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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence_(1965)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence_(1965)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Unilateral Declaration of Independence (1965) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence_(1965)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impact_of_UDI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_UDI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Impact of UDI </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_UDI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Bush_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Bush_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 The Bush War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Bush_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_militant_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_militant_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Early militant activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_militant_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_and_political_escalation_(1972–1976)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_and_political_escalation_(1972–1976)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Military and political escalation (1972–1976) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_and_political_escalation_(1972–1976)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Bush_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Bush_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 End of the Bush War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Bush_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Late 1970s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intensification_of_the_Bush_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intensification_of_the_Bush_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Intensification of the Bush War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intensification_of_the_Bush_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_UDI_(1979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_UDI_(1979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 End of UDI (1979) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_UDI_(1979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Zimbabwe_(1980)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Zimbabwe_(1980)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Republic of Zimbabwe (1980) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Zimbabwe_(1980)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Military </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Military subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biological_and_chemical_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_and_chemical_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Biological and chemical warfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_and_chemical_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Foreign relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Foreign relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_UK_and_the_UDI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_UK_and_the_UDI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 The UK and the UDI </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_UK_and_the_UDI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Sanctions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 International perspective </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Diplomatic relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Results </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Audio_and_video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_and_video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Audio and video </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_and_video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Rhodesia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" > 74 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesi%C3%AB" title="Rhodesië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rhodesië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="رودسيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رودسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Rodesia" title="República de Rodesia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="República de Rodesia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodeziya" title="Rodeziya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rodeziya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="رودزیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رودزیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="রোডেশিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোডেশিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Радэзія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Радэзія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Радэзія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Радэзія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Родезия (държава) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Родезия (държава)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Rhod%C3%A8sia" title="República de Rhodèsia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="República de Rhodèsia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Rhodesie" title="Republika Rhodesie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Republika Rhodesie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Rhodesia" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rhodesia" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhodesia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rhodesia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesien" title="Rhodesien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rhodesien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodeesia" title="Rodeesia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rodeesia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ροδεσία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ροδεσία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Rodesia" title="República de Rodesia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="República de Rodesia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodezio" title="Rodezio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rodezio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rhodesia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="رودزیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رودزیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Rhodesia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhod%C3%A9sie_(pays)" title="Rhodésie (pays) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rhodésie (pays)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republyk_Rodeezje" title="Republyk Rodeezje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Republyk Rodeezje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%B3id%C3%A9is" title="An Róidéis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Róidéis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Rodesia" title="República de Rodesia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República de Rodesia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%EC%95%84" title="로디지아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로디지아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Rhodesia" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodezija" title="Rodezija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rodezija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodesia" title="Rodesia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rodesia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rhodesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3des%C3%ADa" title="Ródesía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ródesía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rhodesia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94" title="רודזיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רודזיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="როდეზია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="როდეზია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia_del_Sud" title="Rhodesia del Sud – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Rhodesia del Sud" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod%C4%93zija" title="Rodēzija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rodēzija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodezijos_Respublika" title="Rodezijos Respublika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rodezijos Respublika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Rhodesia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Rhodesia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod%C3%A9zia" title="Rodézia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rodézia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Родезија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Родезија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ऱ्होडेशिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऱ्होडेशिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="رودزیا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رودزیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rhodesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiek_Rhodesi%C3%AB" title="Republiek Rhodesië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Republiek Rhodesië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2" title="ローデシア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローデシア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rhodesia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodeziya" title="Rodeziya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rodeziya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਰ੍ਹੋਡੇਸ਼ੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰ੍ਹੋਡੇਸ਼ੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="روديشيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روديشيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodezja" title="Rodezja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rodezja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod%C3%A9sia" title="Rodésia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rodésia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rhodesia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Родезия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Родезия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesie" title="Rhodesie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rhodesie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodezia" title="Rodezia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rodezia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rhodesia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Родезија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Родезија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodezija" title="Rodezija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rodezija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rhodesia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rhodesia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="உரோடீசியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உரோடீசியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศโรดีเชีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศโรดีเชีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodezya" title="Rodezya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rodezya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Родезія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Родезія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="روڈیسیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روڈیسیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod%C3%A8zia" title="Rodèzia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Rodèzia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rhodesia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia_(estado)" title="Rhodesia (estado) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rhodesia (estado)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%97%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="罗得西亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗得西亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="羅德西亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅德西亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="羅德西亞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羅德西亞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q217169#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rhodesia&params=19_S_30_E_type:country">19°S 30°E / 19°S 30°E / -19; 30</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unrecognised state in Southern Africa (1965–1979)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the unrecognised state of Rhodesia. For the region, see <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_(region)" title="Rhodesia (region)">Rhodesia (region)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rhodesia (disambiguation)">Rhodesia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Rhodesia <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(1965–1970)</li><li>Republic of Rhodesia <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(1970–1979)</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1965–1979</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Rhodesia_(1968%E2%80%931979).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Rhodesia"><img alt="Flag of Rhodesia from 1968–1979" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Rhodesia" title="Flag of Rhodesia">Flag (1968–1979)</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Southern_Rhodesia_(1924%E2%80%931980).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Rhodesia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Rhodesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Coat_of_arms_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931980%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Coat_of_arms_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931980%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Coat_of_arms_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931980%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="548" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Rhodesia"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: Sit Nomine Digna (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)<div>May she be worthy of the name</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen" class="mw-redirect" title="God Save the Queen">God Save the Queen</a>" (1965–1970)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="54" data-mwtitle="God_Save_the_King.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/God_Save_the_King.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/God_Save_the_King.ogg/God_Save_the_King.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King.ogg&lang=cy&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="cy" label="Cymraeg ‪(cy)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King.ogg&lang=frc&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="frc" label="français cadien ‪(frc)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King.ogg&lang=mwl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mwl" label="Mirandés ‪(mwl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King.ogg&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div>"<a href="/wiki/Rise,_O_Voices_of_Rhodesia" title="Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia">Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia</a>" (1974–1979)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="82" data-mwtitle="Rise,_O_Voices_of_Rhodesia.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Rise%2C_O_Voices_of_Rhodesia.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/Rise%2C_O_Voices_of_Rhodesia.ogg/Rise%2C_O_Voices_of_Rhodesia.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARise%2C_O_Voices_of_Rhodesia.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARise%2C_O_Voices_of_Rhodesia.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Zimbabwe_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Rhodesia"><img alt="Location of Rhodesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Zimbabwe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Zimbabwe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Zimbabwe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Zimbabwe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Zimbabwe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Zimbabwe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_unrecognised_states_and_dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical unrecognised states and dependencies">Unrecognised state</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Salisbury</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data">English (<a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Ndebele</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bangla</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (1969)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>93.09% Black</li> <li>6.49% <a href="/wiki/White_Zimbabweans" title="White Zimbabweans">White</a></li> <li>0.47% <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloured</a>/Asian</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Rhodesian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Rhodesia" title="Politics of Rhodesia">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> (1965–1970)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a> (1970–1979)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Queen</a><a href="#cite_note-mon-1">[a]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1965–1970 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Rhodesia" title="President of Rhodesia">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1970–1975 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Dupont" title="Clifford Dupont">Clifford Dupont</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1975–1976 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Everard" title="Henry Everard">Henry Everard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acting_president" title="Acting president">acting</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1976–1978 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Wrathall" title="John Wrathall">John Wrathall</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1978 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Everard" title="Henry Everard">Henry Everard</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1978–1979 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Pithey" title="Jack Pithey">Jack Pithey</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1979 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Everard" title="Henry Everard">Henry Everard</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Rhodesia" title="Prime Minister of Rhodesia">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1965–1979 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Rhodesia">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Assembly of Rhodesia">House of Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">decolonisation of Africa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Declared</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 November 1965</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1969_Rhodesian_constitutional_referendum" title="1969 Rhodesian constitutional referendum">Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 March 1970</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Internal_Settlement" title="Internal Settlement">Internal Settlement</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 March 1978</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 June 1979</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">390,580 km2 (150,800 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 1978 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,930,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_pound" title="Rhodesian pound">Rhodesian pound</a> (1964–70)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_dollar" title="Rhodesian dollar">Rhodesian dollar</a> (1970–80)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Central_Africa_Time" title="Central Africa Time">CAT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_3166-2:RH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 3166-2:RH (page does not exist)">RH</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281964%E2%80%931968%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281964%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281964%E2%80%931968%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281964%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281964%E2%80%931968%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281964%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_(1964%E2%80%931965)" title="Rhodesia (1964–1965)">Rhodesia (1964–1965)</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mon-1"><a href="#cite_ref-mon_1-0">^</a> The government recognised Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> as the official <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Zimbabwe#Unrecognised_monarchy_(1965–1970)" title="List of heads of state of Zimbabwe">Head of State</a> from 1965 to 1970. The highest official of Rhodesia held the title "<a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_government#Rhodesia" title="Administrator of the government">Officer Administering the Government</a>" (OAtG) as he acted in lieu of the official <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Southern_Rhodesia" title="Governor of Southern Rhodesia">Governor</a>, who remained at his post but was ignored. After Rhodesia became a republic in March 1970, the President replaced the OAtG as the highest official and the Governor returned to London. </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Rhodesia (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/roʊˈdiːʒə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4e\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Rhodesia.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Rhodesia.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Rhodesia.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Rhodesia.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Rhodesia.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Vealhurl-Rhodesia.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Rhodesia.wav">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">roh-DEE-zhə</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/roʊˈdiːʃə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">roh-DEE-shə</a>;<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a>: Rodizha), officially from 1970 the Republic of Rhodesia,<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> was an <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_unrecognized_states_and_dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies">unrecognised state</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> from 1965 to 1979. During this fourteen-year period, Rhodesia served as the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states" title="Succession of states">successor state</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">British colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>, and in 1980 it became modern day <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. Southern Rhodesia had been <a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">self-governing</a> since achieving <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> in 1923. A <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked</a> nation, Rhodesia was bordered by <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a>: British protectorate until 1966) to the southwest, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese province</a> until 1975) to the east, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> to the northwest. From 1965 to 1979, Rhodesia was one of two independent states on the African continent governed by a <a href="/wiki/White_Zimbabweans" title="White Zimbabweans">white minority of European descent and culture</a>, the other being <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. In the late 19th century, the territory north of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">Transvaal</a> was <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">chartered</a> to the <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a>. Rhodes and his <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Pioneer Column</a> marched north in 1890, acquiring a huge block of territory that <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">the company ruled</a> until the early 1920s. In 1923, the company's charter was revoked, and Southern Rhodesia attained self-government and established a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesian_Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Rhodesian Legislative Assembly">legislature</a>. Between 1953 and 1963, Southern Rhodesia was joined with <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a>. The rapid <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">decolonisation of Africa</a> in the late 1950s and early 1960s alarmed a significant proportion of Southern Rhodesia's white population. In an effort to delay the transition to <a href="/wiki/No_independence_before_majority_rule" title="No independence before majority rule">black majority rule</a>, the predominantly white Southern Rhodesian government issued its own <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Unilateral Declaration of Independence</a> (UDI) from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965. The new nation, identified simply as Rhodesia, initially sought <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">recognition</a> as an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">realm</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, but reconstituted itself as a republic in 1970. Following the declaration of independence in 1965,<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> passed a resolution that called upon all states not to grant recognition to Rhodesia. Two <a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalist</a> parties, the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_People%27s_Union" title="Zimbabwe African People's Union">Zimbabwe African People's Union</a> (ZAPU) and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union" title="Zimbabwe African National Union">Zimbabwe African National Union</a> (ZANU), launched an armed insurgency against the government upon UDI, sparking the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a>. Growing war weariness, diplomatic pressure, and an extensive trade embargo imposed by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> prompted Rhodesian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a> to <a href="/wiki/Internal_Settlement" title="Internal Settlement">concede to majority rule</a> in 1978. However, <a href="/wiki/1979_Rhodesian_general_election" title="1979 Rhodesian general election">elections</a> and a multiracial <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">provisional government</a>, with Smith succeeded by moderate <a href="/wiki/Abel_Muzorewa" title="Abel Muzorewa">Abel Muzorewa</a>, failed to appease international critics or halt the war. By December 1979 Muzorewa had secured an <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">agreement</a> with ZAPU and ZANU, allowing Rhodesia to briefly revert to colonial status pending <a href="/wiki/1980_Southern_Rhodesian_general_election" title="1980 Southern Rhodesian general election">new elections</a> under British supervision. ZANU secured an electoral victory in 1980, and the country achieved internationally recognised independence in April 1980 as <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. Rhodesia's largest cities were <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Salisbury</a> (its capital city, now known as Harare) and <a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a>. Prior to 1970, the unicameral <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Rhodesia" title="Legislative Assembly of Rhodesia">Legislative Assembly</a> was predominantly white, with a small number of seats reserved for black representatives. Following the declaration of a republic in 1970, this was replaced by a bicameral <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Rhodesia" title="Parliament of Rhodesia">Parliament</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_(Zimbabwe)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Assembly (Zimbabwe)">House of Assembly</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Zimbabwe" title="Senate of Zimbabwe">Senate</a>. The bicameral system was retained in Zimbabwe after 1980. Aside from its <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Rhodesia#1961_constitution" title="Politics of Rhodesia">racial franchise</a>, Rhodesia observed a <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a> inherited from the United Kingdom, with a <a href="/wiki/President_of_Rhodesia" title="President of Rhodesia">President</a> acting as ceremonial head of state, while a <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Rhodesia" title="Prime Minister of Rhodesia">Prime Minister</a> headed the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Rhodesia" title="Cabinet of Rhodesia">Cabinet</a> as head of government. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodesia (name)">Rhodesia (name)</a></div> The official name of the country, according to the constitution adopted concurrently with the UDI in November 1965, was Rhodesia. This was not the case under <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom law">British law</a>, however, which considered the territory's legal name to be <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>, the name given to the country in 1898 during the <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">administration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_(region)" title="Rhodesia (region)">the Rhodesias</a>, and retained by the <a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">self-governing colony</a> of Southern Rhodesia after the end of company rule in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-rowland251-6">[5]</a> This naming dispute dated back to October 1964, when <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a> became independent from the UK and concurrently changed its name to <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>. The Southern Rhodesian colonial government in <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Salisbury</a> felt that in the absence of a "Northern" Rhodesia, the continued use of "Southern" was superfluous. It passed legislation to become simply Rhodesia, but the British government refused to approve this on the grounds that the country's name was defined by British legislation, so could not be altered by the colonial government. <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Salisbury</a> went on using the shortened name in an official manner nevertheless,<a href="#cite_note-palley742743-7">[6]</a> while the British government continued referring to the country as Southern Rhodesia. This situation continued throughout the UDI period.<a href="#cite_note-rowland251-6">[5]</a> The shortened name was used by many people including the British government in the House of Commons. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Rhodesia">History of Rhodesia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Zimbabwe" title="Category:History of Zimbabwe">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zimbabwe" title="History of Zimbabwe">History of Zimbabwe</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Zimbabwe_Bird_on_Star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zimbabwe Bird"><img alt="Zimbabwe Bird" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Zimbabwe_Bird_on_Star.svg/100px-Zimbabwe_Bird_on_Star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Zimbabwe_Bird_on_Star.svg/150px-Zimbabwe_Bird_on_Star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Zimbabwe_Bird_on_Star.svg/200px-Zimbabwe_Bird_on_Star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.2em; text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pre-colonial_history_of_Zimbabwe#Ancient_civilization" title="Pre-colonial history of Zimbabwe">Ancient history</a><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Leopard%27s_Kopje" title="Leopard's Kopje">Leopard's Kopje</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 650 – c. 1075</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Mapungubwe Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1220 – c. 1300</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 – c. 1450</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Mutapa Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1430–1760</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Butua" title="Kingdom of Butua">Butua Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1450–1683</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.2em; text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/White_settlement_in_Zimbabwe_before_1923" title="White settlement in Zimbabwe before 1923">White settlement pre-1923</a><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rozvi_Empire" title="Rozvi Empire">Rozvi Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1660–1866</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mthwakazi" title="Mthwakazi">Mthwakazi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1840–1893</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rudd_Concession" title="Rudd Concession">Rudd Concession</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1888</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">BSA Company rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1890–1923</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">First Matabele War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1893–1894</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Matabele_War" title="Second Matabele War">Second Matabele War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1896–1897</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_I" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War I">World War I involvement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1914–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Southern_Rhodesia" title="Colonial history of Southern Rhodesia">Colony of Southern Rhodesia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1923–1965</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">World War II involvement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesian_military_involvement_in_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Southern Rhodesian military involvement in the Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency involvement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–1960</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation with Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1953–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1964–1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.15em;padding:0"><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI)</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1965</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhodesia_(1965%E2%80%9379)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Rhodesia (1965–79)">Rhodesia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1965–1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe-Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwe-Rhodesia">Zimbabwe-Rhodesia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> June–December 1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> December 1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Southern_Rhodesia" title="Colonial history of Southern Rhodesia">British Dependency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1979–1980</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Zimbabwe" title="History of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1980–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gukurahundi" title="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1982–1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998–2003</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2017_Zimbabwean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état">Coup d'état</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2017</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Zimbabwe" title="Template:History of Zimbabwe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Zimbabwe" title="Template talk:History of Zimbabwe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Zimbabwe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Zimbabwe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> Until after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the landlocked British possession of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> was not developed as an indigenous African territory, but rather as a unique state that reflected its <a href="/wiki/Multiracialism" title="Multiracialism">multiracial</a> character.<a href="#cite_note-duignan1986-8">[7]</a> This situation certainly made it very different from other lands that existed under colonial rule, as many Europeans had arrived to make permanent homes, populating the towns as traders or settling to farm the most productive soils.<a href="#cite_note-areahandbook-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-taylor2006-10">[9]</a> In 1922, faced with the decision to join the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> as a fifth province or accept nearly full internal autonomy, the electorate cast its vote against South African integration.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> In view of the outcome of the referendum, the territory was annexed by the United Kingdom on 12 September 1923.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Shortly after annexation, on 1 October 1923, the first constitution for the new Colony of Southern Rhodesia came into force.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> Under this constitution, Southern Rhodesia was given the right to elect its own thirty-member <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesian_Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Rhodesian Legislative Assembly">legislature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Rhodesia" title="Prime Minister of Rhodesia">premier</a>, and cabinet—although the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a> retained a formal veto over measures affecting natives and dominated foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Over the course of the next three decades, Southern Rhodesia experienced a degree of economic expansion and industrialisation almost unrivaled in sub-Saharan Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Barber-22">[21]</a> Its natural abundance of mineral wealth—including large deposits of chromium and manganese—contributed to the high rate of conventional economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-Barber-22">[21]</a> However, most colonies in Africa, even those rich in natural resources, experienced difficulty in achieving similar rates of development due to a shortage of technical and managerial skills.<a href="#cite_note-Barber-22">[21]</a> Small, rotating cadres of colonial civil servants who possessed little incentive to invest their skills in the local economy were insufficient to compensate for this disadvantage.<a href="#cite_note-Barber-22">[21]</a> Southern Rhodesia had negated the issue by importing a skilled workforce directly from abroad in the form of its disproportionately large European immigrant and expatriate population.<a href="#cite_note-Barber-22">[21]</a> For example, in 1951 over 90% of white Southern Rhodesians were engaged in what the British government classified as "skilled occupations", or professional and technical trades.<a href="#cite_note-Barber-22">[21]</a> This made it possible to establish a diversified economy with a strong manufacturing sector and iron and steel industries, and circumvent the normal British protectionist policy of supporting domestic industry in the metropole while discouraging industry in the colonies abroad.<a href="#cite_note-duignan1986-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> As the white population increased, so did capital imports, especially in the wake of the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-Barber-22">[21]</a> This trend, too, stood in sharp contrast to most other colonial territories, which suffered a major capital deficit due to revenues simply being repatriated to the metropole, leaving little capital to be invested locally.<a href="#cite_note-World-24">[23]</a> The considerable investment made by white Rhodesians in the economy financed the development of Southern Rhodesia's export industries as well as the infrastructure necessary to integrate it further with international markets.<a href="#cite_note-Barber-22">[21]</a> In August 1953, Southern Rhodesia merged with <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a>, the two other British Central African territories, to form the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a> – a loose association that placed defence and economic direction under a central government but left many domestic affairs under the control of its constituent territories.<a href="#cite_note-weitzer1990-25">[24]</a> As it began to appear that decolonisation was inevitable and indigenous black populations were pressing heavily for change,<a href="#cite_note-duignan1986-8">[7]</a> the federation was dissolved at the end of December 1963.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence_(1965)">Unilateral Declaration of Independence (1965)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Unilateral Declaration of Independence (1965)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence</a></div> Although prepared to grant formal independence to Southern Rhodesia (now Rhodesia), the <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British government</a> had adopted a policy of <a href="/wiki/No_independence_before_majority_rule" title="No independence before majority rule">no independence before majority rule</a> (NIBMR), dictating that colonies with a significant, politically active population of European settlers would not receive independence except under conditions of <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> White Rhodesians balked at the premise of NIBMR; many felt they had a right to absolute political control, at least for the time being, despite their relatively small numbers.<a href="#cite_note-weitzer1990-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> They were also disturbed by the chaos of the post-colonial political transitions occurring in other African nations at the time, such as the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SmithGB-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spikes-33">[32]</a> A vocal segment of the white populace was open to the concept of gradually incorporating black Rhodesians into civil society and a more integrated political structure in theory, although not without qualification and equivocation.<a href="#cite_note-West-34">[33]</a> A greater degree of social and political equality, they argued, was acceptable once more black citizens had obtained higher educational and vocational standards.<a href="#cite_note-West-34">[33]</a> The second faction in the white community was wholly unwilling to concede the principle, much less the practice, of equality to the black population.<a href="#cite_note-West-34">[33]</a> Both groups remained opposed to majority rule in the near future.<a href="#cite_note-West-34">[33]</a> However, once Rhodesia had been introduced as a topic for discussion in international bodies, extension of the status quo became a matter of concern to the British government, which perceived the scrutiny as a serious embarrassment to the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-areahandbook-9">[8]</a> After the federation was dissolved in December 1963, the then British Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Alec_Douglas-Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Alec Douglas-Home">Sir Alec Douglas-Home</a>, insisted that preconditions on independence talks hinge on what he termed the "five principles" – unimpeded progress to majority rule, assurance against any future legislation decidedly detrimental to black interests, "improvement in the political status" of local Africans, an end to official <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination</a>, and a political settlement that could be "acceptable to the whole population".<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> and his incoming <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> government took an even harder line on demanding that these points be legitimately addressed before a timetable for independence could be set.<a href="#cite_note-areahandbook-9">[8]</a> In 1964, growing white dissatisfaction with the ongoing negotiations played a major role in the ousting of <a href="/wiki/Winston_Field" title="Winston Field">Winston Field</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Southern_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia">Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia</a>. Field was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a>, chairman of the conservative <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Front_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodesian Front Party">Rhodesian Front Party</a> and an outspoken critic of any immediate transition to majority rule.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Smith, the colony's first Rhodesian-born leader, soon came to personify resistance to liberals in British government and those agitating for change at home.<a href="#cite_note-areahandbook-9">[8]</a> In September 1964, Smith visited <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, where Portuguese prime minister <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a> promised him "maximum support" if he should declare independence.<a href="#cite_note-Onslow-41">[40]</a> Aside from a common interest in maintaining security ties in southern Africa, Salazar expressed a great deal of anger at Britain's refusal to support Portugal during the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a> in 1961, admonishing Smith not to trust the British government.<a href="#cite_note-Onslow-41">[40]</a> A Rhodesian Trade Office was opened in Lisbon in order to co-ordinate breaking the anticipated sanctions in the event of a unilateral declaration of independence later that year, which encouraged Smith not to compromise.<a href="#cite_note-Onslow-41">[40]</a> In its turn, the Rhodesian Trade Office in Lisbon functioned as a de facto embassy and caused tension with London, which objected to Rhodesia conducting its own foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-Onslow-41">[40]</a> As land-locked Rhodesia bordered the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese colony of Mozambique</a>, Salazar's promise of "maximum support" from Portugal in breaking the anticipated sanctions gave Smith more grounds for self-confidence in his talks with London.<a href="#cite_note-Onslow-41">[40]</a> Smith ruled out acceptance for all five of the British principles as they stood,<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> implying instead that Rhodesia was already legally entitled to independence—a claim that was overwhelmingly endorsed by the predominantly white electorate in a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesian_independence_referendum,_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Rhodesian independence referendum, 1964">referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Emboldened by the results of this referendum and the subsequent general election, the Rhodesian government threatened to declare independence without British consent. Harold Wilson countered by warning that such an irregular procedure would be considered <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treasonous</a>, although he specifically rejected using armed force to quell a rebellion by English "kith and kin", or white Rhodesians of predominantly British descent and origin, many of whom still possessed sympathies and family ties to the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-46">[45]</a> Wilson's refusal to consider a military option further encouraged Smith to proceed with his plans. Talks quickly broke down, and final efforts in October to achieve a settlement floundered; the Smith government remained unwilling to accept the five principles of independence, and the British government argued it would settle for nothing less.<a href="#cite_note-areahandbook-9">[8]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Udi2-rho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a9/Udi2-rho.jpg/220px-Udi2-rho.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a9/Udi2-rho.jpg/330px-Udi2-rho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a9/Udi2-rho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a> signing the Unilateral Declaration of Independence</figcaption></figure> On 11 November 1965 the Cabinet of Rhodesia issued a <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilateral declaration of independence</a> (UDI).<a href="#cite_note-duignan1986-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-raft-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-blackfire-48">[47]</a> The UDI was immediately denounced as an "act of rebellion against the Crown" in the United Kingdom, and Wilson promised that the illegal action would be short-lived.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> However, given its self-governing status Rhodesia had no longer been within the United Kingdom's direct sphere of influence for some time, and the facade of continued British rule was rendered a constitutional fiction by UDI.<a href="#cite_note-weitzer1990-25">[24]</a> In light of these circumstances, Wilson quickly realised his ability to assert direct leverage over the incumbent Rhodesian government was limited.<a href="#cite_note-weitzer1990-25">[24]</a> On 12 October 1965, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> had noted the repeated threats of the Rhodesian authorities "to declare unilaterally the independence of Southern Rhodesia, in order to perpetuate minority rule", and called upon Wilson to use all means at his disposal (including military force) to prevent the Rhodesian Front from asserting independence.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> After UDI was proclaimed, UN officials branded the Rhodesian government as an "illegal racist minority regime"<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> and called on member states to voluntarily sever economic ties with Rhodesia, recommending <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions" title="International sanctions">sanctions</a> on petroleum products and military hardware.<a href="#cite_note-areahandbook-9">[8]</a> In December 1966, the UN further iterated that these sanctions were mandatory, and member states were explicitly barred from purchasing Rhodesian export goods, namely tobacco, chromium, copper, asbestos, sugar, and beef.<a href="#cite_note-areahandbook-9">[8]</a> The British government, having already adopted extensive sanctions of its own, <a href="/wiki/Beira_Patrol" title="Beira Patrol">dispatched</a> a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> squadron to monitor oil deliveries in the port of <a href="/wiki/Beira,_Mozambique" title="Beira, Mozambique">Beira</a> in Mozambique, from which a strategic pipeline ran to <a href="/wiki/Mutare" title="Mutare">Umtali</a> in Rhodesia. The warships were to deter "by force, if necessary, vessels reasonably believed to be carrying oil destined for (Southern) Rhodesia".<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-gowlland-debbas1990-54">[53]</a> Some Western nations, such as Switzerland, and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, which were not UN member states, continued to conduct business openly with Rhodesia – the latter remained the Smith government's largest trading partner in Western Europe until 1973, when it was admitted to the UN.<a href="#cite_note-areahandbook-9">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> remained the chief recipient of Rhodesian exports outside the African continent, and <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Iran</a> also supplied oil to Rhodesia in violation of the embargo.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Portugal served as a conduit for Rhodesian goods, which it exported through Mozambique with false <a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_origin" title="Certificate of origin">certificates of origin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-okoth2006-56">[55]</a> South Africa, too, refused to observe the UN sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> In 1971, the <a href="/wiki/Byrd_Amendment_(1971)" title="Byrd Amendment (1971)">Byrd Amendment</a> was passed in the United States, permitting American firms to go on importing Rhodesian chromium and nickel products as normal.<a href="#cite_note-meredith-59">[58]</a> Despite the poor showing of sanctions, Rhodesia found it nearly impossible to obtain diplomatic recognition abroad. In 1970, the United States declared it would not recognise UDI "under [any] circumstances".<a href="#cite_note-a-60">[59]</a> South Africa and Portugal, Rhodesia's largest trading partners, also refused to extend diplomatic recognition, and did not open embassies in the Rhodesian capital, <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Salisbury</a>, preferring to conduct diplomatic activities through "accredited representatives".<a href="#cite_note-google13-61">[60]</a> This allowed the South African and Portuguese governments to maintain they were continuing to respect British sovereignty while also accepting the practical authority of the Smith administration.<a href="#cite_note-google257-62">[61]</a> Initially, the Rhodesian state retained its pledged loyalty to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom">Queen Elizabeth II</a>, recognising her as Queen of Rhodesia.<a href="#cite_note-areahandbook-9">[8]</a> When Smith and Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Dupont" title="Clifford Dupont">Clifford Dupont</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gibbs" title="Humphrey Gibbs">Sir Humphrey Gibbs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Southern_Rhodesia" title="Governor of Southern Rhodesia">Governor of Southern Rhodesia</a>, to formally notify him of the UDI, Gibbs condemned it as an act of treason. After Smith formally announced the UDI on the radio, Governor Gibbs used his <a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">reserve power</a> to dismiss Smith and his entire cabinet from office, on orders from the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> in <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a>. However, Gibbs was unable to take any concrete actions to bring about a return to lawful colonial government. Rhodesian ministers simply ignored his notices, contending that UDI had made his office obsolete. Even so, Gibbs continued to occupy his <a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">official residence</a>, Government House, in Salisbury until 1970, when he finally left Rhodesia, following the declaration of a republic.<a href="#cite_note-Age-63">[62]</a> He had effectively been superseded before then; the Smith government stated that if the Queen did not appoint a Governor-General, it would name Dupont as "<a href="/wiki/Officer_Administering_the_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer Administering the Government">Officer Administering the Government</a>".<a href="#cite_note-strips-64">[63]</a> Smith had intended to have Dupont named Governor-General, but Queen Elizabeth II would not even consider this advice. With few exceptions, the international community backed Whitehall's assertion that Gibbs was the Queen's only legitimate representative, and hence the only lawful authority in Rhodesia. In September 1968, the <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">Appellate Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of Rhodesia">High Court of Rhodesia</a> ruled that Ian Smith's administration had become the de jure government of the country, not merely the de facto one.<a href="#cite_note-Beadle-65">[64]</a> To support his decision, Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Beadle" title="Hugh Beadle">Sir Hugh Beadle</a> used several statements made by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a>, who maintained that there was no way that a nation could rightly claim to be governing a particular territory – if it was waging a war against that territory. Beadle argued that due to Britain's economic war against Rhodesia, she could not (at the same point) be described as governing Rhodesia.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> The ruling set the precedent that despite the UDI, the incumbent Smith government "could lawfully do anything its predecessors could lawfully have done".<a href="#cite_note-legalitylaw-68">[67]</a> A Salisbury commission chaired by prominent lawyer W.R. Waley was appointed to study constitutional options open to the Rhodesian authorities as of April 1968, including on the topic of majority rule, but reopening negotiations with the British on a settlement was ruled out early on.<a href="#cite_note-weitzer1990-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> The Waley Commission found that in practical as well as legal terms, "Europeans must surrender any belief in permanent European domination", pointing out that minority rule was not permanently sustainable.<a href="#cite_note-areahandbook-9">[8]</a> However, Waley also testified that majority rule was not desirable immediately.<a href="#cite_note-areahandbook-9">[8]</a> Talks aimed at easing the differences between Rhodesia and the United Kingdom were carried out aboard Royal Navy vessels once in December 1966 and again in October 1968.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Both efforts failed to achieve agreement, although Harold Wilson added a sixth principle to the five he had previously enunciated: "it would be necessary to ensure that, regardless of race, there was no oppression of the majority by the minority or of [any] minority by the majority." Rhodesian resolve stiffened following a failure to reach a new settlement, with more radical elements of the Rhodesian Front calling for a republican constitution.<a href="#cite_note-areahandbook-9">[8]</a> During a <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_constitutional_referendum,_1969" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodesian constitutional referendum, 1969">two-proposition referendum</a> held in 1969, the proposal for severing all remaining ties to the British Crown passed by a majority of 61,130 votes to 14,327.<a href="#cite_note-areahandbook-9">[8]</a> Rhodesia declared itself a republic on 2 March 1970. Under the new constitution, a president served as ceremonial head of state, with the prime minister nominally reporting to him.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Some in Rhodesian government had hoped in vain that the declaration of a republic would finally prompt other nations to grant recognition.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impact_of_UDI">Impact of UDI</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Impact of UDI">edit</a>]</div> The years following Rhodesia's UDI saw an unfolding series of economic, military, and political pressures placed on the country that eventually brought about majority rule, a totality of these factors rather than any one the reason for introducing change.<a href="#cite_note-frontiersmen-75">[74]</a> In 2005, a conference at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> that discussed Rhodesia's independence concluded that UDI was sparked by an existing racial conflict complicated by <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> intrigues.<a href="#cite_note-b-76">[75]</a> Critics of UDI maintained that Ian Smith intended to safeguard the privileges of an entrenched colonial ruling class at the expense of the impoverished black population.<a href="#cite_note-c-77">[76]</a> Smith defended his actions by claiming that the black Rhodesian majority was too inexperienced at the time to participate in the complex administrative process of what was, by contemporary African standards, a reasonably industrialised state.<a href="#cite_note-SmithGB-32">[31]</a> At large, UDI further hardened the white population's attitudes towards majority rule and relations with the UK.<a href="#cite_note-raft-47">[46]</a> A significant majority of white Rhodesian residents were either British immigrants or of British ancestry, and many held a special affection for the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-raft-47">[46]</a> However, the UK's refusal to grant them independence on their terms further confirmed their opposition to a political settlement on British terms, and fed their negative attitudes towards British interference in Rhodesian politics at large.<a href="#cite_note-raft-47">[46]</a> In the years prior to UDI, white Rhodesians increasingly saw themselves as beleaguered and threatened, perpetually insecure and undermined by the metropole, unable to rely on anybody but themselves.<a href="#cite_note-SmithGB-32">[31]</a> The policy of "No independence before majority rule" transformed the white community's relationship with the UK and increased its suspicions of the British government's untrustworthiness and duplicity in colonial affairs, especially since the latter had adopted NIBMR as a formal policy - the very circumstance UDI was carried out to avoid, and which white Rhodesians had struggled to resist since the onset of decolonisation.<a href="#cite_note-SmithGB-32">[31]</a> Black nationalist parties reacted with outrage at UDI, with one ZANU official stating, "...for all those who cherish freedom and a meaningful life, UDI has set a collision course that cannot be altered. 11 November 1965 [has] marked the turning point of the struggle for freedom in that land from a constitutional and political one to primarily a military struggle."<a href="#cite_note-blackfire-48">[47]</a> It would, however, be several years before the nationalists adopted armed struggle as their primary strategy for obtaining political power.<a href="#cite_note-blackfire-48">[47]</a> Violent tactics at this time were intended to create opportunities for <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">external intervention</a>, either by the international community or the British government, rather than seriously undermine the Rhodesian security forces.<a href="#cite_note-blackfire-48">[47]</a> Because Rhodesian exports were generally competitive and had previously been entitled to preferential treatment on the British market, the former colony did not recognise the need for escalating the pace of <a href="/wiki/Diversification_(marketing_strategy)" title="Diversification (marketing strategy)">diversification</a> before independence. Following the UDI, however, Rhodesia began to demonstrate that it had the potential to develop a greater degree of economic <a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">self-sufficiency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SmithGB-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> After the Rhodesian Front began introducing incentives accorded to domestic production, industrial output expanded dramatically. A rigid system of countermeasures enacted to combat sanctions succeeded in blunting their impact for at least a decade.<a href="#cite_note-areahandbook-9">[8]</a> Over the next nine years Rhodesian companies, spiting the <a href="/wiki/International_asset_recovery" title="International asset recovery">freezing of their assets and blocking of overseas accounts</a>, also perfected cunning techniques of sanctions evasion through both local and foreign subsidiaries, which operated on a clandestine trade network.<a href="#cite_note-areahandbook-9">[8]</a> From 1968 until 1970, there was virtually no further dialogue between Rhodesia and the UK. In a <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_constitutional_referendum,_1969" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodesian constitutional referendum, 1969">referendum</a> in 1969, white voters approved a new constitution and the establishment of a republic, thereby severing Rhodesia's last links with the British Crown, duly declared in March 1970. This changed immediately after the election of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>, who reopened negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-racewar-79">[78]</a> Smith remained optimistic that Heath would do his utmost to remedy Anglo-Rhodesian relations, although disappointed that he continued to adhere publicly to the original "five principles" proposed by Alec Douglas-Home, now <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">foreign secretary</a>. In November 1971, Douglas-Home renewed contacts with Salisbury and announced a proposed agreement that would be satisfactory to both sides – it recognised Rhodesia's 1969 constitution as the legal frame of government, while agreeing that gradual legislative representation was an acceptable formula for unhindered advance to majority rule.<a href="#cite_note-areahandbook-9">[8]</a> Nevertheless, the new settlement, if approved, would also implement an immediate improvement in black political status, offer a means to terminate racial discrimination, and provide a solid guarantee against retrogressive constitutional amendments.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Implementation of the proposed settlement hinged on popular acceptance, but the Rhodesian government consistently refused to submit it to a universal referendum.<a href="#cite_note-areahandbook-9">[8]</a> A twenty four-member commission headed by an eminent jurist, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Pearce,_Baron_Pearce" title="Edward Pearce, Baron Pearce">Lord Pearce</a>, was therefore tasked with ascertaining <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a> on the subject.<a href="#cite_note-historyps-81">[80]</a> In 1972, the commission began interviewing interest groups and sampling opinions – although concern was expressed over the widespread <a href="/wiki/Political_apathy" title="Political apathy">apathy</a> encountered.<a href="#cite_note-SmithGB-32">[31]</a> According to the commission, whites were in favour of the settlement, and Rhodesians of <a href="/wiki/Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured">Coloured</a> or Asian ancestry generally pleased, while the black response to the settlement's terms was resoundingly negative.<a href="#cite_note-racewar-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> As many as thirty black Rhodesian chiefs and politicians voiced their opposition, prompting Britain to withdraw from the proposals on the grounds of the commission's report.<a href="#cite_note-historyps-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Bush_War">The Bush War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Bush War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_militant_activity">Early militant activity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early militant activity">edit</a>]</div> As early as 1960, <a href="/wiki/Minority_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority rule">minority rule</a> in Southern Rhodesia was already being challenged by a rising tide of <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a> led by black African nationalists such as <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Nkomo" title="Joshua Nkomo">Joshua Nkomo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ndabaningi_Sithole" title="Ndabaningi Sithole">Ndabaningi Sithole</a>. A sustained period of civil unrest between 1960 and 1965 further polarised relations between the government and the increasingly militant black nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-blackfire-48">[47]</a> After their public campaigns were initially suppressed, many black nationalists believed that negotiation was completely incapable of meeting their aspirations. Petrol bombings by politicised radicals became increasingly common, with the Zimbabwe Review observing in 1961, "for the first time home-made petrol bombs were used by freedom fighters in Salisbury against settler establishments."