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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prismatic_telescopic_sight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prismatic_telescopic_sight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prismatic telescopic sight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prismatic_telescopic_sight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low-power_variable_optic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low-power_variable_optic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Low-power variable optic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low-power_variable_optic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Specifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Optical_parameters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_parameters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Optical parameters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical_parameters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Optical_coatings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_coatings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Optical coatings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical_coatings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-reflective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-reflective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.1</span> <span>Anti-reflective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-reflective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tube_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tube_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tube size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tube_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjustment_controls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjustment_controls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Adjustment controls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjustment_controls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reticles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reticles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reticles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reticles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reticles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reticles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Patterns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crosshairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crosshairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Crosshairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crosshairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milling_reticles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milling_reticles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Milling reticles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milling_reticles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holdover_reticles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holdover_reticles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Holdover reticles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holdover_reticles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reticle_focal_plane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reticle_focal_plane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Reticle focal plane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reticle_focal_plane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reticle_illumination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reticle_illumination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Reticle illumination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reticle_illumination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Additional features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Additional_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Additional features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Additional_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bullet_drop_compensation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bullet_drop_compensation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bullet drop compensation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bullet_drop_compensation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parallax_compensation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parallax_compensation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Parallax compensation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parallax_compensation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Accessories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optronic_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optronic_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Optronic technologies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Optronic_technologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Optronic technologies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Optronic_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Integrated_laser_rangefinder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrated_laser_rangefinder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Integrated laser rangefinder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrated_laser_rangefinder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ballistic_support_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ballistic_support_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Ballistic support devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ballistic_support_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CCD_and_LCD_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CCD_and_LCD_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>CCD and LCD technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CCD_and_LCD_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mounting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mounting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Mounting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mounting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mounting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mounting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scope_rings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scope_rings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Scope rings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scope_rings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scope_bases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scope_bases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Scope bases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scope_bases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mounting_rails" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mounting_rails"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Mounting rails</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mounting_rails-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail_interface_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail_interface_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.2</span> <span>Rail interface systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail_interface_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mounting_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mounting_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Mounting issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mounting_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjustable_mounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjustable_mounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Adjustable mounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjustable_mounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Telescopic sight</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunedenn_(arm-tan)" title="Lunedenn (arm-tan) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lunedenn (arm-tan)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_telesc%C3%B2pica" title="Mira telescòpica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mira telescòpica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%A1kohled" title="Puškohled – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Puškohled" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zielfernrohr" title="Zielfernrohr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zielfernrohr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiline_sihik" title="Optiline sihik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Optiline sihik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%80%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Τηλεσκοπική διόπτρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τηλεσκοπική διόπτρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_telesc%C3%B3pica" title="Mira telescópica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mira telescópica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellorno" title="Cellorno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cellorno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_teleskopiko" title="Mira teleskopiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mira teleskopiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دوربین تفنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوربین تفنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunette_(arme)" title="Lunette (arme) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lunette (arme)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%9D%EC%9B%90_%EC%A1%B0%EC%A4%80%EA%B2%BD" title="망원 조준경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="망원 조준경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidikan_teleskopik" title="Bidikan teleskopik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bidikan teleskopik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirino_telescopico" title="Mirino telescopico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mirino telescopico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA" title="כוונת טלסקופית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כוונת טלסקופית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ოპტიკური სამიზნე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოპტიკური სამიზნე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%96%D1%88" title="Оптикалық көздеуіш – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оптикалық көздеуіш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescoopvizier" title="Telescoopvizier – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Telescoopvizier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikkertsikte" title="Kikkertsikte – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kikkertsikte" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celownik_optyczny" title="Celownik optyczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Celownik optyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_telesc%C3%B3pica" title="Mira telescópica – Portuguese" 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#fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Telescopic_sight" title="Special:EditPage/Telescopic sight">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Telescopic+sight%22">"Telescopic sight"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Telescopic+sight%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Telescopic+sight%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Telescopic+sight%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Telescopic+sight%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Telescopic+sight%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edit_4x_rifle_scope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Edit_4x_rifle_scope.jpg/220px-Edit_4x_rifle_scope.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Edit_4x_rifle_scope.jpg/330px-Edit_4x_rifle_scope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Edit_4x_rifle_scope.jpg/440px-Edit_4x_rifle_scope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1845" /></a><figcaption>View through a 4× telescopic sight</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leupold-Mark-6-on-IDF-M24-SWS-2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Leupold-Mark-6-on-IDF-M24-SWS-2018.jpg/220px-Leupold-Mark-6-on-IDF-M24-SWS-2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Leupold-Mark-6-on-IDF-M24-SWS-2018.jpg/330px-Leupold-Mark-6-on-IDF-M24-SWS-2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Leupold-Mark-6-on-IDF-M24-SWS-2018.jpg/440px-Leupold-Mark-6-on-IDF-M24-SWS-2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leupold_and_Stevens" class="mw-redirect" title="Leupold and Stevens">Leupold and Stevens</a> Mark 6 scope with variable magnification X3-X18, mounted on an <a href="/wiki/M24_SWS" class="mw-redirect" title="M24 SWS">M24 SWS</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G22_ohne_Schalldaempfer_noBG.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/G22_ohne_Schalldaempfer_noBG.png/220px-G22_ohne_Schalldaempfer_noBG.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/G22_ohne_Schalldaempfer_noBG.png/330px-G22_ohne_Schalldaempfer_noBG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/G22_ohne_Schalldaempfer_noBG.png/440px-G22_ohne_Schalldaempfer_noBG.png 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>German military sniper rifle with a mounted telescopic sight and dismounted NSV80 clip on optoelectronic <a href="/wiki/Image_intensifier" title="Image intensifier">image intensifier</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>telescopic sight</b>, commonly called a <b>scope</b> informally, is an <a href="/wiki/Optical_instrument" title="Optical instrument">optical</a> <a href="/wiki/Sight_(device)" title="Sight (device)">sighting device</a> based on a <a href="/wiki/Refracting_telescope" title="Refracting telescope">refracting telescope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sellers_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sellers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is equipped with some form of a <a href="/wiki/Frame_of_reference" title="Frame of reference">referencing</a> pattern – known as a <i><a href="/wiki/Reticle" title="Reticle">reticle</a></i> – mounted in a focally appropriate position in its <a href="/wiki/Optical_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical system">optical system</a> to provide an accurate point of aim. Telescopic sights are used with all types of systems that require <a href="/wiki/Magnification" title="Magnification">magnification</a> in addition to reliable visual aiming, as opposed to non-magnifying <a href="/wiki/Iron_sights" title="Iron sights">iron sights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reflector_sight" title="Reflector sight">reflector (reflex) sights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holographic_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Holographic sight">holographic sights</a> or <a href="/wiki/Laser_sight" title="Laser sight">laser sights</a>, and are most commonly found on <a href="/wiki/Long_gun" title="Long gun">long-barrel</a> <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a>, particularly rifles, usually via a <a href="/wiki/Scope_mount" title="Scope mount">scope mount</a>. Similar devices are also found on other platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanks">tanks</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The optical components may be combined with <a href="/wiki/Optoelectronics" title="Optoelectronics">optoelectronics</a> to add <a href="/wiki/Night_vision_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Night vision device">night vision</a> or <a href="/wiki/Smart_device" title="Smart device">smart device</a> features. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kikarsikte_m-1941_till_gev%C3%A4r_m-1941_-_Arm%C3%A9museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kikarsikte_m-1941_till_gev%C3%A4r_m-1941_-_Arm%C3%A9museum.jpg/220px-Kikarsikte_m-1941_till_gev%C3%A4r_m-1941_-_Arm%C3%A9museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kikarsikte_m-1941_till_gev%C3%A4r_m-1941_-_Arm%C3%A9museum.jpg/330px-Kikarsikte_m-1941_till_gev%C3%A4r_m-1941_-_Arm%C3%A9museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kikarsikte_m-1941_till_gev%C3%A4r_m-1941_-_Arm%C3%A9museum.jpg/440px-Kikarsikte_m-1941_till_gev%C3%A4r_m-1941_-_Arm%C3%A9museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Telescopic sight (German made ZF Ajack 4×90 (4×38 in modern terminology) for the World War II pattern Swedish sniper rifle <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Mauser#m.2F1941_and_m.2F1941B_Sniper_Rifles" title="Swedish Mauser">m/1941.</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sniper_Rifle_Mosin_1891_30-fr.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sniper_Rifle_Mosin_1891_30-fr.png/220px-Sniper_Rifle_Mosin_1891_30-fr.