of rank, talking to <a href="/wiki/Radioman" title="Radioman">radio operators</a>, sitting as a passenger in a car, sitting in a car with a large radio antenna, having military servants, binoculars/map cases or talking and moving position more frequently. If possible, snipers shoot in descending order by <a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">rank</a>, or if rank is unavailable, they shoot to disrupt communications. Some rifles, such as the Denel NTW-20 and <a href="/wiki/Vidhwansak" title="Vidhwansak">Vidhwansak</a>, are designed for a purely anti-materiel (AM) role, e.g. shooting turbine disks of parked aircraft, missile guidance packages, expensive optics, and the bearings, tubes or wave guides of <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> sets. A sniper equipped with the correct rifle can target radar dishes, water containers, the engines of vehicles, and any number of other targets. Other rifles, such as the .50 caliber rifles produced by <a href="/wiki/Barrett_Firearms_Manufacturing" title="Barrett Firearms Manufacturing">Barrett</a> and McMillan, are not designed exclusively as AM rifles, but are often employed in such a way, providing the range and power needed for AM applications in a lightweight package compared to most traditional AM rifles. Other calibers, such as the <a href="/wiki/.408_Cheyenne_Tactical" title=".408 Cheyenne Tactical">.408 Cheyenne Tactical</a> and the .338 Lapua Magnum, are designed to be capable of limited AM application, but are ideally suited as long range anti-personnel rounds. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relocating">Relocating</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Relocating">edit</a>]</div> Often in situations with multiple targets, snipers use relocation. After firing a few shots from a certain position, snipers move unseen to another location before the enemy can determine where they are and mount a counter-attack. Snipers will frequently use this tactic to their advantage, creating an atmosphere of chaos and confusion. In other, rarer situations, relocation is used to eliminate the factor of wind. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_masking">Sound masking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sound masking">edit</a>]</div> As sniper rifles are often extremely powerful and consequently loud, it is common for snipers to use a technique known as sound masking. When employed by a highly skilled marksman, this tactic can be used as a substitute for a noise <a href="/wiki/Suppressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressor">suppressor</a>. Very loud sounds in the environment, such as artillery shells air bursting or claps of thunder, can often mask the sound of the shot. This technique is frequently used in <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Clandestine operations">clandestine operations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_tactics" title="Infiltration tactics">infiltration tactics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological_warfare">Psychological warfare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Psychological warfare">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USMC_Sniper_M24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/USMC_Sniper_M24.jpg/220px-USMC_Sniper_M24.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/USMC_Sniper_M24.jpg/330px-USMC_Sniper_M24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/USMC_Sniper_M24.jpg/440px-USMC_Sniper_M24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1886" data-file-height="1124" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Special_Reaction_Teams" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Reaction Teams">Special Reaction Team</a> with an <a href="/wiki/M24_Sniper_Weapon_System" class="mw-redirect" title="M24 Sniper Weapon System">M24 Sniper Weapon System</a> in 2004</figcaption></figure> Due to the surprise nature of sniper fire, high lethality of aimed shots and frustration at the inability to locate and counterattack snipers, sniper tactics have a significant negative effect on morale. Extensive use of sniper tactics can be used to induce constant stress and fear in opposing forces, making them afraid to move about or leave cover. In many ways, the psychological impact imposed by snipers is quite similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Landmines" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmines">landmines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Booby-trap" class="mw-redirect" title="Booby-trap">booby-traps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">IEDs</a> (constant threat, high "per event" lethality, inability to strike back).<a href="#cite_note-MastHalberstadt2007_2-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Halberstadt2008-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pegler2011-75">[75]</a> Historically, captured snipers are often <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summarily executed</a>. This happened during World War I<a href="#cite_note-firstworldwar.com-76">[76]</a> and World War II;<a href="#cite_note-theregister.co.uk.2008.11.28-77">[77]</a> for example the second <a href="/wiki/Biscari_massacre#Compton_Incident" title="Biscari massacre">Biscari Massacre</a> when 36 suspected snipers were lined up and shot on 14 July 1943. As a result, if a sniper is in imminent danger of capture, he may discard any items (sniper rifle, laser rangefinder, etc.) which might indicate his status as a sniper. The risk of captured snipers being summarily executed is explicitly referred to in Chapter 6 of US Army doctrine document FM 3-060.11 entitled "SNIPER AND COUNTERSNIPER TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Historically, units that suffered heavy and continual casualties from urban sniper fire and were frustrated by their inability to strike back effectively often have become enraged. Such units may overreact and violate the laws of land warfare concerning the treatment of captured snipers. This tendency is magnified if the unit has been under the intense stress of urban combat for an extended time. It is vital that commanders and leaders at all levels understand the law of land warfare and understand the psychological pressures of urban warfare. It requires strong leadership and great moral strength to prevent soldiers from releasing their anger and frustration on captured snipers or civilians suspected of sniping at them.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</blockquote> The negative reputation and perception of snipers can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, when American "Marksmen" intentionally targeted British officers, an act considered uncivilized by the British Army at the time (this reputation was cemented during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saratoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Saratoga">Battle of Saratoga</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a> allegedly ordered his marksmen to target British General <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_of_Balnain_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Fraser of Balnain (general)">Simon Fraser</a>, an act that won the battle and French support).<a href="#cite_note-Senich_p.-10">[10]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The British side used specially selected sharpshooters as well, often German mercenaries.<a href="#cite_note-Senich_p.-10">[10]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] To demoralize enemy troops, snipers can follow predictable patterns. During the <a href="/wiki/26th_of_July_Movement" title="26th of July Movement">26th of July Movement</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>, the revolutionaries led by <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> always killed the foremost man in a group of President <a href="/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista" title="Fulgencio Batista">Batista</a>'s soldiers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] Realizing this, none of Batista's men would walk first, as it was suicidal. This effectively decreased the army's willingness to search for rebel bases in the forests and mountains. An alternative approach to this psychological process is to kill the second man in the row, leading to the psychological effect of nobody wanting to follow the "leader". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counter-sniper_tactics">Counter-sniper tactics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Counter-sniper tactics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Counter-sniper_tactics" title="Counter-sniper tactics">Counter-sniper tactics</a></div> The occurrence of sniper warfare has led to the evolution of many counter-sniper tactics in modern military strategies. These aim to reduce the damage caused by a sniper to an army, which can often be harmful to both combat capabilities and morale. The risk of damage to a chain of command can be reduced by removing or concealing features that would otherwise indicate an officer's rank. Modern armies tend to avoid saluting officers in the field, and eliminate rank insignia on <a href="/wiki/Battle_dress_uniform" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle dress uniform">battle dress uniforms</a>. Officers can seek maximum cover before revealing themselves as good candidates for elimination through actions such as reading maps or using radios. Friendly snipers can be used to hunt the enemy sniper. Besides direct observation, defending forces can use other techniques. These include calculating the trajectory of a bullet by <a href="/wiki/Triangulation" title="Triangulation">triangulation</a>. Traditionally, triangulation of a sniper's position was done manually, though radar-based technology has recently become available. Once located, the defenders can attempt to approach the sniper from cover and overwhelm them. The United States military is funding a project known as RedOwl (Robot Enhanced Detection Outpost With Lasers), which uses laser and acoustic sensors to determine the exact direction from which a sniper round has been fired.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The more rounds fired by a sniper, the greater the chance the target has of locating him. Thus, attempts to draw fire are often made, sometimes by offering a helmet slightly out of concealment, a tactic successfully employed in the Winter War by the Finns known as "Kylmä-Kalle" (Cold Charlie).<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> They used a shop mannequin or other doll dressed as a tempting target, such as an officer. The doll was then presented as if it were a real man sloppily covering himself. Usually, Soviet snipers were unable to resist the temptation of an apparently easy kill. Once the angle where the bullet came from was determined, a large caliber gun, such as a <a href="/wiki/Lahti_L-39" title="Lahti L-39">Lahti L-39</a> "Norsupyssy" ("Elephant rifle") anti-tank rifle was fired at the sniper to kill him. Other tactics include directing artillery or mortar fire onto suspected sniper positions, the use of <a href="/wiki/Smoke_screen" title="Smoke screen">smoke screens</a>, placing <a href="/wiki/Tripwire" title="Tripwire">tripwire</a>-operated munitions, <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">mines</a>, or other booby-traps near suspected sniper positions. Even dummy trip-wires can be placed to hamper sniper movement. If anti-personnel mines are unavailable, it is possible to improvise booby-traps by connecting trip-wires to <a href="/wiki/Hand_grenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand grenade">hand grenades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoke_grenade" title="Smoke grenade">smoke grenades</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flare" title="Flare">flares</a>. Though these may not kill a sniper, they will reveal their location. Booby-trap devices can be placed near likely sniper hides, or along the probable routes to and from positions. Knowledge of sniper field-craft will assist in this task. The use of <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">canine</a> units had been very successful, especially during the Vietnam War.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irregular_and_asymmetric_warfare">Irregular and asymmetric warfare</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Irregular and asymmetric warfare">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric warfare</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgian_sniper_during_South_Ossetia_war.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Georgian_sniper_during_South_Ossetia_war.jpg/220px-Georgian_sniper_during_South_Ossetia_war.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Georgian_sniper_during_South_Ossetia_war.jpg/330px-Georgian_sniper_during_South_Ossetia_war.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Georgian_sniper_during_South_Ossetia_war.jpg/440px-Georgian_sniper_during_South_Ossetia_war.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A Georgian sniper in the <a href="/wiki/Georgian-Ossetian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian-Ossetian conflict">Georgian-Ossetian conflict</a> (2004)</figcaption></figure> The use of sniping (in the sense of shooting at relatively long range from a concealed position) to murder came to public attention in a number of sensational U.S. criminal cases, including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_tower_shooting" title="University of Texas tower shooting">Austin sniper incident</a> of 1966 (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Whitman" title="Charles Whitman">Charles Whitman</a>), the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy assassination">John F. Kennedy assassination</a> (Lee Harvey Oswald), and the <a href="/wiki/Beltway_sniper_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Beltway sniper attacks">Beltway sniper attacks</a> of late 2002 (Lee Boyd Malvo). However, these incidents usually do not involve the range or skill of military snipers; in all three cases the perpetrators had U.S. military training, but in other specialties. News reports will often (inaccurately) use the term sniper to describe anyone shooting with a rifle at another person.