<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Between January and September 1962, nationalists detonated 33 bombs and were implicated in 28 acts of arson, and 27 acts of sabotage against communications infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-blackfire-48">[47]</a> The nationalists also murdered a number of black Rhodesians who were accused of collaboration with the security forces.<a href="#cite_note-blackfire-48">[47]</a> Nkomo's party, the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_People%27s_Union" title="Zimbabwe African People's Union">Zimbabwe African People's Union</a> (ZAPU) announced that year that it had formed a military wing, the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_People%27s_Revolutionary_Army" title="Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army">Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army</a> (ZIPRA) and "the decision to start bringing in arms and ammunition and to send young men away for sabotage training" had already been implemented.<a href="#cite_note-blackfire-48">[47]</a> As early as 1960, ZAPU's predecessor, the National Democratic Party (NDP), had established informal contacts with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a>, and discussed the possibility of obtaining military training in Eastern Europe for its members.<a href="#cite_note-Hot-84">[83]</a> In July 1962, Nkomo visited Moscow and discussed plans for a ZAPU-led armed uprising in Rhodesia.<a href="#cite_note-Hot-84">[83]</a> He made formal requests for Soviet funding and arms for ZIPRA, explaining that "for these purposes ZAPU needs arms, explosives, revolvers...the party also needs money to bribe persons who guard important installations, to carry out sabotage".<a href="#cite_note-Hot-84">[83]</a> The Soviets agreed to supply ZAPU with limited funds beginning in 1963, and increased its level of financial support after UDI.<a href="#cite_note-Hot-84">[83]</a> In 1963, ZIPRA also made its first formal request to the Soviet Union for military training.<a href="#cite_note-Hot-84">[83]</a> The Soviets began training ZIPRA militants in guerrilla warfare in early 1964.<a href="#cite_note-Hot-84">[83]</a> Nkomo's public endorsement of a violent strategy confirmed white politicians' opposition to ZAPU and fed their negative attitudes towards black nationalists at large.<a href="#cite_note-blackfire-48">[47]</a> In response to the formation of ZIPRA, the Rhodesian government <a href="/wiki/Ban_(law)" title="Ban (law)">banned</a> ZAPU, driving that party's supporters underground.<a href="#cite_note-crisis-85">[84]</a> It also passed draconian security legislation restricting the right to assembly and granting the security forces broad powers to crack down on suspected political subversives.<a href="#cite_note-blackfire-48">[47]</a> For the first time, the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">death sentence</a> was also introduced for any act of politically inspired terrorism which involved arson or the use of explosives.<a href="#cite_note-areahandbook-9">[8]</a> The emergence of guerrilla warfare and acts of urban insurrection by the black nationalist parties in Rhodesia allowed racial politics to be elevated into an issue of law and order in white Rhodesian public discourse. To Smith and his government, black nationalists were stateless dissidents whose primary motives were not political, but crime and perpetuating lawlessness; for example, Smith preferred to describe the insurgents as "gangsters" in his commentary.<a href="#cite_note-SmithGB-32">[31]</a> The use of weapons and explosives sourced from communist states by the black nationalists also disguised the racial dynamics of the conflict, allowing white Rhodesians to claim that they were targets of Soviet-directed communist agitators rather than a domestic political movement.<a href="#cite_note-frontiersmen-75">[74]</a> Smith and his supporters perceived themselves as collective defenders of the traditional values of the British Empire against the twin threats of international communism, manifested through the Soviet Union's support for black nationalist militants, and the social and political decadence of the West.<a href="#cite_note-raft-47">[46]</a> Often repeated appeals to the Christian heritage of their pioneer ancestors in "defending the <a href="/wiki/Free_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Free world">free world</a>" and sustaining "Western civilisation" reflected these beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-raft-47">[46]</a> This was hardly an unusual opinion among white minorities in Southern Africa at the time; a dossier compiled by United States intelligence officials on the topic found that: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">many [southern African] whites....believe that the current social and political ferment throughout the continent is communist inspired and managed; that it would be no problem without communist instigation. They point to materiel and training provided by communist countries to insurgency groups operating against white minority governments in southern Africa. They see foreign-based black liberation groups operating against the Portuguese, Rhodesians, and South Africans as the spearhead of a communist thrust into southern Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Volk-86">[85]</a></blockquote> ZAPU's attempts to implement its armed struggle were hamstrung by a factional split within the party between 1962 and 1963. A number of ZAPU dissidents rejected Nkomo's authority and formed their own organisation, the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union" title="Zimbabwe African National Union">Zimbabwe African National Union</a> (ZANU), with Ndabangingi Sithole as its president and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> as its general secretary.<a href="#cite_note-Hot-84">[83]</a> By August 1964, ZANU was banned by the Rhodesian government as well, which cited widespread acts of violent intimidation attributed to its members.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> ZANU's agenda was left-wing and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">pan-Africanist</a>; it demanded a one-party state with majority rule and the abolition of private property.<a href="#cite_note-areahandbook-9">[8]</a> Ethnic tensions also exacerbated the split: ZANU recruited almost solely from the <a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona-speaking peoples</a> of Rhodesia.<a href="#cite_note-Hot-84">[83]</a> Its chief support base was the rural peasantry in the <a href="/wiki/Mashonaland" title="Mashonaland">Mashonaland</a> countryside.<a href="#cite_note-areahandbook-9">[8]</a> ZAPU did retain Shona members, even among its senior leadership following the split.<a href="#cite_note-Hot-84">[83]</a> However, thereafter it recruited predominantly from the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people" title="Northern Ndebele people">Ndebele</a> ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-frontiersmen-75">[74]</a> Due to ZAPU's close relationship with the Soviet Union, ZANU found itself ostracised by the Soviet bloc but soon found a new ally in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hot-84">[83]</a> Its political ideology was somewhat more influenced by the principles of <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> than ZAPU, and a sympathetic Chinese government soon agreed to furnish weapons and training for ZANU's own war effort.<a href="#cite_note-MWM-88">[87]</a> After UDI, ZANU formed its own military wing, the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Liberation_Army" title="Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army">Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army</a> (ZANLA).<a href="#cite_note-frontiersmen-75">[74]</a> While ZANLA and ZIPRA both planned for an armed struggle against the Rhodesian government, their respective leadership disagreed on the means of conducting the insurgency. ZIPRA favoured Soviet thinking, placing an emphasis on acquiring sophisticated weaponry in the hopes of winning a conventional battle like the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Dien Bien Phu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-frontiersmen-75">[74]</a> ZANLA placed greater emphasis on the politicisation of the local populace in the areas it operated, and favoured a more irregular style of warfare.<a href="#cite_note-frontiersmen-75">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scoutwithgun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Scoutwithgun.jpg/220px-Scoutwithgun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Scoutwithgun.jpg/330px-Scoutwithgun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Scoutwithgun.jpg/440px-Scoutwithgun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Rhodesian soldier interrogating villagers in late 1977 at gunpoint. This photograph would become one of the most enduring images of the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Bush War</a>.</figcaption></figure> In early April 1966, two groups of ZANLA insurgents recently trained at a Chinese military facility in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> crossed into Rhodesia from Zambia, having been issued vague instructions to sabotage important installations and kill white farmers.<a href="#cite_note-blackfire-48">[47]</a> Five were arrested by the Rhodesian security forces almost immediately.<a href="#cite_note-blackfire-48">[47]</a> Another seven initially evaded capture and planned to destroy an <a href="/wiki/Electricity_pylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity pylon">electric pylon</a> near <a href="/wiki/Chinhoyi" title="Chinhoyi">Sinoia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-blackfire-48">[47]</a> Their explosive charges failed to detonate and were discovered by the security forces, who tracked the insurgents to a nearby ranch on April 28.<a href="#cite_note-blackfire-48">[47]</a> All seven were cornered and killed after a brief firefight; this event is considered to be the first engagement of the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-military-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> The action at Sinoia has been commemorated by supporters of the guerrillas since as "Chimurenga Day", and occupies a place of pride in ZANU hagiography.<a href="#cite_note-MWM-88">[87]</a> In August 1967, a large and better-equipped column of almost seventy ZIPRA insurgents infiltrated Rhodesia from Zambia, bolstered by recruits from an allied South African militant organisation, <a href="/wiki/UMkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="UMkhonto we Sizwe">uMkhonto we Sizwe</a> (MK).<a href="#cite_note-MWM-88">[87]</a> The insurgents failed to cultivate prior contacts with the local populace, which immediately informed on their presence to Rhodesian officials. Within the month, the Rhodesian police and army had launched a counteroffensive codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Nickel" title="Operation Nickel">Operation Nickel</a>, killing forty-seven insurgents, capturing another twenty, and driving the survivors across the border into Botswana. An even larger ZIPRA column of over a hundred insurgents was intercepted in early 1968 and annihilated by the security forces.<a href="#cite_note-frontiersmen-75">[74]</a> A third ZIPRA incursion attempt in July 1969 met with similarly catastrophic results.<a href="#cite_note-frontiersmen-75">[74]</a> Thereafter, ZIPRA abandoned the notion of attempting to infiltrate the country with large groups of insurgents equipped only with small arms; it limited itself to more irregular forms of warfare until it could stockpile enough heavy weaponry to mount a major conventional invasion.<a href="#cite_note-MWM-88">[87]</a> For its part, the ZANLA leadership criticised ZIPRA's continued fixation with winning a major conventional engagement, arguing that the failed incursions demonstrated the futility of engaging the Rhodesian military in the type of pitched battles in which it held an indisputable advantage.<a href="#cite_note-MWM-88">[87]</a> ZIPRA's failure to obtain support from the locals was also noted, and ZANLA began implementing a long-term covert politicisation programme to cultivate civilian support throughout its future area of operations.<a href="#cite_note-MWM-88">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_and_political_escalation_(1972–1976)">Military and political escalation (1972–1976)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Military and political escalation (1972–1976)">edit</a>]</div> By December 1972, ZANLA had cached arms and established a vast underground network of informants and supporters in northeastern Rhodesia.<a href="#cite_note-MWM-88">[87]</a> As a result of the erosion of Portuguese authority in Mozambique's border provinces due to the <a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a>, ZANLA was also able to establish external sanctuaries there.<a href="#cite_note-MWM-88">[87]</a> It was also in the process of cultivating a military alliance with the leading black nationalist movement in Mozambique, the <a href="/wiki/Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Front for the Liberation of Mozambique">Front for the Liberation of Mozambique</a> (FRELIMO).<a href="#cite_note-MWM-88">[87]</a> On December 21, a group of ZANLA insurgents under <a href="/wiki/Rex_Nhongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Rex Nhongo">Rex Nhongo</a> crossed into Rhodesia from Mozambique and <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Altena_Farm" title="Attack on Altena Farm">raided an isolated commercial farm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-frontiersmen-75">[74]</a> In the successive months, this attack was followed by a succession of raids on white farmers throughout the northeastern districts of the country and resulted in several casualties among the security forces.<a href="#cite_note-frontiersmen-75">[74]</a> The propaganda value of these raids, coupled with the success of ZANLA's politicisation campaign, denied intelligence to the security forces and furnished more recruits for the insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-frontiersmen-75">[74]</a> In response, the Rhodesian security forces began coordinating operations in Mozambique with the Portuguese army to intercept ZANLA insurgents before they could cross the border.<a href="#cite_note-Minter-91">[90]</a> The practical alliances between ZIPRA and MK, and later ZANLA and FRELIMO, prompted Rhodesia to look increasingly towards South Africa and Portugal for active assistance.<a href="#cite_note-Volk-86">[85]</a> Rhodesian politicians frequently reminded officials in the other two nations of common security interests based on the similarity of their restive internal situations.<a href="#cite_note-Volk-86">[85]</a> They saw strong parallels between their nation's position of being threatened by black nationalist insurgencies and the Portuguese predicament with FRELIMO in Mozambique, as well as to a lesser extent the insurgencies in South Africa and <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Volk-86">[85]</a> Under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a>, the three countries' bureaucracies began routinely sharing information and seeking common diplomatic positions.<a href="#cite_note-Volk-86">[85]</a> Lieutenant General Alan Fraser, a senior strategist in the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Defence_Force" title="South African Defence Force">South African Defence Force</a> wrote in 1970, "there can be no doubt in any of our minds that we have a common enemy: we, i.e. Portugal, the RSA and Rhodesia. Unless we are to lay ourselves open to the possibility of defeat in detail, we must fight this enemy jointly—if not simultaneously."<a href="#cite_note-Volk-86">[85]</a> Nevertheless, aside from intelligence-sharing and some limited coordination on the operational level in Mozambique, the Portuguese could offer Rhodesia little decisive assistance. Portuguese military resources in Mozambique were preoccupied with FRELIMO and somewhat depleted by a decade of war, and little could be spared to assist a foreign ally.<a href="#cite_note-Volk-86">[85]</a> Rhodesia expected far more from South Africa, which possessed far greater military resources and infinitely more diplomatic influence abroad.<a href="#cite_note-Volk-86">[85]</a> After the collapse of Portuguese rule in Mozambique in 1974–1975, it was no longer viable for the Smith regime to sustain white <a href="/wiki/Minority_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority rule">minority rule</a> indefinitely. By this time, even South Africa's <a href="/wiki/John_Vorster" title="John Vorster">Vorster</a> had come to this view. While Vorster was unwilling to make concessions to his own country's black people, he concluded that white minority rule was not sustainable in a country where black people outnumbered white people 22:1.<a href="#cite_note-impression-92">[91]</a> In 1976, there were 270,000 Rhodesians of European descent and six million Africans.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> International business groups involved in the country (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Lonrho" title="Lonrho">Lonrho</a>) transferred their support from the Rhodesian government to black nationalist parties. Business leaders and politicians feted Nkomo on his visits to Europe. ZANU also attracted business supporters who saw the course that future events were likely to take.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Funding and arms support provided by supporters, particularly from the Soviet Union and its allies in the latter 1970s, allowed both ZIPRA and the ZANLA to acquire more sophisticated weaponry, thereby increasing the military pressure that the guerrillas were able to place on Rhodesia. Until 1972, containing the guerrillas was little more than a police action. Even as late as August 1975 when Rhodesian government and black nationalist leaders met <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls_Conference_(1975)" title="Victoria Falls Conference (1975)">at Victoria Falls</a> for negotiations brokered by South Africa and Zambia, the talks never got beyond the procedural phase.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Rhodesian representatives made it clear they were prepared to fight an all out war to prevent majority rule.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> However, the situation changed dramatically after the end of Portuguese colonial rule in Mozambique in 1975. Rhodesia now found itself almost entirely surrounded by hostile states and even South Africa, its only real ally, pressed for a settlement. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Having let slip one chance after another of reaching an accommodation with more moderate black leaders, Rhodesia's whites seem to have made the tragic choice of facing black nationalism over the barrel of a gun rather than the conference table. The downhill road toward a race war in Rhodesia is becoming increasingly slippery with blood.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Rand_Daily_Mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Rand Daily Mail">Rand Daily Mail</a> editorial, May 1976<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a></cite></div></blockquote> At this point, ZANU's alliance with FRELIMO and the porous border between Mozambique and eastern Rhodesia enabled large-scale training and infiltration of ZANU/ZANLA fighters. The governments of Zambia and Botswana were also emboldened sufficiently to allow resistance movement bases to be set up in their territories. Guerrillas began to launch operations deep inside Rhodesia, attacking roads, railways, economic targets and isolated security force positions, in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodesian_Army_recruitment_Bush_War_1976.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/Rhodesian_Army_recruitment_Bush_War_1976.png/220px-Rhodesian_Army_recruitment_Bush_War_1976.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/Rhodesian_Army_recruitment_Bush_War_1976.png/330px-Rhodesian_Army_recruitment_Bush_War_1976.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0c/Rhodesian_Army_recruitment_Bush_War_1976.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>A Rhodesian servicewoman taking aim with her <a href="/wiki/Browning_Hi-Power" title="Browning Hi-Power">Browning Hi-Power</a> <a href="/wiki/9%C3%9719mm" class="mw-redirect" title="9×19mm">9×19mm</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistol" title="Semi-automatic pistol">semi-automatic pistol</a>; from a 1976 army recruitment poster</figcaption></figure> The government adopted a <a href="/wiki/Strategic_hamlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic hamlet">strategic hamlets</a> policy of the kind used in <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency#Comparisons_with_Vietnam" title="Malayan Emergency">Malaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a> to restrict the influence of insurgents over the population of rural areas. Local people were forced to relocate to protected villages (PVs) which were strictly controlled and guarded by the government against rebel atrocities. The protected villages were compared by the guerrillas to <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camps">concentration camps</a>. Some contemporary accounts claim that this interference in the lives of local residents induced many of them who had previously been neutral to support the guerrillas.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> The war degenerated into rounds of increasing brutality from all three parties involved (ZANU and ZAPU, and the Rhodesian Army). Mike Subritzky, a former <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">NZ</a> Army ceasefire monitor in Rhodesia, in 1980 described the war as "both bloody and brutal and brought out the very worst in the opposing combatants on all three sides."<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> A major problem for the Rhodesian state in fighting the Bush War was always a shortage of manpower.<a href="#cite_note-Brownell-101">[100]</a>: 601  Of the 3,000 white men liable for conscription in 1973, only about 1,000 reported when called-up.<a href="#cite_note-Brownell-101">[100]</a>: 601  In February 1978, the Rhodesian Army stated it needed a minimum of 1,041 men to continue combat operations, and of those called up, only 570 reported for duty while the rest chose to move to South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Brownell-101">[100]</a>: 601  White emigration increased as the state called up more and more men to fight in the war, creating a vicious circle, which gradually limited the capacity of the Rhodesian state to continue the war.<a href="#cite_note-Brownell-101">[100]</a>: 602  In order to stop white emigration, the Smith government brought in a law in 1975 forbidding Rhodesian citizens from holding foreign currency, but the law was widely flouted.<a href="#cite_note-Brownell-101">[100]</a>: 604  In order to encourage white emigration, the guerrillas of ZANU and ZAPU followed a strategy of attacking anything and everything that was of economic value across the country in order to force the state to call up more men, and of killing white civilians.<a href="#cite_note-Brownell-101">[100]</a>: 606  Killing Rhodesian white citizens tended to have an "echo effect" as the ZANU and ZAPU had each estimated that for one white citizen killed, it caused about 20 to leave Rhodesia.<a href="#cite_note-Brownell-101">[100]</a>: 606  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_Bush_War">End of the Bush War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: End of the Bush War">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:368px;max-width:368px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:RhodesiaAllies1965.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/RhodesiaAllies1965.png/180px-RhodesiaAllies1965.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/RhodesiaAllies1965.png/270px-RhodesiaAllies1965.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/RhodesiaAllies1965.png/360px-RhodesiaAllies1965.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="475" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:RhodesiaAllies1975-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/RhodesiaAllies1975-en.svg/180px-RhodesiaAllies1975-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/RhodesiaAllies1975-en.svg/270px-RhodesiaAllies1975-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/RhodesiaAllies1975-en.svg/360px-RhodesiaAllies1975-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="967" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The geographical situation in 1965 (left, on UDI) and 1975 (right, after the independence of Mozambique and Angola from Portugal). Green: Rhodesia; purple: friendly nations; orange: hostile states; grey: neutral countries</div></div></div></div> Rhodesia began to lose vital economic and military support from South Africa, which, while sympathetic to the white minority government, never accorded it diplomatic recognition. The South African government placed limits on the fuel and munitions they supplied to the Rhodesian military. They also withdrew the personnel and equipment that they had previously provided to aid the war effort, though covert military support continued.<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-102">[101]</a> In 1976, the South African government and <a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">United States governments</a> worked together to place pressure on Smith to agree to a form of majority rule. In response to the initiative of US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, in 1976 Ian Smith accepted the principle of black majority rule within two years.<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-102">[101]</a> The Rhodesians now offered more concessions, but those concessions, focused on reaching an "internal settlement" with moderate black leaders, were insufficient to end the war. At the time, some Rhodesians said the still embittered history between the British-dominated Rhodesia and the <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a>-dominated South Africa partly led the South African government to withdraw its aid to Rhodesia. Ian Smith said in his memoirs that even though many white South Africans supported Rhodesia, South African Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Vorster" title="John Vorster">John Vorster</a>'s policy of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> with the black African states ended up with Rhodesia being offered as the "sacrificial lamb" to buy more time for South Africa. Other observers perceived South Africa's distancing itself from Rhodesia as being an early move in the process that led to majority rule in South Africa itself.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In 1976 South Africa saw settlement of the Rhodesian question as vital on several fronts: to cauterise the wound of the psychological blow … caused by her defeat in the Angolan conflict; to pre-empt possible Cuban intervention in Rhodesia and the possibility of South Africa being sucked into another <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> regional conflict without the support and endorsement of the western powers<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Dr Sue Onslow, South Africa and UDI<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a></cite></div></blockquote> In the latter 1970s, the militants had successfully put the economy of Rhodesia under significant pressure while the numbers of guerrillas in the country were steadily increasing.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> The government abandoned its early strategy of trying to defend the borders in favour of trying to defend key economic areas and lines of communication with South Africa, while the rest of the countryside became a patchwork of "<a href="/wiki/No-go_area" title="No-go area">no-go areas</a>". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_1970s">Late 1970s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Late 1970s">edit</a>]</div> By the late 1970s, Rhodesia's front-line forces contained about 25,000 regular troops and police – backed up by relatively strong army and police reserves.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Its mechanised contingent consisted of light armoured cars and improvised <a href="/wiki/MRAP" title="MRAP">mine-protected</a> armoured personnel carriers, complemented by eight tanks (Polish built <a href="/wiki/T-54/T-55_Operators_and_variants#Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="T-54/T-55 Operators and variants">T-55LD</a> tanks), delivered in the last year of the war. The <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Air_Force" title="Rhodesian Air Force">Rhodesian Air Force</a> operated an assortment of both <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Canberra" title="English Electric Canberra">Canberra</a> light bombers, <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hunter" title="Hawker Hunter">Hawker Hunter</a> fighter bombers, older <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">de Havilland Vampire</a> jets as well as a somewhat antiquated, but still potent, helicopter arm. These forces, including highly trained special operations units, were capable of launching devastating raids on resistance movement camps outside the country, as in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dingo" title="Operation Dingo">Operation Dingo</a> in 1977 and other similar operations. Nevertheless, guerrilla pressure inside the country itself was steadily increasing in the latter 1970s. By 1978–1979, the war had become a contest between the guerrilla warfare placing ever increasing pressure on the Rhodesian regime and civil population, and the Rhodesian government's strategy of trying to hold off the militants until external recognition for a compromise political settlement with moderate black leaders could be secured. By this time, the need to cut a deal was apparent to most Rhodesians, but not to all. Ian Smith had dismissed his intransigent Defence Minister, <a href="/wiki/P._K._van_der_Byl" title="P. K. van der Byl">P. K. van der Byl</a>, as early as 1976.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Van der Byl was a hard-line opponent of any form of compromise with domestic opposition or the international community since before UDI. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">...it is better to fight to the last man and the last cartridge and die with some honour. Because, what is being presented to us here is a degree of humiliation...<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>P. K. van der Byl in 1977, commenting on a British peace plan.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Van der Byl eventually retired to his country estate outside <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, but there were elements in Rhodesia, mainly embittered former security force personnel, who forcibly opposed majority rule up to and well beyond the establishment of majority rule.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> New white immigrants continued to arrive in Rhodesia right up to the eve of majority rule.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intensification_of_the_Bush_War">Intensification of the Bush War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Intensification of the Bush War">edit</a>]</div> The work of journalists such as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Richard_Cecil" title="Lord Richard Cecil">Lord Richard Cecil</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_6th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 6th Marquess of Salisbury">The 6th Marquess of Salisbury</a>, stiffened the morale of Rhodesians and their overseas supporters.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Lord Richard produced news reports for ITN which typically contrasted the "incompetent" insurgents with the "superbly professional" government troops.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> A group of ZANLA fighters killed Lord Richard on 20 April 1978 when he was accompanying a Rhodesian airborne unit employed in Fire Force Operations.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The shooting down on 3 September 1978 of the civilian <a href="/wiki/Air_Rhodesia" title="Air Rhodesia">Air Rhodesia</a> airliner, a <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">Vickers Viscount</a> named the <a href="/wiki/Air_Rhodesia_Flight_825" title="Air Rhodesia Flight 825">Hunyani</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Kariba,_Zimbabwe" title="Kariba, Zimbabwe">Kariba</a> area by ZIPRA fighters using a <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missile</a>, with the subsequent massacre of 10 of its 18 survivors, is widely considered to be the event that finally destroyed the Rhodesians' will to continue the war. Although militarily insignificant, the loss of this aircraft (and a second Viscount, named the <a href="/wiki/Air_Rhodesia_Flight_827" title="Air Rhodesia Flight 827">Umniati</a>, in 1979) demonstrated the reach of resistance movements extended to Rhodesian civil society.