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sniper_Rifle_Mosin_1891_30-fr.png/330px-Sniper_Rifle_Mosin_1891_30-fr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sniper_Rifle_Mosin_1891_30-fr.png/440px-Sniper_Rifle_Mosin_1891_30-fr.png 2x" data-file-width="1514" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>Russian <a href="/wiki/Mosin%E2%80%93Nagant#Russia/USSR" title="Mosin–Nagant">Model 1891/30 sniper rifle</a> with <a href="/wiki/PU_scope" title="PU scope">PU 3.5×21 sight</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vampir_night_scope_tested_by_British_soldier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vampir_night_scope_tested_by_British_soldier.jpg/220px-Vampir_night_scope_tested_by_British_soldier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vampir_night_scope_tested_by_British_soldier.jpg/330px-Vampir_night_scope_tested_by_British_soldier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Vampir_night_scope_tested_by_British_soldier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>The Zielgerät ZG 1229 Vampir displayed by a British soldier (ca 1945)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first experiments directed to give shooters optical aiming aids go back to the early 17th century. For centuries, different optical aiming aids and primitive predecessors of telescopic sights were created that had practical or performance limitations. In the late 1630s, English amateur astronomer <a href="/wiki/William_Gascoigne_(scientist)" title="William Gascoigne (scientist)">William Gascoigne</a> was experimenting with a <a href="/wiki/Keplerian_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Keplerian telescope">Keplerian telescope</a> and left it with the case open. Later he found that a spider had spun its <a href="/wiki/Spider_web" title="Spider web">web</a> inside the case, and when he looked through the telescope he found that the web was in focus with distant objects. Gascoigne realised that he could use this principle to make a telescopic sight for use in his astronomical observations.<sup id="cite_ref-Sellers_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sellers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"This is that admirable secret, which, as all other things, appeared when it pleased the All Disposer, at whose direction a spider's line drawn in an opened case could first give me by its perfect apparition, when I was with two convexes trying experiments about the sun, the unexpected knowledge...if I .... placed a thread where that glass [the eyepiece] would best discern it, and then joining both glasses, and fitting their distance for any object, I should see this at any part that I did direct it to ..."<br />— <small>William Gascoigne</small><sup id="cite_ref-Sellers_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sellers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1776, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Willson_Peale" title="Charles Willson Peale">Charles Willson Peale</a> collaborated with <a href="/wiki/David_Rittenhouse" title="David Rittenhouse">David Rittenhouse</a> to mount a telescope to a rifle as a sighting aid, but was unable to mount it sufficiently far forward to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Eyepiece" title="Eyepiece">eyepiece</a> impacting with the operator's eye during <a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">recoil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, <a href="/wiki/James_Lind_(naturalist)" title="James Lind (naturalist)">James Lind</a> and Captain Alexander Blair described a gun which included a telescopic sight.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first rifle sight was created in 1835 -1840. In the book <i>The Improved American Rifle</i>, written in 1844, British-American civil engineer <a href="/wiki/John_Ratcliffe_Chapman" title="John Ratcliffe Chapman">John R. Chapman</a> described a sight made by gunsmith Morgan James of <a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica, New York</a>. Chapman worked with James on the concepts and design of the Chapman-James sight. In 1855, optician William Malcolm of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse, New York</a> began producing his own telescopic sight, used an original design incorporating <a href="/wiki/Achromatic_lens" title="Achromatic lens">achromatic lenses</a> such as those used in telescopes, and improved the windage and elevation adjustments. These Malcolm sights were between 3× and 20× magnification (possibly more). Malcolm's sights and those made by <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> jeweller L. M. Amidon were the standard <a href="/wiki/Sharpshooter" title="Sharpshooter">sharpshooter</a> equipment during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other telescopic sights of the same period were the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Davidson_telescopic_sight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Davidson telescopic sight (page does not exist)">Davidson</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parker_Hale_telescopic_sight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parker Hale telescopic sight (page does not exist)">Parker Hale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early practical <a href="/wiki/Refracting_telescope" title="Refracting telescope">refracting telescope</a> based telescopic sight was built in 1880 by August Fiedler (of <a href="/wiki/Stronsdorf" title="Stronsdorf">Stronsdorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>), forestry commissioner of German <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_XXII,_Prince_Reuss_of_Greiz" title="Heinrich XXII, Prince Reuss of Greiz">Prince Reuss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later telescopic sights with extra long <a href="/wiki/Eye_relief" title="Eye relief">eye relief</a> became available for use on handguns and <a href="/wiki/Scout_rifle" title="Scout rifle">scout rifles</a>. A historic example of a long-eye relief (LER) telescopic sight is the German <a href="/wiki/Zf-41" class="mw-redirect" title="Zf-41">ZF41</a> which was used during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> on <a href="/wiki/Karabiner_98k" title="Karabiner 98k">Karabiner 98k</a> rifles. </p><p>An early example of a man-portable <a href="/wiki/Night_vision_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Night vision device">sight for low visibility/night use</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Zielger%C3%A4t_1229" title="Zielgerät 1229"><i>Zielgerät</i> (aiming device) 1229</a> (ZG 1229), also known by its code name <i>Vampir</i> ("vampire"). The ZG 1229 Vampir was a Generation 0 <a href="/wiki/Night_vision#Active_infrared" title="Night vision">active infrared night vision</a> device developed for the <i><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i> for the <a href="/wiki/StG_44" title="StG 44">StG 44</a> assault rifle, intended primarily for night use. The issuing of the ZG 1229 Vampir system to the military started in 1944 and it was used on a small scale in combat from February 1945 until the final stages of World War II. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swift687M.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Swift687M.jpg/220px-Swift687M.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Swift687M.jpg/330px-Swift687M.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Swift687M.jpg/440px-Swift687M.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>A Swift model 687M variable power rifle telescopic sight with parallax compensation (the ring around the objective lens is used for making parallax adjustments).</figcaption></figure> <p>Telescopic sights are classified in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Optical" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical">optical</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnification" title="Magnification">magnification</a> (i.e. "power") and the <a href="/wiki/Objective_(optics)" title="Objective (optics)">objective lens</a> <a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a>. For example, "10×50" would denote a fixed magnification factor of 10×, with a 50 mm objective lens. In general terms, larger objective lens diameters, due to their ability to gather a higher <a href="/wiki/Luminous_flux" title="Luminous flux">luminous flux</a>, provide a larger <a href="/wiki/Exit_pupil" title="Exit pupil">exit pupil</a> and hence provide a brighter image at the <a href="/wiki/Eyepiece" title="Eyepiece">eyepiece</a>. </p><p>Most early telescopic sights were fixed-power and were in essence specially designed viewing telescopes. Telescopic sights with variable magnifications appeared later, and were varied by manually adjusting a <a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a> mechanism behind the <a href="/wiki/Relay_lens" title="Relay lens">erector lenses</a>. Variable-power sights offer more flexibility when shooting at varying distances, target sizes and light conditions, and offer a relative wide <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a> at lower magnification settings. The syntax for variable sights is the following: <i>minimal magnification – maximum magnification × objective lens</i>, for example "3-9×40" means a telescopic sight with variable magnification between 3× and 9×, and a 40 mm objective lens. The <a href="/wiki/Ratio" title="Ratio">ratio</a> between the maximum and minimum magnifications of a variable-power sight is known as its "zoom ratio". </p><p>Confusingly, some older telescopic sights, mainly of German or other European manufacture, have a different classification where the second part of the designation refers to light-gathering power. In these cases, a 4×81 (4× magnification) sight would be presumed to have a brighter sight picture than a 2.5×70 (2.5× magnification), but the objective lens diameter would not bear any direct relation to picture brightness, as brightness is affected also by the magnification factor. </p><p>Typically objective lenses on early sights are smaller than modern sights, in these examples the 4×81 would have an objective 36 mm diameter and the 2.5×70 should be approximately 21 mm (relative luminosity is the square of the exit pupil as measured in mm; a 36 mm objective lens diameter divided by the 4× magnification gives an exit pupil of 9 mm; 9×9=81) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prismatic_telescopic_sight">Prismatic telescopic sight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prismatic telescopic sight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prism_sight" title="Prism sight">Prism sight</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L129A1_Sharpshooter_rifle_MOD_45162216.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/L129A1_Sharpshooter_rifle_MOD_45162216.jpg/220px-L129A1_Sharpshooter_rifle_MOD_45162216.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/L129A1_Sharpshooter_rifle_MOD_45162216.jpg/330px-L129A1_Sharpshooter_rifle_MOD_45162216.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/L129A1_Sharpshooter_rifle_MOD_45162216.jpg/440px-L129A1_Sharpshooter_rifle_MOD_45162216.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>A British <a href="/wiki/L129A1" title="L129A1">L129A1</a> sharpshooter rifle with a TA648-308 6×48 ACOG fitted</figcaption></figure> <p>A relatively new type of telescopic sight, called <b>prismatic telescopic sight</b>, <b>prismatic sight</b> or "<b>prism scope</b>", replaces the <a href="/wiki/Erect_image" title="Erect image">image-erecting</a> <a href="/wiki/Relay_lens" title="Relay lens">relay lenses</a> of a traditional telescope with a <a href="/wiki/Roof_prism" title="Roof prism">roof prism</a> design commonly found in compact <a href="/wiki/Binoculars" title="Binoculars">binoculars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monocular" title="Monocular">monoculars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spotting_scope" title="Spotting scope">spotting scopes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reticle is etched onto one of the prism's <a href="/wiki/Internal_reflection" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal reflection">internal reflection</a> surfaces, which allows an easy way to illuminate the reticle (from the back side of the prism) even when active illumination is turned off. Being <a href="/wiki/Optical_telescope" title="Optical telescope">optical telescopes</a>, prism sights can focally compensate for a user's <a href="/wiki/Astigmatism" title="Astigmatism">astigmatism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prismatic sights are lighter and more compact than conventional telescopic sights, but are mostly fixed-powered in the low magnification ranges (usually 2×, 2.5×, 3× or more commonly 4×, occasionally 1× or 5× or more), suitable for shooting at short/medium distances. One of the best known examples is the battle-proven <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Combat_Optical_Gunsight" title="Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight">Trijicon ACOG</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/USMC" class="mw-redirect" title="USMC">USMC</a>, US Army, and <a href="/wiki/USSOCOM" class="mw-redirect" title="USSOCOM">USSOCOM</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although variable-magnification prism sights do also exist, such as the <a href="/wiki/ELCAN#Products" class="mw-redirect" title="ELCAN">ELCAN Specter DR/TR series</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low-power_variable_optic"><span class="anchor" id="Low-power_variable_optic"></span>Low-power variable optic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Low-power variable optic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Variable-zoom telescopic sights in the low magnification range (1–4×, 1–6×, 1–8×, or even 1–10×) are known as <b>low-power variable optics</b> or <b>LPVOs</b>. These telescopic sights are often equipped with built-in <a href="#Reticle_illumination">reticle illumination</a> and can be dialed down to 1× magnification. As low magnifications are mostly used in close- and medium ranges, LPVOs typically have no <a href="#Parallax_compensation">parallax compensation</a> (though a few rare models do) and have a completely cylindrical shape ahead of the <a href="/wiki/Eyepiece" title="Eyepiece">eyepiece</a>, since the image <a href="/wiki/Illuminance" title="Illuminance">illuminance</a> is often sufficient without needing an enlarged <a href="/wiki/Objective_(optics)" title="Objective (optics)">objective bell</a> to enhance light-gathering. Most LPVOs have reticles mounted at the second focal plane, but recently first-focal plane LPVOs have become popular, especially those with high zoom ratios above 6×. </p><p>LPVOs are also informally referred to as "<a href="/wiki/AR-15" class="mw-redirect" title="AR-15">AR</a> scopes" or "<a href="/wiki/Carbine" title="Carbine">carbine</a> scopes", due to the recently increasing popularity of <a href="/wiki/Modern_sporting_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern sporting rifle">modern sporting rifles</a> and compact "tactical"-style <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_rifle" title="Semi-automatic rifle">semi-automatic rifles</a> used among the <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Home_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Home defense">home defense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Practical_shooting" title="Practical shooting">practical shooting</a> enthusiasts crowd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optical_parameters">Optical parameters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Optical parameters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Telescopic sights are usually designed for the specific application for which they are intended. Those different designs create certain optical parameters. Those parameters are: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Magnification" title="Magnification">Magnification</a></b> – The ratio of the focal length of the objective divided by the focal length of the eyepiece gives the linear magnifying power of telescopes. A magnification factor of 10, for example, produces an image as if one were 10 times closer to the object. The amount of magnification depends upon the application the telescopic sight is designed for. Lower magnifications lead to less susceptibility to shaking. A larger magnification leads to a smaller <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Objective_(optics)" title="Objective (optics)">Objective lens</a></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a></b> – The diameter of the objective lens determines how much light can be gathered to form an image. It is usually expressed in millimeters.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">Field of view</a></b> – The field of view of a telescopic sight is determined by its optical design. It is usually notated in a <a href="/wiki/Linearity" title="Linearity">linear</a> value, such as how many meters (feet) in width will be seen at 100 m (110 yd), or in an <a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">angular</a> value of how many degrees can be viewed.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Exit_pupil" title="Exit pupil">Exit pupil</a></b> – Telescopic sights concentrate the light gathered by the objective into a beam, the exit pupil, whose diameter is the objective diameter divided by the magnifying power. For maximum effective light-gathering and brightest image, the exit pupil should equal the diameter of the fully dilated <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">iris</a> – for a youthful dark-adapted human eye about 7 mm, reducing with age. If the cone of light streaming out of the eyepiece is <i>larger</i> than the pupil it is going into, any light shining outside the pupil is considered "wasted" in terms of providing visual information.</li></ul> <dl><dd>However, a larger exit pupil makes it easier to put the eye where it can receive the light: anywhere in the large exit pupil cone of light will do. This ease of placement helps avoid <a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">vignetting</a>, which is a darkened or obscured view that occurs when the light path is partially blocked. And, it means that the image can be quickly found which is important when aiming at game animals that move rapidly. A narrow exit pupil telescopic sight may also be fatiguing because the instrument must be held exactly in place in front of the eyes to provide a useful image. Finally, many people in Europe use their telescopic sights at dusk, dawn and at night, when their pupils are larger. Thus the daytime exit pupil of about 3 to 4 mm is not a universally desirable standard. For comfort, ease of use, and flexibility in applications, larger telescopic sights with larger exit pupils are satisfying choices even if their capability is not fully used by day.