<a href="#cite_note-Dockery2007-81">[81]</a> Sniping has been used in asymmetric warfare situations, for example in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">Troubles</a>, where in 1972, the bloodiest year of the conflict, the majority of the soldiers killed were shot by concealed <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">IRA</a> riflemen.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_p._132-82">[82]</a> There were some instances in the early 1990s of British soldiers and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">RUC</a> personnel being shot with .50 caliber Barrett rifles by sniper teams collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Sniper_(1990%E2%80%931997)" title="South Armagh Sniper (1990–1997)">South Armagh sniper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The sniper is particularly suited to combat environments where one side is at a disadvantage. A careful sniping strategy can use a few individuals and resources to thwart the movement or other progress of a much better equipped or larger force. Sniping enables a few persons to instil terror in a much larger regular force – regardless of the size of the force the snipers are attached to. It is widely accepted that sniping, while effective in specific instances, is much more effective as a broadly deployed psychological attack or as a force-multiplier.<a href="#cite_note-RobertsSasser2004-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FareySpicer2009-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert1996-86">[86]</a> Snipers are less likely to be treated mercifully than non-snipers if captured by the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-theregister.co.uk.2008.11.28-77">[77]</a> The rationale for this is that ordinary soldiers shoot at each other at 'equal opportunity' whilst snipers take their time in tracking and killing individual targets in a methodical fashion with a relatively low risk of retaliation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_Iraq">War in Iraq</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: War in Iraq">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></div> In 2003, the U.S.-led multinational coalition composed of primarily U.S. and UK troops occupied Iraq and attempted to establish a new government in the country. However, shortly after the initial invasion, violence against coalition forces and among various sectarian groups led to asymmetric warfare with the Iraqi insurgency and civil war between many Sunni and Shia Iraqis. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundeswehr_sniper_team_in_position.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundeswehr_sniper_team_in_position.jpg/220px-Bundeswehr_sniper_team_in_position.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundeswehr_sniper_team_in_position.jpg/330px-Bundeswehr_sniper_team_in_position.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundeswehr_sniper_team_in_position.jpg/440px-Bundeswehr_sniper_team_in_position.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a> sniper team in position, Kunduz Province, Afghanistan</figcaption></figure> Through to November 2005 the Army had attributed 28 of 2,100 U.S. deaths to enemy snipers.<a href="#cite_note-iniraq-87">[87]</a> In 2006, it was claimed that one insurgent sniper, "<a href="/wiki/Juba_(sniper)" title="Juba (sniper)">Juba</a>", had shot up to 37 American soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-88">[88]</a> Training materials obtained by U.S. intelligence had among its tips for shooting U.S. troops, "Killing doctors and chaplains is suggested as a means of psychological warfare.", suggesting that those casualties would demoralize entire units.<a href="#cite_note-iniraq-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_Spring">Arab Spring</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Arab Spring">edit</a>]</div> Sniper activity was reported during the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil unrest">civil unrest</a> in Libya in 2011, both from anti-governmental<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> and pro-governmental<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> supporters, and in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> at least from pro-government<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> forces. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_military_marksmen_and_snipers">Notable military marksmen and snipers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notable military marksmen and snipers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_snipers" title="List of snipers">List of snipers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergeant_H.A._Marshall_of_the_Sniper_Section,_The_Calgary_Highlanders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sergeant_H.A._Marshall_of_the_Sniper_Section%2C_The_Calgary_Highlanders.jpg/220px-Sergeant_H.A._Marshall_of_the_Sniper_Section%2C_The_Calgary_Highlanders.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sergeant_H.A._Marshall_of_the_Sniper_Section%2C_The_Calgary_Highlanders.jpg/330px-Sergeant_H.A._Marshall_of_the_Sniper_Section%2C_The_Calgary_Highlanders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sergeant_H.A._Marshall_of_the_Sniper_Section%2C_The_Calgary_Highlanders.jpg/440px-Sergeant_H.A._Marshall_of_the_Sniper_Section%2C_The_Calgary_Highlanders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Harold_Marshall_(Canadian_sniper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Marshall (Canadian sniper)">H.A. Marshall</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Calgary_Highlanders" class="mw-redirect" title="The Calgary Highlanders">The Calgary Highlanders</a>. Canadian snipers in the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> were trained scouts. Specialized equipment includes <a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Enfield" title="Lee–Enfield">Lee–Enfield</a> No. 4 Mk I(T) rifle and scope combination and a camouflaged <a href="/wiki/Denison_smock" title="Denison smock">Denison smock</a>. PAC Photo, by Ken Bell (September 1944).</figcaption></figure> Even before <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a> were available, soldiers such as <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archers</a> were specially trained as elite marksmen. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 17th century">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Greville,_2nd_Baron_Brooke" title="Robert Greville, 2nd Baron Brooke">Lord Brooke</a>, who represented the <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, was the first recorded British sniper victim, killed by a Royalist soldier hiding in a bell tower in <a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 18th century">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Murphy_(sniper)" title="Timothy Murphy (sniper)">Timothy Murphy</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>) – killed British General <a href="/wiki/General_Simon_Fraser_of_Balnian" class="mw-redirect" title="General Simon Fraser of Balnian">Simon Fraser</a> during the pivotal <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battles of Saratoga</a>, hampering the British advance which resulted in their defeat.<a href="#cite_note-Senich_p.-10">[10]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Ferguson" title="Patrick Ferguson">Patrick Ferguson</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>) – developer of the world's first breech-loaded military rifle (which advanced sniping and sharpshooting tactics), fought with his Corps of Riflemen (recruited from the 6th and 14th Foot) at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a>, where he may have passed up a chance to shoot George Washington.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster_pp._39-45,_53-55-94">[94]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> – Use of Marine sharpshooters in the mast tops was common usage in navies of the period, and Admiral Nelson's death at Trafalgar is attributed to the actions of French sharpshooters. The British Army developed the concept of directed fire (as opposed to massive unaimed volleys) and formed Rifle regiments, notably the 95th and the 60th who wore green jackets instead of the usual redcoats. Fighting as <a href="/wiki/Skirmisher" title="Skirmisher">Skirmishers</a>, usually in pairs and trusted to choose their own targets, they wrought havoc amongst the French during the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>.</li> <li>British <a href="/wiki/Rifleman_Thomas_Plunkett" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifleman Thomas Plunkett">Rifleman Thomas Plunkett</a> (Peninsular War) – shot French General <a href="/wiki/Auguste-Marie-Fran%C3%A7ois_Colbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Auguste-Marie-François Colbert">Colbert</a> and one of his aides at a range of between 200 and 600 metres (219 and 656 yd) using a <a href="/wiki/Baker_rifle" title="Baker rifle">Baker rifle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li> <li>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Berdan" title="Hiram Berdan">Hiram Berdan</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>) – commanded 1st and 2nd US Sharpshooters, who were trained and equipped Union marksmen with the .52 caliber <a href="/wiki/Sharps_Rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharps Rifle">Sharps Rifle</a>. It has been claimed that Berdan's units killed more enemies than any other in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Senich_p.-10">[10]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Hinson" title="Jack Hinson">Jack Hinson</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>) recorded 36 "kills" on his custom-made .50 caliber Kentucky <a href="/wiki/Long_rifle" title="Long rifle">long rifle</a> with iron sights.<a href="#cite_note-McKenney2010-96">[96]</a></li> <li>During the American Civil War, an unidentified Confederate sniper shot Major General <a href="/wiki/John_Sedgwick" title="John Sedgwick">John Sedgwick</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Battle of Spotsylvania Court House</a> probably with a British <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Whitworth" title="Joseph Whitworth">Whitworth</a> target rifle at the then-incredible distance of minimum 730 metres (798 yd). Ben Powell of the 12th South Carolina claimed credit, although his account has been discounted because the general he shot at with a Whitworth rifled musket was mounted, probably Brig Gen. William H. Morris. Union troops from the 6th Vermont claim to have shot an unidentified sharpshooter as they crossed the fields seeking revenge.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The shooting of Sedgewick caused administrative delays in the Union's attack and led to Confederate victory. Sedgwick ignored advice to take cover, his last words according to <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legend</a> being, "They couldn't hit an elephant at this dist-", whereupon he was shot. In reality, he was shot a few minutes later.<a href="#cite_note-Senich_p.-10">[10]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li> <li>Major <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</a> – assassinated Mlimo, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people" title="Northern Ndebele people">Ndebele</a> religious leader, in his cave in <a href="/wiki/Matobo_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Matobo Hills">Matobo Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>, effectively ending the <a href="/wiki/Second_Matabele_War" title="Second Matabele War">Second Matabele War</a> (1896).<a href="#cite_note-nyt25jun1896-98">[98]</a> Burnham started as a <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">cowboy</a> and Indian tracker in the <a href="/wiki/American_Old_West" class="mw-redirect" title="American Old West">American Old West</a>, but he left the United States to scout in Africa and went on to command the British Army Scouts in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>. For his ability to track, even at night, the Africans dubbed him, He-who-sees-in-the-dark,<a href="#cite_note-jameswest-99">[99]</a> but in the press he became more widely known as England's American Scout.<a href="#cite_note-nyt1901-100">[100]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simo_hayha_honorary_rifle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Simo_hayha_honorary_rifle.jpg/170px-Simo_hayha_honorary_rifle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Simo_hayha_honorary_rifle.jpg/255px-Simo_hayha_honorary_rifle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Simo_hayha_honorary_rifle.jpg/340px-Simo_hayha_honorary_rifle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Simo_H%C3%A4yh%C3%A4" title="Simo Häyhä">Simo Häyhä</a>, known among enemies by the nickname "White Death", is generally recognized as the world's deadliest <a href="/wiki/List_of_snipers#Military_snipers" title="List of snipers">military sniper</a> of all time.<a href="#cite_note-white_death-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-hayha1-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-hayha2-103">[103]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlos_Hathcock_DM-SD-98-02324.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Carlos_Hathcock_DM-SD-98-02324.JPG/170px-Carlos_Hathcock_DM-SD-98-02324.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Carlos_Hathcock_DM-SD-98-02324.JPG/255px-Carlos_Hathcock_DM-SD-98-02324.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Carlos_Hathcock_DM-SD-98-02324.JPG 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Hathcock" title="Carlos Hathcock">Carlos Hathcock</a>, nicknamed "White Feather" by the <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnamese_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="North Vietnamese Army">North Vietnamese Army</a> (NVA), was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> sniper with a service record of 93 confirmed kills.