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> The Rhodesians' means to continue the war were also eroding fast. In December 1978, a ZANLA unit penetrated the outskirts of Salisbury and fired a volley of rockets and <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">incendiary device</a> rounds into the main oil storage depot – the most heavily defended economic asset in the country. The storage tanks burned for five days, giving off a column of smoke that could be seen 130 kilometres (80 mi) away. Five hundred thousand barrels (79,000 m3) of petroleum product (comprising Rhodesia's strategic oil reserve) were lost.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> The government's defence spending increased from R$30 million, 8.5% of the national budget in 1971 to 1972, to R$400 m in 1978 to 1979, 47% of the national budget. In 1980, the post-independence government of Zimbabwe inherited a US$500 million national debt.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_UDI_(1979)">End of UDI (1979)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: End of UDI (1979)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Internal_Settlement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Internal_Settlement.jpg/220px-Internal_Settlement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Internal_Settlement.jpg/330px-Internal_Settlement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Internal_Settlement.jpg/440px-Internal_Settlement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>Signing of the Rhodesian Internal Settlement (from left: Bishop Abel Muzorewa, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Chirau" title="Jeremiah Chirau">Jeremiah Chirau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ndabaningi_Sithole" title="Ndabaningi Sithole">Ndabaningi Sithole</a>)</figcaption></figure> The Rhodesian army continued its "mobile counter-offensive" strategy of holding key positions ("vital asset ground") while carrying out raids into the no-go areas and into neighbouring countries. While often extraordinarily successful in inflicting heavy guerrilla casualties, such raids also on occasion failed to achieve their objectives. In April 1979 special forces carried out a raid on <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Nkomo" title="Joshua Nkomo">Joshua Nkomo</a>'s residence in <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>) with the stated intention of assassinating him.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> Nkomo and his family left hastily a few hours before the raid – having clearly been warned that the raid was coming. In 1979, some special forces units were accused of using counterinsurgent operations as cover for ivory poaching and smuggling. Colonel <a href="/wiki/Reid-Daly" class="mw-redirect" title="Reid-Daly">Reid-Daly</a> (commander of the <a href="/wiki/Selous_Scouts" title="Selous Scouts">Selous Scouts</a>) discovered that his phone was bugged and after challenging a superior officer on this issue was court martialled for insubordination. He received the lightest sentence possible, a caution, but he continued to fight his conviction and eventually resigned his commission and left the Army. By 1978–1979, up to 70% of the regular army was composed of black soldiers (though both the army and police reserves remained overwhelmingly white). By 1979 there were also 30 black commissioned officers in the regular army. While there was never any suggestion of disloyalty among the soldiers from predominantly black units (in particular within the Selous Scouts or the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_African_Rifles" title="Rhodesian African Rifles">Rhodesian African Rifles</a> – RAR), some argue that, by the time of the 1980 election, many of the RAR soldiers voted for Robert Mugabe.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> As the result of an <a href="/wiki/Internal_Settlement" title="Internal Settlement">Internal Settlement</a> signed on 3 March 1978 between the Rhodesian government and the moderate African nationalist parties, which were not in exile and not involved in the war, elections were held in April 1979. The <a href="/wiki/United_African_National_Council" title="United African National Council">United African National Council</a> (UANC) party won a majority in this election, and its leader, <a href="/wiki/Abel_Muzorewa" title="Abel Muzorewa">Abel Muzorewa</a> (a <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a> bishop), became the country's first black prime minister on 1 June 1979. The country's name was changed to <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</a>. The internal settlement left control of the country's police, security forces, civil service and judiciary in white hands, for the moment. It assured whites of about one-third of the seats in parliament. It was essentially a power-sharing arrangement between white people and black people which, in the eyes of many, particularly the insurgents, did not amount to majority rule.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> voted to end economic sanctions against Zimbabwe Rhodesia on 12 June.<a href="#cite_note-endsanctions-121">[120]</a> While the 1979 election was described by the Rhodesian government as non-racial and democratic, it did not include the main nationalist parties ZANU and ZAPU. In spite of offers from Ian Smith, the latter parties declined to participate in an election in which their political position would be insecure and under a proposed constitution which they had played no part in drafting and which was perceived as retaining strong white minority privilege. Bishop Muzorewa's government did not receive international recognition. The Bush War continued unabated and sanctions were not lifted. The international community refused to accept the validity of any agreement which did not incorporate the main nationalist parties. The British Government (then led by the recently elected <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>) issued invitations to all parties to attend a peace conference at <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House" title="Lancaster House">Lancaster House</a>. These negotiations took place in London in late 1979. The three-month-long conference almost failed to reach conclusion, due to disagreements on <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Zimbabwe" title="Land reform in Zimbabwe">land reform</a>, but resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. UDI ended, and Rhodesia temporarily reverted to the status of a British colony (the 'Colony of Southern Rhodesia').<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> As per the agreement, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Soames" title="Christopher Soames">Lord Soames</a> became Governor with full legislative and executive powers. The Lancaster House Agreement further provided for a ceasefire which was followed by an internationally supervised general election, held in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesian_general_election,_1980" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Rhodesian general election, 1980">February 1980</a>. ZANU led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> won this election, some alleged,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] by terrorising its political opposition, including supporters of ZAPU, through former insurgents that had not confined themselves to the designated guerrilla assembly points, as stipulated by the Lancaster House Agreement. The observers and Soames were accused of looking the other way, and Mugabe's victory was certified. Nevertheless, few could doubt that Mugabe's support within his majority Shona tribal group was extremely strong. The Rhodesian military seriously considered mounting a coup against a perceived stolen election ("Operation Quartz") to prevent ZANU from taking over the country.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> The alleged coup was to include the assassination of Mugabe and coordinated assaults on guerrilla assembly points throughout the country. The plan was eventually scuttled, as it was obvious that Mugabe enjoyed widespread support from the black majority despite voter intimidation, as well as the fact that the coup would gain no external support, and a conflagration which would engulf the country was seen as inevitable. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Zimbabwe_(1980)">Republic of Zimbabwe (1980)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Republic of Zimbabwe (1980)">edit</a>]</div> On 18 April 1980 the country became independent within the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> as the Republic of Zimbabwe, and its capital, Salisbury, was renamed <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a> two years later. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> Rhodesia is equivalent in territory to modern <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. It was a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">southern Africa</a>, lying between latitudes <a href="/wiki/15th_parallel_south" title="15th parallel south">15°</a> and <a href="/wiki/23rd_parallel_south" title="23rd parallel south">23°S</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/25th_meridian_east" title="25th meridian east">25°</a> and <a href="/wiki/34th_meridian_east" title="34th meridian east">34°E</a>. It was bordered by <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> to the south, the <a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland Protectorate</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) to the west and southwest, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> to the northwest, and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> to the east and northeast. Its northwest corner was roughly 150 metres (500 feet) from <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>), South Africa, nearly forming a four-nation <a href="/wiki/Quadripoint" title="Quadripoint">quadripoint</a>. Most of the country was elevated, consisting of a central plateau (high veld) stretching from the southwest northwards with altitudes between 1,000 and 1,600 m (3,300 and 5,200 ft). The country's extreme east was mountainous, this area being known as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Highlands" title="Eastern Highlands">Eastern Highlands</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Nyangani" title="Mount Nyangani">Mount Inyangani</a> as the highest point at 2,592 m (8,504 ft).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Zimbabwe">Climate of Zimbabwe</a></div> Rhodesia had a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climate</a> with many local variations. The southern areas were known for their heat and aridity, parts of the central plateau received frost in winter, the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a> valley was also known for its extreme heat and the Eastern Highlands usually experienced cool temperatures and the highest rainfall in the country. The country's rainy season was from late October to March and the hot climate was moderated by increasing altitude. The country was faced with recurring droughts, and severe storms were rare.<a href="#cite_note-Baughan,_M._2005-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Biodiversity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Zimbabwe" title="Wildlife of Zimbabwe">Wildlife of Zimbabwe</a></div> The country was mostly savannah, although the moist and mountainous eastern highlands supported areas of tropical evergreen and hardwood forests. Trees found in these Eastern Highlands included <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a>, enormous specimens of <a href="/wiki/Strangler_fig" title="Strangler fig">strangling fig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newtonia_buchananii" title="Newtonia buchananii">forest newtonia</a>, big leaf, <a href="/wiki/Celtis_africana" title="Celtis africana">white stinkwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtis_mildbraedii" title="Celtis mildbraedii">chirinda stinkwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegalia_nigrescens" title="Senegalia nigrescens">knobthorn</a> and many others. In the low-lying parts of the country <a href="/wiki/Vachellia_xanthophloea" title="Vachellia xanthophloea">fever trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mopane" title="Mopane">mopane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combretum" title="Combretum">combretum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adansonia" title="Adansonia">baobabs</a> abound. Much of the country was covered by <a href="/wiki/Miombo" title="Miombo">miombo</a> woodland, dominated by <a href="/wiki/Brachystegia" title="Brachystegia">brachystegia</a> species and others. Among the numerous flowers and shrubs were <a href="/wiki/Hibiscus" title="Hibiscus">hibiscus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flame_lily" title="Flame lily">flame lily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scadoxus_puniceus" title="Scadoxus puniceus">snake lily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spider_lily" title="Spider lily">spider lily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonotis" title="Leonotis">leonotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassia_(genus)" title="Cassia (genus)">cassia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisteria" title="Wisteria">tree wisteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dombeya" title="Dombeya">dombeya</a>. There were around 350 species of mammals that can be found in Rhodesia. There were also many snakes and lizards, over 500 bird species, and 131 fish species. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rhodesia" title="Special:EditPage/Rhodesia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard" style="width:22.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Rhodesia" title="Politics of Rhodesia">Politics of Rhodesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Southern_Rhodesia_(1924%E2%80%931980).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Coat_of_arms_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931980%29.svg/125px-Coat_of_arms_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Coat_of_arms_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931980%29.svg/188px-Coat_of_arms_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Coat_of_arms_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931980%29.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="548" /></a></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Political history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"><div class="plainlist" style="white-space:nowrap;"><ul><li>— <a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_Zimbabwe" title="Political history of Zimbabwe">Overview</a></li><li>1890–1923  <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">BSA Company rule</a></li><li>1923–1980  <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a></li><li>1953–1963  <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Rhodesia–Nyasaland Federation</a></li><li>1965–1979  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rhodesia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">UDI</a></li><li> 1979  <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</a> (under UDI)</li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Government</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Southern_Rhodesia" title="Governor of Southern Rhodesia">Governor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Queen</a> / <a href="/wiki/President_of_Rhodesia" title="President of Rhodesia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Rhodesia" title="Prime Minister of Rhodesia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Rhodesia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Rhodesia">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Rhodesia" title="Cabinet of Rhodesia">Cabinet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"><div class="plainlist" style="white-space:nowrap;"><ul><li>1899–1923  <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesian_Legislative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a></li><li>1924–1970  <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesian_Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Rhodesian Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li><li>1970–1979  <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Rhodesia" title="Parliament of Rhodesia">Parliament</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Rhodesia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Rhodesia)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Southern_Rhodesia" title="Elections in Southern Rhodesia">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>General <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/1924_Southern_Rhodesian_general_election" title="1924 Southern Rhodesian general election">1924</a> <a href="/wiki/1928_Southern_Rhodesian_general_election" title="1928 Southern Rhodesian general election">1928</a> <a href="/wiki/1933_Southern_Rhodesian_general_election" title="1933 Southern Rhodesian general election">1933</a> <a href="/wiki/1934_Southern_Rhodesian_general_election" title="1934 Southern Rhodesian general election">1934</a> <a href="/wiki/1939_Southern_Rhodesian_general_election" title="1939 Southern Rhodesian general election">1939</a> <a href="/wiki/1946_Southern_Rhodesian_general_election" title="1946 Southern Rhodesian general election">1946</a> <a href="/wiki/1948_Southern_Rhodesian_general_election" title="1948 Southern Rhodesian general election">1948</a> <a href="/wiki/1954_Southern_Rhodesian_general_election" title="1954 Southern Rhodesian general election">1954</a> <a href="/wiki/1958_Southern_Rhodesian_general_election" title="1958 Southern Rhodesian general election">1958</a> <a href="/wiki/1962_Southern_Rhodesian_general_election" title="1962 Southern Rhodesian general election">1962</a> <a href="/wiki/1965_Rhodesian_general_election" title="1965 Rhodesian general election">1965</a> <a href="/wiki/1970_Rhodesian_general_election" title="1970 Rhodesian general election">1970</a> <a href="/wiki/1974_Rhodesian_general_election" title="1974 Rhodesian general election">1974</a> <a href="/wiki/1977_Rhodesian_general_election" title="1977 Rhodesian general election">1977</a> <a href="/wiki/1979_Rhodesian_general_election" title="1979 Rhodesian general election">1979</a> <a href="/wiki/1980_Southern_Rhodesian_general_election" title="1980 Southern Rhodesian general election">1980</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesian_Legislative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/1899_Southern_Rhodesian_Legislative_Council_election" title="1899 Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council election">1899</a> <a href="/wiki/1902_Southern_Rhodesian_Legislative_Council_election" title="1902 Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council election">1902</a> <a href="/wiki/1905_Southern_Rhodesian_Legislative_Council_election" title="1905 Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council election">1905</a> <a href="/wiki/1908_Southern_Rhodesian_Legislative_Council_election" title="1908 Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council election">1908</a> <a href="/wiki/1911_Southern_Rhodesian_Legislative_Council_election" title="1911 Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council election">1911</a> <a href="/wiki/1914_Southern_Rhodesian_Legislative_Council_election" title="1914 Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council election">1914</a> <a href="/wiki/1920_Southern_Rhodesian_Legislative_Council_election" title="1920 Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council election">1920</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li>Referendums <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/1922_Southern_Rhodesian_government_referendum" title="1922 Southern Rhodesian government referendum">1922</a> <a href="/wiki/1934_Southern_Rhodesian_sweepstakes_referendum" title="1934 Southern Rhodesian sweepstakes referendum">1934</a> <a href="/wiki/1953_Southern_Rhodesian_federation_referendum" title="1953 Southern Rhodesian federation referendum">1953</a> <a href="/wiki/1961_Southern_Rhodesian_constitutional_referendum" title="1961 Southern Rhodesian constitutional referendum">1961</a> <a href="/wiki/1964_Southern_Rhodesian_independence_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1964 Southern Rhodesian independence referendum">1964</a> <a href="/wiki/1969_Rhodesian_constitutional_referendum" title="1969 Rhodesian constitutional referendum">1969</a> <a href="/wiki/1979_Rhodesian_constitutional_referendum" title="1979 Rhodesian constitutional referendum">1979</a></div></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Political parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_African_National_Congress" title="Southern Rhodesia African National Congress">African National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_Communist_Party" title="Southern Rhodesia Communist Party">Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_Labour_Party" title="Rhodesia Labour Party">Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_Liberal_Party" title="Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_Government_Association" title="Responsible Government Association">Rhodesia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Action_Party" title="Rhodesian Action Party">Rhodesian Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Front" title="Rhodesian Front">Rhodesian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_African_National_Council" title="United African National Council">United African National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Federal_Party" title="United Federal Party">United Federal Party</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union" title="Zimbabwe African National Union">Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU)</a></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_People%27s_Union" title="Zimbabwe African People's Union">Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU)</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Foreign relations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Affairs_(Rhodesia)" title="Ministry of External Affairs (Rhodesia)">Ministry of External Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_mission_in_Lisbon" title="Rhodesian mission in Lisbon">Mission in Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_Information_Centre" title="Rhodesia Information Centre">Centre in Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_passport" title="Rhodesian passport">Passport</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">National symbols</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Rhodesia" title="Flag of Rhodesia">Flag</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Rhodesian_flags" title="List of Rhodesian flags">other flags</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise,_O_Voices_of_Rhodesia" title="Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia">Anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Rhodesia" title="Template:Politics of Rhodesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Rhodesia" title="Template talk:Politics of Rhodesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Rhodesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Rhodesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Rhodesia" title="Politics of Rhodesia">Politics of Rhodesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Rhodesia_(1970%E2%80%931979).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_President_of_Rhodesia_%281970%E2%80%931979%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Rhodesia_%281970%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_President_of_Rhodesia_%281970%E2%80%931979%29.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Rhodesia_%281970%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_President_of_Rhodesia_%281970%E2%80%931979%29.svg/480px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Rhodesia_%281970%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The presidential flag of Rhodesia</figcaption></figure> Although Southern Rhodesia never gained full <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> status within the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, Southern Rhodesians ruled themselves from the attainment of '<a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Responsible Government</a>' in 1923. Its electoral register had property and education qualifications. Over the years various electoral arrangements made at a national and municipal level upheld these standards. For example, the franchise for the first <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesian_Legislative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council">Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council</a> election in 1899 contained the following requirement: <blockquote>voters to be British subjects, male, 21 years of age and older, able to write their address and occupation, and then to fulfil the following financial requirements: (a) ownership of a registered mining claim in Southern Rhodesia, or (b) occupying immovable property worth £75, or (c) receiving wages or salary of £50 per annum in Southern Rhodesia. Six months' continuous residence was also required for qualifications (b) and (c).</blockquote> Following <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a>'s dictum of "equal rights for all civilised men", there was an implicit, albeit not an overt, racial component to the franchise, which effectively excluded a majority of native black people from the electorate via such means as <a href="/wiki/Property_qualification" title="Property qualification">property qualifications</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> Up until the 1950s, Southern Rhodesia had a vibrant political life with right and left wing parties competing for power. The <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodesian Labour Party">Rhodesian Labour Party</a> held seats in the Assembly and in municipal councils throughout the 1920s and 1930s. From 1953 to 1958, the prime minister was <a href="/wiki/Garfield_Todd" title="Garfield Todd">Garfield Todd</a>, a liberal who did much to promote the development of the black community through investment in education, housing and healthcare. However, the government forced Todd from office because his proposed reforms were seen by many whites as too radical. From 1958 onwards, white settler politics consolidated and ossified around resistance to majority rule, setting the stage for UDI. The 1961 Constitution governed Southern Rhodesia and independent Rhodesia up until 1969, using the Westminster Parliamentary System modified by a system of separate voter rolls with differing property and education qualifications, without regard to race. Whites ended up with the majority of Assembly seats with Whites attaining 50 out of 66 seats. Blacks would only attain 16 out of the 66 seats in the Rhodesian Parliament. The 1969 republican constitution established a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> Parliament consisting of an indirectly elected <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Rhodesia">Senate</a> and a directly elected <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Assembly of Rhodesia">House of Assembly</a>, effectively reserving the majority of seats for whites. The office of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Rhodesia" title="President of Rhodesia">President</a> had only ceremonial significance with the Prime Minister holding executive power. The Constitution of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</a>, which saw a black-led government elected for the first time, reserved 28 of the 100 parliamentary seats for whites. The independence constitution agreed at <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House</a> watered those provisions down and reserved 20 out of 100 seats for whites in the House of Assembly and 8 out of 40 seats in the Senate. The constitution prohibited Zimbabwe authorities from altering the Constitution for seven years without unanimous consent and required a three-quarters vote in Parliament for a further three years. The government amended the Constitution in 1987 to abolish the seats reserved for whites, and replace the office of Prime Minister with an executive President. In 1990, the government abolished the Senate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodesia_adm_location_map_with_names.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Rhodesia_adm_location_map_with_names.svg/300px-Rhodesia_adm_location_map_with_names.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Rhodesia_adm_location_map_with_names.svg/450px-Rhodesia_adm_location_map_with_names.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Rhodesia_adm_location_map_with_names.svg/600px-Rhodesia_adm_location_map_with_names.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_Rhodesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provinces of Rhodesia (page does not exist)">Administrative divisions of Rhodesia</a></figcaption></figure> Rhodesia had a <a href="/wiki/Centralised_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralised government">centralised government</a> and was divided into seven provinces and two cities with provincial status, for administrative purposes. Each province had a provincial capital from where government administration was usually carried out. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Province</th> <th>Capital </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manicaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Manicaland">Manicaland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Umtali" class="mw-redirect" title="Umtali">Umtali</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Mashonaland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Mashonaland (page does not exist)">North Mashonaland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Salisbury</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Mashonaland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Mashonaland (page does not exist)">South Mashonaland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Salisbury</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Province">Victoria</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Masvingo" title="Masvingo">Fort Victoria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Matabeleland_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Matabeleland North">North Matabeleland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Matabeleland_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Matabeleland South">South Matabeleland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Midlands_Province" title="Midlands Province">Midlands</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gwelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwelo">Gwelo</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Security_Forces" title="Rhodesian Security Forces">Rhodesian Security Forces</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodesian_Eland_and_T-55.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Rhodesian_Eland_and_T-55.jpg/260px-Rhodesian_Eland_and_T-55.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Rhodesian_Eland_and_T-55.jpg/390px-Rhodesian_Eland_and_T-55.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Rhodesian_Eland_and_T-55.jpg/520px-Rhodesian_Eland_and_T-55.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1381" data-file-height="927" /></a><figcaption>Troops of the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Armoured_Corps" title="Rhodesian Armoured Corps">Rhodesian Armoured Corps</a> in 1979</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> had long been distinctive among British dependencies in that it had financed and developed its own security forces and command structure.<a href="#cite_note-Good-126">[125]</a> After UDI, this posed a particular dilemma for the British government, which considered and rejected various proposals aimed at ending Rhodesia's state of rebellion by force.<a href="#cite_note-Good-126">[125]</a> Harold Wilson once remarked that bringing an end to Rhodesian independence "would not be a case of arresting a subversive individual. It would mean a bloody war, and probably a bloody war turning into a bloody civil war."<a href="#cite_note-Good-126">[125]</a> The formidable nature of the Rhodesian security forces, as well as British fears of a direct South African intervention on behalf of the rogue colony, preempted the further consideration of military options.<a href="#cite_note-Good-126">[125]</a> For much of its existence Rhodesia maintained a small professional standing army of 3,400 troops, about a third of whom were black volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-Good-126">[125]</a> In the tradition of many colonial armies, it was primarily organised into light infantry battalions trained and equipped for counter-insurgency warfare or internal security actions,<a href="#cite_note-Arnold-127">[126]</a> and possessed little artillery or armour.<a href="#cite_note-Good-126">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Rhodesian_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Rhodesian Air Force">Royal Rhodesian Air Force</a> (RRAF) had 1,000 personnel and six squadrons of aircraft, including forty to fifty <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hunter" title="Hawker Hunter">Hawker Hunter</a> and <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">de Havilland Vampire</a> strike aircraft and <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Canberra" title="English Electric Canberra">English Electric Canberra</a> light bombers.<a href="#cite_note-Good-126">[125]</a> It also possessed a helicopter squadron, a transport squadron, and a light reconnaissance squadron.<a href="#cite_note-Good-126">[125]</a> The Rhodesian military was backed by the <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Police" title="British South Africa Police">British South Africa Police</a> (BSAP), a well-equipped police force whose title was derived from the law enforcement division of the British South Africa Company.<a href="#cite_note-Good-126">[125]</a> The BSAP had armoured vehicles of its own and a potent paramilitary capability.<a href="#cite_note-Good-126">[125]</a> Domestic and external intelligence gathering were vested in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Central Intelligence Organisation">Central Intelligence Organisation</a> (CIO).