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Eye_relief" title="Eye relief">Eye relief</a></b> – Eye relief is the distance from the rear eyepiece lens to the exit pupil or eye point.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the optimal distance the observer must position their eye behind the eyepiece to see a <a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">non-vignetted</a> image. The longer the focal length of the eyepiece, the greater the eye relief. Typical telescopic sights may have eye relief ranging from 25 mm (0.98 in) to over 100 mm (3.9 in), but telescopic sights intended for <a href="/wiki/Scout_rifle" title="Scout rifle">scout rifles</a> or handguns need much longer eye relief to present a non-vignetted image. Telescopic sights with relatively long eye relief are favorable to avoid <a href="/wiki/Periorbita" title="Periorbita">periorbital</a> <a href="/wiki/Laceration" class="mw-redirect" title="Laceration">lacerations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eye_injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Eye injuries">eye injuries</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">recoil</a>-induced collision with the metal <a href="/wiki/Eyepiece" title="Eyepiece">eyepiece</a> (colloquially known as a "scope bite"), especially in instances where it is difficult to keep the <a href="/wiki/Stock_(firearm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock (firearm)">stock</a> steady. Eye relief is important for <a href="/wiki/Eyeglasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyeglasses">eyeglasses</a> wearers, as the presence of an eyeglass in front of the eye shortens the available physical space before colliding with the eyepiece, so a longer eye relief is necessitated.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Optical_coatings">Optical coatings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Optical coatings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Optical_coating" title="Optical coating">Optical coating</a></div> <p>Because a typical telescopic sight has several optical elements with special characteristics and several air-to-glass surfaces, telescopic sight manufacturers use different types of <a href="/wiki/Optical_coating" title="Optical coating">optical coatings</a> for technical reasons and to improve the image they produce. Lens coatings can increase light transmission, minimize reflections, repel water and grease and even protect the lens from scratches. Manufacturers often have their own designations for their lens coatings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Anti-reflective">Anti-reflective</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Anti-reflective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating" title="Anti-reflective coating">Anti-reflective coating</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating" title="Anti-reflective coating">Anti-reflective coatings</a> reduce light lost at every optical surface through <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflection</a> at each surface. Reducing reflection via anti-reflective coatings also reduces the amount of "lost" light present inside the telescopic sight which would otherwise make the image appear hazy (low contrast). A telescopic sight with good optical coatings may yield a brighter image than uncoated telescopic sights with a larger objective lens, on account of superior light transmission through the assembly. The first transparent interference-based coating <i>Transparentbelag (T)</i> used by Zeiss was invented in 1935 by <a href="/wiki/Olexander_Smakula" class="mw-redirect" title="Olexander Smakula">Olexander Smakula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A classic lens-coating material is <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_fluoride" title="Magnesium fluoride">magnesium fluoride</a>, which reduces reflected light from 5% to 1%. Modern lens coatings consist of complex multi-layers and reflect only 0.25% or less to yield an image with maximum brightness and natural colors. Determined by the optical properties of the lenses used and intended primary use of the telescopic sight, different coatings are preferred, to optimize light transmission dictated by the human eye <a href="/wiki/Luminous_efficiency_function" title="Luminous efficiency function">luminous efficiency function</a> variance.<sup id="cite_ref-schmidtundbender.de_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidtundbender.de-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maximal light transmission around <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> of 555 nm (<a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a>) is important for obtaining optimal <a href="/wiki/Photopic_vision" title="Photopic vision">photopic vision</a> using the eye <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone cells</a> for observation in well-lit conditions. Maximal light transmission around wavelengths of 498 nm (<a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a>) is important for obtaining optimal <a href="/wiki/Scotopic_vision" title="Scotopic vision">scotopic vision</a> using the eye <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rod cells</a> for observation in low light conditions. These allow high-quality 21st century telescopic sights to practically achieve measured over 90% light transmission values in low light conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-schmidtundbender.de_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidtundbender.de-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending on the coating, the character of the image seen in the telescopic sight under normal daylight can either "warmer" or "colder" and appear either with higher or lower contrast. Subject to the application, the coating is also optimized for maximum color fidelity through the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common application technique is physical <a href="/wiki/Vapor_deposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Vapor deposition">vapor deposition</a> of one or more superimposed very thin anti-reflective coating layer(s) which includes <a href="/wiki/Evaporative_deposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaporative deposition">evaporative deposition</a>, making it a complex production process.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tube_size">Tube size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tube size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main tube of telescopic sights varies in size, material, the applied production process and surface finish. The typical <a href="/wiki/Outside_diameter" class="mw-redirect" title="Outside diameter">outside diameters</a> vary between 19.05 mm (0.75 in) and 40 mm (1.57 in), although 25.4 mm (1 in), 30 mm and recently 34 mm are by far the most common sizes. The <a href="/wiki/Internal_diameter" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal diameter">internal diameter</a> of the main tube influences the amount of space within which the <a href="/wiki/Relay_lens" title="Relay lens">relay lens</a> group and other optical elements can be mounted, the maximum size of the erector tube, and the maximum angular ranges for elevation and windage adjustments. </p><p>Telescopic sights intended for long-range and/or low-light usage generally feature larger main tube diameters. Besides optical, spatial and attainable range of elevation and windage adjustments considerations, larger diameter main tubes offer the possibility to increase the tube walls thickness (hence a more robust sight) without sacrificing a lot of internal diameter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adjustment_controls">Adjustment controls</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Adjustment controls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schmidt_%26_Bender_5-25x56_PM_II_LP_controls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Schmidt_%26_Bender_5-25x56_PM_II_LP_controls.jpg/220px-Schmidt_%26_Bender_5-25x56_PM_II_LP_controls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Schmidt_%26_Bender_5-25x56_PM_II_LP_controls.jpg/330px-Schmidt_%26_Bender_5-25x56_PM_II_LP_controls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Schmidt_%26_Bender_5-25x56_PM_II_LP_controls.jpg/440px-Schmidt_%26_Bender_5-25x56_PM_II_LP_controls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>The adjustment controls of a telescopic sight with an elevation adjustment knob featuring a zero-stop and second revolution indicator.</figcaption></figure> <p>A telescopic sight can have several manual adjustment controls in the form of <a href="/wiki/Control_knob" title="Control knob">control knobs</a> or coaxial rings. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dioptre" title="Dioptre">Diopter</a> adjustment (also called the <i>ocular focus</i>) on the <a href="/wiki/Eyepiece" title="Eyepiece">eyepiece</a> — meant to obtain a sharp picture of the target object and reticle.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation_(ballistics)" title="Elevation (ballistics)">Elevation</a> control – meant to adjust (or "track") the <a href="/wiki/Vertical_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical axis">vertical</a> deviation of the <a href="/wiki/Optical_axis" title="Optical axis">optical axis</a>. Elevation tracking to intentionally compensate for bullet drop at various ranges will only function as intended if the telescopic sight is mounted without cant.<sup id="cite_ref-Tactec_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tactec-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>"Zero-stop" features prevent inadvertently dialing the adjustment knob "below" the <a href="/wiki/Sighting_in" title="Sighting in">primary zero</a> (usually 100 meters/yards for long-range sights), or at least prevent dialing more than a couple adjustment clicks below zero. This feature is also useful on long-range sights because it allows the shooter to physically verify the elevation knob is dialed all the way down, avoiding confusion regarding the elevation status on two- or multi-revolution elevation knobs.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windage#Ballistics" title="Windage">Windage</a> control – meant to adjust (or "track") the <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal axis">horizontal</a> deviation of the optical axis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnification" title="Magnification">Magnification</a> control – meant to change the magnification <a href="/wiki/Multiplication" title="Multiplication">factor</a> by turning a <a href="/wiki/Coaxial" title="Coaxial">coaxial</a> wheel that is generally marked with corresponding magnification numbers.</li> <li><a href="#Reticle_illumination">Reticle illumination</a> control – meant to regulate the <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">brightness</a> level of assisted <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">illumination</a> on the reticle.</li> <li><a href="#Parallax_compensation">Parallax compensation</a> control – mean to neutralize the <a href="/wiki/Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">focal</a> difference between the target image and the reticle.</li></ul> <p>All telescopic sights have the first three (diopter, elevation, windage) adjustment controls, and the fourth (magnification) control is offered on variable-power sights. The remaining two adjustments are optional and typically only found on higher-end models with additional features. </p><p>The windage and elevation <a href="/wiki/Control_knob" title="Control knob">adjustment knobs</a> (colloquially called "tracking turrets") often have internal <a href="/wiki/Ball_detent" title="Ball detent">ball detents</a> to help accurately <a href="/wiki/Indexing_(motion)" title="Indexing (motion)">index</a> their rotation, which provide a crisp <a href="/wiki/Tactile_feedback" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactile feedback">tactile feedback</a> corresponding to each <a href="/wiki/Graduation_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduation (instrument)">graduation</a> of turn, often accompanied by a soft but audible clicking sound. Each indexing increment is thus colloquially called a "click", and the corresponding angular adjustment of the optical axis is known as the <i>click value</i>. The most commonly seen click values are <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arcminute" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcminute">MOA</a> (often expressed in <a href="/wiki/Milliradian#Approximation_error" title="Milliradian">approximations</a> as "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inch at 100 yards") and 0.1 <a href="/wiki/Milliradian" title="Milliradian">mil</a> (often expressed as "10 mm at 100 meters"), although other click values such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> MOA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> MOA or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> MOA and other mil increments are also present on the commercial and military and law enforcement sights. </p><p>Older telescopic sights often did not offer internal windage and/or elevation adjustments in the telescopic sight. In case the telescopic sight lacked internal adjustment mechanisms <a href="#Adjustable_mounts">adjustable mounts</a> are used (on the scope rings or the mounting rail itself) for <a href="/wiki/Sighting_in" title="Sighting in">sighting-in</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reticles">Reticles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reticles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reticles_vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Reticles_vector.svg/220px-Reticles_vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Reticles_vector.svg/330px-Reticles_vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Reticles_vector.svg/440px-Reticles_vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Various reticles.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rangefinder_reticle_08a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Rangefinder_reticle_08a.svg/220px-Rangefinder_reticle_08a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Rangefinder_reticle_08a.svg/330px-Rangefinder_reticle_08a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Rangefinder_reticle_08a.svg/440px-Rangefinder_reticle_08a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Rangefinder reticle.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reticle" title="Reticle">Reticle</a></div> <p>Telescopic sights come with a variety of different <a href="/wiki/Reticle" title="Reticle">reticles</a>, ranging from the simple <a href="/wiki/Crosshair" class="mw-redirect" title="Crosshair">crosshairs</a> to complex reticles designed to allow the shooter to <a href="/wiki/Ranging" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranging">range</a> a target, to compensate for the bullet drop, and to adjust <a href="/wiki/Windage" title="Windage">windage</a> required due to crosswinds. A user can estimate the range to objects of known size, the size of objects at known distances, and even roughly compensate for both bullet drop and wind drifts at known ranges with a reticle-equipped sight. </p><p>For example, with a typical <a href="/wiki/Leupold_%26_Stevens" title="Leupold & Stevens">Leupold</a> brand 16 <a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">minute of angle</a> (MOA) duplex reticle (similar to image B) on a fixed-power telescopic sight, the distance from post to post, between the heavier lines of the reticle spanning the center of the sight picture, is approximately 32 inches (810 millimeters) at 200 yards (180 m), or, equivalently, approximately 16 inches (410 millimeters) from the center to any post at 200 yards. </p><p>If a target of a known diameter of 16 inches fills just half of the total post-to-post distance (i.e. filling from sight center to post), then the distance to target is approximately 200 yards (180 m). With a target of a diameter of 16 inches that fills the entire sight picture from post to post, the range is approximately 100 yards. Other ranges can be similarly estimated accurately in an analog fashion for known target sizes through proportionality calculations. </p><p>Holdover, for estimating vertical point of aim offset required for bullet drop compensation on level terrain, and horizontal windage offset, for estimating side to side point of aim offsets required for wind effect corrections, can similarly be compensated for through using approximations based on the wind speed, from observing flags or other objects, by a trained user through using the reticle marks. The less-commonly used holdunder, used for shooting on sloping terrain, can even be estimated by an appropriately-skilled user with a reticle-equipped sight, once both the slope of the terrain and the slant range to target are known. </p><p>There are two main types of reticle constructions: <b>wire reticle</b> and <b>etched reticle</b>. Wire reticles are the oldest type of reticles and are made out of metal wire or thread, mounted in an optically appropriate position in the telescopic sight's tube. Etched reticles are an optic element, often a glass plate, with inked patterns <a href="/wiki/Glass_etching" title="Glass etching">etched</a> onto it, and are mounted as an integrated part of the <a href="/wiki/Optical_path" title="Optical path">lightpath</a>. When backlit through the ocular, a wire reticle will reflect incoming light and cannot present a fully opaque (black) reticle with high contrast. An etched reticle will stay fully opaque (black) if backlit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patterns">Patterns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reticle patterns can be as simple as a round dot, <a href="/wiki/Plus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Plus sign">small cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhombus" title="Rhombus">diamond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)" title="Chevron (insignia)">chevron</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Circle" title="Circle">circle</a> in the center (in some prism sights and <a href="/wiki/Reflex_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflex sight">reflex</a>/<a href="/wiki/Holographic_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Holographic sight">holographic sights</a>), or a pointed <a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">vertical bar</a> in a "<a href="/wiki/T-shape" class="mw-redirect" title="T-shape">T</a>"-like pattern (such as the famous "German #1" reticle used on the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> <a href="/wiki/ZF41" title="ZF41">ZF41</a> sights during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Dragunov_sniper_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragunov sniper rifle">SVD</a>-pattern reticle used on the <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/PSO-1" title="PSO-1">PSO-1</a> sights during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>) that essentially imitates the front post on <a href="/wiki/Iron_sights" title="Iron sights">iron sights</a>. However, most reticles have both horizontal and vertical lines to provide better visual references. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crosshairs">Crosshairs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Crosshairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4x_rifle_scope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/4x_rifle_scope.jpg/220px-4x_rifle_scope.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/4x_rifle_scope.jpg/330px-4x_rifle_scope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/4x_rifle_scope.jpg/440px-4x_rifle_scope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Viewing through a duplex crosshair reticle</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>crosshair</b> is the most rudimentary reticle, represented as a pair of smooth, <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular" title="Perpendicular">perpendicularly</a> intersecting lines in the shape of a "<a href="/wiki/Cross" title="Cross">+</a>", and the crosshair center is used for aiming the weapon. The crosshair lines geometrically resemble the <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">X- and Y-axis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">Cartesian coordinate system</a>, which the shooter can use as a simple reference for rough horizontal and vertical calibrations. </p><p>Crosshair reticles typically do not have any <a href="/wiki/Graduation_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduation (instrument)">graduated</a> markings, and thus are unsuitable for <a href="/wiki/Stadiametric_rangefinding" title="Stadiametric rangefinding">stadiametric rangefinding</a>. However some crosshair designs have thickened outer sections that help with aiming in poor <a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">contrast</a> situations when the fine crosshair center cannot be seen clearly. These "thin-thick" crosshair reticles, known as <b>duplex reticles</b>, can also be used for some rough estimations if the transition point between thinner and thicker lines are at a defined distance from the center, as seen in designs such as the common 30/30 reticles (both the fine horizontal and vertical crosshair lines are 30 <a href="/wiki/Minute_of_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Minute of angle">MOAs</a> in length at 4× magnification before transition to thicker lines). There can be additional features such as enlarged center dot (frequently also <a href="#Reticle_illumination">illuminated</a>), <a href="/wiki/Concentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentric">concentric</a> <a href="/wiki/Circle" title="Circle">circle</a> (solid or broken/dashed), <a href="/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)" title="Chevron (insignia)">chevron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stadiametric" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadiametric">stadia</a> bars, or a combination of the above, that are added to a crosshair to help with easier aiming. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Milling_reticles">Milling reticles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Milling reticles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_Schmidt_%26_Bender_mil-dot_recticle_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Dutch_Schmidt_%26_Bender_mil-dot_recticle_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="196" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="179" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A typical (stadiametric) rangefinding reticle used by military snipers. The Mil-dots can be seen on the cross hairs. The four horizontal bars over the horizontal line are also intended for (quick) ranging purposes.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_Schmidt_%26_Bender_mil-dot_recticle_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Dutch_Schmidt_%26_Bender_mil-dot_recticle_B.jpg/200px-Dutch_Schmidt_%26_Bender_mil-dot_recticle_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Dutch_Schmidt_%26_Bender_mil-dot_recticle_B.jpg/300px-Dutch_Schmidt_%26_Bender_mil-dot_recticle_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3f/Dutch_Schmidt_%26_Bender_mil-dot_recticle_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="251" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">• If the helmeted head of a person (≈ 0.25 m tall) fits between the fourth bar and the horizontal line, the person is at approximately 100 meters' distance. • When the upper part of the body of a person (≈ 1 m tall) fits under the fourth bar, they stand at approximately 400 meters' distance.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Many modern reticles are designed for <a href="/wiki/Stadiametric_rangefinding" title="Stadiametric rangefinding">(stadiametric) rangefinding</a> purposes. Perhaps the most popular and well-known ranging reticle is the <b>mil-dot reticle</b>, which consists of a duplex <a href="/wiki/Crosshair" class="mw-redirect" title="Crosshair">crosshair</a> with small dots marking each <a href="/wiki/Milliradian" title="Milliradian">milliradian</a> (or "mil") intervals from the center.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative variant uses perpendicular <a href="/wiki/Hash_mark_(sports)" title="Hash mark (sports)">hash lines</a> instead of dots, and is known as the <b>mil-hash reticle</b>. Such <a href="/wiki/Graduation_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduation (instrument)">graduated</a> reticles, along with those with <a href="/wiki/Arcminute" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcminute">MOA</a>-based increments, are collectively and unofficially called "<b>milling reticles</b>", and have gained significant acceptance in <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and other military and law enforcement organizations. </p><p>Mil-based reticles, being <a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a> in graduations, are by far more prevalent due to the ease and reliability of ranging calculations with the ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/Metric_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric units">metric units</a>, as each milliradian at each meter of distance simply corresponds to a <a href="/wiki/Subtension" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtension">subtension</a> of 1 millimeter; while MOA-based reticles are more popular in civilian usage favoring <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">imperial units</a> (e.g. in the United States), because by coincidence 1 MOA at 100 yards (the most common <a href="/wiki/Sighting_in" title="Sighting in">sight-in</a> distance) can be <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">confidently</a> <a href="/wiki/Rounding" title="Rounding">rounded</a> to 1 inch.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To allow methodological uniformity, accurate <a href="/wiki/Mental_calculation" title="Mental calculation">mental calculation</a> and efficient communication between spotters and shooters in <a href="/wiki/Sniper_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Sniper team">sniper teams</a>, mil-based sights are typically matched by elevation/windage adjustments in 0.1 mil increments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are however military and <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting sport">shooting sport</a> sights that use coarser or finer reticle increments. </p><p>By means of a <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical formula">mathematical formula</a> "[Target size] ÷ [Number of mil intervals] × 1000 = Distance", the user can easily calculate the distance to a target, as a 1-meter object is going to be exactly 1 milliradian at a 1000-meter distance. For example, if the user sees an object known to be 1.8 meters tall as something 3 mils tall through the telescopic sight, the distance to that object will be 600 meters (1.8 ÷ 3 × 1000 = 600). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Holdover_reticles">Holdover reticles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Holdover reticles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horus_tremor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Horus_tremor.jpg/220px-Horus_tremor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Horus_tremor.jpg/330px-Horus_tremor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Horus_tremor.jpg/440px-Horus_tremor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The "holdover" dot matrix on the Horus TReMoR reticle</figcaption></figure> <p>Some milling reticles have additional marking patterns in the bottom two <a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(plane_geometry)" title="Quadrant (plane geometry)">quadrants</a>, consisting of elaborate arrays of neatly spaced fine dots, <a href="/wiki/Plus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Plus sign">"+" marks</a> or hashed lines (usually at 0.2 <a href="/wiki/Milliradian" title="Milliradian">mil</a> or ½ <a href="/wiki/Arcminute" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcminute">MOA</a> intervals), to provide accurate references for compensating <a href="/wiki/Bullet_drop" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullet drop">bullet drops</a> and <a href="/wiki/External_ballistics#Wind" title="External ballistics">wind drifts</a> by simply aiming <i>above</i> (i.e. "hold [the aim] over" the target) and <a href="/wiki/Upwind" class="mw-redirect" title="Upwind">upwind</a> of the target (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Deflection_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Deflection shooting">deflection shooting</a>, or "<a href="/wiki/Kentucky_windage" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentucky windage">Kentucky windage</a>"). This type of reticles, designed to hold the aim high and away from the target, are therefore called <b>holdover reticles</b>. Such aiming technique can quickly correct for ballistic deviations without needing to manually readjust the sight's zero, thus enabling the shooter to place rapid, reliably calibrated follow-up shots. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Long_range_shooting" title="Long range shooting">shooting at extended distances</a>, the farther the target, the greater the bullet drops and wind drifts that need to be compensated. Because of this, the reference arrays of holdover reticles are typically much wider at the lower portion, shaping into an <a href="/wiki/Isosceles_triangle" title="Isosceles triangle">isosceles triangle</a>/<a href="/wiki/Isosceles_trapezoid" title="Isosceles trapezoid">trapezium</a> that resembles the <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(biology)" title="Canopy (biology)">canopy</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamental tree">ornamental tree</a> traditionally used to make <a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Christmas trees</a>. Holdover reticles therefore are colloquially also known as "<b>Christmas tree reticles</b>". Well-known examples of these reticles include GAP G2DMR, Horus TReMoR series and H58/H59, <a href="/wiki/Vortex_Optics" title="Vortex Optics">Vortex</a> EBR-2B and Kahles AMR. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reticle_focal_plane">Reticle focal plane</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reticle focal plane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Telescopic sights based on image erector lenses (used to present to the user with an upright image) have two planes of focus where a reticle can be placed: at the focal plane between the <a href="/wiki/Objective_(optics)" title="Objective (optics)">objective</a> and the image erector lens system (the First Focal Plane (FFP)), or the focal plane between the image erector lens system and the <a href="/wiki/Eyepiece" title="Eyepiece">eyepiece</a> (the Second Focal Plane (SFP)).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On fixed power telescopic sights there is no significant difference, but on variable power telescopic sights a first focal plane reticle expands and shrinks along with the rest of the image as the magnification is adjusted, while a second focal plane reticle would appear the same size and shape to the user as the target image grows and shrinks. In general, the majority of modern variable-power sights are SFP unless stated otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every European high-end telescopic sight manufacturer offers FFP reticles on variable power telescopic sights, since the optical needs of European hunters who live in jurisdictions that allow hunting at dusk, night and dawn differ from hunters who traditionally or by legislation do not hunt in low light conditions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The survival of FFP reticles may also be a salute to the older reticle-movement system whereby the reticle was attached directly to the adjustment turret rather than the image-moving erector tube. Though the old reticle could be adjusted out of centre, it usually lacked the field-stop implicit in constantly centred designs and so gave bigger fields of view and less 'tunnel-vision' effect. Not being attached to the massive erector tube, the old reticle was arguably less prone to accidental movement. These factors made it the preference of discerning big-game hunters. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The main disadvantage of SFP designs comes with the use of range-finding reticles such as mil-dot. Since the proportion between the reticle and the target is dependent on selected magnification, such reticles only work properly at one magnification level, typically the highest power. Some long-range shooters and military snipers use fixed-power telescopic sights to eliminate this potential for error. Some SFP sights take advantage of this aspect by having the shooter adjust magnification until the target fits a certain way inside the reticle and then extrapolate the range based on the power adjustment. Some Leupold hunting sights with duplex reticles allow range estimation to a <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer</a> buck by adjusting magnification until the area between the backbone and the brisket fits between the crosshairs and the top thick post of the reticle. Once that is done, the range be read from the scale printed on the magnification adjustment ring. </p><p>Although FFP designs are not susceptible to magnification-induced errors, they have their own disadvantages. It's challenging to design a reticle that is visible through the entire range of magnification: a reticle that looks fine and crisp at 24× magnification may be very difficult to see at 6×. On the other hand, a reticle that is easy to see at 6× may be too thick at 24× to make precision shots. Shooting in low light conditions also tends to require either illumination or a bold reticle, along with lower magnification to maximize light gathering. In practice, these issues tend to significantly reduce the available magnification range on FFP sights compared to SFP, and FFP sights are much more expensive compared to SFP models of similar quality. Most high-end optics manufacturers leave the choice between a FFP or SFP mounted reticle to the customer or have sight product models with both setups. </p><p>Variable-power telescopic sights with FFP reticles have no problems with point of impact shifts. Variable-power telescopic sights with SFP reticles can have slight point-of-impact shifts through their magnification range, caused by the positioning of the reticle in the mechanical zoom mechanism in the rear part of the telescopic sight. Normally these impact shifts are insignificant, but accuracy-oriented users, who wish to use their telescopic sight trouble-free at several magnification levels, often opt for FFP reticles. Around the year 2005 <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Zeiss</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the first high-end European telescopic sight manufacturer who brought out variable magnification military grade telescopic sight models with rear SFP mounted reticles. They get around impermissible impact shifts by laboriously hand-adjusting every military grade telescopic sight. The American high-end telescopic sight manufacturer U.S. Optics Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also offers variable magnification military grade telescopic sight models with SFP mounted reticles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reticle_illumination">Reticle illumination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reticle illumination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PEO_Trijicon_M150_RCO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/PEO_Trijicon_M150_RCO.jpg/220px-PEO_Trijicon_M150_RCO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/PEO_Trijicon_M150_RCO.jpg/330px-PEO_Trijicon_M150_RCO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/PEO_Trijicon_M150_RCO.jpg/440px-PEO_Trijicon_M150_RCO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2507" data-file-height="1446" /></a><figcaption>TA31RCO-M150CPO 4×32 ACOG sight using a combination of fiber optics (visible on top) and self-luminous tritium for reticle illumination</figcaption></figure> <p>Either type of reticle can be illuminated for use in low-light or daytime conditions. With any illuminated low-light reticle, it is essential that its brightness can be adjusted. A reticle that is too bright will cause glare in the operator's eye, interfering with their ability to see in low-light conditions. This is because the pupil of the human eye closes quickly upon receiving any source of light. Most illuminated reticles provide adjustable brightness settings to adjust the reticle precisely to the ambient light. </p><p>Illumination is usually provided by a <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">battery</a>-powered <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LED</a>, though other electric light sources can be used. The light is projected forward through the sight, and reflects off the back surface of the reticle. Red is the most common colour used, as it least impedes the shooter's <a href="/wiki/Scotopic_vision" title="Scotopic vision">natural night vision</a>. This illumination method can be used to provide both daytime and low-light conditions reticle illumination. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">Radioactive isotopes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> can also be used as a light source to provide an illuminated reticle for low-light condition aiming. In sights such as the <a href="/wiki/SUSAT" title="SUSAT">SUSAT</a> or <a href="/wiki/Elcan" class="mw-redirect" title="Elcan">Elcan</a> <a href="/wiki/C79_Optical_Sight" class="mw-redirect" title="C79 Optical Sight">C79 Optical Sight</a> tritium-illuminated reticles are used. The <a href="/wiki/Trijicon" title="Trijicon">Trijicon</a> Corporation, famous for their <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Combat_Optical_Gunsight" title="Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight">ACOG</a> prism sights that are adopted by various <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assault_infantry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assault infantry (page does not exist)">assault infantry</a> branches of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_military" class="mw-redirect" title="United States military">United States military</a>, uses tritium in their combat and hunting-grade firearm optics. The tritium light source has to be replaced every 8–12 years, since it gradually loses brightness due to <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a>. </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/Fiber_optics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber optics">fiber optics</a>, ambient (day)light can be collected and directed to an illuminated daytime reticle. Fiber-optics reticles automatically interact with the ambient light level that dictates the brightness of the reticle. <a href="/wiki/Trijicon" title="Trijicon">Trijicon</a> uses fiber optics combined with other low-light conditions illumination methods in their AccuPoint telescopic sights and some of their ACOG sights models. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_features">Additional features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Additional features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bullet_drop_compensation">Bullet drop compensation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bullet drop compensation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bullet drop compensation (BDC, sometimes referred alternatively as <i>ballistic elevation</i>) is a feature available on some telescopic sights, usually those used by more tactically oriented <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_rifle" title="Semi-automatic rifle">semi-automatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">assault rifles</a>. The feature provides pre-determined reference markings for various distances (referred to as "bullet drops") on the reticle or (much less commonly) on the <a href="/wiki/Elevation_(ballistics)" title="Elevation (ballistics)">elevation</a> turret, which gives reasonably accurate <a href="/wiki/Estimation" title="Estimation">estimations</a> of potential <a href="/wiki/Gravitational" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational">gravitational</a> deviation upon the bullet in <a href="/wiki/Grazing_fire" title="Grazing fire">flat-firing</a> scenarios, so the shooter can proactively adjust their aim to compensate without needing to <a href="/wiki/Trial_and_error" title="Trial and error">trial with missed shots</a> or dealing with complex ballistic calculation.<sup id="cite_ref-leupold.com_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leupold.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The BDC feature is usually tuned only for the <a href="/wiki/External_ballistics" title="External ballistics">ballistic trajectory</a> of a particular gun-<a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms)">cartridge</a> combination with a predefined <a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">projectile</a> weight/type, <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_velocity" title="Muzzle velocity">muzzle velocity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Air density">air density</a>. Military <a href="/wiki/Prism_sight" title="Prism sight">prism sights</a> featuring BDC reticles (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Combat_Optical_Gunsight" title="Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight">ACOG</a>) or elevation turrets with range markings (e.g. <a href="/wiki/PSO-1" title="PSO-1">PSO-1</a>) are fairly common, though commercial manufacturers also offer the option to install a BDC reticle or elevation turret as long as the customer supplies the necessary ballistic data.<sup id="cite_ref-leupold.com_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leupold.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the usage of standardized ammunition is an important prerequisite to match the BDC feature to the <a href="/wiki/External_ballistics" title="External ballistics">external ballistic</a> behaviour of the employed projectiles, telescopic sights with BDC are generally intended to assist with field-shooting at targets within varying medium to longer ranges rather than precise <a href="/wiki/Long_range_shooting" title="Long range shooting">long range shooting</a>. With increasing range, inevitable BDC-induced errors will occur when the environmental and meteorological circumstances deviate from the predefined circumstances for which the BDC was calibrated. Marksmen can be trained to understand the <a href="/wiki/External_ballistics#Forces_acting_on_the_projectile" title="External ballistics">main forces acting on the projectile</a> and their effect on their particular gun and ammunition and the effects of <a href="/wiki/External_ballistics#External_factors" title="External ballistics">external factors</a> at longer ranges to counter these errors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parallax_compensation">Parallax compensation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Parallax compensation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telescopic_Sight_Parallax_Animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Telescopic_Sight_Parallax_Animation.gif/220px-Telescopic_Sight_Parallax_Animation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="411" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Telescopic_Sight_Parallax_Animation.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Simple animation demonstrating the extent of noticeable parallax shift with eye movements in telescopic sights with and without parallax compensation.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steyr_SSG69.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Steyr_SSG69.jpg/220px-Steyr_SSG69.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Steyr_SSG69.jpg/330px-Steyr_SSG69.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Steyr_SSG69.jpg/440px-Steyr_SSG69.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>An Austrian military issued <a href="/wiki/Steyr_SSG_69" title="Steyr SSG 69">Steyr SSG 69</a> sniper rifle with Kahles ZF 69 6×42 mm telescopic sight adjusted to be parallax free at 300 meters (328 yd)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">Parallax</a> problems result from the target image projected from the <a href="/wiki/Objective_(optics)" title="Objective (optics)">objective</a> not being <a href="/wiki/Coplanar" class="mw-redirect" title="Coplanar">coplanar</a> with the reticle. If the target and the reticle are not coplanar (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Focal_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Focal plane">focal plane</a> of the target is either in front of or behind the reticle), when the shooter's pupil position changes (often due to small alterations in head alignment) behind the <a href="/wiki/Eyepiece" title="Eyepiece">eyepiece</a>, the target will produce a different parallax to the reticle image. This parallax difference will produce an apparent movement of the reticle "floating" over the target, known as the <i>parallax shift</i>. This optical effect causes aiming errors that can make a shooter miss a small target at a distance, due to actually aiming at a different spot from the assumed point of aim. It can also lead to unreliabilities when <a href="/wiki/Zeroing" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeroing">zeroing</a> the gun. </p><p>To eliminate parallax-induced aiming errors, telescopic sights can be equipped with a parallax compensation mechanism which basically consists of a movable optical element that can shift the target/reticle <a href="/wiki/Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">focus</a> back or forward into exactly the same optical plane. There are two main methods to achieve this. </p> <ul><li>By shifting the focus of the target image. This is typically achieved by making the <a href="/wiki/Objective_(optics)" title="Objective (optics)">objective lens group</a> of the telescopic sight adjustable so the target focus can be moved into <a href="/wiki/Coplanarity" title="Coplanarity">coplanarity</a> with a fixed reticle. These models are often called <b>adjustable objective</b> (<b>AO</b> or <b>A/O</b> for short) models.</li></ul> <dl><dd>Occasionally, a side-focus design (see below) might be used with a fixed reticle within the <a href="/wiki/Eyepiece" title="Eyepiece">eyepiece</a>, onto which the <a href="#Reticle_focal_plane">second focal plane</a> (SFP) of the target image is shifted by an adjustable <a href="/wiki/Relay_lens" title="Relay lens">erector lens group</a>. While side focus designs are generally considered more user-friendly than AO designs, having an SFP reticle is less ideal due to it inherently not staying true to magnification changes.</dd></dl> <ul><li>By shifting the reticle position. This is typically achieved by having a movable reticle at the front of an adjustable <a href="/wiki/Relay_lens" title="Relay lens">erector lens tube</a>, which moves forward and back in coordination with other erector lenses to shift itself into coplanarity with the <a href="#Reticle_focal_plane">first focal plane</a> (FFP) of the target image. Because the erector tube is adjusted via an external adjustment wheel typically located on the left side of the sight's tube, these designs are called <b>side focus</b> (<b>SF</b> or <b>S/F</b> for short) or <b>sidewheel</b> models.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of design is more costly and technically sophisticated to manufacture, but generally more favored over the AO designs by users due to better <a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">ergonomics</a>, because unlike AO models (which need to be read from the top and adjusted by reaching all the way to the front of the sight) the SF turret setting can be conveniently read from behind and adjusted with minimal movement of the user's head.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>A much less commonly seen design, used exclusively in fixed-power sights, is to have a movable SFP reticle adjusted by a <a href="/wiki/Coaxial" title="Coaxial">coaxial</a> wheel located just in front of the eyepiece, where the magnification adjustment wheel (which is absent in fixed-power sights) would otherwise be located. This is known as the <b>rear focus</b> (<b>RF</b> or <b>R/F</b> for short) design, and is also a somewhat favored alternative to AO designs in fixed-power sights due to the rear position of the adjustment wheel being nearer and more convenient to the user.</dd></dl> <p>Most telescopic sights lack parallax compensation due to <a href="/wiki/Cost-benefit_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost-benefit analysis">cost-benefit</a>, as they can perform very acceptably without such refinement since most applications do not demand very high precision, so adding extra <a href="/wiki/Production_cost" class="mw-redirect" title="Production cost">production cost</a> for parallax compensation is not justified. For example, in most <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> situations, the "kill zone" on the <a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">game</a> (where the <a href="/wiki/Vital_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Vital organ">vital organs</a> are located) can be so forgivingly big that a shot hitting anywhere within the <a href="/wiki/Upper_torso" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper torso">upper torso</a> guarantees a successful kill. In these sights, the manufacturers often design for a "parallax-free" distance that best suits their intended usage. Typical standard parallax-free distances for hunting telescopic sights are 100 yards (91 m) or 100 meters (109 yd) as most <a href="/wiki/Sport_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport hunting">sport hunting</a> rarely exceed 300 yards (270 m). </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Long_range_shooting" title="Long range shooting">long-range</a> target and "tactical-style" sights without parallax compensation may be adjusted to be parallax-free at ranges up to 300 yards (270 m) to make them better suited for the longer ranges. Telescopic sights used by <a href="/wiki/Rimfire_ammunition" title="Rimfire ammunition">rimfire</a> guns, shotguns and <a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">muzzleloaders</a> that are rarely fired beyond 100 yards (91 m) ranges will have shorter parallax settings, commonly 50 yards (46 m) for rimfire sights and 100 yards (91 m) for shotguns and muzzleloaders. However, due to parallax effect being more pronounced at close distances (as a result of <a href="/wiki/Foreshortening" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreshortening">foreshortening</a>), sights for <a href="/wiki/Airgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Airgun">airguns</a> (which are commonly used at very short ranges) almost always have parallax compensation, frequently an adjustable objective design, which may adjust down to as near as 3 yards (2.7 m). </p><p>The reason why telescopic sights intended for short range use are often equipped with parallax compensation is that at short range (and at high magnification) parallax errors become proportionally more noticeable. A typical telescopic sight objective lens has a <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a> of 100 millimeters (3.9 in). An optically ideal 10× sight in this example has been perfectly parallax corrected at 1,000 meters (1,094 yd) and functions flawlessly at that distance. If the same sight is used at 100 meters (109 yd) the target picture would be projected (1000 m / 100 m) / 100 mm = 0.1 mm behind the reticle plane. At 10× magnification the error would be 10 × 0.1 mm = 1 mm at the <a href="/wiki/Eyepiece" title="Eyepiece">ocular</a>. If the same telescopic sight was used at 10 meters (11 yd) the target picture would be (1000 m / 10 m) / 100 mm = 1 mm projected behind the reticle plane. When 10× magnified the error would be 10 × 1 mm = 10 mm at the ocular. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accessories">Accessories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Accessories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scrome_LTE_J10_F1_scope_2007_07_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Scrome_LTE_J10_F1_scope_2007_07_14.jpg/220px-Scrome_LTE_J10_F1_scope_2007_07_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Scrome_LTE_J10_F1_scope_2007_07_14.jpg/330px-Scrome_LTE_J10_F1_scope_2007_07_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Scrome_LTE_J10_F1_scope_2007_07_14.jpg/440px-Scrome_LTE_J10_F1_scope_2007_07_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Scrome LTE J10 F1 with a lens hood mounted at the ocular and a flip-open cover at the objective mounted on a <a href="/wiki/PGM_H%C3%A9cate_II" title="PGM Hécate II">PGM Hécate II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Typical accessories for telescopic sights are: </p> <ul><li><b>Lens hood</b> is a tubular extension mounted on the objective and/or ocular ends to <a href="/wiki/Shade_(shadow)" title="Shade (shadow)">shade</a> light and reduce/eliminate <a href="/wiki/Glare_(vision)" title="Glare (vision)">glare</a>. The lens hood mounted on the <a href="/wiki/Eyepiece" title="Eyepiece">eyepiece</a>, often called an <b>eyecup</b>, is often made from corrugated <a href="/wiki/Silicone_rubber" title="Silicone rubber">silicone rubber</a> for resting against the user's eye socket, and can also help avoid <a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">recoil</a>-induced collisional injuries and maintain a consistent <a href="/wiki/Eye_relief" title="Eye relief">eye box</a>. Some objective-mounted lens hoods that extend the full length over the <a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">gun barrel</a> can improve image quality by shielding out heat-induced <a href="/wiki/Mirage" title="Mirage">mirage</a> ("heat waves" or aberrations resulting from a hot gun barrel).