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Sing" title="Billy Sing">Billy Sing</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>) – An <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian</a> sniper with at least 150 confirmed kills during the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli Campaign</a>; he may have had close to 300 kills in total at Gallipoli,<a href="#cite_note-Hamilton2008-104">[104]</a> and went on to fight at the Western Front.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pegahmagabow" title="Francis Pegahmagabow">Francis Pegahmagabow</a> (World War I) – <a href="/wiki/Native_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Canadian">Native Canadian</a> sniper credited with 378 kills, and an unknown number of unconfirmed kills. He only took credit for kills when they were verified by an officer.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li>Finnish Lance Corporal <a href="/wiki/Simo_H%C3%A4yh%C3%A4" title="Simo Häyhä">Simo Häyhä</a>, nicknamed "White Death",<a href="#cite_note-white_death-101">[101]</a> was a sniper during the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> and is regarded by many as the most effective sniper in the history of warfare, being credited with killing up to 705 Soviet soldiers (505 sniper kills, and estimated 200 sub-machine gun kills) in fewer than 100 days.<a href="#cite_note-white_death-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-hayha1-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-hayha2-103">[103]</a> Häyhä used a <a href="/wiki/White_Guard_(Finland)" title="White Guard (Finland)">White Guard</a> M/28 "Pystykorva" or "Spitz", variant of the Russian <a href="/wiki/Mosin%E2%80%93Nagant" title="Mosin–Nagant">Mosin–Nagant</a> rifle.<a href="#cite_note-white_death-101">[101]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Ilyich_Surkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Ilyich Surkov">Mikhail Ilyich Surkov</a> has been said to have killed 702 enemy troops, Vladimir Gavrilovich Salbiev had 601 confirmed kills, <a href="/wiki/Vasilij_Kvachantiradze" title="Vasilij Kvachantiradze">Vasilij Kvachantiradze</a> had 534, and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sidorenko" title="Ivan Sidorenko">Ivan Sidorenko</a> had around 500.<a href="#cite_note-ussr_snip-106">[106]</a></li> <li>Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Pavlichenko" title="Lyudmila Pavlichenko">Lyudmila Pavlichenko</a> (World War II) was a female Soviet sniper with 309 confirmed kills, making her the most successful female sniper in history.<a href="#cite_note-Sakaida-Hook_pp._31-32-107">[107]</a></li> <li>Junior Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zaitsev_(sniper)" title="Vasily Zaitsev (sniper)">Vasily Zaytsev</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>) was credited with killing about 200 German soldiers during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>;<a href="#cite_note-bioru-108">[108]</a> he is portrayed in the film <a href="/wiki/Enemy_at_the_Gates" title="Enemy at the Gates">Enemy at the Gates</a> and in the book <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Rats" title="War of the Rats">War of the Rats</a>. Both are fictionalized accounts.</li> <li>Semyon Nomokonov killed 367 persons, including a general.<a href="#cite_note-ussr_snip-106">[106]</a></li> <li>Gefreiter (Private) <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Hetzenauer" title="Matthäus Hetzenauer">Matthäus Hetzenauer</a> was an Austrian sniper in World War II who was credited with 345 confirmed kills<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> on the Eastern Front, the most successful in the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Wirnsberger" title="Helmut Wirnsberger">Helmut Wirnsberger</a> – Austrian sniper, who has served in 3. Gebirgsjaegerdivision during WW II and credited 64 confirmed kills.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></li> <li>Chinese Sergeant Tung Chih Yeh claimed to have shot and killed over 100 Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) soldiers using a <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-Shek_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Kai-Shek rifle">Chiang Kai-Shek rifle</a> around <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Taofang" title="Zhang Taofang">Zhang Taofang</a> (Chinese: 张桃芳; Traditional Chinese: 張桃芳; Wade–Giles: Zhang Tao-fang) was a Chinese soldier during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. He is credited with 214 confirmed kills in 32 days without using a <a href="/wiki/Telescopic_sight" title="Telescopic sight">sniper magnifying scope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pegler_p.-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Hulme" title="Clive Hulme">Clive Hulme</a> was a New Zealand recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a>, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He is credited with stalking and killing 33 German snipers in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li> <li>Ian Robertson served as a sniper with Australia's <a href="/wiki/3RAR" class="mw-redirect" title="3RAR">3RAR</a> after World War II. He became one of the most effective snipers during the Korean War, during which in one instance he killed 30 soldiers in a single morning.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roza_Shanina" title="Roza Shanina">Roza Shanina</a> was a Soviet sniper during World War II credited with 59 confirmed kills, including twelve soldiers during the Battle of Vilnius.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnery_Sergeant" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunnery Sergeant">Gunnery Sergeant</a> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Hathcock" title="Carlos Hathcock">Carlos Hathcock</a> achieved 93 confirmed kills during the Vietnam War but believed to have over 200 unconfirmed kills. With a telescopic-scoped .50 caliber <a href="/wiki/M2_Browning_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="M2 Browning machine gun">M2 Browning</a> <a href="/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun" title="Heavy machine gun">heavy machine gun</a>, he set a world record for the longest recorded sniper kill at 2,286 m (2,500 yd) which stood for 35 years until 2002.<a href="#cite_note-Hathcockshot-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hathcockshotb-117">[117]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Mawhinney" title="Chuck Mawhinney">Chuck Mawhinney</a> (Vietnam War) – 103 confirmed and 216 probable kills.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_Waldron" title="Adelbert Waldron">Adelbert Waldron</a> (Vietnam War) – achieved 109 confirmed kills.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></li> <li>Master Sgt. <a href="/wiki/Gary_Gordon" title="Gary Gordon">Gary Gordon</a> and Sgt. First Class <a href="/wiki/Randy_Shughart" title="Randy Shughart">Randy Shughart</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Somalia_II" title="United Nations Operation in Somalia II">Somalia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gothic_Serpent" title="Operation Gothic Serpent">Operation Gothic Serpent</a>) – were <a href="/wiki/Delta_Force" title="Delta Force">Delta Force</a> snipers who were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> for their attempt to protect the injured crew of a downed helicopter during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(1993)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (1993)">Battle of Mogadishu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> This action was later dramatized in the film <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Down_(film)" title="Black Hawk Down (film)">Black Hawk Down</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>British Army <a href="/wiki/Corporal_of_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporal of Horse">CoH</a> <a href="/wiki/Craig_Harrison_(sniper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig Harrison (sniper)">Craig Harrison</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Household_Cavalry" title="Household Cavalry">Household Cavalry</a> successfully killed two <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> machine gunners south of <a href="/wiki/Musa_Qala" title="Musa Qala">Musa Qala</a> in Helmand Province in Afghanistan in November 2009 at a range of 2,475 m (2,707 yd), using an <a href="/wiki/L115A3" class="mw-redirect" title="L115A3">L115A3</a> Long Range Rifle rifle chambered in <a href="/wiki/.338_Lapua_Magnum" title=".338 Lapua Magnum">.338 Lapua Magnum</a>. These were the <a href="/wiki/Longest_recorded_sniper_kills" title="Longest recorded sniper kills">longest recorded and confirmed sniper kills</a> to that time.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_p.-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chandler_p.-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alpert_p.-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drury_p.-124">[124]</a></li> <li>Canadian <a href="/wiki/Master_Corporal" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Corporal">Master Corporal</a> <a href="/wiki/Arron_Perry" title="Arron Perry">Arron Perry</a>, formerly of the <a href="/wiki/PPCLI" class="mw-redirect" title="PPCLI">PPCLI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Anaconda" title="Operation Anaconda">Operation Anaconda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>) – briefly held the record for the longest recorded and confirmed sniper kill at 2,310 m (2,526 yd) in 2002, eclipsing U.S. Marine Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Hathcock's previous record established in 1967. Perry used a <a href="/wiki/.50_BMG" title=".50 BMG">.50 caliber</a> (12.7 mm) <a href="/wiki/McMillan_TAC-50" title="McMillan TAC-50">McMillan TAC-50</a> rifle. A few days later, a new record was achieved by his teammate during the same operation.<a href="#cite_note-Maclean.Furlong-125">[125]</a></li> <li>Canadian <a href="/wiki/Corporal" title="Corporal">Corporal</a> <a href="/wiki/Rob_Furlong" title="Rob Furlong">Rob Furlong</a>, formerly of the <a href="/wiki/PPCLI" class="mw-redirect" title="PPCLI">PPCLI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Anaconda" title="Operation Anaconda">Operation Anaconda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>) – achieved a recorded and confirmed sniper kill at 2,430 m (2,657 yd) in 2002 using a <a href="/wiki/.50_BMG" title=".50 BMG">.50 caliber</a> (12.7 mm) <a href="/wiki/McMillan_TAC-50" title="McMillan TAC-50">McMillan TAC-50</a> rifle.<a href="#cite_note-Maclean.Furlong-125">[125]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> Chief <a href="/wiki/Chris_Kyle" title="Chris Kyle">Chris Kyle</a> of SEAL Team Three, during four deployments to <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> between 2003 and 2009, had 255 kills, 160 of which are confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>, making him the deadliest marksman in US military history. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Second Battle of Fallujah">Second Battle of Fallujah</a> alone, when U.S. Marines fought running battles in the streets with several thousand insurgents, he killed 40 enemy personnel. For his deadly record as a marksman during his deployment to <a href="/wiki/Ramadi" title="Ramadi">Ramadi</a>, the insurgents named him 'Al-Shaitan Ramad' – the Devil of Rahmadi – and put a $20,000 bounty on his head. Kyle was honorably discharged in 2009, and on 2 February 2013, was murdered at a shooting range along with another victim in Texas by a Marine veteran suffering from <a href="/wiki/Post_traumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Post traumatic stress disorder">post traumatic stress disorder</a>. Subject of the movie <a href="/wiki/American_Sniper" title="American Sniper">American Sniper</a>.</li> <li>U.S. Marine Corps Staff Sergeant Steve Reichert – Killed an Iraqi insurgent and possibly injured two more hiding behind a brick wall with a shot from 1 mile in Lutayfiyah, Iraq on 9 April 2004. Reichert was using a <a href="/wiki/Barrett_M82A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrett M82A3">Barrett M82A3</a> .50 BMG rifle loaded with <a href="/wiki/Raufoss_Mk_211" title="Raufoss Mk 211">Raufoss Mk 211</a> multipurpose rounds. During the same engagement Reichert killed an Iraqi machine gunner pinning down a squad of Marines from a distance of 1,614 m (1,765 yd).<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></li> <li>U.S. Army Staff Sergeant Jim Gilliland – Previously held the record for the longest recorded confirmed kill with a <a href="/wiki/7.62%C3%9751mm_NATO" title="7.62×51mm NATO">7.62×51mm NATO</a> rifle at 1,250 m (1,367 yd) with a M24, killing an Iraqi insurgent sniper in Ramadi, Iraq on 27 September 2005.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></li> <li>U.S. Army SGT Christopher Dale Abbott: As part of a U.S. Army counter-IED team in Iraq in 2007–2008, Abbott recorded 22 confirmed kills with an M24 7.62×51mm rifle for a period of only 7 months before being injured and sent out of theater. He and his team were tasked with seeking out insurgents placing <a href="/wiki/Improvised_Explosive_Device" class="mw-redirect" title="Improvised Explosive Device">IEDs</a> along frequently used supply routes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>U.S. Army Staff Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Kellner" title="Timothy Kellner">Timothy L. Kellner</a> – As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit">[update]</a>, Kellner is still active as a sniper in the U.S. Army, with 78 confirmed kills during the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> and 3 in Haiti.