<a href="#cite_note-COIN-128">[127]</a> As a result of the escalating rural insurgency, the Rhodesian Security Forces began to depend more heavily on white conscripts and reservists of the Territorial Force and Territorial reserves.<a href="#cite_note-Arnold-127">[126]</a> Regular units remained small throughout the Rhodesian Bush War but became increasingly specialised and were often able to have an effect utterly disproportionate to their size.<a href="#cite_note-mcnab2002-129">[128]</a> The security forces included a disproportionate number of personnel who had seen action during the <a href="/wiki/First_Malayan_Emergency" class="mw-redirect" title="First Malayan Emergency">First Malayan Emergency</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a>, and their experience gave Rhodesia's defence establishment a solid grounding in counter-insurgency warfare and small unit tactics in particular.<a href="#cite_note-COIN-128">[127]</a> Nevertheless, the vastness of the operational area and Rhodesia's limited manpower pool left the army, air force, and BSAP constantly overstretched.<a href="#cite_note-COIN-128">[127]</a> Budgetary and resource restraints, coupled with manpower shortages, meant the security forces could not expand quickly enough to match the guerrilla movements, and were almost always outnumbered.<a href="#cite_note-COIN-128">[127]</a> Rhodesian units compensated for their disadvantage in this regard by pursuing an aggressive preemptive and counterstrike strategy, raiding neighbouring states to destroy guerrilla forces in their external sanctuaries.<a href="#cite_note-COIN-128">[127]</a> All white, male residents aged eighteen to twenty-three were obligated to fulfill four and a half months (later extended to nine months) of full-time <a href="/wiki/National_service" title="National service">national service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Good-126">[125]</a> This was followed by a three-year reservist obligation.<a href="#cite_note-Good-126">[125]</a> By 1974 the national service intakes had been doubled, and white men over twenty-three were also conscripted.<a href="#cite_note-Arnold-127">[126]</a> In 1978 the Rhodesian Army had about 14,000 white national servicemen, but continued manpower shortages forced it to recruit black volunteers in larger numbers and extend compulsory military service to all white males up to sixty years of age.<a href="#cite_note-Arnold-127">[126]</a> By the end of the Rhodesian Bush War virtually all male white residents were either serving in the military or police in a full-time or part-time capacity.<a href="#cite_note-Arnold-127">[126]</a> The size of the Rhodesian Army had swelled to about 20,000 personnel, and the BSAP to over 40,000, including reservists.<a href="#cite_note-Arnold-127">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_and_chemical_warfare">Biological and chemical warfare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Biological and chemical warfare">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Rhodesia and weapons of mass destruction">Rhodesia and weapons of mass destruction</a></div> From 1975 to 1980 the Rhodesian government made several attempts to weaponise chemical and biological agents.<a href="#cite_note-Glenn_Cross_1980-130">[129]</a> Members of the security forces contaminated supplies before replacing them in guerrilla caches or planted them in rural stores to be stolen by the guerrillas during raids.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> They also poisoned water sources along known infiltration routes along the Rhodesian border, forcing their opponents to travel through more arid regions or carry more water during their treks.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> The chemical agents most used in the Rhodesian chemical and biological warfare (CBW) programme were <a href="/wiki/Parathion" title="Parathion">parathion</a> (an organophosphate insecticide) and <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a> (a heavy metal commonly found in rodenticide).<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> The weapons the Rhodesians selected for use also included Vibrio cholerae (causative agent of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>) and possibly Bacillus anthracis (causative agent of <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a>). They also looked at using Rickettsia prowazekii (causative agent of epidemic <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>), and Salmonella typhi (causative agent of <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a>), and toxins such as <a href="/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin">ricin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botulinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum">botulinum</a> toxin.<a href="#cite_note-Glenn_Cross_1980-130">[129]</a> Biological agents, namely Vibrio cholerae, had some impact on the fighting capability of ZANLA.<a href="#cite_note-the_plague_wars-134">[133]</a> Some former officers of the Rhodesian Security Forces alleged that anthrax was used covertly during the late 1970s, but this has been disputed.<a href="#cite_note-Glenn_Cross_1980-130">[129]</a> Use of anthracis, ricin, or botulinum toxin was favoured during assassination attempts of prominent guerrilla commanders.<a href="#cite_note-Glenn_Cross_1980-130">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Zimbabwe" title="Economic history of Zimbabwe">Economic history of Zimbabwe</a></div> Economically, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> developed an economy that was narrowly based on the production of a few <a href="/wiki/Primary_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary products">primary products</a>, notably, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>. It was therefore vulnerable to the economic cycle. The deep <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Depression" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Depression">recession of the 1930s</a> gave way to a post-war boom. This boom prompted the immigration of about 200,000 whites between 1945 and 1970, taking the white population up to 307,000. A large number of these immigrants were of British working-class origin, with others coming from the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="British Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Mozambique</a>. They established a relatively balanced economy, transforming what was once a primary producer dependent on backwoods farming into an industrial giant which spawned a strong manufacturing sector, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> industries, and modern mining ventures. These economic successes owed little to foreign aid apart from the immigration of skilled labour. The economy of the state of Rhodesia sustained international sanctions for a decade following the declaration of its independence, a resistance which waned as more southern African states declared independence and majority rule as well as the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Population">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/White_Zimbabweans" title="White Zimbabweans">White Zimbabweans</a></div> A central feature of the white community in Rhodesia was its transience, as white settlers were just as likely to leave Rhodesia after a few years as permanently settle; for example, of the 700 British settlers who were the first white settlers, arriving in 1890, only 15 were still living in Rhodesia in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-Brownell-101">[100]</a>: 6593  As the white population of Rhodesia had a low birth rate (18 per 1,000 compared to the African rate of 48 per 1,000<a href="#cite_note-Paxton-135">[134]</a>), to maintain white population growth was largely dependent upon taking in new white immigrants with immigration accounting for 60% of the growth of the white Rhodesian population between 1955 and 1972.<a href="#cite_note-Brownell-101">[100]</a> In the ten years after the nation's independence from Britain, around 70,000 from the white population of Rhodesia emigrated out of the nation. 45% of the emigration was to <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> due to it being geographically adjacent and sharing similarities in climate, topography, economic standards and social customs. The remaining mainly headed to other mainly white, English-speaking nations at the time, which being the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> However, the American historian Josiah Brownell noted that the turnover rate for white residents in Rhodesia was very high, as Rhodesia took in a total of 255,692 white immigrants between 1955 and 1979 while the same period a total of 246,583 whites emigrated. Even during the boom years of the late 1950s, when Rhodesia took in an average of 13,666 white immigrants per year, mostly from the United Kingdom and South Africa, an average of about 7,666 whites emigrated annually. Between 1961 and 1965, Rhodesia took in an average of 8,225 white immigrants per year while also having an average white emigration of 12,912 per year. Many prospective white immigrants in Rhodesia arrived seeking economic opportunities and departed with fluctuations in the security situation as the Bush War intensified. A substantial number were uninterested in settling there permanently and did not apply for Rhodesian citizenship, despite a much-publicised 1967 campaign urging them to do so.<a href="#cite_note-Brownell-101">[100]</a> Brownell asserted that patriotism in the white community was "shallow" due to its essentially expatriate character. He also claimed that the majority of white immigrants in the late 1960s and early 1970s were unskilled laborers who competed with the country's black African workforce and did not contribute badly needed technical or professional skills to the country, arguing that this was due to government policy aimed at making white immigration as "unselective as possible" and guaranteeing every white immigrant a job. The population of Rhodesia boomed during the late 1960s due to immigration and an exceptional rate of natural increase among its black citizens, the highest in sub-Saharan Africa at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Brownell-101">[100]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"> <caption>Numbers of white and black inhabitants before and during the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Central African Federation">Central African Federation</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Year</th> <th colspan="2">Southern Rhodesia</th> <th colspan="2">Northern Rhodesia</th> <th colspan="2">Nyasaland</th> <th colspan="2">Total </th></tr> <tr> <th>White</th> <th>Black</th> <th>White</th> <th>Black</th> <th>White</th> <th>Black</th> <th>White</th> <th>Black </th></tr> <tr> <td>1927</td> <td>38,200 (3.98%)</td> <td>922,000 (96.02%)</td> <td>4,000 (0.4%)</td> <td>1,000,000 (99.6%)</td> <td>1,700 (0.13%)</td> <td>1,350,000 (99.87%)</td> <td>43,900 (1.32%)</td> <td>3,272,000 (98.68%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946</td> <td>80,500 (4.79%)</td> <td>1,600,000 (95.21%)</td> <td>21,919 (1.32%)</td> <td>1,634,980 (97.68%)</td> <td>2,300 (0.10%)</td> <td>2,340,000 (99.90%)</td> <td>104,719 (1.84%)</td> <td>5,574,980 (98.16%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955</td> <td>150,000 (5.88%)</td> <td>2,400,000 (94.12%)</td> <td>65,000 (3.02%)</td> <td>2,085,000 (96.98%)</td> <td>6,300 (0.25%)</td> <td>2,550,000 (99.75%)</td> <td>221,300 (3.05%)</td> <td>7,035,000 (96.95%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960</td> <td>223,000 (7.30%)</td> <td>2,830,000 (92.70%)</td> <td>76,000 (3.14%)</td> <td>2,340,000 (96.85%)</td> <td>9,300 (0.33%)</td> <td>2,810,000 (99.66%)</td> <td>308,300 (3.72%)</td> <td>7,980,000 (96.28%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"> <caption>Population of White, Black, Asian and Coloured inhabitants of Southern Rhodesia, 1911–1969<a href="#cite_note-Paxton-135">[134]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="1">Year</th> <th>White</th> <th>Black (Est.)</th> <th>Asiatic & Coloured</th> <th>Total Population (Est.) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1911</td> <td>23,606 (3.06%)</td> <td>744,559 (96.56%)</td> <td>2,912 (0.38%)</td> <td>771,077 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1921</td> <td>33,620 (3.73%)</td> <td>862,319 (95.90%)</td> <td>3,248 (0.36%)</td> <td>899,187 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931</td> <td>49,910 (4.42%)</td> <td>1,076,000 (95.22%)</td> <td>4,102 (0.36%)</td> <td>1,130,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941</td> <td>68,954 (4.66%)</td> <td>1,404,000 (94.93%)</td> <td>6,521 (0.44%)</td> <td>1,479,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951</td> <td>135,596 (5.84%)</td> <td>2,170,000 (93.53%)</td> <td>10,283 (0.44%)</td> <td>2,320,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961</td> <td>221,504 (6.74%)</td> <td>3,618,150 (92.80%)</td> <td>17,812 (0.46%)</td> <td>3,857,466 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969</td> <td>258,580 (6.49%)</td> <td>4,840,000 (93.09%)</td> <td>23,870 (0.47%)</td> <td>5,090,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"> <caption>White Rhodesian vital statistics, 1963–1969<a href="#cite_note-Paxton-135">[134]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="1">Year</th> <th>Births</th> <th>Deaths</th> <th>Marriages</th> <th>Immigrants </th></tr> <tr> <td>1963</td> <td>4,457</td> <td>1,449</td> <td>2,008</td> <td>5,093 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964</td> <td>4,017</td> <td>1,306</td> <td>2,046</td> <td>7,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965</td> <td>3,863</td> <td>1,369</td> <td>2,071</td> <td>11,128 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966</td> <td>3,782</td> <td>1,460</td> <td>2,035</td> <td>6,418 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967</td> <td>4,031</td> <td>1,512</td> <td>—</td> <td>9,618 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968</td> <td>4,004</td> <td>1,646</td> <td>—</td> <td>11,864 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969</td> <td>4,089</td> <td>1,633</td> <td>—</td> <td>10,929 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"> <caption>Population of the main urban areas in 1969<a href="#cite_note-Paxton-135">[134]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="1">City</th> <th>White</th> <th>Black</th> <th>Other</th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>Salisbury</td> <td>96,420 (25.07%)</td> <td>280,090 (72.84%)</td> <td>8,020 (2.09%)</td> <td>384,530 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bulawayo</td> <td>50,090 (20.40%)</td> <td>187,590 (76.38%)</td> <td>7,910 (3.22%)</td> <td>245,590 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Umtali</td> <td>8,340 (17.93%)</td> <td>36,220 (77.88%)</td> <td>1,950 (4.20%)</td> <td>46,510 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gwelo</td> <td>8,390 (18.23%)</td> <td>36,880 (80.12%)</td> <td>760 (1.65%)</td> <td>46,030 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Que Que</td> <td>3,160 (9.62%)</td> <td>29,250 (89.01%)</td> <td>450 (1.37%)</td> <td>32,860 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gatooma</td> <td>1,880 (8.97%)</td> <td>18,770 (89.55%)</td> <td>310 (1.48%)</td> <td>20,960 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wankie</td> <td>2,160 (10.72%)</td> <td>17,980 (89.28%)</td> <td>—</td> <td>20,140 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shabani</td> <td>1,560 (9.87%)</td> <td>14,170 (89.63%)</td> <td>80 (0.51%)</td> <td>15,810 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fort Victoria</td> <td>2,530 (22.29%)</td> <td>8,470 (74.63%)</td> <td>350 (3.08%)</td> <td>11,350 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Zimbabwe" title="Languages of Zimbabwe">Languages of Zimbabwe</a></div> White Rhodesians mostly spoke English, with a minority that spoke <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>. Approximately 70% of black Rhodesians spoke <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a>, and around 20% spoke <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Ndebele</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> A majority of <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Zimbabwe" title="Indians in Zimbabwe">Rhodesia's Indian community</a> spoke <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> and a minority spoke <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Religion in Zimbabwe</a></div> Rhodesia predominantly adhered to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> being the largest denomination. However, many native Africans still adhered to <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">traditional African religions</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> Throughout the period of its <a href="/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence_(Rhodesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia)">Unilateral Declaration of Independence</a> (1965 to 1979), Rhodesia pursued a foreign policy of attempting to secure recognition as an independent country, and insisting that its political system would include 'gradual steps to majority rule.' Ardently anti-communist, Rhodesia tried to present itself to the West as a front-line state against communist expansion in Africa, to little avail. Rhodesia received little international recognition during its existence; recognition only occurred after elections in 1980 and a transition to majority rule. Rhodesia wished to retain its economic prosperity and also feared communist elements in the rebel forces, and thus felt their policy of a gradual progression to black majority rule was justified. However, the international community refused to accept this rationale, believing that their policies were perpetuating racism. This attitude was part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a> context, during which Western powers such as the United Kingdom, France, and Belgium hastened to grant independence to their colonies in Africa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_UK_and_the_UDI">The UK and the UDI</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: The UK and the UDI">edit</a>]</div> Rhodesia was originally a <a href="/wiki/British_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="British colony">British colony</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a> in Africa had begun after World War II, it began accelerating in the early 1960s, causing Britain to negotiate independence rapidly with several of its colonies. During this period, it adopted a foreign policy called <a href="/wiki/NIBMAR" class="mw-redirect" title="NIBMAR">NIBMAR</a>, or No Independence Before Majority African Rule, mandating democratic reforms that placed governance in the hands of the majority black Africans. The governing white minority of Rhodesia, led by Ian Smith, opposed the policy and its implications. On 11 November 1965, Rhodesia's minority white government made a <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilateral declaration of independence</a> (UDI) from the United Kingdom, as it became apparent that negotiations would not lead to independence under the white regime. The United Kingdom government immediately brought in legislation (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_Act_1965" title="Southern Rhodesia Act 1965">Southern Rhodesia Act 1965</a>) which formally abolished all Rhodesian government institutions. This move made life difficult for Rhodesian citizens who wished to travel internationally as passports issued by Rhodesia's UDI administration were not recognised as valid;<a href="#cite_note-Passports_invalidated-139">[138]</a> in January 1966, the British issued a statement accepting as valid any passport issued before the declaration of independence and allowing six-month United Kingdom passports to be granted when they expired – provided that the bearer declared they did not intend to aid the UDI Rhodesian government.<a href="#cite_note-1966_statement-140">[139]</a> Developments in Britain helped to alienate the white Rhodesian population from the former mother country, namely Queen Elizabeth II's 1966 speech to the Jamaican legislature where she endorsed majority rule and her attempt in 1968 to block the hanging of what Rhodesians perceived as Zimbabwean nationalist terrorists.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> Until late 1969, Rhodesia still recognised <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom">Queen Elizabeth II</a> as head of state, even though it opposed the British government itself for hindering its goals of independence. However she refused to accept the title Queen of Rhodesia and eventually the Smith government abandoned their attempts to remain loyal to the British Crown. In a 1969 referendum, a majority of the electorate voted to declare Rhodesia an independent republic. The hope being that this move would facilitate recognition as an independent state by the international community, but the issue of white minority rule remained and continued to hinder this effort, and like the UDI before it, the proclamation of a republic lacked international recognition. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanctions">Sanctions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sanctions">edit</a>]</div> After the declaration of independence, and indeed for the entire duration of its existence, Rhodesia did not receive official recognition from any state, although it did maintain diplomatic relations with South Africa, which was then under <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>. South Africa did not recognise Rhodesia to preserve its fragile positions with other nations, but frequently assisted the Rhodesian state. Portugal maintained informal relations until the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> of 1974. The day following the declaration of independence, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> passed a resolution (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_216" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 216">S/RES/216</a>) calling upon all states not to accord Rhodesia recognition, and to refrain from any assistance. The Security Council also imposed selective mandatory economic sanctions, which were later made comprehensive. <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> The US, despite voting in favour of the sanctions at the UNSC, violated them to buy chromium ore from Rhodesia.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Kenneth Kaunda, president of Zambia, also accused western oil companies of violating the sanctions and selling oil to Rhodesia.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_perspective">International perspective</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: International perspective">edit</a>]</div> Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965 was promptly condemned by the international community. The United Nations Security Council Resolution 216 of 12 November 1965 called "upon all States not to recognise this illegal racist minority regime in Southern Rhodesia."<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> Rhodesia campaigned for international acceptance and invoked the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Non-intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-intervention">non-intervention</a> in internal affairs as justification for rebuking external criticism of its internal policies. However, the emerging doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> in colonial situations meant that most nations regarded Rhodesia's self-declared independence as illegitimate. <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, formerly <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a>, took a pragmatic approach towards Rhodesia. <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a>, heavily dependent on access through Rhodesia for his nation's copper ore exports, fuel, and power imports unofficially worked with the Rhodesian government. Rhodesia still allowed Zambia to export and import its goods through its territory to Mozambique ports, despite the Zambian government's official policy of hostility and non-recognition of the post-UDI Smith Administration. The United States, like all other Western nations, refused to recognise Rhodesia, but unlike others allowed its <a href="/wiki/Consulate-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate-General">Consulate-General</a> to function as a communications conduit between the US government in Washington, DC and the Rhodesian government in Salisbury. When Rhodesia set up the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesian_Information_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhodesian Information Office (page does not exist)">Rhodesian Information Office</a> in Washington, DC, <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a> nations loudly protested. The US government responded by saying the Rhodesian mission and its staff had no official diplomatic status and violated no US laws. Portugal pursued a middle path with Rhodesia. While not officially recognising Rhodesia under Ian Smith, the government of <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Salazar" class="mw-redirect" title="António Salazar">António Salazar</a> did permit Rhodesia to establish a <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_mission_in_Lisbon" title="Rhodesian mission in Lisbon">representative mission</a> in Lisbon, and permitted Rhodesian exports and imports through their colony of Mozambique. The Portuguese government in power at that time, authoritarian and ardently anti-communist, gave active behind-the-scenes support in Rhodesia's fight against the guerrilla groups. South Africa, itself under international pressure as a white minority government, pursued a policy of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> with the black African states at the time. These states wanted South Africa to pressure Ian Smith to accept a faster transition to majority rule in Rhodesia, in return for pledges of non-interference in South Africa's internal affairs. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Vorster" title="John Vorster">John Vorster</a>, believing majority rule in Rhodesia would lead to international acceptance for South Africa, used a number of tactics to pressure Smith. The South African government held up shipments of fuel and ammunition and pulled out friendly South African forces from Rhodesia. The combined loss of Mozambique and the loss of support from South Africa dealt critical blows to the Rhodesian government. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomatic_relations">Diplomatic relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Diplomatic relations">edit</a>]</div> After the UDI, Rhodesia maintained several overseas missions, including <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> and until 1975, <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> in Portugal and <a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_Marques" class="mw-redirect" title="Lourenço Marques">Lourenço Marques</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> Since 1961, Rhodesia had an "Accredited Diplomatic Representative" with <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, heading a "Rhodesian Diplomatic Mission" or <a href="/wiki/De_facto_embassy" title="De facto embassy">de facto embassy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> Before South Africa left the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> that year, the then <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> had exchanged High Commissioners with the then <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>, but following the change in status, the Republic now had a "South African Diplomatic Mission" in <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Salisbury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lloyd-149">[148]</a> During 1965, the government of Rhodesia made moves to establish a <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_mission_in_Lisbon" title="Rhodesian mission in Lisbon">mission in Lisbon</a> separate from the British Embassy, with its own accredited representative, having previously been able to establish its own consulate in Lourenço Marques, capital of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> This prompted protests from the British government, which was determined that the representative, Harry Reedman, should be a nominal member of the British Ambassador's staff.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> For their part, the Portuguese authorities sought a compromise whereby they would accept Reedman as an independent representative but deny him diplomatic status.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> The Rhodesian Information Office in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> remained open following UDI, but its director, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Towsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ken Towsey (page does not exist)">Ken Towsey</a>, and his staff were deprived of their diplomatic status.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Previously, there had been a "Minister for Rhodesian Affairs" operating under the aegis of the <a href="/wiki/British_Embassy_in_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="British Embassy in Washington">British Embassy in Washington</a>,<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> as well representatives in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> Following the country's independence as <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, Towsey became chargé d'affaires at the new embassy.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> The High Commission in London, known as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodesia House">Rhodesia House</a>, continued to function until it was closed in 1969 following the decision by white Rhodesians in a <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_constitutional_referendum,_1969" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodesian constitutional referendum, 1969">referendum</a> to make the country a republic, along with the "British Residual Mission" in <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Salisbury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> Prior to its closure, the mission flew the newly adopted <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Rhodesia" title="Flag of Rhodesia">Flag of Rhodesia</a>, considered illegal by the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">Foreign Office</a>, prompting calls by <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> MP <a href="/wiki/Willie_Hamilton" title="Willie Hamilton">Willie Hamilton</a> for its removal.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> In Australia, the federal government sought to close the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_Information_Centre" title="Rhodesia Information Centre">Rhodesia Information Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>,<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> but it remained open, operating under the jurisdiction of the state of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> In 1973, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a> cut post and telephone links to the centre, but this was <a href="/wiki/Bradley_v_Commonwealth" title="Bradley v Commonwealth">ruled illegal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> An office was also established in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, but this was closed down by the <a href="/wiki/French_government" class="mw-redirect" title="French government">French government</a> in 1977.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> Similarly, the United States recalled its consul-general from <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Salisbury</a>, and reduced consular staff,<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> but did not move to close its consulate until the declaration of a republic in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, however, retained its "Accredited Diplomatic Representative" after UDI,<a href="#cite_note-google13-61">[60]</a> which allowed it to continue to recognise <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> sovereignty as well as to deal with the de facto authority of the government of <a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-google257-62">[61]</a> The South African Diplomatic Mission in Salisbury became the only such mission remaining in the country after 1975,<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> when Portugal downgraded its mission to consul level,<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> having recalled its consul-general in Salisbury in May 1970.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> After Zimbabwe's independence, the new government closed its missions in <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, only maintaining a trade mission in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> while the South African Diplomatic Mission in Salisbury was also closed.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Results">Results</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Results">edit</a>]</div> The growing intensity of the civil war and a lack of international support eventually led the Rhodesian government to submit to an agreement with the UK in 1979. This led to internationally supervised elections, won by <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union_%E2%80%93_Patriotic_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front">Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front</a> and Robert Mugabe, establishing the internationally recognised <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> The most influential newspapers in the country were the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodesia Herald">Rhodesia Herald</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Salisbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_(Zimbabwe)" title="The Chronicle (Zimbabwe)">The Chronicle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a>. Following UDI, in 1976, the state-run <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation">Rhodesian Broadcasting Corporation (RBC)</a> took over the privately owned <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_Television" title="Rhodesia Television">Rhodesia Television (RTV)</a> service, in which it had previously acquired a 51 percent stake.