</li> <li><b>Lens covers</b> or <b>lens caps</b> protect the objective and/or ocular lens surface against foul weather and accidental damage. There are slide-over, bikini and flip-open type covers, without or with transparent covering material.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Optical_filter" title="Optical filter">Optical filters</a></b> such as Grey, Yellow and Polarising filters to optimize image quality in various lighting conditions.</li> <li><b>Anti-reflection device</b> (ARD) or <b>KillFlash</b> is a usually <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal grid">honeycomb</a>-mesh cover used to filter out light reflections from the objective lens, which could compromise the shooter's position.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Laser_safety" title="Laser safety">Laser filters</a></b> protect the operator against being <a href="/wiki/Dazzler_(weapon)" title="Dazzler (weapon)">dazzled</a>/<a href="/wiki/Flash_blindness" title="Flash blindness">blinded</a> by potential laser light sources. These filters are often an internal part in the assembly of <a href="/wiki/Lens" title="Lens">lens</a> elements.</li> <li><b>Scope cover</b>, a semi-soft pouch that protects the sight from accidental collisions or the elements during transit and storage.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Optronic_technologies">Optronic technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Optronic technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integrated_laser_rangefinder">Integrated laser rangefinder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Integrated laser rangefinder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ARMS_%26_Hunting_2010_exhibition_(332-18).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/ARMS_%26_Hunting_2010_exhibition_%28332-18%29.jpg/220px-ARMS_%26_Hunting_2010_exhibition_%28332-18%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/ARMS_%26_Hunting_2010_exhibition_%28332-18%29.jpg/330px-ARMS_%26_Hunting_2010_exhibition_%28332-18%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/ARMS_%26_Hunting_2010_exhibition_%28332-18%29.jpg/440px-ARMS_%26_Hunting_2010_exhibition_%28332-18%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1425" /></a><figcaption>Two Diarange telescopic sights with integrated laser rangefinders</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1997 <a href="/wiki/Swarovski_Optik" title="Swarovski Optik">Swarovski Optik</a> introduced the LRS series telescopic sight, the first sight on the civilian market with an integrated <a href="/wiki/Laser_rangefinder" title="Laser rangefinder">laser rangefinder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LRS 2-12x50 sight can measure ranges up to 600 m (660 yd).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LRS sights are currently (2008) not produced anymore, but sights with similar features are commercially available from several manufacturers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ballistic_support_devices">Ballistic support devices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ballistic support devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An integrated ballistic computer/telescopic sight system known as BORS has been developed by the <a href="/wiki/Barrett_Firearms_Manufacturing" title="Barrett Firearms Manufacturing">Barrett Firearms Company</a> and became commercially available around 2007. The BORS module is in essence an electronic Bullet Drop Compensation (BDC) sensor/calculator package intended for long-range sniping out to 2,500 m (2,700 yd) for some telescopic sight models made by Leupold and Nightforce.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To establish the appropriate elevation setting the shooter needs to enter the ammunition type into the BORS (using touch pads on the BORS console) determine the range (either mechanically or through a <a href="/wiki/Laser_rangefinder" title="Laser rangefinder">laser rangefinder</a>) and crank the elevation knob on the sight until the proper range appears in the BORS display. The BORS automatically determines the air density, as well as the cant or tilt in the rifle itself, and incorporates these environmental factors into its elevation calculations.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SAM (Shooter-supporting Attachment Module) measures and provides aiming and ballistic relevant data and displays this to the user in the ocular of the <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Zeiss</a> 6–24×72 telescopic sight it is developed for.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SAM has different sensors integrated (temperature, air pressure, shooting angle) and calculates the actual ballistic compensation. All indications are displayed in the ocular. It memorizes up to 4 different ballistics and 4 different firing tables. So it is possible to use 1 SAM with four total different loads or weapons without an additional adjustment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CCD_and_LCD_technology">CCD and LCD technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: CCD and LCD technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some modern scopes have a <a href="/wiki/Transparent_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparent display">transparent display</a> built inside the eyepiece, which allows digital data from a <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> to be superimposed over the optical target image to create an <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality</a>. Some newer models, such as the <a href="/wiki/SIG_Sauer" title="SIG Sauer">SIG Sauer</a> BDX series, even allow ballistic information from <a href="/wiki/Rangefinding_telemeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangefinding telemeter">rangefinders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind meter">wind meters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_calculator" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballistic calculator">ballistic calculators</a> to be synchronously shared among multiple scopes. </p><p>A totally different approach recently developed, which has been applied in the <a href="/wiki/ELCAN" class="mw-redirect" title="ELCAN">ELCAN</a> DigitalHunter series and the ATN X-Sight series, essentially uses a <a href="/wiki/Video_camera" title="Video camera">video camera</a> system to digitally <a href="/wiki/Video_capture" title="Video capture">capture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">process</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">display</a> a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> image of the target into a small <a href="/wiki/Flat_panel_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat panel display">flat panel display</a> built inside the eyepiece, often with additional built-in rangefinder, ballistic calculator, <a href="/wiki/Filter_(signal_processing)" title="Filter (signal processing)">signal filters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">memory card</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Wireless_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless card">wireless access</a> <a href="/wiki/Smart_device" title="Smart device">smart device</a> interface to create a "smart scope" that can store/share data with other <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile devices</a>. The ELCAN DigitalHunter, for instance, combines <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">LCD</a> technology with electronic ballistics compensation, automatic video capture, 4-field selectable reticles and customizable reticles. </p><p>In 2008, a DigitalHunter Day/Night Riflescope that uses <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> captured by the CCD to enhance low-light capabilities became available. It is also possible to attach infrared <a href="/wiki/Light_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Light source">light sources</a> to use such sights in total darkness, though the image quality, and overall performance is often poor. Some jurisdictions however forbid or limit the use of <a href="/wiki/Night_vision_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Night vision device">night vision devices</a> for civilian use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mounting">Mounting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mounting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Python-silhouette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Python-silhouette.jpg/220px-Python-silhouette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Python-silhouette.jpg/330px-Python-silhouette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Python-silhouette.jpg/440px-Python-silhouette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Colt_Python" title="Colt Python">Colt Python</a> Silhouette, with 8-inch barrel, factory telescopic sight, and case – 500 made in 1981 by the Colt Custom Gun Shop.</figcaption></figure> <p>As very few firearms come with factory-built telescopic sights (the <a href="/wiki/Steyr_AUG" title="Steyr AUG">Steyr AUG</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAR_21" title="SAR 21">SAR 21</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_G36" title="Heckler & Koch G36">H&K G36</a> being exceptions), mounting a separately acquired sight to a firearm requires additional accessories. A typical sight mounting system consists of two parts, the scope rings and the scope base. The mounting generally positions the telescopic sight axis without cant over the receiver and bore center axis, to make sighting in and the use of ballistic tracking at various ranges for the user as easy as possible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scope_rings">Scope rings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Scope rings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:12,7_TKIV_2000_Lippujuhlan_p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4_2014_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/12%2C7_TKIV_2000_Lippujuhlan_p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4_2014_3.JPG/220px-12%2C7_TKIV_2000_Lippujuhlan_p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4_2014_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/12%2C7_TKIV_2000_Lippujuhlan_p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4_2014_3.JPG/330px-12%2C7_TKIV_2000_Lippujuhlan_p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4_2014_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/12%2C7_TKIV_2000_Lippujuhlan_p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4_2014_3.JPG/440px-12%2C7_TKIV_2000_Lippujuhlan_p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4_2014_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A mount with three scope rings for telescopic sight interface and Picatinny rail for receiver interface.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scope_mount" title="Scope mount">Scope mount</a></div> <p>Because the majority of telescopic sights do not come with a built-in design for direct attachment onto something, intermediate mounting accessories are needed. Because telescopic sights universally have a round main tube, the standard mounting method is to use <b>scope rings</b>, which are essentially round metal <a href="/wiki/Pipe_support#Rigid_support" title="Pipe support">pipe shoes</a> that <a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">clamp</a> firmly onto the telescopic sight body. Most commonly, a pair of scope rings are used, though unusually short telescopic sights occasionally do use only a single scope ring. There are also one-piece mounting accessories with two integral rings, called <b>scope mounts</b>, that can even offer "cantilever" or "offset" mounting (leaning off to one end, away from the center). </p><p>The scope ring size (<a href="/wiki/Inner_diameter" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner diameter">inner diameter</a>) must correspond closely to the <a href="/wiki/Outside_diameter" class="mw-redirect" title="Outside diameter">outer diameter</a> of the telescopic sight main tube, or else the telescopic sight would either be loosely mounted, or sustain <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(material)" title="Fatigue (material)">compressive fatigue</a> due to being clamped too tightly. The three most common ring sizes are: </p> <ul><li>1 in (25.4 mm), offers a lower production cost compared to 30 mm main tubes, but allows for less elevation adjustment than what is possible with a 30 mm tube.</li> <li>30 mm, the most common main tube standard today, and therefore has the widest range of mounting solutions.</li> <li>34 mm, which has become a new standard main tube size for tactical rifle telescopic sights where more elevation is needed than with a standard 30 mm tube.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scope_bases">Scope bases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Scope bases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>scope base</b> is the attachment interface on the rifle's <a href="/wiki/Receiver_(firearms)" title="Receiver (firearms)">receiver</a>, onto which the scope rings or scope mount are fixed. Early telescopic sights almost all have the rings that are fastened directly into <a href="/wiki/Tap_and_die" title="Tap and die">tapped</a> <a href="/wiki/Screw" title="Screw">screw</a> holes on the receiver, hence having no additional scope base other than the receiver top itself. While this is simple and cheap, it comes with the problem that any misalignment of the screw holes can cause the scope rings to exert bending stress on the telescopic sight body, and often requires the inner edges of the rings to be <a href="/wiki/Lapping" title="Lapping">lapped</a> before the telescopic sight can be safely mounted. Some scope bases, such as <a href="/wiki/Leupold_%26_Stevens" title="Leupold & Stevens">Leupold & Stevens</a>'s proprietary STD mounts, use socketed bases screw-fastened to the receiver and a <a href="/wiki/Twistlock" title="Twistlock">twistlock</a>-like interface to secure the accompanied scope rings. </p><p>An alternative design that has remained popular since the early 20th century is the <a href="/wiki/Dovetail_rail" title="Dovetail rail">dovetail rail</a>, which is a straight metal <a href="/wiki/Flange" title="Flange">flange</a> with an inverted <a href="/wiki/Trapezoid" title="Trapezoid">trapezoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Cross-section_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-section (geometry)">cross-section</a> (similar to the <a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">dovetail joint</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">woodworking</a>). When mounting a telescopic sight, dovetail-interfaced scope rings can be slid onto the rail at any desired position, and <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a>-fastened via <a href="/wiki/Set_screw" title="Set screw">set screws</a>, or clamped firm with screw-tightened plates called "grabbers". Due to the relative ease of machining a reliably straight <a href="/wiki/Bar_stock" title="Bar stock">metal bar</a>, dovetail rails pretty much eliminated the misalignment concerns of the screw-and-hole scope rings. Most dovetail rails are made by cutting triangular grooves into the receiver top, but there are <a href="/wiki/Aftermarket_(merchandise)" title="Aftermarket (merchandise)">aftermarket</a> rails that can be installed with screws into the aforementioned scope ring holes. The top of receivers featuring an integral dovetail rail can feature shape connection drillings that function as one or more recoil lug(s) interface(s) to prevent undesired backward and forward sliding movement. </p><p>Some manufacturers provide integral bases on many of their firearms; an example of such a firearm is the <a href="/wiki/Sturm,_Ruger_%26_Co." title="Sturm, Ruger & Co.">Ruger</a> <a href="/wiki/Super_Redhawk" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Redhawk">Super Redhawk</a> revolver. The most commonly encountered mounting systems are the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> inch (9.5 mm) and the 11 mm dovetail rails (sometimes called "tip-off mounts") commonly found on <a href="/wiki/Rimfire_ammunition" title="Rimfire ammunition">rimfires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_gun" title="Air gun">air guns</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Weaver_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Weaver rail">Weaver rails</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mil-spec" class="mw-redirect" title="Mil-spec">mil-spec</a> <a href="/wiki/MIL-STD-1913" class="mw-redirect" title="MIL-STD-1913">MIL-STD-1913</a> <a href="/wiki/Picatinny_rail" title="Picatinny rail">Picatinny rail</a> (<a href="/wiki/STANAG" class="mw-redirect" title="STANAG">STANAG</a> 2324), and the <a href="/wiki/NATO_Accessory_Rail" title="NATO Accessory Rail">NATO Accessory Rail</a> (STANAG 4694). Ruger uses a proprietary scope base system, though adapters are available to convert the Ruger bases into other Weaver-type bases. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SG550_with_MIL-STD-1913-Rail.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Picatinny rail on a rifle receiver for mounting sights."><img alt="Picatinny rail on a rifle receiver for mounting sights." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/SG550_with_MIL-STD-1913-Rail.JPG/303px-SG550_with_MIL-STD-1913-Rail.JPG" decoding="async" width="202" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/SG550_with_MIL-STD-1913-Rail.JPG/454px-SG550_with_MIL-STD-1913-Rail.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/SG550_with_MIL-STD-1913-Rail.JPG/605px-SG550_with_MIL-STD-1913-Rail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1220" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Picatinny_rail" title="Picatinny rail">Picatinny rail</a> on a rifle receiver for mounting sights.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 173.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dovetail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A dovetail rail on a rifle receiver for mounting sights with a drilling on top for an additional shape connection."><img alt="A dovetail rail on a rifle receiver for mounting sights with a drilling on top for an additional shape connection." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dovetail.jpg/257px-Dovetail.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dovetail.jpg/385px-Dovetail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dovetail.jpg/514px-Dovetail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2044" data-file-height="1433" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Dovetail_rail" title="Dovetail rail">dovetail rail</a> on a rifle receiver for mounting sights with a drilling on top for an additional shape connection. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 131.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 129.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PKP_Pecheneg_machine_gun_-_RaceofHeroes-part2-20_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Side mounting rail on a PKP Pecheneg machine gun."><img alt="Side mounting rail on a PKP Pecheneg machine gun." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PKP_Pecheneg_machine_gun_-_RaceofHeroes-part2-20_%28cropped%29.jpg/194px-PKP_Pecheneg_machine_gun_-_RaceofHeroes-part2-20_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PKP_Pecheneg_machine_gun_-_RaceofHeroes-part2-20_%28cropped%29.jpg/290px-PKP_Pecheneg_machine_gun_-_RaceofHeroes-part2-20_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PKP_Pecheneg_machine_gun_-_RaceofHeroes-part2-20_%28cropped%29.jpg/387px-PKP_Pecheneg_machine_gun_-_RaceofHeroes-part2-20_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Side mounting rail on a <a href="/wiki/PKP_Pecheneg_machine_gun" title="PKP Pecheneg machine gun">PKP Pecheneg machine gun</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FAL_STANAG_SCOPE_MOUNT.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title=""STANAG" claw mount (receiver interface) on an FN FAL. This type of mount has also been used on several previous models by Heckler & Koch, such as for example MP5 and G3."><img alt=""STANAG" claw mount (receiver interface) on an FN FAL. This type of mount has also been used on several previous models by Heckler & Koch, such as for example MP5 and G3." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/FAL_STANAG_SCOPE_MOUNT.JPG/331px-FAL_STANAG_SCOPE_MOUNT.JPG" decoding="async" width="221" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/FAL_STANAG_SCOPE_MOUNT.JPG/497px-FAL_STANAG_SCOPE_MOUNT.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/FAL_STANAG_SCOPE_MOUNT.JPG/662px-FAL_STANAG_SCOPE_MOUNT.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2706" data-file-height="1472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"STANAG" claw mount (receiver interface) on an <a href="/wiki/FN_FAL" title="FN FAL">FN FAL</a>. This type of mount has also been used on several previous models by <a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch" title="Heckler & Koch">Heckler & Koch</a>, such as for example <a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_MP5" title="Heckler & Koch MP5">MP5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_G3" title="Heckler & Koch G3">G3</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mounting_rails">Mounting rails</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mounting rails"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeiss_rail_scope_mounting_system.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Zeiss_rail_scope_mounting_system.svg/220px-Zeiss_rail_scope_mounting_system.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Zeiss_rail_scope_mounting_system.svg/330px-Zeiss_rail_scope_mounting_system.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Zeiss_rail_scope_mounting_system.svg/440px-Zeiss_rail_scope_mounting_system.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1045" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of <a href="/wiki/Zeiss_rail" title="Zeiss rail">Zeiss rail</a> compatible telescopic sight and mount (left) and a traditional ring mount (right). Both feature a picatinny rail receiver interface.</figcaption></figure> <p>European telescopic sight manufacturers often offer the option to have mounting rails underneath the sight to provide for mounting solutions that do not use scope rings or a single scope ring around the objective of the sight. These rails are an integral part of the telescopic sight body and can not be removed. The mounting rail permits the telescopic sight to be securely and tension-free mounted at the preferred height and correct distance from the shooter's eye and on different guns. </p><p>There are several mounting rail systems offered: </p> <ul><li>Standard prism, also known as the LM rail or 70° prism rail</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeiss_rail" title="Zeiss rail">Zeiss rail</a>, also used by <a href="/wiki/Docter_Optics" class="mw-redirect" title="Docter Optics">Docter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leica_Camera" title="Leica Camera">Leica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minox" title="Minox">Minox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steiner-Optik" title="Steiner-Optik">Steiner-Optik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meopta" title="Meopta">Meopta</a>. Since 2016 also offered by Schmidt & Bender under the name LMZ (Light Metal with Z-rail) on some of their hunting telescopic sights.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarovski_Optik" title="Swarovski Optik">Swarovski</a> Rail (SR), also used by Kahles (a subsidiary of Swarovski)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmidt_%26_Bender" title="Schmidt & Bender">Schmidt & Bender</a> Convex, also marketed under the name LMC (Light Metal with Convex rail).</li></ul> <p>The traditional standard prism mounting rail system requires to have the mounting rail drilled from the side for fixture screws. The more recent proprietary systems mainly offer aesthetic advantages for people who have problems with redundant drill holes in the sight in case it is used on different guns. To avoid drilling the mounting rail, the proprietary rail mounting systems have special shape connections machined in the inside of the rail. These shape connections prevent ever showing any exterior damage from mounting work on the sight. The proprietary rail systems use matching slide-in mount fasteners to connect the telescopic sight to the gun. Some proprietary rails also offer the possibility to tilt the sight up to 1° (60 <a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">moa</a>; 17.5 <a href="/wiki/Milliradian" title="Milliradian">mrad</a>) to the left or right. </p><p>Technical advantages of rail mounting systems are the reliability and robustness of such mounting solutions. Even under hard recoil there will be no play in mounts and tolerances will not change over time and hard use. The additional material due to rail on the underside of the sight's construction also adds stiffness and robustness to the sight's body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail_interface_systems">Rail interface systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Rail interface systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mini_Hecate_338.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mini_Hecate_338.jpg/220px-Mini_Hecate_338.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mini_Hecate_338.jpg/330px-Mini_Hecate_338.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mini_Hecate_338.jpg/440px-Mini_Hecate_338.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1545" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>Telescopic sight fitted with scope rings on a Picatinny/MIL-STD-1913 rail mounted above the receiver of a sniper rifle.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STANAG_4694_%E2%80%9CNATO_Accessory_Rail%E2%80%9D_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/STANAG_4694_%E2%80%9CNATO_Accessory_Rail%E2%80%9D_2.jpg/220px-STANAG_4694_%E2%80%9CNATO_Accessory_Rail%E2%80%9D_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/STANAG_4694_%E2%80%9CNATO_Accessory_Rail%E2%80%9D_2.jpg/330px-STANAG_4694_%E2%80%9CNATO_Accessory_Rail%E2%80%9D_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/STANAG_4694_%E2%80%9CNATO_Accessory_Rail%E2%80%9D_2.jpg/440px-STANAG_4694_%E2%80%9CNATO_Accessory_Rail%E2%80%9D_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Design difference in grabber interfaces between the Picatinny rail and the new NATO Accessory Rail.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MARSOF_Afghanistan-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/MARSOF_Afghanistan-8.jpg/220px-MARSOF_Afghanistan-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/MARSOF_Afghanistan-8.jpg/330px-MARSOF_Afghanistan-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/MARSOF_Afghanistan-8.jpg/440px-MARSOF_Afghanistan-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The scope mount itself can be used as the interface for attaching other accessories.</figcaption></figure> <p>For mounting telescopic sights and/or other accessories to guns several <a href="/wiki/Rail_Integration_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail Integration System">rail interface systems</a> are available to provide a standardized mounting platform. </p><p>The best known rail interface system is the standardized MIL-STD-1913 <a href="/wiki/Picatinny_rail" title="Picatinny rail">Picatinny rail</a> or "Pic rail", also known as the <a href="/wiki/STANAG" class="mw-redirect" title="STANAG">STANAG</a> 2324 rail after its adoption by <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> forces on 3 February 1995. It is named after the <a href="/wiki/Picatinny_Arsenal" title="Picatinny Arsenal">Picatinny Arsenal</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, where it was originally designed, tested and proposed for military adoption over other rail standards at the time. The Picatinny rail comprises a T-rail whose top portion has a flattened hexagonal cross-section, interspersed with evenly spaced transverse "spacing slots" to accommodate long horizontal screws. Telescopic sight mounting rings are mounted either by sliding them on from one end or the other; by means of a "rail-grabber" which is clamped to the rail with bolts, thumbscrews or levers; or onto the slots between the raised sections. </p><p>Another older, commercially available rail system is the <a href="/wiki/Weaver_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Weaver rail">Weaver rail</a>, which was designed and popularized in the 1950s by William R. Weaver (1905–1975), and was the non-standardized conceptual precursor of the Picatinny rail. The main differences between the Picatinny rail and the Weaver rail are the rail dimensions and the spacing of the cross-slots, although the Picatinny rail is <a href="/wiki/Backward-compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Backward-compatible">backward-compatible</a> with almost all Weaver accessories (but not <i><a href="/wiki/Vice_versa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice versa">vice versa</a></i>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/NATO_Accessory_Rail" title="NATO Accessory Rail">NATO Accessory Rail</a> (NAR), defined by the new STANAG 4694, was approved by NATO on 8 May 2009 to replace the Picatinny rail as the standard rail interface system for mounting auxiliary equipment such as telescopic sights, <a href="/wiki/Tactical_light" title="Tactical light">tactical lights</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_laser_applications" title="List of laser applications">laser aiming modules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Night_vision_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Night vision device">night vision devices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reflector_sight" title="Reflector sight">reflex sights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vertical_forward_grip" title="Vertical forward grip">foregrips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bipod" title="Bipod">bipods</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonets</a> to <a href="/wiki/Small_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Small arms">small arms</a> such as rifles and pistols. The <a href="/wiki/NATO_Accessory_Rail" title="NATO Accessory Rail">NATO Accessory Rail</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric</a> upgrade of the Picatinny rail with redesigned grabber surfaces but almost identical profile and dimensions, and the two rail systems are essentially cross-compatible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mounting_issues">Mounting issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Mounting issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8,6_TKIV_2000_Lippujuhlan_p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4_2014_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/8%2C6_TKIV_2000_Lippujuhlan_p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4_2014_2.JPG/220px-8%2C6_TKIV_2000_Lippujuhlan_p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4_2014_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/8%2C6_TKIV_2000_Lippujuhlan_p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4_2014_2.JPG/330px-8%2C6_TKIV_2000_Lippujuhlan_p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4_2014_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/8%2C6_TKIV_2000_Lippujuhlan_p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4_2014_2.JPG/440px-8%2C6_TKIV_2000_Lippujuhlan_p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4_2014_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A telescopic sight mounting set featuring three rings on a heavy-recoiling <a href="/wiki/.338_Lapua_Magnum" title=".338 Lapua Magnum">.338 Lapua Magnum</a> chambered <a href="/wiki/Sako_TRG" title="Sako TRG">TRG-42</a> sniper rifle<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Telescopic sights for use on light-recoiling firearms, such as rimfire guns, can be mounted with a single ring, and this method is not uncommon on handguns, where space is at a premium. Most telescopic sights are mounted with two rings, one in the front half of the telescopic sight and one on the back half, which provides additional strength and support. The heaviest-recoiling firearms, such as <a href="/wiki/Thompson/Center_Contender" title="Thompson/Center Contender">Thompson Center Arms Contender</a> pistols in heavy-recoiling calibers, will use three rings for maximum support of the telescopic sight. Use of too few rings can result not only in the telescopic sight moving under recoil, but also excessive torque on the telescopic sight tube as the gun rolls up under recoil. </p><p>Telescopic sights on heavy-recoiling firearms and spring piston airguns (which have a heavy "reverse recoil" caused by the piston reaching the end of its travel) suffer from a condition called <i>scope creep</i>, where the inertia of the telescopic sight holds it still as the firearm recoils under it. Because of this, scope rings must be precisely fitted to the telescopic sight, and tightened very consistently to provide maximum hold without putting uneven stress on the body of the telescopic sight. Rings that are out of round, misaligned in the bases, or tightened unevenly can warp or crush the body of the telescopic sight.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another problem is mounting a telescopic sight on a rifle where the shell is ejected out the top of the action, such as some <a href="/wiki/Lever_action" title="Lever action">lever action</a> designs. Usually this results in the telescopic sight being offset to one side (to the left for right-handed people, right for left-handed) to allow the shell to clear the telescopic sight. Alternately a <a href="/wiki/Scout_rifle" title="Scout rifle">scout rifle</a>-type mount can be used, which places a long-eye-relief telescopic sight forward of the action. </p><p>A firearm may not always be able to fit all aiming optics solutions, so it is wise to have a preferred aiming optics solution first reviewed by a professional. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjustable_mounts">Adjustable mounts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Adjustable mounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some modern mounts also allow for adjustment, but it is generally intended to supplement the telescopic sight's own internal adjustments in the case of needing unusually large elevation adjustments. For example, some situations require fairly extreme elevation adjustments, such as very short range shooting common with <a href="/wiki/Airgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Airgun">airguns</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Long_range_shooting" title="Long range shooting">very long-range shooting</a>, where the bullet drop becomes very significant and thus requires more elevation compensation than the sight internal adjustment mechanism can provide. Loose manufacturing tolerances may result in base mounting holes being less than perfectly aligned with the bore.