<a href="#cite_note-snipercentral.com.Iraq-128">[128]</a></li> <li>Canadian <a href="/wiki/Master_Corporal" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Corporal">Master Corporal</a> <a href="/wiki/Graham_Ragsdale" title="Graham Ragsdale">Graham Ragsdale</a>, using a 7.62mm C-3, registered 20 confirmed kills over ten days during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Anaconda" title="Operation Anaconda">Operation Anaconda</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Army">Sri Lankan Army</a> sniper Corporal I.R. Premasiri, alias "Nero", of the 5th Battalion in the Gajaba Regiment has 180 confirmed <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Tamil Tigers</a> kills.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></li> <li>Iraqi insurgent "<a href="/wiki/Juba_(sniper)" title="Juba (sniper)">Juba</a>", a sniper who features in several propaganda videos. Juba has allegedly shot 37 American soldiers, although whether Juba is a real individual is unknown. He may be a constructed composite of a number of insurgent snipers.<a href="#cite_note-alertnet.org.Juba-130">[130]</a></li> <li>Corporal <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roberts-Smith" title="Ben Roberts-Smith">Ben Roberts-Smith</a> <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross_for_Australia" title="Victoria Cross for Australia">VC</a> <a href="/wiki/Medal_for_Gallantry" title="Medal for Gallantry">MG</a> of the Australian <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service_Regiment" title="Special Air Service Regiment">Special Air Service Regiment</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Gallantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Medal of Gallantry">Medal of Gallantry</a> for his actions in 2006 during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Perth" title="Operation Perth">Operation Perth</a> in the Chora Valley of Oruzgan Province, Afghanistan. In that action, patrol sniper Roberts-Smith prevented an outnumbered patrol from being overrun by anti-coalition militia with sniper fire.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Subsequently, in early 2011, he became the second Australian to be awarded the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a> on <a href="/wiki/Operation_Slipper" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Slipper">Operation Slipper</a> in Afghanistan. During the <a href="/wiki/Shah_Wali_Kot_Offensive" title="Shah Wali Kot Offensive">Shah Wali Kot Offensive</a> in June 2010, having provided sniper over-watch for ground forces from a helicopter with an <a href="/wiki/Mk_14_Enhanced_Battle_Rifle" title="Mk 14 Enhanced Battle Rifle">M14 EBR</a> rifle, Roberts-Smith was placed into a firefight by helicopter and subsequently eliminated machine gun positions.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li> <li>U.S. Army Staff Sergeant Justin Morales – As part of the U.S. Army CIST (Counter Insurgent Sniper Team) in Iraq, he recorded 27 confirmed kills with an M24 7.62×51mm NATO rifle. From 2005 to 2006, Morales and his team in Balad, Iraq were tasked with seeking out insurgents placing <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">IEDs</a> along supply routes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>During May 2017 in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Special_Operations_Forces_Command" title="Canadian Special Operations Forces Command">Canadian Special Operations Forces Command</a> <a href="/wiki/Joint_Task_Force_2" title="Joint Task Force 2">Joint Task Force 2</a> sniper, using a <a href="/wiki/McMillan_Tac-50" class="mw-redirect" title="McMillan Tac-50">McMillan Tac-50</a> sniper rifle set a new world record for the longest confirmed kill shot at a distance of 3,540 m (3,871 yd).<a href="#cite_note-G&M-133">[133]</a> The shot was fired from a high-rise building and the bullet travelled for "under 10 seconds" before hitting the target, an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIS</a> <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-G&M-133">[133]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a> volunteer <a href="/wiki/Abu_Tahsin_al-Salhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Tahsin al-Salhi">Abu Tahsin al-Salhi</a> was a Shia Iraqi veteran sniper with 350 claimed ISIS kills.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4ger_(infantry)" title="Jäger (infantry)">Jäger (infantry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_snipers" title="List of snipers">List of snipers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sniper_rifles" title="List of sniper rifles">List of sniper rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longest_recorded_sniper_kills" title="Longest recorded sniper kills">Longest recorded sniper kills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Foxley" title="Operation Foxley">Operation Foxley</a> – plan to kill <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> using a sniper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sniper_Alley" title="Sniper Alley">Sniper Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snipers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Snipers of the Soviet Union">Snipers of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Sniper_(1990%E2%80%9397)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Armagh Sniper (1990–97)">South Armagh Sniper (1990–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sniper_equipment" title="Sniper equipment">Sniper equipment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shootingrangeindustries.com/what-is-a-sniper-in-the-army-other-military-branches-what-is-the-longest-sniper-rifle-shot/">"What is a Sniper in the Army & Other Military Branches? What is the Longest Sniper Rifle Shot? – Shooting Range Industries"</a>. Shooting Range Industries. 31 July 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shooting+Range+Industries&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Sniper+in+the+Army+%26+Other+Military+Branches%3F+What+is+the+Longest+Sniper+Rifle+Shot%3F+%E2%80%93+Shooting+Range+Industries&rft.date=2017-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shootingrangeindustries.com%2Fwhat-is-a-sniper-in-the-army-other-military-branches-what-is-the-longest-sniper-rifle-shot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPegler2004" class="citation book cs1">Pegler, Martin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56654780">Out of nowhere : a history of the military sniper</a>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-854-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-854-5"><bdi>1-84176-854-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56654780">56654780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+nowhere+%3A+a+history+of+the+military+sniper&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56654780&rft.isbn=1-84176-854-5&rft.aulast=Pegler&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F56654780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymology-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-etymology_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-etymology_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-etymology_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-etymology_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=snipe">"Snipe"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 8 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Snipe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dsnipe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702044244/http://army.ca/wiki/index.php/Sniper">"Sniper – Army.ca Wiki"</a>. army.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://army.ca/wiki/index.php/Sniper">the original</a> on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=army.ca&rft.atitle=Sniper+%E2%80%93+Army.ca+Wiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmy.ca%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FSniper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> In the Edinburgh Advertiser, 23 June 1801, can be found the following quote in a piece about the North British Militia; "This Regiment has several Field Pieces, and two companies of Sharp Shooters, which are very necessary in the modern Stile of War". </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPegler2004" class="citation book cs1">Pegler, Martin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56654780">Out of nowhere : a history of the military sniper</a>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-854-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-854-5"><bdi>1-84176-854-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56654780">56654780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+nowhere+%3A+a+history+of+the+military+sniper&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56654780&rft.isbn=1-84176-854-5&rft.aulast=Pegler&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F56654780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPegler2004" class="citation book cs1">Pegler, Martin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56654780">Out of nowhere : a history of the military sniper</a>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-854-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-854-5"><bdi>1-84176-854-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56654780">56654780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+nowhere+%3A+a+history+of+the+military+sniper&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56654780&rft.isbn=1-84176-854-5&rft.aulast=Pegler&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F56654780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plaster_p.-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_p._8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlaster2007">Plaster 2007</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plaster_1993_p.-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_1993_p._9-28">ac</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlaster1993">Plaster 1993</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Senich_p.-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Senich_p._10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Senich_p._10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Senich_p._10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Senich_p._10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Senich_p._10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Senich_p._10-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFSenich1988">Senich 1988</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Senich_1982_p.-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Senich_1982_p._11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Senich_1982_p._11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Senich_1982_p._11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Senich_1982_p._11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Senich_1982_p._11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Senich_1982_p._11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Senich_1982_p._11-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFSenich1982">Senich 1982</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shore_p._316-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shore_p._316_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shore_p._316_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShore1988">Shore 1988</a>, p. 316 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Freigegeben ab 12 Jahren (2 January 2008). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/L96SniperRifleAndL115a3LongRangeRifle.htm">the original</a> on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L96+Sniper+Rifle+and+L115A3+Long+Range+Rifle&rft.pub=Mod.uk&rft.date=2007-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mod.uk%2FDefenceInternet%2FFactSheets%2FL96SniperRifleAndL115a3LongRangeRifle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/OAKN/2009/11/1/MonthlyHistory.html">"Weather Underground History for Kandahar, Afghanistan – Month of November 2009"</a>. Wunderground.com. 21 May 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weather+Underground+History+for+Kandahar%2C+Afghanistan+%E2%80%93+Month+of+November+2009&rft.pub=Wunderground.com&rft.date=2011-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wunderground.com%2Fhistory%2Fairport%2FOAKN%2F2009%2F11%2F1%2FMonthlyHistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-basc1-29"><a href="#cite_ref-basc1_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/2010/05/brit-sniper-makes-double-kill-at-1-54-miles-with-338-lapua-mag/">"Brit sniper makes double-kill at 1.54 miles with .338 Lapua Mag"</a>. accurateshooter.com. 3 May 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brit+sniper+makes+double-kill+at+1.54+miles+with+.338+Lapua+Mag&rft.pub=accurateshooter.com&rft.date=2010-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbulletin.accurateshooter.com%2F2010%2F05%2Fbrit-sniper-makes-double-kill-at-1-54-miles-with-338-lapua-mag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JSAHR1925-30"><a href="#cite_ref-JSAHR1925_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._C._B._M.1925" class="citation journal cs1">E. C. B. M. (October–December 1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44227525">"Sniping"</a>. Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. 4 (18): 213. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44227525">44227525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+for+Army+Historical+Research&rft.atitle=Sniping&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=213&rft.date=1925-10%2F1925-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44227525%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=E.+C.+B.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44227525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leckie2010-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Leckie2010_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Leckie2010" class="citation book cs1">Robert Leckie (24 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eGqMbfTl3MQC&pg=PA513">George Washington's War: The Saga of the American Revolution</a>. New York: HarperCollins. p. 513. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-201536-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-201536-5"><bdi>978-0-06-201536-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%27s+War%3A+The+Saga+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=513&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2010-08-24&rft.isbn=978-0-06-201536-5&rft.au=Robert+Leckie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeGqMbfTl3MQC%26pg%3DPA513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MastHalberstadt2007-32"><a href="#cite_ref-MastHalberstadt2007_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_MastHans_Halberstadt2007" class="citation book cs1">Gregory Mast; Hans Halberstadt (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A64US-2Em2YC&pg=PA18">To Be a Military Sniper</a>. Zenith Imprint. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-3002-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-3002-9"><bdi>978-0-7603-3002-9</bdi></a>. 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New York: Random House Publishing Group. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-440-33809-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-440-33809-3"><bdi>978-0-440-33809-3</bdi></a>. 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Da Capo Press, Incorporated. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1773-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1773-6"><bdi>978-0-7867-1773-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+the+Crosshairs%3A+A+History+of+Snipers&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2006-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1773-6&rft.au=Andy+Dougan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCpJ7fH7I0gkC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-forming-35"><a href="#cite_ref-forming_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409202929/http://www.greenjackets-net.org.uk/rb/forming.htm">"1800 The Forming of the Regiment"</a>. Green Jackets. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenjackets-net.org.uk/rb/forming.htm">the original</a> on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1800+The+Forming+of+the+Regiment&rft.pub=Green+Jackets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenjackets-net.org.uk%2Frb%2Fforming.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgerton2010" class="citation book cs1">Edgerton, Robert B. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tkm5UZJz8z0C&q=marksmen+to+snipe">The Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred-Year War For Africa's Gold Coast</a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451603736" title="Special:BookSources/9781451603736"><bdi>9781451603736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Asante+Empire%3A+The+Hundred-Year+War+For+Africa%27s+Gold+Coast&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781451603736&rft.aulast=Edgerton&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTkm5UZJz8z0C%26q%3Dmarksmen%2Bto%2Bsnipe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americancivilwarstory.com/whitworth-rifle.html">"Whitworth Rifle"</a>. American Civil War Stories.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Civil+War+Stories&rft.atitle=Whitworth+Rifle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americancivilwarstory.com%2Fwhitworth-rifle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> "Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 19" By Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain) </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPegler,_Martin2011" class="citation book cs1">Pegler, Martin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=COCIaPM2_ksC&q=Battle+of+Freeman%27s+Farm+sniping">Out of Nowhere: A history of the military sniper, from the Sharpshooter to Afghanistan</a>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849088756" title="Special:BookSources/9781849088756"><bdi>9781849088756</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+Nowhere%3A+A+history+of+the+military+sniper%2C+from+the+Sharpshooter+to+Afghanistan&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781849088756&rft.au=Pegler%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCOCIaPM2_ksC%26q%3DBattle%2Bof%2BFreeman%2527s%2BFarm%2Bsniping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> "Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers". 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Retrieved 12 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battles+for+Spotsylvania+Court+House+and+the+Road+to+Yellow+Tavern%2C+May+7%E2%80%9312%2C+1864&rft.place=Louisiana&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-2136-8&rft.aulast=Rhea&rft.aufirst=Gordon+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattlesforspotsy00rhea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Eicher2005" class="citation book cs1">David Eicher (14 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilwarbattlefi00davi">Civil War Battlefields: A Touring Guide</a>. Taylor Trade Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilwarbattlefi00davi/page/73">73</a>–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58979-181-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58979-181-7"><bdi>978-1-58979-181-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+War+Battlefields%3A+A+Touring+Guide&rft.pages=73-75&rft.pub=Taylor+Trade+Publications&rft.date=2005-03-14&rft.isbn=978-1-58979-181-7&rft.au=David+Eicher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivilwarbattlefi00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_F._Cummings_III2011" class="citation book cs1">John F. Cummings III (June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1RlftiHYFgIC&pg=PA36">Spotsylvania County</a>. Arcadia Publishing. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-8246-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-8246-7"><bdi>978-0-7385-8246-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spotsylvania+County&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2011-06&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-8246-7&rft.au=John+F.+Cummings+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1RlftiHYFgIC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2010" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Gary (1 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bqBcwt_axSUC&pg=PT297">Spotsylvania Campaign</a>. North Carolina: UNC Press Books. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-9837-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-9837-6"><bdi>978-0-8078-9837-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spotsylvania+Campaign&rft.place=North+Carolina&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-9837-6&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbqBcwt_axSUC%26pg%3DPT297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plaster_p._5-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_p._5_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_p._5_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlaster2007">Plaster 2007</a>, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-cooper1994-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cooper1994_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cooper1994_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopper1994" class="citation journal cs1">Copper, Jeff (July 1994). "Cooper's Scout rifle a gun for all reasons: whether it be for hunting or individual combat, this concept may just be the ultimate dual-purpose rifle". <a href="/wiki/Guns_%26_Ammo" title="Guns & Ammo">Guns & Ammo</a>. 38 (7): 74. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-5684">0017-5684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guns+%26+Ammo&rft.atitle=Cooper%27s+Scout+rifle+a+gun+for+all+reasons%3A+whether+it+be+for+hunting+or+individual+combat%2C+this+concept+may+just+be+the+ultimate+dual-purpose+rifle&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=74&rft.date=1994-07&rft.issn=0017-5684&rft.aulast=Copper&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pegler_p.-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pegler_p._47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pegler_p._47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPegler2006a">Pegler 2006a</a> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPegler2006a (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snipercentral.com/lovat.phtml">"Lovat Scouts, Sharpshooters – United Kingdom"</a>. 20 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lovat+Scouts%2C+Sharpshooters+%E2%80%93+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2020-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snipercentral.com%2Flovat.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sniping_chap11-49"><a href="#cite_ref-sniping_chap11_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesketh-Prichard1994" class="citation book cs1">Hesketh-Prichard, H.V. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allworldwars.com/Sniping%20in%20France%20by%20Major%20Hesketh-Prichard.html">Sniping in France</a>. Leo Cooper. pp. Chapter XI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85052-426-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85052-426-1"><bdi>0-85052-426-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sniping+in+France&rft.pages=Chapter+XI&rft.pub=Leo+Cooper&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-85052-426-1&rft.aulast=Hesketh-Prichard&rft.aufirst=H.V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allworldwars.com%2FSniping%2520in%2520France%2520by%2520Major%2520Hesketh-Prichard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-One-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-One_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-One_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ww1revisited.com/2014/03/16/trench-loopholes-le-linge/">"Trench Loopholes, Le Linge"</a>. 16 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trench+Loopholes%2C+Le+Linge&rft.date=2014-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fww1revisited.com%2F2014%2F03%2F16%2Ftrench-loopholes-le-linge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parker_pp._211-212-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Parker_pp._211-212_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParker1924">Parker 1924</a>, pp. 211–212 </li> <li id="cite_note-Parker_p211-212-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Parker_p211-212_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Eric. Hesketh Prichard. p. 212.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hesketh+Prichard&rft.pages=212&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sniping_chap5-53"><a href="#cite_ref-sniping_chap5_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesketh-Prichard1994" class="citation book cs1">Hesketh-Prichard, H.V. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allworldwars.com/Sniping%20in%20France%20by%20Major%20Hesketh-Prichard.html">Sniping in France</a>. Leo Cooper. pp. Chapter 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85052-426-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85052-426-1"><bdi>0-85052-426-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sniping+in+France&rft.pages=Chapter+5&rft.pub=Leo+Cooper&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-85052-426-1&rft.aulast=Hesketh-Prichard&rft.aufirst=H.V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allworldwars.com%2FSniping%2520in%2520France%2520by%2520Major%2520Hesketh-Prichard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sniping_chap2-54"><a href="#cite_ref-sniping_chap2_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesketh-Prichard1994" class="citation book cs1">Hesketh-Prichard, H.V. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allworldwars.com/Sniping%20in%20France%20by%20Major%20Hesketh-Prichard.html">Sniping in France</a>. Leo Cooper. pp. Chapter 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85052-426-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85052-426-1"><bdi>0-85052-426-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sniping+in+France&rft.pages=Chapter+2&rft.pub=Leo+Cooper&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-85052-426-1&rft.aulast=Hesketh-Prichard&rft.aufirst=H.V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allworldwars.com%2FSniping%2520in%2520France%2520by%2520Major%2520Hesketh-Prichard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prichard-Vernon_pp._10,19-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Prichard-Vernon_pp._10,19_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrichardVernon2004">Prichard & Vernon 2004</a>, pp. 10, 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrichard1920" class="citation web cs1">Prichard, Hesketh Vernon Hesketh (19 April 1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/cu31924027946619">"Sniping in France : with notes on the scientific training of scouts, observers, and snipers"</a>. New York : E.P. Dutton – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sniping+in+France+%3A+with+notes+on+the+scientific+training+of+scouts%2C+observers%2C+and+snipers&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+E.P.+Dutton&rft.date=1920-04-19&rft.aulast=Prichard&rft.aufirst=Hesketh+Vernon+Hesketh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924027946619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert_p._45-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert_p._45_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1996" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Adrian (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34124115">Sniper : the skills, the weapons, and the experiences</a> (St. Martin's ed.). New York: St. Martin's Paperbacks. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-95766-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-95766-1"><bdi>0-312-95766-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34124115">34124115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sniper+%3A+the+skills%2C+the+weapons%2C+and+the+experiences&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=45&rft.edition=St.