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> Among the news magazines published in Rhodesia under UDI were the <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_Life_Rhodesia" title="Illustrated Life Rhodesia">Illustrated Life Rhodesia</a>, while The Valiant Years by Beryl Salt told the history of Rhodesia from 1890 to 1978 entirely through the medium of facsimile reproduction of articles and headlines from Rhodesian newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> As Rhodesia was a former colony of the United Kingdom, all of the sports that were born in the United Kingdom enjoyed considerable popularity in Rhodesia; especially <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">water polo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">netball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Open_Tennis_Championships" title="Rhodesian Open Tennis Championships">Rhodesian Open Tennis Championships</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lawn_bowls" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawn bowls">lawn bowls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a>, etc. Just like neighbouring South Africa, Rhodesia was barred from both competing against and participating with <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> member countries.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rhodesia" title="Special:EditPage/Rhodesia">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (January 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In the ten years after transforming into <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, around 60% of the white population emigrated, most to <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and to other mainly white, English-speaking countries where they formed immigrant communities. Politically within Zimbabwe, the consolidation of power by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> continued through the 1980s. Following amendments to the country's <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Zimbabwe" title="Constitution of Zimbabwe">constitution</a> in 1987, parliamentary seats reserved for whites were abolished, and an executive presidency was created, held by <a href="/wiki/Mugabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugabe">Mugabe</a>. Many [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] immigrants and some of the whites who stayed in Zimbabwe became deeply nostalgic for Rhodesia. These individuals are known as "<a href="/wiki/Rhodie" title="Rhodie">Rhodies</a>". Native whites who are more accepting of the new order are known as "Zimbos".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChambers1998" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, Allied (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=PA1416">The Chambers Dictionary</a>. Allied Publishers. p. 1416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86062-25-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86062-25-8"><bdi>978-81-86062-25-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chambers+Dictionary&rft.pages=1416&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-86062-25-8&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Allied&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpz2ORay2HWoC%26pg%3DPA1416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yX1CAQAAIAAJ&q=%22the+Republic+of+Rhodesia%22">Votes and Proceedings of the Senate</a>, Volume 12, Parliament of Rhodesia, 1970, page 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/rhodesia-zimbabwe-1964-present/">"46. Rhodesia/Zimbabwe (1964-present)"</a>. uca.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uca.edu&rft.atitle=46.+Rhodesia%2FZimbabwe+%281964-present%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuca.edu%2Fpoliticalscience%2Fdadm-project%2Fsub-saharan-africa-region%2Frhodesia-zimbabwe-1964-present%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistory2023" class="citation magazine cs1">History, Elizabeth Schmidt / Made by (30 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/6324696/rhodesia-minority-rule/">"A Lesson From the History of Rhodesia"</a>. TIME. Retrieved 3 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=A+Lesson+From+the+History+of+Rhodesia&rft.date=2023-10-30&rft.aulast=History&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Schmidt+%2F+Made+by&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6324696%2Frhodesia-minority-rule%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rowland251-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rowland251_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rowland251_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowlandBerlyn1978" class="citation book cs1">Rowland, J. Reid; Berlyn, Phillippa (April 1978). "Appendix: Constitutional History of Rhodesia: An outline". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bHUNAQAAIAAJ">The Quiet Man: A Biography of the Hon. Ian Douglas Smith</a>. Salisbury: M. O. Collins. pp. 240–256. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4282978">4282978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix%3A+Constitutional+History+of+Rhodesia%3A+An+outline&rft.btitle=The+Quiet+Man%3A+A+Biography+of+the+Hon.+Ian+Douglas+Smith&rft.place=Salisbury&rft.pages=240-256&rft.pub=M.+O.+Collins&rft.date=1978-04&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4282978&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=J.+Reid&rft.au=Berlyn%2C+Phillippa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbHUNAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-palley742743-7"><a href="#cite_ref-palley742743_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalley1966" class="citation book cs1">Palley, Claire (1966). The Constitutional History and Law of Southern Rhodesia 1888–1965, with Special Reference to Imperial Control (First ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Clarendon Press</a>. pp. 742–743. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/406157">406157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitutional+History+and+Law+of+Southern+Rhodesia+1888%E2%80%931965%2C+with+Special+Reference+to+Imperial+Control&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=742-743&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F406157&rft.aulast=Palley&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-duignan1986-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duignan1986_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-duignan1986_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-duignan1986_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-duignan1986_8-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuignan1986" class="citation cs2">Duignan, Peter (1986), Politics and Government in African States 1960–1985, Croom Helm Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7099-1475-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7099-1475-X"><bdi>0-7099-1475-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Government+in+African+States+1960%E2%80%931985&rft.pub=Croom+Helm+Ltd&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-7099-1475-X&rft.aulast=Duignan&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-areahandbook-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-areahandbook_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-areahandbook_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-areahandbook_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-areahandbook_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-areahandbook_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-areahandbook_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-areahandbook_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-areahandbook_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-areahandbook_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-areahandbook_9-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-areahandbook_9-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-areahandbook_9-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-areahandbook_9-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-areahandbook_9-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-areahandbook_9-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-areahandbook_9-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-areahandbook_9-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-areahandbook_9-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-areahandbook_9-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-areahandbook_9-19">t</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1983" class="citation cs2">Nelson, Harold (1983), Zimbabwe: a country study, The American University (Washington, D.C.), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0160015987" title="Special:BookSources/0160015987"><bdi>0160015987</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe%3A+a+country+study&rft.pub=The+American+University+%28Washington%2C+D.C.%29&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0160015987&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-taylor2006-10"><a href="#cite_ref-taylor2006_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2006" class="citation cs2">Taylor, Scott (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00tayl">Culture and Customs of Zambia</a>, Greenwood, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313332460" title="Special:BookSources/0313332460"><bdi>0313332460</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Zambia&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0313332460&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturecustomsof00tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhodesia.nl/mztosm.html">"Rhodesia – Mzilikaze to Smith"</a>. Rhodesia.nl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120826192258/http://www.rhodesia.nl/mztosm.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rhodesia+%E2%80%93+Mzilikaze+to+Smith&rft.pub=Rhodesia.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhodesia.nl%2Fmztosm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/rhodesia-central-african-federation.htm">"The Cabinet Papers | Rhodesia and the Central African Federation"</a>. Nationalarchives.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121009031609/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/rhodesia-central-african-federation.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cabinet+Papers+%26%23124%3B+Rhodesia+and+the+Central+African+Federation&rft.pub=Nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fcabinetpapers%2Fthemes%2Frhodesia-central-african-federation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=ad28">"History of Zimbabwe"</a>. Historyworld.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120624112253/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad28">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Zimbabwe&rft.pub=Historyworld.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyworld.net%2Fwrldhis%2Fplaintexthistories.asp%3Fhistoryid%3Dad28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Southern Rhodesia (Annexation) Order in Council, 30 July 1923 that provided by section 3 thereof: "From and after the coming into operation of this Order the said territories shall be annexed to and form part of His Majesty's Dominions, and shall be known as the Colony of Southern Rhodesia." </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Stella Madzibamuto v Desmond William Larder – Burke, Fredrick Phillip George (1969) A.C 645 – Authority for date of annexation having been 12 September 1923 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_16-1">b</a> Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law: United Nations Action in the Question of Southern Rhodesia by Vera Gowlland-Debbas </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Stella Madzibamuto v Desmond William Larder – Burke, Fredrick Phillip George (1969) A.C 645 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Southern Rhodesia Constitution Letters Patent 1923 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120115081548/http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/Parliament.htm">"Parliament"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parliament&rft.pub=Rhodesia.me.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhodesia.me.uk%2FParliament.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/SouthernRhodesia1890-1950ARecordOfSixtyYearsProgress/SR9050_djvu.txt">"Full text of "Southern Rhodesia 1890–1950; A Record of Sixty Years Progress""</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120706125942/https://archive.org/stream/SouthernRhodesia1890-1950ARecordOfSixtyYearsProgress/SR9050_djvu.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Full+text+of+%22Southern+Rhodesia+1890%E2%80%931950%3B+A+Record+of+Sixty+Years+Progress%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FSouthernRhodesia1890-1950ARecordOfSixtyYearsProgress%2FSR9050_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sapst.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33&Itemid=110">"Zimbambwe"</a>. Sapst.org. 22 December 1987. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510104741/http://www.sapst.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33&Itemid=110">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2013. 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Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. ix–xi, 18–29, 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812216202" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812216202"><bdi>978-0812216202</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economy+of+British+Central+Africa&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=ix-xi%2C+18-29%2C+108&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0812216202&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.countriesquest.com/africa/zimbabwe/history/settler_colony.htm">"Settler Colony – History – Zimbabwe – Africa"</a>. 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Rhodesia.nl. 9 October 1968. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012003742/http://www.rhodesia.nl/tiger.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Board+the+Tiger&rft.pub=Rhodesia.nl&rft.date=1968-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhodesia.nl%2Ftiger.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psywarrior.com/RhodesiaPSYOP.html">"RHODESIA PSYOP 1965"</a>. 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London: Blake Publishing Ltd. pp. 74–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85782-176-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85782-176-9"><bdi>1-85782-176-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Betrayal&rft.place=London&rft.pages=74-256&rft.pub=Blake+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-85782-176-9&rft.au=Smith%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spikes-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Spikes_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpikes1993" class="citation book cs1">Spikes, Daniel (1993). Angola and the Politics of Intervention: From Local Bush War to Chronic Crisis in Southern Africa. Jefferson: McFarland & Company. pp. 52–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0899508887" title="Special:BookSources/978-0899508887"><bdi>978-0899508887</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angola+and+the+Politics+of+Intervention%3A+From+Local+Bush+War+to+Chronic+Crisis+in+Southern+Africa&rft.place=Jefferson&rft.pages=52-53&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0899508887&rft.aulast=Spikes&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-West-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-West_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-West_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-West_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-West_34-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2002" class="citation book cs1">West, Michael (August 2002). 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Retrieved 9 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Secretary+of+State%2C+Washington&rft.pub=Gwu.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB391%2Fdocs%2F1977.02.14%2520Vance%2520Memo%2520for%2520Carter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-okoth2006-56"><a href="#cite_ref-okoth2006_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkoth2006" class="citation cs2">Okoth, Assa (2006), A History of Africa: Volume 2: 1915–1995, East African Educational Publishers Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9966-25-358-0" title="Special:BookSources/9966-25-358-0"><bdi>9966-25-358-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Africa%3A+Volume+2%3A+1915%E2%80%931995&rft.pub=East+African+Educational+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9966-25-358-0&rft.aulast=Okoth&rft.aufirst=Assa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africafocus.org/editor/aa1988.php">"When Sanctions Worked: The Case of Rhodesia Reexamined"</a>. Africafocus.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130318020152/http://www.africafocus.org/editor/aa1988.php">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Sanctions+Worked%3A+The+Case+of+Rhodesia+Reexamined&rft.pub=Africafocus.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africafocus.org%2Feditor%2Faa1988.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commonwealth.sas.ac.uk/libraries/rhodesia/Sanctions.htm">"Rhodesia Unilateral Declaration of Independence 1965 – Online exhibition"</a>. Commonwealth.sas.ac.uk. Retrieved 9 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rhodesia+Unilateral+Declaration+of+Independence+1965+%E2%80%93+Online+exhibition&rft.pub=Commonwealth.sas.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommonwealth.sas.ac.uk%2Flibraries%2Frhodesia%2FSanctions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-meredith-59"><a href="#cite_ref-meredith_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeredith" class="citation book cs1">Meredith, Martin. The Past is Another Country. p. 218.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Past+is+Another+Country&rft.pages=218&rft.aulast=Meredith&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-60"><a href="#cite_ref-a_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/2/newsid_2514000/2514683.stm">"1970:Ian Smith declares Rhodesia a republic"</a>. BBC News. 2 March 1970. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307133422/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/2/newsid_2514000/2514683.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1970%3AIan+Smith+declares+Rhodesia+a+republic&rft.date=1970-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fmarch%2F2%2Fnewsid_2514000%2F2514683.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google13-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google13_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-google13_61-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ptWAAAAYAAJ">Foreign Affairs for New States: Some Questions of Credentials</a>, Peter John Boyce, University of Queensland Press, January 1977, page 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-google257-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google257_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-google257_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_W._GrundyKenneth_William_Grundy1973" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth W. Grundy; Kenneth William Grundy (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mb7dE6K6gJoC&pg=PA257">Confrontation and Accommodation in Southern Africa: The Limits of Independence</a>. University of California Press. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02271-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02271-3"><bdi>978-0-520-02271-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confrontation+and+Accommodation+in+Southern+Africa%3A+The+Limits+of+Independence&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02271-3&rft.au=Kenneth+W.+Grundy&rft.au=Kenneth+William+Grundy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmb7dE6K6gJoC%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Age-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Age_63-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IhdVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cpMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1090%2C4932581">Queen's man resigns</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a>, 26 June 1969 </li> <li id="cite_note-strips-64"><a href="#cite_ref-strips_64-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vzNIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qgANAAAAIBAJ&pg=782%2C2383897">Ian Smith Strips Gibbs Of All Official Privilege</a>, Associated Press, <a href="/wiki/The_Morning_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="The Morning Record">The Morning Record</a>, 18 November 1965 </li> <li id="cite_note-Beadle-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Beadle_65-0">^</a> Rhodesia Herald, Salisbury, 13 to 20 September 1968 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jurisafrica.org/docs/constitutions/Constitutional%20Legality.Southern%20Rhodesia%20UDI.pdf">"Stella Madzimbamuto (Appellant) v Desmond William Lardner Burke and Frederick Phillip George (Respondents)"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 9 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stella+Madzimbamuto+%28Appellant%29+v+Desmond+William+Lardner+Burke+and+Frederick+Phillip+George+%28Respondents%29&rft.pub=Jurisafrica.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjurisafrica.org%2Fdocs%2Fconstitutions%2FConstitutional%2520Legality.Southern%2520Rhodesia%2520UDI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uniset.ca/microstates/james.html">"In re James (an insolvent)"</a>. Uniset.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017090007/http://uniset.ca/microstates/james.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2012. 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International Law Reports (Volume 39). pp. 1–78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Law+Reports+%28Volume+39%29&rft.pages=1-78&rft.aulast=Lauterpacht&rft.aufirst=Elihu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol3n1/juz003001001.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605054858/http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol3n1/juz003001001.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2013. 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Retrieved 9 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rhodesia+Rides+A+Tiger&rft.pub=South+African+Institute+of+International+Affairs&rft.aulast=Cockram&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.cigilibrary.org%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F30730%2F1%2FRhodesia%2520Rides%2520A%2520Tiger.pdf%3F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://africanhistory.about.com/b/2012/03/02/2-march-1970-rhodesia-declared-a-republic.htm">"2 March 1970 – Rhodesia Declared a Republic"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+ON+THIS+DAY+%E2%80%93+2+%E2%80%93+1970%3A+Ian+Smith+declares+Rhodesia+a+republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fmarch%2F2%2Fnewsid_2514000%2F2514683.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-frontiersmen-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frontiersmen_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frontiersmen_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frontiersmen_75-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frontiersmen_75-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frontiersmen_75-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frontiersmen_75-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frontiersmen_75-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frontiersmen_75-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frontiersmen_75-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frontiersmen_75-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frontiersmen_75-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Anthony. 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Retrieved 10 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UDI%3A+40+Years+On&rft.pub=LSE&rft.au=Dr.+Sue+Onslow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2FCWSC%2Fevents%2Frhodesian_UDI_40_jan_06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-c-77"><a href="#cite_ref-c_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Hartnack2005" class="citation web cs1">Michael Hartnack (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060320101625/http://www.theherald.co.za/herald/2005/10/25/cols/hcols.htm">"40 years in wilderness after UDI declaration"</a>. The Herald. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theherald.co.za/herald/2005/10/25/cols/hcols.htm">the original</a> on 20 March 2006. Retrieved 10 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=40+years+in+wilderness+after+UDI+declaration&rft.pub=The+Herald&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Michael+Hartnack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theherald.co.za%2Fherald%2F2005%2F10%2F25%2Fcols%2Fhcols.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa064.html">"What's Wrong With Trade Sanctions"</a>. Cato Institute. 23 December 1985. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716043831/http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa064.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+Wrong+With+Trade+Sanctions&rft.pub=Cato+Institute&rft.date=1985-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fpubs%2Fpas%2Fpa064.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-racewar-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-racewar_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-racewar_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownell" class="citation book cs1">Brownell, Josiah. Collapse of Rhodesia: Population Demographics and the Politics of Race. pp. 1–255.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collapse+of+Rhodesia%3A+Population+Demographics+and+the+Politics+of+Race&rft.pages=1-255&rft.aulast=Brownell&rft.aufirst=Josiah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kora.matrix.msu.edu/files/50/304/32-130-BDE-84-al.sff.document.acoa000370.pdf">"Zimbabwe Rejects Sellout!"</a> (PDF). American Committee on Africa. 1 February 1972. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605054701/http://kora.matrix.msu.edu/files/50/304/32-130-BDE-84-al.sff.document.acoa000370.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe+Rejects+Sellout%21&rft.pub=American+Committee+on+Africa&rft.date=1972-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkora.matrix.msu.edu%2Ffiles%2F50%2F304%2F32-130-BDE-84-al.sff.document.acoa000370.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-historyps-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historyps_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-historyps_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZvobgo" class="citation book cs1">Zvobgo, Chengetai. A History of Zimbabwe, 1890–2000 and Postscript, Zimbabwe, 2001–2008. pp. 1–410.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Zimbabwe%2C+1890%E2%80%932000+and+Postscript%2C+Zimbabwe%2C+2001%E2%80%932008&rft.pages=1-410&rft.aulast=Zvobgo&rft.aufirst=Chengetai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/18/newsid_2530000/2530291.stm">"1972: Rhodesia's former leader arrested"</a>. BBC. 18 January 1972. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121215143739/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/18/newsid_2530000/2530291.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1972%3A+Rhodesia%27s+former+leader+arrested&rft.date=1972-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjanuary%2F18%2Fnewsid_2530000%2F2530291.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhodesia.nl/wilkinson.html">"Insurgency in Rhodesia, 1957–1973: An Account and Assessment"</a>. International Institute for Strategic Studies. 1973. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120525121502/http://www.rhodesia.nl/wilkinson.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Insurgency+in+Rhodesia%2C+1957%E2%80%931973%3A+An+Account+and+Assessment&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rft.date=1973&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhodesia.nl%2Fwilkinson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hot-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hot_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hot_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hot_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hot_84-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hot_84-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hot_84-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hot_84-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hot_84-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hot_84-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hot_84-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShubin2008" class="citation book cs1">Shubin, Vladimir Gennadyevich (2008). The Hot "Cold War": The USSR in Southern Africa. London: Pluto Press. pp. 92–93, 151–159, 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2472-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2472-2"><bdi>978-0-7453-2472-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hot+%22Cold+War%22%3A+The+USSR+in+Southern+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.pages=92-93%2C+151-159%2C+249&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-2472-2&rft.aulast=Shubin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+Gennadyevich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crisis-85"><a href="#cite_ref-crisis_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShamuyarira" class="citation book cs1">Shamuyarira, Nathan. Crisis in Rhodesia. pp. 202–203.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+in+Rhodesia&rft.pages=202-203&rft.aulast=Shamuyarira&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volk-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Volk_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volk_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volk_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volk_86-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volk_86-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volk_86-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volk_86-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volk_86-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2016" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Jamie (2016). An African Volk: The Apartheid Regime and Its Search for Survival. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 100–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190274832" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190274832"><bdi>978-0190274832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+African+Volk%3A+The+Apartheid+Regime+and+Its+Search+for+Survival&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=100-117&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0190274832&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhodesia.nl/wilkinson.html">"The Rhodesian Agreement: Aspects and Prospects"</a>. South African Institute of International Affairs. 1978. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120525121502/http://www.rhodesia.nl/wilkinson.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rhodesian+Agreement%3A+Aspects+and+Prospects&rft.pub=South+African+Institute+of+International+Affairs&rft.date=1978&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhodesia.nl%2Fwilkinson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MWM-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MWM_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MWM_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MWM_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MWM_88-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MWM_88-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MWM_88-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MWM_88-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MWM_88-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MWM_88-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorcraftChitiyo2011" class="citation book cs1">Moorcraft, Paul; Chitiyo, Knox (2011). Mugabe's War Machine: Saving or Savaging Zimbabwe?. South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books Ltd. pp. 46–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848844100" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848844100"><bdi>978-1848844100</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mugabe%27s+War+Machine%3A+Saving+or+Savaging+Zimbabwe%3F&rft.place=South+Yorkshire&rft.pages=46-59&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1848844100&rft.aulast=Moorcraft&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Chitiyo%2C+Knox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-military-89"><a href="#cite_ref-military_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorcraft_and_McLaughlin,_Peter2008" class="citation book cs1">Moorcraft and McLaughlin, Peter, Paul (2008). The Rhodesian War: A Military History. pp. 1–200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhodesian+War%3A+A+Military+History&rft.pages=1-200&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Moorcraft+and+McLaughlin%2C+Peter&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhodesianforces.org/AntiTerroristOps.htm">"Rhodesian Air Force Anti Terrorist Operations (COINOPS)"</a>. rhodesianforces.org. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304022746/http://www.rhodesianforces.org/AntiTerroristOps.