+Martin%27s&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Paperbacks&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34124115&rft.isbn=0-312-95766-1&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F34124115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brookesmith_p._77-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Brookesmith_p._77_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookesmith2006" class="citation book cs1">Brookesmith, Peter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122381816">Sniper : training, techniques and weapons</a> (2nd ed.). New York: Thomas Dunne Books. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-36290-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-36290-0"><bdi>0-312-36290-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/122381816">122381816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sniper+%3A+training%2C+techniques+and+weapons&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=77&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F122381816&rft.isbn=0-312-36290-0&rft.aulast=Brookesmith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F122381816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111130202537/http://www.ultimatesniper.com/Docs/36.PDF">"Sniping in France by Major H. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1517044/The-long-view.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+long+view&rft.date=2006-04-30&rft.au=Rayment%2C+Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1517044%2FThe-long-view.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadowski2015Chapter_3:_A_Brief_History_of_Military_Snipers-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadowski2015Chapter_3:_A_Brief_History_of_Military_Snipers_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSadowski2015">Sadowski 2015</a>, Chapter 3: A Brief History of Military Snipers. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSadowski2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherzer2007388-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherzer2007388_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScherzer2007">Scherzer 2007</a>, p. 388. sfn error: no target: CITEREFScherzer2007 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Peter R. Senich: German Sniper 1914–45, Page 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219092531/http://home.scarlet.be/p.colmant/polte.htg/p41.jpg">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.scarlet.be/p.colmant/polte.htg/p41.jpg">the original</a> on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.scarlet.be%2Fp.colmant%2Fpolte.htg%2Fp41.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324034337/http://www.shotgun.com.ua/class/sniping/snip_hist_12.html">"Снайперское движение в РККА | История снайперского искусства"</a>. Shotgun.com.ua. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shotgun.com.ua/class/sniping/snip_hist_12.html">the original</a> on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%9A%D0%9A%D0%90+%26%23124%3B+%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.pub=Shotgun.com.ua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shotgun.com.ua%2Fclass%2Fsniping%2Fsnip_hist_12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-smallcalpdf-68"><a href="#cite_ref-smallcalpdf_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070824081519/http://www.atk.com/ammo_PDFs/smallcaliber.pdf">"ATK.com"</a> (PDF). ATK.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atk.com/ammo_PDFs/smallcaliber.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 1 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ATK.com&rft.pub=ATK.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atk.com%2Fammo_PDFs%2Fsmallcaliber.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Gavrilov, Yuri <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rg.ru/2011/10/19/snaiper.html">"Take a bead: Army gets sniper schools"</a> Rossiiskaya gazeta 19 October 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-Plaster_2006-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Plaster_2006_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlaster2006">Plaster 2006</a>, p. 346 </li> <li id="cite_note-www.laprovence.com-71"><a href="#cite_ref-www.laprovence.com_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPardini2007" class="citation web cs1">Pardini, Sèverine (2 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laprovence.com/article/region/jai-fait-mouche-sur-son-arme-a-80-metres-pour-le-sauver">"J'ai fait mouche sur son arme à 80 mètres pour le sauver (ENG:I hit his weapon at 80 meters to save him)"</a>. laprovence.com. Retrieved 14 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=J%27ai+fait+mouche+sur+son+arme+%C3%A0+80+m%C3%A8tres+pour+le+sauver+%28ENG%3AI+hit+his+weapon+at+80+meters+to+save+him%29&rft.pub=laprovence.com&rft.date=2007-08-02&rft.aulast=Pardini&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A8verine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laprovence.com%2Farticle%2Fregion%2Fjai-fait-mouche-sur-son-arme-a-80-metres-pour-le-sauver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_J_Dougherty2012" class="citation book cs1">Martin J Dougherty (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j1Dm6EnU7mkC&q=sniper+medulla+oblongata&pg=PT205">Sniper: SAS and Elite Forces Guide</a>. Amber Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781909160385" title="Special:BookSources/9781909160385"><bdi>9781909160385</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sniper%3A+SAS+and+Elite+Forces+Guide&rft.pub=Amber+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781909160385&rft.au=Martin+J+Dougherty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj1Dm6EnU7mkC%26q%3Dsniper%2Bmedulla%2Boblongata%26pg%3DPT205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MastHalberstadt2007_2-73"><a href="#cite_ref-MastHalberstadt2007_2_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_MastHans_Halberstadt2007" class="citation book cs1">Gregory Mast; Hans Halberstadt (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A64US-2Em2YC&pg=PA22">To Be a Military Sniper</a>. Zenith Imprint. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-3002-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-3002-9"><bdi>978-0-7603-3002-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Be+a+Military+Sniper&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Zenith+Imprint&rft.date=2007-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-3002-9&rft.au=Gregory+Mast&rft.au=Hans+Halberstadt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA64US-2Em2YC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halberstadt2008-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Halberstadt2008_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans_Halberstadt2008" class="citation book cs1">Hans Halberstadt (18 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/triggermenshadow0000halb">Trigger Men: Shadow Team, Spider-Man, the Magnificent Bastards, and the American Combat Sniper</a>. St. Martin's Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/triggermenshadow0000halb/page/29">29</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-35472-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-35472-5"><bdi>978-0-312-35472-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trigger+Men%3A+Shadow+Team%2C+Spider-Man%2C+the+Magnificent+Bastards%2C+and+the+American+Combat+Sniper&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2008-03-18&rft.isbn=978-0-312-35472-5&rft.au=Hans+Halberstadt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftriggermenshadow0000halb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pegler2011-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Pegler2011_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Pegler2011" class="citation book cs1">Martin Pegler (20 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=COCIaPM2_ksC&pg=PA21">Out of Nowhere: A history of the military sniper, from the Sharpshooter to Afghanistan</a>. Osprey Publishing. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-875-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-875-6"><bdi>978-1-84908-875-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+Nowhere%3A+A+history+of+the+military+sniper%2C+from+the+Sharpshooter+to+Afghanistan&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2011-09-20&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-875-6&rft.au=Martin+Pegler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCOCIaPM2_ksC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-firstworldwar.com-76"><a href="#cite_ref-firstworldwar.com_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2009" class="citation web cs1">Duffy, Michael (22 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstworldwar.com/atoz/snipers.htm">"Encyclopedia – Snipers"</a>. firstworldwar.com. Retrieved 10 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+%E2%80%93+Snipers&rft.pub=firstworldwar.com&rft.date=2009-08-22&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstworldwar.com%2Fatoz%2Fsnipers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theregister.co.uk.2008.11.28-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theregister.co.uk.2008.11.28_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theregister.co.uk.2008.11.28_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage2008" class="citation web cs1">Page, Lewis (28 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/11/28/sniper_feature/page2.html">"Snipers – Cowardly assassins, or surgical soldiers?"</a>. The Register. Retrieved 10 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Snipers+%E2%80%93+Cowardly+assassins%2C+or+surgical+soldiers%3F&rft.date=2008-11-28&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2008%2F11%2F28%2Fsniper_feature%2Fpage2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray2005" class="citation news cs1">Bray, Hiawatha (4 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2005/10/04/robotic_vacuum_maker_bu_team_up_on_antisniper_device/">"Robotic-vacuum maker, BU team up on anti-sniper device"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Robotic-vacuum+maker%2C+BU+team+up+on+anti-sniper+device&rft.date=2005-10-04&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Hiawatha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fbusiness%2Ftechnology%2Farticles%2F2005%2F10%2F04%2Frobotic_vacuum_maker_bu_team_up_on_antisniper_device%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Petri Sarjanen (1998). Valkoinen kuolema: Talvisodan legendaarisen tarkka-ampujan Simo Häyhän tarina. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/952-5170-05-5" title="Special:BookSources/952-5170-05-5">952-5170-05-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180114020048/http://www.k9history.com/history-vietnam-1960-1975.htm">"K-9 History: Vietnam, 1960 – 1975"</a>. www.k9history.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.k9history.com/history-vietnam-1960-1975.htm">the original</a> on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.k9history.com&rft.atitle=K-9+History%3A+Vietnam%2C+1960+%E2%80%93+1975&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.k9history.com%2Fhistory-vietnam-1960-1975.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dockery2007-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Dockery2007_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDockery2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Dockery_(author)" title="Kevin Dockery (author)">Dockery, Kevin</a> (3 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYWZFOKFQ2gC&pg=PT170">Stalkers and Shooters: A History of Snipers</a>. New York: Penguin Group US. pp. 170–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4406-2890-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4406-2890-0"><bdi>978-1-4406-2890-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalkers+and+Shooters%3A+A+History+of+Snipers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=170-171&rft.pub=Penguin+Group+US&rft.date=2007-07-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4406-2890-0&rft.aulast=Dockery&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYWZFOKFQ2gC%26pg%3DPT170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_p._132-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_p._132_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1997">Taylor 1997</a>, p. 132 – "In 1971, the Provisional IRA shot dead forty-two British soldiers. In 1972, this figure rose to sixty-four, most of them killed by snipers." </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Jackson, Mike (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vilaweb.cat/media/attach/vwedts/docs/op_banner_analysis_released.pdf">Operation Banner: An Analysis of Military Operations in Northern Ireland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215447/http://www.vilaweb.cat/media/attach/vwedts/docs/op_banner_analysis_released.pdf">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">MoD</a>, Army Code 71842 </li> <li id="cite_note-RobertsSasser2004-84"><a href="#cite_ref-RobertsSasser2004_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig_RobertsCharles_W._Sasser2004" class="citation book cs1">Craig Roberts; Charles W. Sasser (1 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gQ-s4xBvCg8C&pg=PA47">Crosshairs on the Kill Zone: American Combat Snipers, Vietnam through Operation Iraqi Freedom</a>. Pocket Books. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-0362-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-0362-0"><bdi>978-1-4165-0362-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crosshairs+on+the+Kill+Zone%3A+American+Combat+Snipers%2C+Vietnam+through+Operation+Iraqi+Freedom&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Pocket+Books&rft.date=2004-07-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-0362-0&rft.au=Craig+Roberts&rft.au=Charles+W.+Sasser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgQ-s4xBvCg8C%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FareySpicer2009-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FareySpicer2009_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPat_FareyMark_Spicer2009" class="citation book cs1">Pat Farey; Mark Spicer (1 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l1a-kB-1MMAC&pg=PA225">Sniping: An Illustrated History</a>. MBI Publishing Company. pp. 225–227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-3717-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-3717-2"><bdi>978-0-7603-3717-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sniping%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=225-227&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2009-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-3717-2&rft.au=Pat+Farey&rft.au=Mark+Spicer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl1a-kB-1MMAC%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert1996-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert1996_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1996" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Adrian (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gq1kcSuKSLEC&pg=PA245">"The Sniper Today"</a>. Sniper: Master of Terrain, Technology, And Timing, He Is A Hunter of Human Prey and the Military's Most Feared Fighter. 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(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4050-3865-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4050-3865-2">978-1-4050-3865-2</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownlie2003" class="citation book cs1">Brownlie, Robin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sF5Cey6p-bcC&q=A%20Fatherly%20Eye%3A%20Indian%20Agents%2C%20Government%20Power%2C%20and%20Aboriginal%20Resistance%20in%20Ontario%2C&pg=PP1">A Fatherly Eye: Indian Agents, Government Power, and Aboriginal Resistance in Ontario, 1918–1939</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-541784-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-541784-5"><bdi>978-0-19-541784-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Fatherly+Eye%3A+Indian+Agents%2C+Government+Power%2C+and+Aboriginal+Resistance+in+Ontario%2C+1918%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-541784-5&rft.aulast=Brownlie&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsF5Cey6p-bcC%26q%3DA%2520Fatherly%2520Eye%253A%2520Indian%2520Agents%252C%2520Government%2520Power%252C%2520and%2520Aboriginal%2520Resistance%2520in%2520Ontario%252C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ussr_snip-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ussr_snip_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ussr_snip_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160101134714/http://wio.ru/galgrnd/sniper/sniper.htm">"top WWII snipers"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=top+WWII+snipers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwio.ru%2Fgalgrnd%2Fsniper%2Fsniper.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sakaida-Hook_pp._31-32-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Sakaida-Hook_pp._31-32_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSakaidaHook2003">Sakaida & Hook 2003</a>, pp. 31–32 </li> <li id="cite_note-bioru-108"><a href="#cite_ref-bioru_108-0">^</a> (in Russian)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=481">Biography</a> at the website on Heroes of the Soviet Union and Russia </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rarehistoricalphotos.com/matthaus-hetzenauer-1944/">"Matthäus Hetzenauer, Austrian sniper with 345 confirmed kills, 1944"</a>. rarehistoricalphotos.com. 26 December 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rarehistoricalphotos.com&rft.atitle=Matth%C3%A4us+Hetzenauer%2C+Austrian+sniper+with+345+confirmed+kills%2C+1944&rft.date=2013-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frarehistoricalphotos.com%2Fmatthaus-hetzenauer-1944%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorr2009" class="citation book cs1">Storr, Jim (2009). The human face of war. New York: Continuum. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847065230" title="Special:BookSources/9781847065230"><bdi>9781847065230</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+human+face+of+war&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781847065230&rft.aulast=Storr&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militaryfocus.com/osprey/men-at-arms/424.htm">"Osprey Men-at-Arms 424: The Chinese Army 1937–1949 : World War II and Civil War"</a>. Militaryfocus.com. 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The Sydney Morning Herald. 26 April 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=A+sniper%27s+tale&rft.date=2004-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Farticles%2F2004%2F04%2F26%2F1082831474340.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЕвгений_Овсянкин2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Евгений Овсянкин (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130417193028/http://nord.pomorsu.ru/knigi/eovsankin.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Когда Родина в опасности</bdi></a> [When the Motherland is in danger] (in Russian). Nord.pomorsu.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nord.pomorsu.ru/knigi/eovsankin.htm">the original</a> on 17 April 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft.pub=Nord.pomorsu.ru&rft.date=2010&rft.au=%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnord.pomorsu.ru%2Fknigi%2Feovsankin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hathcockshot-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Hathcockshot_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLance_Cpl._George_J._Papastrat2007" class="citation web cs1">Lance Cpl. George J. Papastrat (29 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marines.mil/marinelink/mcn2000.nsf/lookupstoryref/2007329115513">"Range complex named after famous Vietnam sniper"</a>. Marine Corps News. Retrieved 24 March 2008. <q>...famous Hathcock shot that killed an enemy from more than 2,500 yards (2,300 m) away...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Range+complex+named+after+famous+Vietnam+sniper&rft.pub=Marine+Corps+News&rft.date=2007-03-29&rft.au=Lance+Cpl.+George+J.+Papastrat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marines.mil%2Fmarinelink%2Fmcn2000.nsf%2Flookupstoryref%2F2007329115513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Hathcockshotb-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Hathcockshotb_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSgt._Grit2006" class="citation web cs1">Sgt. Grit (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120904022421/http://www.grunt.com/corps/scuttlebutt/marine-corps-stories/marine-corps-sniper-carlos-hathcock/">"Marine Corps Sniper Carlos N. Hathcock II"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grunt.com/corps/scuttlebutt/marine-corps-stories/marine-corps-sniper-carlos-hathcock/">the original</a> on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2008. <q>Viet Cong shot dead by a round fired from a scope-mounted Browning M-2 .50 caliber machine gun at the unbelievable range of 2,500 yards (2,300 m).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marine+Corps+Sniper+Carlos+N.+Hathcock+II&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Sgt.+Grit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grunt.com%2Fcorps%2Fscuttlebutt%2Fmarine-corps-stories%2Fmarine-corps-sniper-carlos-hathcock%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chuckmawhinney.com/">"Chuck Mawhinney"</a>. www.chuckmawhinney.com. Retrieved 28 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chuckmawhinney.com&rft.atitle=Chuck+Mawhinney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chuckmawhinney.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snipercentral.com/adelbert-f-waldron-iii/">"Adelbert F. Waldron III – Sniper Central"</a>. Sniper Central. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sniper+Central&rft.atitle=Adelbert+F.+Waldron+III+%E2%80%93+Sniper+Central&rft.date=2014-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snipercentral.com%2Fadelbert-f-waldron-iii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121222074108/http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/somalia.html">"Medal of Honor recipients: Somalia Campaign"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. 3 August 2009. 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Retrieved 29 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medal+of+Honor+recipients%3A+Somalia+Campaign&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=2009-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fmoh%2FSomalia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_p.-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_p._121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chandler_p.-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Chandler_p._122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChandler2010">Chandler 2010</a> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChandler2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Alpert_p.-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Alpert_p._123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlpert2010">Alpert 2010</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drury_p.-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Drury_p._124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrury2010">Drury 2010</a> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDrury2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Maclean.Furlong-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maclean.Furlong_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maclean.Furlong_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriscolanti2006" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Friscolanti" title="Michael Friscolanti">Friscolanti, Michael</a> (15 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100821203727/http://www.macleans.ca/canada/national/article.jsp?content=20060515_126689_126689">"We were abandoned"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a>. 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Retrieved 1 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marine+Sniper+Receives+Bronze+Star+Medal+for+Valor&rft.pub=Defense.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2Fnews%2Fnewsarticle.aspx%3Fid%3D25833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> The Washington Times, U.S. Army sniper nails record shot, 11:16 pm, Sunday, 15 January 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-snipercentral.com.Iraq-128"><a href="#cite_ref-snipercentral.com.Iraq_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snipercentral.com/snipers.htm#IRAQI">"The Sniper Log Book"</a>. snipercentral.com. 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sniper+Log+Book&rft.pub=snipercentral.com&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snipercentral.com%2Fsnipers.htm%23IRAQI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nation.lk/2009/05/03/defence.html">Army told no heavy weapons, not Prabha</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090615052613/http://www.nation.lk/2009/05/03/defence.html">Archived</a> 15 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> By Tissa Ravindra Perera. Retrieved 9 February 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-alertnet.org.Juba-130"><a href="#cite_ref-alertnet.org.Juba_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090313004721/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/PAR929648.htm">"U.S. military probes sniper threat in Baghdad"</a>. alertnet.org. Reuters. 29 October 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/PAR929648.htm">the original</a> on 13 March 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alertnet.org&rft.atitle=U.S.+military+probes+sniper+threat+in+Baghdad&rft.date=2006-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alertnet.org%2Fthenews%2Fnewsdesk%2FPAR929648.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2011" class="citation news cs1">Nicholson, Brendan (23 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/you-think-im-brave-meet-my-mates-ben-roberts-smith/story-fn59niix-1226043546948">"You think I'm brave? Meet my mates: Ben Roberts-Smith"</a>. The Australian. Retrieved 11 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=You+think+I%27m+brave%3F+Meet+my+mates%3A+Ben+Roberts-Smith&rft.date=2011-04-23&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnational-affairs%2Fyou-think-im-brave-meet-my-mates-ben-roberts-smith%2Fstory-fn59niix-1226043546948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2011" class="citation news cs1">Nicholson, Brendan (24 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/battlefield-mateship-worthy-of-vc/story-e6frg6z6-1225993252369">"Battlefield mateship worthy of VC"</a>. The Australian. Retrieved 11 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Battlefield+mateship+worthy+of+VC&rft.date=2011-01-24&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Fbattlefield-mateship-worthy-of-vc%2Fstory-e6frg6z6-1225993252369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-G&M-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G&M_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-G&M_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFife2017" class="citation news cs1">Fife, Robert (21 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/canadian-elite-special-forces-sniper-sets-record-breaking-kill-shot-in-iraq/article35415651/">"Canadian elite special forces sniper makes record-breaking kill shot in Iraq"</a>. The Globe and Mail.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Canadian+elite+special+forces+sniper+makes+record-breaking+kill+shot+in+Iraq&rft.date=2017-06-21&rft.aulast=Fife&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fcanadian-elite-special-forces-sniper-sets-record-breaking-kill-shot-in-iraq%2Farticle35415651%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_books,_articles_and_documentaries_about_snipers" title="List of books, articles and documentaries about snipers">List of books, articles and documentaries about snipers</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpert2010" class="citation news cs1">Alpert, Lukas (2 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20100506032250/http://www.nypost.com/p/news/international/sniper_kills_qaeda_from_mi_away_sTm0xFUmJNal3HgWlmEgRL">"Sniper kills Qaeda-from 1½ mi. away"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypost.com/p/news/international/sniper_kills_qaeda_from_mi_away_sTm0xFUmJNal3HgWlmEgRL">the original</a> on 6 May 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Post&rft.atitle=Sniper+kills+Qaeda-from+1%C2%BD+mi.