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rhodesian+Air+Force+Anti+Terrorist+Operations+%28COINOPS%29&rft.pub=rhodesianforces.org&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhodesianforces.org%2FAntiTerroristOps.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minter-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Minter_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinter1994" class="citation book cs1">Minter, William (1994). Apartheid's Contras: An Inquiry into the Roots of War in Angola and Mozambique. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. pp. 32–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439216187" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439216187"><bdi>978-1439216187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apartheid%27s+Contras%3A+An+Inquiry+into+the+Roots+of+War+in+Angola+and+Mozambique&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.pages=32-40&rft.pub=Witwatersrand+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1439216187&rft.aulast=Minter&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-impression-92"><a href="#cite_ref-impression_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090531063909/http://www.aliciapatterson.org/APF001975/Wright/Wright12/Wright12.html">"APF newsletter, "Appraisal of Rhodesia in 1975""</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aliciapatterson.org/APF001975/Wright/Wright12/Wright12.html">the original</a> on 31 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APF+newsletter%2C+%22Appraisal+of+Rhodesia+in+1975%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aliciapatterson.org%2FAPF001975%2FWright%2FWright12%2FWright12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinraub1976" class="citation news cs1">Weinraub, Bernard (13 July 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/13/archives/white-moderates-cling-to-hopes-for-rhodesia.html">"White Moderates Cling To Hopes for Rhodesia"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 27 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=White+Moderates+Cling+To+Hopes+for+Rhodesia&rft.date=1976-07-13&rft.aulast=Weinraub&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1976%2F07%2F13%2Farchives%2Fwhite-moderates-cling-to-hopes-for-rhodesia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, 21 April 2000 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,3604,212767,00.html">British Multimillionaire bankrolls Mugabe party</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Brookings Institution: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brookings.nap.edu/books/0815775938/html/156.html">p156, study on conflict resolution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060921232031/http://brookings.nap.edu/books/0815775938/html/156.html">Archived</a> 21 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/26/newsid_2535000/2535825.stm">"Peace talks fail"</a>. BBC News. 26 August 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307132412/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/26/newsid_2535000/2535825.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 27 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Peace+talks+fail&rft.date=1975-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Faugust%2F26%2Fnewsid_2535000%2F2535825.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcgi.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,914118-1,00.html">"Rhodesia: A Strike At the Lifeline"</a>. Rand Daily Mail via TIME magazine. 1976. p. 2. Retrieved 23 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rhodesia%3A+A+Strike+At+the+Lifeline&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Rand+Daily+Mail+via+TIME+magazine&rft.date=1976&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjcgi.pathfinder.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C914118-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcgi.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,914118-1,00.html">"A Strike at the Lifeline"</a>. TIME magazine. 1976. Retrieved 23 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME+magazine&rft.atitle=A+Strike+at+the+Lifeline&rft.date=1976&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjcgi.pathfinder.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C914118-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> APF Newsletter, 1976 :<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aliciapatterson.org/APF001975/Wright/Wright17/Wright17.html">Rhodesia's "Protected" Black people.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217225248/http://www.aliciapatterson.org/APF001975/Wright/Wright17/Wright17.html">Archived</a> 17 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071118152034/http://riv.co.nz/rnza/tales/subritzky5.htm#ps">"Operation Agila, "The British Empire's Last Sunset""</a>. NZ History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://riv.co.nz/rnza/tales/subritzky5.htm#ps">the original</a> on 18 November 2007. Retrieved 23 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operation+Agila%2C+%22The+British+Empire%27s+Last+Sunset%22&rft.pub=NZ+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Friv.co.nz%2Frnza%2Ftales%2Fsubritzky5.htm%23ps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brownell-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brownell_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brownell_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brownell_101-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brownell_101-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brownell_101-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brownell_101-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brownell_101-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brownell_101-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brownell_101-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brownell_101-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brownell_101-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownell2008" class="citation journal cs1">Brownell, Josiah (2008). "The Hole in Rhodesia's Bucket: White Emigration and the End of Settler Rule". Journal of Southern African Studies. 34 (3): 591–610. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03057070802259837">10.1080/03057070802259837</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145336659">145336659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Hole+in+Rhodesia%27s+Bucket%3A+White+Emigration+and+the+End+of+Settler+Rule&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=591-610&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03057070802259837&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145336659%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brownell&rft.aufirst=Josiah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/24/newsid_2537000/2537969.stm">"BBC ON THIS DAY | 24 | 1976: White rule in Rhodesia to end"</a>. BBC News. 24 September 1976. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023233416/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/24/newsid_2537000/2537969.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+ON+THIS+DAY+%26%23124%3B+24+%26%23124%3B+1976%3A+White+rule+in+Rhodesia+to+end&rft.date=1976-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fseptember%2F24%2Fnewsid_2537000%2F2537969.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> APF newsletter, 1976: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aliciapatterson.org/APF001975/Wright/Wright19/Wright19.html">appraisal of Rhodesia in 1976</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100911213214/http://www.aliciapatterson.org/APF001975/Wright/Wright19/Wright19.html">Archived</a> 11 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/CWSC/pdf/40_years_on_abstracts.doc">"Cold War Studies Project"</a>. lse.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070615023738/http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/CWSC/pdf/40_years_on_abstracts.doc">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lse.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Cold+War+Studies+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2FCWSC%2Fpdf%2F40_years_on_abstracts.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Time magazine, 7 August 1978: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,948221-1,00.html">Rhodesia faces collapse</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930090622/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,948221-1,00.html">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Time magazine, 1 August 1978: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,915164-1,00.html">taking the chicken run</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930122153/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,915164-1,00.html">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajor_Charles_Lohman_and_Major_Robert_MacPherson" class="citation web cs1">Major Charles Lohman and Major Robert MacPherson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/2546386/Rhodesia-Tactical-Victory-Srategic-Defeat">""Rhodesia: Tactical Victory, Strategic Defeat" WAR SINCE 1945 SEMINAR AND SYMPOSIUM, US Marine Corps Command and Staff College, June 1983 – See Chapter 3"</a>. Scribd.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102105856/http://www.scribd.com/doc/2546386/Rhodesia-Tactical-Victory-Srategic-Defeat">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Rhodesia%3A+Tactical+Victory%2C+Strategic+Defeat%22+WAR+SINCE+1945+SEMINAR+AND+SYMPOSIUM%2C+US+Marine+Corps+Command+and+Staff+College%2C+June+1983+%E2%80%93+See+Chapter+3&rft.pub=Scribd.com&rft.au=Major+Charles+Lohman+and+Major+Robert+MacPherson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F2546386%2FRhodesia-Tactical-Victory-Srategic-Defeat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Rhodesia Worldwide: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhodesiana.com/rsr/rsr3-004.html">"PK"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060313201045/http://www.rhodesiana.com/rsr/rsr3-004.html">Archived</a> 13 March 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> The Past is Another Country, Martin Meredith, p 291 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Newsnet report : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsnet.co.zw/index.php?nID=6941">saboteurs hit Zimbabwean military, partisan comment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070418031150/http://www.newsnet.co.zw/index.php?nID=6941">Archived</a> 18 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Time magazine, October 1977 : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,915681,00.html">The Land of Opportunity</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> The Guardian, 15 July 2003: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/obituaries/story/0,,998195,00.html">obituary of sixth Marquess of Salisbury</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Nick Downie report: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.rhodesianforces.org/Pages/Army/Rhodesia%20-%20a%20study%20in%20military%20incompetence.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060510234222/http://www.rhodesianforces.org/Pages/Army/Rhodesia%20-%20a%20study%20in%20military%20incompetence.htm">Archived</a> 10 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> 2nd Lt CJE Vincent BCR who was present when Lord Cecil was killed </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.iprimus.com.au/rob_rickards/viscounts/hunyani.htm">"The Viscount Disasters – The Story"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060304002303/http://home.iprimus.com.au/rob_rickards/viscounts/hunyani.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2006. Retrieved 13 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Viscount+Disasters+%E2%80%93+The+Story&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.iprimus.com.au%2Frob_rickards%2Fviscounts%2Fhunyani.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> The Atlantic Monthly : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rmi.org/cms/Download.aspx?id=1296&file=S83-08_FragileDomEnergy.pdf&title=The+Fragility+of+Domestic+Energy">The Fragility of Domestic Energy, see page 5</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Selby thesis: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zwnews.com/3-Main%20Body.pdf">ZWNEWS.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120813050154/http://www.zwnews.com/3-Main%20Body.pdf">Archived</a> 13 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14311834">"Did UK warn Mugabe and Nkomo about assassination attempts?"</a>. BBC News. August 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Did+UK+warn+Mugabe+and+Nkomo+about+assassination+attempts%3F&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-14311834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery" class="citation news cs1">Montgomery, Margaret B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/06/23/military-provides-model-how-institutions-can-address-racism/">"Perspective | The military provides a model for how institutions can address racism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved 24 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Perspective+%7C+The+military+provides+a+model+for+how+institutions+can+address+racism&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Margaret+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Foutlook%2F2020%2F06%2F23%2Fmilitary-provides-model-how-institutions-can-address-racism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> BBC "On this day" report :<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/1/newsid_2492000/2492915.stm">1 June 1979</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061115003348/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/1/newsid_2492000/2492915.stm">Archived</a> 15 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-endsanctions-121"><a href="#cite_ref-endsanctions_121-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/06/13/archives/senate-votes-down-a-move-to-preserve-rhodesia-sanctions-armsbill.html">Senate Votes Down A Move To Preserve Rhodesia Sanctions; Arms-Bill Veto Threatened White House Says 52-to-41 Margin Shows President Has Support to Prevent an Override</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722214110/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/06/13/archives/senate-votes-down-a-move-to-preserve-rhodesia-sanctions-armsbill.html">Archived</a> 22 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 13 June 1979. The New York Times. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Southern Rhodesia (Annexation) Order in Council, 30 July 1923 which provided by section 3 thereof: "From and after the coming into operation of this Order the said territories shall be annexed to and form part of His Majesty's Dominions, and shall be known as the Colony of Southern Rhodesia." </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllport" class="citation web cs1">Allport, R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoriesofrhodesia.com/media/documents/Op-Quartz.pdf">"Operation Quartz – Rhodesia 1980"</a> (PDF). memoriesofrhodesia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101171326/http://www.memoriesofrhodesia.com/media/documents/Op-Quartz.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=memoriesofrhodesia.com&rft.atitle=Operation+Quartz+%E2%80%93+Rhodesia+1980&rft.aulast=Allport&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memoriesofrhodesia.com%2Fmedia%2Fdocuments%2FOp-Quartz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baughan,_M._2005-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Baughan,_M._2005_124-0">^</a> Baughan, M. (2005). Continent in the Balance: Zimbabwe-Juvenile literature. Philadelphia, PA: Mason Crest Publishers; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1590848101" title="Special:BookSources/1590848101">1590848101</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/12/archives/voting-requirements-raised.html">"Voting Requirements Raised"</a>. The New York Times. 12 September 1964. Retrieved 4 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Voting+Requirements+Raised&rft.date=1964-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F09%2F12%2Farchives%2Fvoting-requirements-raised.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Good-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Good_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Good_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Good_126-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Good_126-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Good_126-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Good_126-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Good_126-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Good_126-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Good_126-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Good_126-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Good_126-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Good_126-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGood1973" class="citation book cs1">Good, Robert (1973). U.D.I: The International Politics of the Rhodesian Rebellion. London: Faber & Faber Press. pp. 55–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400869176" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400869176"><bdi>978-1400869176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.D.I%3A+The+International+Politics+of+the+Rhodesian+Rebellion&rft.place=London&rft.pages=55-59&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-1400869176&rft.aulast=Good&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnold-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_127-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_127-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_127-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_127-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2016" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Guy (2016). Wars in the Third World Since 1945. Philadelphia: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-14742-9102-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-14742-9102-6"><bdi>978-14742-9102-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+in+the+Third+World+Since+1945&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+Plc&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-14742-9102-6&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-COIN-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-COIN_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-COIN_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-COIN_128-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-COIN_128-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-COIN_128-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2008" class="citation book cs1">Wood, JRT (2008). Malkasian, Carter; Marston, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/counterinsurgenc00dani/page/189">Counterinsurgency in Modern Warfare</a>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/counterinsurgenc00dani/page/189">189–342</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846032813" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846032813"><bdi>978-1846032813</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counterinsurgency+in+Modern+Warfare&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=189-342&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1846032813&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=JRT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcounterinsurgenc00dani%2Fpage%2F189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcnab2002-129"><a href="#cite_ref-mcnab2002_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNab2002" class="citation book cs1">McNab, Chris (2002). 20th Century Military Uniforms (2nd ed.). Kent: Grange Books. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84013-476-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84013-476-3"><bdi>1-84013-476-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=20th+Century+Military+Uniforms&rft.place=Kent&rft.pages=196&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Grange+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-84013-476-3&rft.aulast=McNab&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glenn_Cross_1980-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glenn_Cross_1980_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glenn_Cross_1980_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glenn_Cross_1980_130-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glenn_Cross_1980_130-3">d</a> Glenn Cross, "Dirty War: Rhodesia and Chemical Biological Warfare, 1975–1980," Solihull, UK: Helion & Company, 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Ed Bird. Special Branch War: Slaughter in the Rhodesian Bush Southern Ndebele land, 1976–1980. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company, Ltd. 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Jim Parker, "Assignment Selous Scouts: The Inside Story of a Rhodesian Special Branch Officer". Johannesburg, South Africa: Galago Press, 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Chandré Gould and Peter Folb. "Project Coast: Apartheid's Chemical and Biological Warfare Programme". Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-the_plague_wars-134"><a href="#cite_ref-the_plague_wars_134-0">^</a> Southern African News Feature: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203093323/http://www.sardc.net/editorial/sanf/2001/iss21/specialreport.html">the plague wars</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paxton-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paxton_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paxton_135-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paxton_135-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paxton_135-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaxton1971" class="citation book cs1">Paxton, John (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O0zODQAAQBAJ">The Statesman's Year-Book 1971–72: The Businessman's Encyclopaedia of all nations</a> (108th ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. p. 522. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27100-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27100-5"><bdi>978-0-230-27100-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statesman%27s+Year-Book+1971%E2%80%9372%3A+The+Businessman%27s+Encyclopaedia+of+all+nations&rft.place=London&rft.pages=522&rft.edition=108th&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-230-27100-5&rft.aulast=Paxton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO0zODQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Rhodesia: Economic Aspects of White Resettlement. Central Intelligence Agency. 23 July 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhodesia%3A+Economic+Aspects+of+White+Resettlement&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=1976-07-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills1967" class="citation book cs1">Wills, A.J. (1967). "Three Territories". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TLshAAAAMAAJ">An Introduction to the History of Central Africa</a> (2nd ed.). Durban: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. Appendix IV. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-620-06410-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-620-06410-2"><bdi>0-620-06410-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151026201016/https://books.google.com/books?id=TLshAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Three+Territories&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+Central+Africa&rft.place=Durban&rft.pages=Appendix+IV&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-620-06410-2&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTLshAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nde">"Ndebele"</a>. Ethnologue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725153454/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nde">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Ndebele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fnde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Passports_invalidated-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Passports_invalidated_139-0">^</a> The Southern Rhodesia (Property in Passports) Order 1965 provided that they were the property of the British government, allowing them to be impounded if presented by anyone arriving at a port of entry. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1965/nov/24/passports-british-nationality#S5CV0721P0_19651124_HOC_545">Hansard</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090713163414/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1965/nov/24/passports-british-nationality#S5CV0721P0_19651124_HOC_545">Archived</a> 13 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, HC 5ser vol 721 col 696. </li> <li id="cite_note-1966_statement-140"><a href="#cite_ref-1966_statement_140-0">^</a> The statement is printed in Hansard. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1966/jan/25/rhodesia#S5CV0723P0_19660125_HOC_22">"Rhodesia (1966)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. House of Commons. 25 January 1966. Retrieved 20 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rhodesia+%281966%29&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1966-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1966%2Fjan%2F25%2Frhodesia%23S5CV0723P0_19660125_HOC_22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoender2023" class="citation journal cs1">Boender, Niels (2 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03086534.2023.2166380">"From Federation to 'White Redoubt': Africa and the Global Radical-Right in the Geographical Imagination of UDI-Era Rhodesian Propaganda, 1962–1970"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Imperial_and_Commonwealth_History" title="The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History">The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</a>. 51 (6): 1200–1228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086534.2023.2166380">10.1080/03086534.2023.2166380</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0308-6534">0308-6534</a>. Retrieved 30 June 2024 – via Taylor and Francis Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=From+Federation+to+%27White+Redoubt%27%3A+Africa+and+the+Global+Radical-Right+in+the+Geographical+Imagination+of+UDI-Era+Rhodesian+Propaganda%2C+1962%E2%80%931970&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1200-1228&rft.date=2023-11-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086534.2023.2166380&rft.issn=0308-6534&rft.aulast=Boender&rft.aufirst=Niels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F03086534.2023.2166380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,836951,00.html">"Malawi: Heroes or Neros? – TIME"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 14 April 1967. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513203812/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,836951,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malawi%3A+Heroes+or+Neros%3F+%E2%80%93+TIME&rft.pub=Time&rft.date=1967-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C836951%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal75-1214210">"CQ Almanac Online Edition"</a>. Library.cqpress.com. Retrieved 20 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CQ+Almanac+Online+Edition&rft.pub=Library.cqpress.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.cqpress.com%2Fcqalmanac%2Fdocument.php%3Fid%3Dcqal75-1214210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttaway1978" class="citation news cs1">Ottaway, David B. (22 September 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/09/22/zambian-to-meet-with-callaghan-on-un-oil-sanction-violations/bdd35f61-e9cb-463f-a319-38981df92cf3/">"Zambian to Meet With Callaghan On U.N. Oil Sanction Violations"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611055905/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/09/22/zambian-to-meet-with-callaghan-on-un-oil-sanction-violations/bdd35f61-e9cb-463f-a319-38981df92cf3/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Zambian+to+Meet+With+Callaghan+On+U.N.+Oil+Sanction+Violations&rft.date=1978-09-22&rft.aulast=Ottaway&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1978%2F09%2F22%2Fzambian-to-meet-with-callaghan-on-un-oil-sanction-violations%2Fbdd35f61-e9cb-463f-a319-38981df92cf3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_216" class="extiw" title="wikisource:United Nations Security Council Resolution 216">Wikisource:United Nations Security Council Resolution 216</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_R._Strack1978" class="citation book cs1">Harry R. Strack (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVt0AAAAMAAJ">Sanctions: The Case of Rhodesia</a>. Syracuse University Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2161-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2161-4"><bdi>978-0-8156-2161-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanctions%3A+The+Case+of+Rhodesia&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2161-4&rft.au=Harry+R.+Strack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZVt0AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Z4tAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=76QMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4898%2C44571">Rhodesians to quit Lisbon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160727020846/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Z4tAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=76QMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4898%2C44571">Archived</a> 27 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasgow Herald">Glasgow Herald</a>, 1 May 1975, page 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lB4kAQAAIAAJ&q=+%22Rhodesian+Diplomatic+Mission%22">Report of the Secretary for Information, Immigration, and Tourism</a>. Ministry of Information, Immigration, and Tourism. 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Secretary+for+Information%2C+Immigration%2C+and+Tourism&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Information%2C+Immigration%2C+and+Tourism&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlB4kAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2B%2522Rhodesian%2BDiplomatic%2BMission%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lloyd-149"><a href="#cite_ref-lloyd_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorna_Lloyd2007" class="citation book cs1">Lorna Lloyd (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QeqwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240">Diplomacy with a Difference: the Commonwealth Office of High Commissioner, 1880–2006</a>. BRILL. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2059-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2059-0"><bdi>978-90-474-2059-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diplomacy+with+a+Difference%3A+the+Commonwealth+Office+of+High+Commissioner%2C+1880%E2%80%932006&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2059-0&rft.au=Lorna+Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQeqwCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41731/supplement/3745/data.pdf">John Arthur KINSEY, Esq., Consul-General for the Federation at Lourenco Marques</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315030058/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41731/supplement/3745/data.pdf">Archived</a> 15 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="London Gazette">London Gazette</a>, 5 June 1959 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fWxAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=iKMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2768,3715462&hl=en">Rhodesia's Man in Lisbon: Objective Said To Be Achieved</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307211051/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fWxAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=iKMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2768,3715462&hl=en">Archived</a> 7 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Glasgow_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Glasgow Herald">The Glasgow Herald</a>, 22 September 1965. page 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent_FedorowichMartin_Thomas2013" class="citation book cs1">Kent Fedorowich; Martin Thomas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ccm1AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA186">International Diplomacy and Colonial Retreat</a>. Routledge. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-26866-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-26866-4"><bdi>978-1-135-26866-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Diplomacy+and+Colonial+Retreat&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-26866-4&rft.au=Kent+Fedorowich&rft.au=Martin+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dccm1AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ncZaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jmwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5989%2C2265141">Goldberg Back British Stand In U.N. Session</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308032508/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ncZaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jmwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5989%2C2265141">Archived</a> 8 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>,<a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a>, 13 November 1965 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeon_Geldenhuys1990" class="citation book cs1">Deon Geldenhuys (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dVmhhVHvTAMC&pg=PA62">Isolated States: A Comparative Analysis</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40268-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40268-2"><bdi>978-0-521-40268-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isolated+States%3A+A+Comparative+Analysis&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-40268-2&rft.au=Deon+Geldenhuys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdVmhhVHvTAMC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVera_Gowlland-Debbas1990" class="citation book cs1">Vera Gowlland-Debbas (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rTDvVo52tEAC&pg=PA61">Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law: United Nations Action in the Question of Southern Rhodesia</a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-0811-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7923-0811-5"><bdi>0-7923-0811-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collective+Responses+to+Illegal+Acts+in+International+Law%3A+United+Nations+Action+in+the+Question+of+Southern+Rhodesia&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-7923-0811-5&rft.au=Vera+Gowlland-Debbas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrTDvVo52tEAC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/06/26/rhodesias-lobbyist-back-for-mugabe/1adf000e-80d9-40f2-9ec1-a2e720ab8278/">Rhodesia's Lobbyist Back for Mugabe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206213207/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/06/26/rhodesias-lobbyist-back-for-mugabe/1adf000e-80d9-40f2-9ec1-a2e720ab8278/">Archived</a> 6 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, 26 June 1980 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1969/jun/24/rhodesia">"Rhodesia (1969)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. House of Commons. 24 June 1969. Retrieved 13 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rhodesia+%281969%29&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1969-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1969%2Fjun%2F24%2Frhodesia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eH9AAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zqMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2718%2C414685">M.P. CALLS FOR REMOVAL OF RHODESIAN FLAG IN STRAND</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308041235/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eH9AAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zqMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2718%2C414685">Archived</a> 8 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Glasgow_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Glasgow Herald">The Glasgow Herald</a>, 4 January 1969, page 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LsNUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=spADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6314%2C341488">Rhodesia Office Will Be Closed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308034851/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LsNUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=spADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6314%2C341488">Archived</a> 8 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a>, 3 April 1972 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Davey2006" class="citation book cs1">Paul Davey (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fpyw6Oncs5QC&pg=PA223">The Nationals: The Progressive, Country, and National Party in New South Wales 1919–2006</a>. Federation Press. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86287-526-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86287-526-5"><bdi>978-1-86287-526-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nationals%3A+The+Progressive%2C+Country%2C+and+National+Party+in+New+South+Wales+1919%E2%80%932006&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Federation+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-86287-526-5&rft.au=Paul+Davey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfpyw6Oncs5QC%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> [rathall+rhodesia++Minister+of+Finance+and+of+Posts+and+ Telecommunications&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=whitlam Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents, Volume 6], Colin Legum, Africana Publishing Company, 1974 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xr4gAAAAIBAJ&sjid=02kFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3922%2C4107566">US Not Closing Rhodesian Office</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308084342/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xr4gAAAAIBAJ&sjid=02kFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3922%2C4107566">Archived</a> 8 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Lewiston_Daily_Sun" title="The Lewiston Daily Sun">The Lewiston Daily Sun</a>, 27 August 1977, page 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=apEhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=D5gFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2570%2C6764188">US To Restrict Sales To Rhodesia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308031551/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=apEhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=D5gFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2570%2C6764188">Archived</a> 8 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reading_Eagle" title="Reading Eagle">Reading Eagle</a>, 12 December 1965 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaki_Laïdi1990" class="citation book cs1">Zaki Laïdi (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wMPBk25aptwC&pg=PA55">The Superpowers and Africa: The Constraints of a Rivalry, 1960–1990</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46782-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46782-5"><bdi>978-0-226-46782-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Superpowers+and+Africa%3A+The+Constraints+of+a+Rivalry%2C+1960%E2%80%931990&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46782-5&rft.au=Zaki+La%C3%AFdi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwMPBk25aptwC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_G._Mitchell2000" class="citation book cs1">Thomas G. Mitchell (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3PNt46aB_sYC&pg=PA141">Native Vs. Settler: Ethnic Conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland, and South Africa</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31357-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31357-8"><bdi>978-0-313-31357-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+Vs.+Settler%3A+Ethnic+Conflict+in+Israel%2FPalestine%2C+Northern+Ireland%2C+and+South+Africa&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31357-8&rft.au=Thomas+G.+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3PNt46aB_sYC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_R._Strack1978" class="citation book cs1">Harry R. Strack (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVt0AAAAMAAJ">Sanctions: The Case of Rhodesia</a>. Syracuse University Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2161-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2161-4"><bdi>978-0-8156-2161-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanctions%3A+The+Case+of+Rhodesia&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2161-4&rft.au=Harry+R.+Strack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZVt0AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2nIjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MWYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7488%2C4326539">Portugal Severs Key Link With Rhodesia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308032138/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2nIjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MWYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7488%2C4326539">Archived</a> 8 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarasota_Herald-Tribune" title="Sarasota Herald-Tribune">Sarasota Herald-Tribune</a>, 27 April 1970 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Schwartz2001" class="citation book cs1">Richard Schwartz (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_q5A-Ve8ogIC&pg=PA68">Coming To Terms: Zimbabwe in the International Arena</a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-647-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-647-8"><bdi>978-1-86064-647-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coming+To+Terms%3A+Zimbabwe+in+the+International+Arena&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-647-8&rft.au=Richard+Schwartz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_q5A-Ve8ogIC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uMRYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v5IDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5283%2C3162778">Salisbury whites queue up to flee</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307210015/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uMRYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v5IDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5283%2C3162778">Archived</a> 7 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a>, 8 July 1980 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_R._Bittner1980" class="citation book cs1">John R. Bittner (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T7MsAAAAMAAJ">Broadcasting: An Introduction</a>. Prentice-Hall International. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780130835352" title="Special:BookSources/9780130835352"><bdi>9780130835352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broadcasting%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall+International&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780130835352&rft.au=John+R.+Bittner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT7MsAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeryl_Salt1978" class="citation book cs1">Beryl Salt (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3qpBAAAAYAAJ">The Valiant years</a>. Galaxie Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780869250730" title="Special:BookSources/9780869250730"><bdi>9780869250730</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151107182030/https://books.google.com/books?id=3qpBAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Valiant+years&rft.pub=Galaxie+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780869250730&rft.au=Beryl+Salt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3qpBAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle2011" class="citation journal cs1">Little, Charles (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2011.546519">"The Sports Boycott Against Rhodesia Reconsidered"</a>. Sport in Society. 14 (2): 193–207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17430437.2011.546519">10.1080/17430437.2011.546519</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143654494">143654494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sport+in+Society&rft.atitle=The+Sports+Boycott+Against+Rhodesia+Reconsidered&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=193-207&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17430437.2011.546519&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143654494%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F17430437.2011.546519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw2017" class="citation journal cs1">Law, Kate (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086534.2017.1370219">"Pattern, Puzzle, and Peculiarity: Rhodesia's UDI and Decolonisation in Southern Africa"</a>. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 45 (5): 721–728. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086534.2017.1370219">10.1080/03086534.2017.1370219</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159738781">159738781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=Pattern%2C+Puzzle%2C+and+Peculiarity%3A+Rhodesia%27s+UDI+and+Decolonisation+in+Southern+Africa&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=721-728&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086534.2017.1370219&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159738781%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F03086534.2017.1370219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichel2019" class="citation book cs1">Michel, Eddie (2019). The White House and White Africa: Presidential Policy Toward Rhodesia During the UDI Era, 1965-1979. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138319998" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138319998"><bdi>978-1138319998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+House+and+White+Africa%3A+Presidential+Policy+Toward+Rhodesia+During+the+UDI+Era%2C+1965-1979&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1138319998&rft.aulast=Michel&rft.aufirst=Eddie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2016" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Nancy (2016). Jimmy Carter in Africa: Race and the Cold War. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804793858" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804793858"><bdi>978-0804793858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jimmy+Carter+in+Africa%3A+Race+and+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0804793858&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMlombo2020" class="citation book cs1">Mlombo, Abraham (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-54283-2">Southern Rhodesia–South Africa Relations, 1923–1953</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-54283-2">10.1007/978-3-030-54283-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-54282-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-54282-5"><bdi>978-3-030-54282-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226514581">226514581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Rhodesia%E2%80%93South+Africa+Relations%2C+1923%E2%80%931953&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226514581%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-54283-2&rft.isbn=978-3-030-54282-5&rft.aulast=Mlombo&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-54283-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyamunda2016" class="citation journal cs1">Nyamunda, Tinashe (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03057070.2016.1222796">"'More a Cause than a Country': Historiography, UDI and the Crisis of Decolonisation in Rhodesia"</a>. Journal of Southern African Studies. 42 (5): 1005–1019. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03057070.2016.1222796">10.1080/03057070.2016.1222796</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152098914">152098914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=%27More+a+Cause+than+a+Country%27%3A+Historiography%2C+UDI+and+the+Crisis+of+Decolonisation+in+Rhodesia&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1005-1019&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03057070.2016.1222796&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152098914%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nyamunda&rft.aufirst=Tinashe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F03057070.2016.1222796&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyamunda2020" class="citation book cs1">Nyamunda, Tinashe (2020). "Money, Banking and Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence". The Decolonisation of Zimbabwe. pp. 26–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429020179-3">10.4324/9780429020179-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429020179" title="Special:BookSources/9780429020179"><bdi>9780429020179</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242256859">242256859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Money%2C+Banking+and+Rhodesia%27s+Unilateral+Declaration+of+Independence&rft.btitle=The+Decolonisation+of+Zimbabwe&rft.pages=26-56&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242256859%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429020179-3&rft.isbn=9780429020179&rft.aulast=Nyamunda&rft.aufirst=Tinashe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddy2014" class="citation journal cs1">Waddy, Nicholas (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02582473.2013.846935">"The Strange Death of 'Zimbabwe-Rhodesia': The Question of British Recognition of the Muzorewa Regime in Rhodesian Public Opinion, 1979"</a>. South African Historical Journal. 66 (2): 227–248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02582473.2013.846935">10.1080/02582473.2013.846935</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159650816">159650816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Strange+Death+of+%27Zimbabwe-Rhodesia%27%3A+The+Question+of+British+Recognition+of+the+Muzorewa+Regime+in+Rhodesian+Public+Opinion%2C+1979&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227-248&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02582473.2013.846935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159650816%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Waddy&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F02582473.2013.846935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddy2017" class="citation journal cs1">Waddy, Nicholas L. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17532523.2017.1357323">"Free and Fair? Rhodesians Reflect on the Elections of 1979 and 1980"</a>. African Historical Review. 49: 68–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17532523.2017.1357323">10.1080/17532523.2017.1357323</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159934527">159934527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Free+and+Fair%3F+Rhodesians+Reflect+on+the+Elections+of+1979+and+1980&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=68-90&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17532523.2017.1357323&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159934527%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Waddy&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F17532523.2017.1357323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2012" class="citation book cs1">Watts, Carl Peter (2012). Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence: An International History. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403979070" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403979070"><bdi>978-1403979070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhodesia%27s+Unilateral+Declaration+of+Independence%3A+An+International+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1403979070&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Carl+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhodesia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Rhodesia at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rhodesia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Rhodesia">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rhodesia" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Rhodesia">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rhodesia" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Rhodesia">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rhodesia" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Rhodesia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rhodesia" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Rhodesia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rhodesia" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Rhodesia">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rhodesia" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Rhodesia">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100911004039/http://www.newrhodesian.net/">Rhodesian Bush War historical research / discussion forum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/zimbabwe/article/0,2763,211420,00.html">Ironing the lawn in Salisbury – the last days of Rhodesia</a> (The Guardian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/26/newsid_2535000/2535825.stm">1975 BBC report on the failure of negotiations between the Rhodesian government and the black nationalists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061005025933/http://brookings.nap.edu/books/0815775938/html/147.html">The Brookings Institution : Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa – Rhodesia/Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120813050154/http://www.zwnews.com/3-Main%20Body.pdf">Selby, Angus (2006) "Commercial Farmers and the State: Interest Group Politics and Land Reform in Zimbabwe, 1890–2005", PhD Thesis, Oxford University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513032239/http://www.jrtwood.com/roll_of_honour.asp">Rhodesia Roll of Honour</a> – Those who died in defence of UDI</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.a2oxford.info">Rhodesian aviation and comment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809162559/http://a2oxford.info/">Archived</a> 9 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhodesia.me.uk/">Window on Rhodesia – history archive</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio_and_video">Audio and video</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Audio and video">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/710000/audio/_711975_udi1965.ram">Audio of Ian Smith's radio address announcing UDI</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U-Ne_ep2Qlo">2 years of independence, 1967 Rhodesian MoI film (7 mins)</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJPsD41qnA4">Rhodesia to Zimbabwe, collection of film clips (6 mins)</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYDg3ofh7dM">Songs of UDI, 3 songs from 1977 (9 mins)</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Southern_Rhodesia_/_Rhodesia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_Rhodesia_topics" title="Template:Southern Rhodesia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southern_Rhodesia_topics" title="Template talk:Southern Rhodesia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southern_Rhodesia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southern Rhodesia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southern_Rhodesia_/_Rhodesia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southern Rhodesia / Rhodesia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1890–1923: <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">Company rule</a>; 1923–80: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>; 1953–63: <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation</a>; 1965–79: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rhodesia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">UDI</a>; 1979: <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</a> under UDI; 1980–present: <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhodesia_(1965%E2%80%931979)" title="History of Rhodesia (1965–1979)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-colonial_history_of_Zimbabwe" title="Pre-colonial history of Zimbabwe">Pre-colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudd_Concession" title="Rudd Concession">Rudd Concession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">Company rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Pioneer Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">First Matabele War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangani_Patrol" title="Shangani Patrol">Shangani Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Matabele_War" title="Second Matabele War">Second Matabele War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_I" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War I">First World War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Southern_Rhodesia" title="Colonial history of Southern Rhodesia">colonial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesian_military_involvement_in_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Southern Rhodesian military involvement in the Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Unilateral Declaration of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls_Conference_(1975)" title="Victoria Falls Conference (1975)">1975 Victoria Falls Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1976)" title="Geneva Conference (1976)">1976 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Settlement" title="Internal Settlement">Internal Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimanimani_District" title="Chimanimani District">Chimanimani Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in Zimbabwe">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Rhodesia" title="Politics of Rhodesia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_Zimbabwe" title="Political history of Zimbabwe">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Zimbabwe" title="Districts of Zimbabwe">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Rhodesia" title="Legislative Assembly of Rhodesia">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Rhodesia" title="Parliament of Rhodesia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Southern_Rhodesia" title="Elections in Southern Rhodesia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Affairs_(Rhodesia)" title="Ministry of External Affairs (Rhodesia)">Ministry of External Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_mission_in_Lisbon" title="Rhodesian mission in Lisbon">Mission in Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_Information_Centre" title="Rhodesia Information Centre">Centre in Sydney</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Zimbabwe">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Police" title="British South Africa Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Zimbabwe" title="List of political parties in Zimbabwe">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa_Party" title="Central Africa Party">Central Africa Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Party" title="Confederate Party">Confederate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Party" title="Dominion Party">Dominion Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Party_(Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland)" title="Federal Party (Rhodesia and Nyasaland)">Federal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_Government_Association" title="Responsible Government Association">Responsible Government Association</a> (RGA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Action_Party" title="Rhodesian Action Party">Rhodesian Action Party</a> (RAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Front" title="Rhodesian Front">Rhodesian Front</a> (RF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_Labour_Party" title="Rhodesia Labour Party">Rhodesia Labour Party</a> (RLP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_African_National_Congress" title="Southern Rhodesia African National Congress">Southern Rhodesia African National Congress</a> (SRANC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_Communist_Party" title="Southern Rhodesia Communist Party">Southern Rhodesia Communist Party</a> (SRCP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_Liberal_Party" title="Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party">Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party</a> (SRLP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Federal_Party" title="United Federal Party">United Federal Party</a> (UFP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_National_Federal_Party" title="United National Federal Party">United National Federal Party</a> (UNFP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Rhodesia_Party" title="United Rhodesia Party">United Rhodesia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Southern_Rhodesia" title="Governor of Southern Rhodesia">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Rhodesia" title="President of Rhodesia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Rhodesia" title="Prime Minister of Rhodesia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Rhodesia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Rhodesia">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Rhodesia" title="Cabinet of Rhodesia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Rhodesia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Rhodesia)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Zimbabwe" title="Provinces of Zimbabwe">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Security_Forces" title="Rhodesian Security Forces">Security Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Rhodesia and weapons of mass destruction">Chemical weapons and biological agents</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_dollar" title="Rhodesian dollar">Dollar (currency from 1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_pound" title="Rhodesian pound">Pound (currency to 1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve Bank of Rhodesia">Reserve Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Stock_Exchange" title="Zimbabwe Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Zimbabwe" title="Telecommunications in Zimbabwe">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Tourism in Zimbabwe">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Zimbabwe" title="Transport in Zimbabwe">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Rhodesia" title="Category:Society of Rhodesia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zimbabweans" title="List of Zimbabweans">List of Rhodesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Rhodesia" title="Public holidays in Rhodesia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesiana" title="Rhodesiana">Rhodesiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Zimbabwe" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Zimbabwe">Ethnic groups</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_diaspora" title="Zimbabwean diaspora">diaspora</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunda_people" title="Kunda people">Kunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manyika_tribe" title="Manyika tribe">Manyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people" title="Northern Ndebele people">Ndebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Rusape" title="Jews of Rusape">Rusape Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokaleya" title="Tokaleya">Tokaleya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)" title="Tonga people (Zambia and Zimbabwe)">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/White_Zimbabweans" title="White Zimbabweans">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Zimbabwe" title="Greeks in Zimbabwe">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Jews</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rhodie" title="Rhodie">Rhodies</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goffal" title="Goffal">Goffals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Zimbabwe" title="Indians in Zimbabwe">Indians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Zimbabwe" title="Languages of Zimbabwe">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English (South African)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Ndebele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sable_antelope" title="Sable antelope">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise,_O_Voices_of_Rhodesia" title="Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Rhodesia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Bird" title="Zimbabwe Bird">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rhodesian_flags" title="List of Rhodesian flags">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Rhodesia" title="Flag of Rhodesia">national</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_and_Tusk" title="Lion and Tusk">Insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloriosa_superba" title="Gloriosa superba">Flower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rhodesia" title="Category:Rhodesia">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_realms_and_dominions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_realms" title="Template:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_realms" title="Template talk:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_realms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_realms_and_dominions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">monarchy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Fiji" title="Dominion of Fiji">Fiji</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_(1965%E2%80%931970)" title="The Gambia (1965–1970)">The Gambia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ghana" title="Dominion of Ghana">Ghana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana_(1966%E2%80%931970)" title="Guyana (1966–1970)">Guyana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_head_of_state_from_1922_to_1949" title="Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_(1963%E2%80%931964)" title="Kenya (1963–1964)">Kenya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malawi#Independence" title="History of Malawi">Malawi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Malta" title="State of Malta">Malta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_(1968%E2%80%931992)" title="Mauritius (1968–1992)">Mauritius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nigeria" title="Federation of Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Nigeria_(1960%E2%80%931963)" title="Monarchy of Nigeria (1960–1963)">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rhodesia</a>2 (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_(1961%E2%80%931971)" title="Sierra Leone (1961–1971)">Sierra Leone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_(1962%E2%80%931963)" title="Uganda (1962–1963)">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">monarchy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dd>1 Annexed by Canada in 1949</dd> <dd>2 <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965, but this was not recognised internationally. Declared itself a republic in 1970.</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217169#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217169#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" 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0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/153265738">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1085175030">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb166143094">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb166143094">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX185391">Spain</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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