+away&rft.date=2010-05-02&rft.aulast=Alpert&rft.aufirst=Lukas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypost.com%2Fp%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fsniper_kills_qaeda_from_mi_away_sTm0xFUmJNal3HgWlmEgRL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett,_Derrick2005" class="citation web cs1">Bartlett, Derrick (12 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190616184907/https://www.policeone.com/suicide-by-cop/articles/98620/">"Sniper Tactics: Going for the Gun"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.policeone.com/suicide-by-cop/articles/98620/">the original</a> on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sniper+Tactics%3A+Going+for+the+Gun&rft.date=2005-04-12&rft.au=Bartlett%2C+Derrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.policeone.com%2Fsuicide-by-cop%2Farticles%2F98620%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookesmith2007" class="citation book cs1">Brookesmith, Peter (2007). Sniper: training, techniques and weapons (2007 ed.). <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-36290-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-36290-4"><bdi>978-0-312-36290-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sniper%3A+training%2C+techniques+and+weapons&rft.edition=2007&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-312-36290-4&rft.aulast=Brookesmith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> - Total pages: 192 </li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougan2016" class="citation book cs1">Dougan, Andy (2016). One Shot, One Kill: A History of the Sniper. William Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-818940-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-818940-2"><bdi>978-0-00-818940-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Shot%2C+One+Kill%3A+A+History+of+the+Sniper&rft.pub=William+Collins&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-00-818940-2&rft.aulast=Dougan&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1996" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Adrian (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sniperskillsweap00gilb">Sniper: The Skills, the Weapons, and the Experiences</a> (1996 ed.). <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Paperbacks</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-95766-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-95766-7"><bdi>978-0-312-95766-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sniper%3A+The+Skills%2C+the+Weapons%2C+and+the+Experiences&rft.edition=1996&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Paperbacks&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-312-95766-7&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsniperskillsweap00gilb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> 352 pages</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw,_Clive_M.2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clive_M._Law" title="Clive M. Law">Law, Clive M.</a> (2005). Without Warning: Canadian Sniper Equipment of the 20th Century. <a href="/wiki/Service_Publications" title="Service Publications">Service Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-894581-16-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-894581-16-4"><bdi>1-894581-16-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Without+Warning%3A+Canadian+Sniper+Equipment+of+the+20th+Century&rft.pub=Service+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-894581-16-4&rft.au=Law%2C+Clive+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeville2016" class="citation book cs1">Neville, Leigh (2016). Modern Snipers. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1534-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1534-7"><bdi>978-1-4728-1534-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Snipers&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-1534-7&rft.aulast=Neville&rft.aufirst=Leigh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPegler2006" class="citation book cs1">Pegler, Martin (2006). Out of Nowhere: A History of the Military Sniper (2006 ed.). Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-140-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-140-3"><bdi>978-1-84603-140-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+Nowhere%3A+A+History+of+the+Military+Sniper&rft.edition=2006&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-140-3&rft.aulast=Pegler&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1924" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Eric (1924). Hesketh Prichard, D.S.O., M.C.: hunter: explorer: naturalist: cricketer: author: soldier; a memoir (1924 ed.). T. F. Unwin ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hesketh+Prichard%2C+D.S.O.%2C+M.C.%3A+hunter%3A+explorer%3A+naturalist%3A+cricketer%3A+author%3A+soldier%3B+a+memoir&rft.edition=1924&rft.pub=T.+F.+Unwin+ltd.&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> 261 pages</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaster1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Plaster" title="John Plaster">Plaster, Maj. John L.</a> (1993). <a href="/wiki/The_Ultimate_Sniper" title="The Ultimate Sniper">The Ultimate Sniper</a>: an advanced training manual for military & police snipers (1993 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Paladin_Press" title="Paladin Press">Paladin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87364-704-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87364-704-5"><bdi>978-0-87364-704-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Sniper%3A+an+advanced+training+manual+for+military+%26+police+snipers&rft.edition=1993&rft.pub=Paladin+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87364-704-5&rft.aulast=Plaster&rft.aufirst=Maj.+John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> - Total pages: 453 </li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaster2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Plaster" title="John Plaster">Plaster, Maj. John L.</a> (2006). The ultimate sniper: an advanced training manual for military & police snipers (2006 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Paladin_Press" title="Paladin Press">Paladin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58160-494-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58160-494-8"><bdi>978-1-58160-494-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ultimate+sniper%3A+an+advanced+training+manual+for+military+%26+police+snipers&rft.edition=2006&rft.pub=Paladin+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-58160-494-8&rft.aulast=Plaster&rft.aufirst=Maj.+John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> - Total pages: 584 </li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaster2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Plaster" title="John Plaster">Plaster, Maj. John L.</a> (2007). The History of Sniping and Sharpshooting (2007 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Paladin_Press" title="Paladin Press">Paladin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58160-632-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58160-632-4"><bdi>978-1-58160-632-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sniping+and+Sharpshooting&rft.edition=2007&rft.pub=Paladin+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58160-632-4&rft.aulast=Plaster&rft.aufirst=Maj.+John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> - Total pages: 704 </li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrichardVernon2004" class="citation book cs1">Prichard, Hesketh; Vernon, Hesketh (2004). Sniping in France 1914-18: With Notes on the Scientific Training of Scouts, Observers, and Snipers (2004 ed.). Helion & Company Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874622-47-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-874622-47-5"><bdi>978-1-874622-47-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sniping+in+France+1914-18%3A+With+Notes+on+the+Scientific+Training+of+Scouts%2C+Observers%2C+and+Snipers&rft.edition=2004&rft.pub=Helion+%26+Company+Limited&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-874622-47-5&rft.aulast=Prichard&rft.aufirst=Hesketh&rft.au=Vernon%2C+Hesketh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> - Total pages: 143 </li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakaidaHook2003" class="citation book cs1">Sakaida, Henry; Hook, Christa (2003). Heroines of the Soviet Union 1941-45 (2003 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-598-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-598-3"><bdi>978-1-84176-598-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroines+of+the+Soviet+Union+1941-45&rft.edition=2003&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-598-3&rft.aulast=Sakaida&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Hook%2C+Christa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> - Total pages: 64 </li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenich1982" class="citation book cs1">Senich, Peter R. (1982). The German sniper, 1914-1945 (1982 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Paladin_Press" title="Paladin Press">Paladin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87364-223-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87364-223-1"><bdi>978-0-87364-223-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+sniper%2C+1914-1945&rft.edition=1982&rft.pub=Paladin+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-87364-223-1&rft.aulast=Senich&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> - Total pages: 445 </li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenich1988" class="citation book cs1">Senich, Peter R. (1988). The Complete Book of U.S. Sniping (1988 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Paladin_Press" title="Paladin Press">Paladin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87364-460-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87364-460-0"><bdi>978-0-87364-460-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Book+of+U.S.+Sniping&rft.edition=1988&rft.pub=Paladin+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-87364-460-0&rft.aulast=Senich&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> - Total pages: 280 </li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShore1988" class="citation book cs1">Shore, C. (1988). With British Snipers to the Reich (1988 ed.). Desert Pubns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87947-122-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87947-122-4"><bdi>978-0-87947-122-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+British+Snipers+to+the+Reich&rft.edition=1988&rft.pub=Desert+Pubns&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-87947-122-4&rft.aulast=Shore&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> - Total pages: 351 </li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong2011" class="citation book cs1">Strong, Charles (2011). Kill Shot: The Deadliest Snipers of All Time (2011 ed.). Ulysses Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56975-862-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56975-862-5"><bdi>978-1-56975-862-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kill+Shot%3A+The+Deadliest+Snipers+of+All+Time&rft.edition=2011&rft.pub=Ulysses+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-56975-862-5&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> - Total pages: 192 </li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Michael (2 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528030419/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/afghanistan/article7113916.ece">"Hotshot sniper in one-and-a-half-mile double kill"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/afghanistan/article7113916.ece">the original</a> on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=Hotshot+sniper+in+one-and-a-half-mile+double+kill&rft.date=2010-05-02&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fafghanistan%2Farticle7113916.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Taylor_(journalist)" title="Peter Taylor (journalist)">Taylor, Peter</a> (1997). Behind the mask: the IRA and Sinn Féin (1997 ed.). TV Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57500-061-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57500-061-9"><bdi>978-1-57500-061-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+mask%3A+the+IRA+and+Sinn+F%C3%A9in&rft.edition=1997&rft.pub=TV+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-57500-061-9&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASniper" class="Z3988"> - Total pages: 431 </li> <li>Walter, John. (2017) Snipers at war: And equipment and operations, history (US Naval Institute Press, 2017)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sniper&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sniper" class="extiw" title="commons:Sniper">Sniper</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sniper" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:sniper">sniper</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://englishrussia.com/2012/03/08/outstanding-soviet-female-snipers-of-wwii/">Female Soviet snipers of World War II</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160101134714/http://wio.ru/galgrnd/sniper/sniper.htm">Snipers of WWII</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allworldwars.com/Sniping%20in%20France%20by%20Major%20Hesketh-Prichard.html">Sniping in France, by Major H. Hesketh-Prichard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VEjwxXD0q_A">World War II German sniper training film</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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