<sup id="cite_ref-Mac_1_Airgun_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mac_1_Airgun-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pyramid_Air_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pyramid_Air-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this case, rather than adjusting the telescopic sight to the extremes of its elevation adjustment, the telescopic sight mount can be adjusted. This allows the telescopic sight to operate near the center of its adjustment range, which puts less stress on the internal components. Some companies offer adjustable bases, while others offer tapered bases with a given amount of elevation built in (commonly listed in MOA). The adjustable bases are more flexible, but the fixed bases are far more durable, as adjustable bases may loosen and shift under recoil and can be susceptible to dirt ingress.<sup id="cite_ref-Mac_1_Airgun_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mac_1_Airgun-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pyramid_Air_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pyramid_Air-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adjustable bases are considerably more expensive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Telescopic_sight" title="Special:EditPage/Telescopic sight">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hensoldt_3,5-26x56_tan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hensoldt_3%2C5-26x56_tan.jpg/220px-Hensoldt_3%2C5-26x56_tan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hensoldt_3%2C5-26x56_tan.jpg/330px-Hensoldt_3%2C5-26x56_tan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hensoldt_3%2C5-26x56_tan.jpg/440px-Hensoldt_3%2C5-26x56_tan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption>Hensoldt 3,5-26x56 with tan surface finish. Due to the zoom ratio, it can be used for both short and long range.</figcaption></figure> <p>Telescopic sights have both advantages and disadvantages relative to iron sights. Standard doctrine with iron sights is to focus the eye on the front sight and align it with the resulting blur of the target and the rear sight; most shooters have difficulty doing this, as the eye tends to be drawn to the target, blurring both sights. Gun users over 30 years of age with keen eyesight will find it harder to keep the target, front sight element and rear sight element in focus well enough for aiming purposes, as human eyes gradually lose focusing flexibility with rising age, due to <a href="/wiki/Presbyopia" title="Presbyopia">presbyopia</a>. </p><p>Telescopic sights allow the user to focus on both the <a href="/wiki/Reticle" title="Reticle">crosshair</a> and the target at the same time, as the lenses project the crosshair into the distance (50 meters or yards for <a href="/wiki/Rimfire_ammunition" title="Rimfire ammunition">rimfire</a> sights, 100 meters or yards more for <a href="/wiki/Centerfire" class="mw-redirect" title="Centerfire">centerfire</a> calibers). This, combined with telescopic magnification, clarifies the target and makes it stand out against the background. The main disadvantage of magnification is that the area to either side of the target is obscured by the tube of the sight. The higher the magnification, the narrower the field of view in the sight, and the more area is hidden. </p><p>Rapid fire target shooters use <a href="/wiki/Reflector_sight" title="Reflector sight">reflex sights</a>, which have no magnification. This gives them the best field of view while maintaining the single focal plane of a telescopic sight. Telescopic sights are expensive and require additional training to align. Sight alignment with telescopic sights is a matter of making the field of vision circular to minimize <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a> error. For maximum effective light-gathering and brightest image, the exit pupil should equal the diameter of the fully dilated iris of the human eye—about 7 mm, reducing with age. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sniperscope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sniperscope.jpg/220px-Sniperscope.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sniperscope.jpg/330px-Sniperscope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sniperscope.jpg/440px-Sniperscope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption>Looking through a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">USMC</a> sniper rifle's sight</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S%26B_P4_reticle_at_5x_zoom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/S%26B_P4_reticle_at_5x_zoom.png/107px-S%26B_P4_reticle_at_5x_zoom.png" decoding="async" width="107" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/S%26B_P4_reticle_at_5x_zoom.png/161px-S%26B_P4_reticle_at_5x_zoom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/S%26B_P4_reticle_at_5x_zoom.png/214px-S%26B_P4_reticle_at_5x_zoom.png 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="796" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">seen at 5× zoom</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S%26B_P4_reticle_at_25x_zoom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/S%26B_P4_reticle_at_25x_zoom.png/107px-S%26B_P4_reticle_at_25x_zoom.png" decoding="async" width="107" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/S%26B_P4_reticle_at_25x_zoom.png/161px-S%26B_P4_reticle_at_25x_zoom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/S%26B_P4_reticle_at_25x_zoom.png/214px-S%26B_P4_reticle_at_25x_zoom.png 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="837" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">seen at 25× zoom</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The P4 <a href="/wiki/Stadiametric_rangefinding" title="Stadiametric rangefinding">stadiametric rangefinding</a> reticle as used in the Schmidt & Bender 5–25×56 PM II LP telescopic sight.</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pso-1onsvd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pso-1onsvd.jpg/220px-Pso-1onsvd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pso-1onsvd.jpg/330px-Pso-1onsvd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pso-1onsvd.jpg/440px-Pso-1onsvd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="2379" /></a><figcaption>PSO-1 reticle, the bottom-left corner can be used to determine the distance from a 170-cm-tall target (expected average height of an enemy combatant).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AK4OR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/AK4OR.jpg/220px-AK4OR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/AK4OR.jpg/330px-AK4OR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/AK4OR.jpg/440px-AK4OR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Swedish <a href="/w/index.php?title=Autmatkarbin_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autmatkarbin 4 (page does not exist)">Ak4OR</a> (H&K G3 variant) with Hensoldt 4×24 M1 telescopic sight.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HKV_G36.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/HKV_G36.jpg/220px-HKV_G36.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/HKV_G36.jpg/330px-HKV_G36.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/HKV_G36.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption>Dual combat sighting system: ZF 3×4° optical sight topped with red dot sight as used on German <a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_G36" title="Heckler & Koch G36">G36A1 assault/sniper rifles</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Though they had been used as early as the mid-19th century on <a href="/wiki/Rifled_musket" title="Rifled musket">rifled muskets</a>, and even earlier for other tasks, it wasn't until the 1980s when optical devices for <a href="/wiki/Service_rifle" title="Service rifle">service rifles</a>, such as the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Steyr_AUG" title="Steyr AUG">Steyr AUG</a> and the British <a href="/wiki/SUSAT" title="SUSAT">SUSAT</a> mounted on the <a href="/wiki/SA80" title="SA80">SA80</a>, became standard issue, military usage of telescopic sights were mostly restricted to <a href="/wiki/Designated_marksman" title="Designated marksman">designated marksman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sniper" title="Sniper">snipers</a> because of the fragility and expense of optical components. The glass lenses are prone to breakage, and environmental conditions such as condensation, precipitation, dirt, and mud obscure external lenses. The sight's tube adds significant bulk and weight to the rifle. Snipers generally used moderate to high magnification sights with special reticles that allow them to estimate range to the target. Since the 1990s, many other armed forces have adopted optical devices for general use to infantry units, as the rate of adoption has increased, as the cost of manufacturing has decreased over the years. </p><p>Telescopic sights provide some tactical disadvantages. Snipers rely on stealth and concealment to get close to their target. A telescopic sight can hinder this because sunlight may reflect from the lens and a sniper raising his head to use a telescopic sight might reveal his position. The famous Finnish sniper <a href="/wiki/Simo_H%C3%A4yh%C3%A4" title="Simo Häyhä">Simo Häyhä</a> preferred to use <a href="/wiki/Iron_sights" title="Iron sights">iron sights</a> rather than telescopic sights to present less of a target. Harsh climate can also cause problems for telescopic sights as they are less rugged than iron sights. Many Finnish snipers in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> used iron sights heavily because telescopic sights did not cope with very cold Finnish winters. </p><p>The market for military telescopic sights intended for military long-range shooting is highly competitive. Several high end optics manufacturers are constantly adapting and improving their telescopic sights to fulfill specific demands of military organizations. Two European companies that are active this field are <a href="/wiki/Schmidt_%26_Bender" title="Schmidt & Bender">Schmidt & Bender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Zeiss</a>/Hensoldt. American companies that are also very active in this field are Nightforce, U.S. Optics Inc. and <a href="/wiki/Leupold_%26_Stevens" title="Leupold & Stevens">Leupold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These high-end sighting components generally cost €1500 / $2000 or more. Typical options for military telescopic sights are reticle illumination for use under adverse light circumstances and the presentation of sight settings or ballistic relevant environmental measurements data to the operator through the sights ocular. </p><p>The former <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> members produce military telescopic sights for their <a href="/wiki/Designated_marksmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Designated marksmen">designated marksmen</a> and developed a range finding reticle based on the height of an average human. This <a href="/wiki/Stadiametric_rangefinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadiametric rangefinder">stadiametric rangefinder</a> reticle was originally used in the Russian <a href="/wiki/PSO-1" title="PSO-1">PSO-1</a> 4×24 telescopic sight and is calibrated for ranging a 1.7-m-tall target from 200 m to 1000 m. The target base has to be lined up on the horizontal line of the range-finding scale and the target top point has to touch the upper (dotted) line of the scale without clearance. The digit under which this line up occurs determines the distance to the target. The PSO-1 basic design and stadiametric rangefinder are also found in the POSP and other telescopic sight models. </p><p>The Israeli military began widespread use of telescopic sights by ordinary infantrymen to increase hit probability (especially in dim light) and extend effective range of standard issue infantry rifles. Palestinian militants in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">al Aqsa Intifada</a> likewise found that adding an inexpensive telescopic sight to an <a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a> increased its effectiveness. </p><p>Today, several militaries issue telescopic sights to their <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>, usually compact, low-magnification sights suitable for snap-shooting. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">U.S. military</a> issues the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Combat_Optical_Gunsight" title="Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight">Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight</a> (ACOG), designed to be used on the <a href="/wiki/M16_rifle" title="M16 rifle">M16 rifle</a> and <a href="/wiki/M4_carbine" title="M4 carbine">M4 carbine</a>. American soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan frequently purchase their own combat optics and carry them from home. The British army fields the <a href="/wiki/SA80" title="SA80">SA80</a> rifle with the SUSAT 4× optical sight as standard issue. The Canadian Forces standard <a href="/wiki/Diemaco_C7" class="mw-redirect" title="Diemaco C7">C7 rifle</a> has a 3.4× <a href="/wiki/ELCAN_Optical_Technologies" title="ELCAN Optical Technologies">Elcan</a> <a href="/wiki/C79_optical_sight" title="C79 optical sight">C79 optical sight</a>. Both Austria and Australia field variants of the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Steyr_AUG" title="Steyr AUG">Steyr AUG</a> which has built an integral 1.5× optical sight since its deployment in the late 1970s. </p><p>The German Army <a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_G36" title="Heckler & Koch G36">G36 assault rifles</a> have a more or less built in dual combat sighting system consisting of a ZF 3×4° telescopic sight combined with an unmagnified electronic <a href="/wiki/Red_dot_sight" title="Red dot sight">red dot sight</a>. The dual combat sighting system weighs 30 g (1.1 oz) due to a housing made out of glass fiber reinforced polyamide. All German G36 rifles are adapted to use the Hensoldt NSA 80 II third-generation <a href="/wiki/Night_vision_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Night vision device">night sight</a>, which clamps into the G36 carry handle adapter in front of the optical sight housing and mates with the rifle's standard dual-combat sighting system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_point_(optics)" title="Cardinal point (optics)">Cardinal point (optics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picatinny_rail" title="Picatinny rail">Picatinny rail</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sellers-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sellers_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sellers_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sellers_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSellers" class="citation web cs1">Sellers, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magavelda.co.uk/gascoigne/gascoigne1.htm">"Serendipity and a Spider William Gascoigne (c.1612–44) and the Invention of the Telescope Micrometer"</a>. <i>magavelda</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parker+Hale+and+Davidson+telescopic+sight&rft.pub=Civilwarguns.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilwarguns.com%2F9706b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescopic+sight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101118020825/http://americanfirearms.org/history.php">"Important Dates in Gun History, Compiled and Researched by the American Firearms Institute"</a>. Americanfirearms.org. 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Compare Red Dot and Prism Scope – Daily Shooting | Shooting Tips And Reviews</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monstrumtactical.com/blogs/guides/80567043-the-prism-scope-vs-the-traditional-red-dot-sight">The Prism Scope vs The Traditional Red Dot Sight – Monstrum Tactical</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2020/10/18/preview-primary-arms-slx-prism-scope/">Preview: Primary Arms SLx Prism Scope, American Rifleman Staff – americanrifleman.org, Sunday, October 18, 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CPL. Reginald J.G. Wales, The Ultimate Optics Guide to Rifle Shooting, FriesenPress – 2015, pages 126–128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.primaryarms.com/blog/prism-scopes-vs-LPVO-for-budget-ar-15-optic">Low Power Variable Optic vs. Prism Scope for Your Budget AR-15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Introduction to Optics 2nd ed.", pp.141–142, Pedrotti & Pedrotti, Prentice-Hall 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161008215703/http://www.zeiss.com/corporate/en_de/history/company%20history/at-a-glance/at-a-glance-milestones.html#1895-_-1945">"History of Camera Lenses from Carl Zeiss — 1935 — Alexander Smakula develops anti-reflection coating"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeiss.com/corporate/en_de/history/company%20history/at-a-glance/at-a-glance-milestones.html#1895-_-1945">the original</a> on 8 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Camera+Lenses+from+Carl+Zeiss+%E2%80%94+1935+%E2%80%94+Alexander+Smakula+develops+anti-reflection+coating&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeiss.com%2Fcorporate%2Fen_de%2Fhistory%2Fcompany%2520history%2Fat-a-glance%2Fat-a-glance-milestones.html%231895-_-1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescopic+sight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schmidtundbender.de-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schmidtundbender.de_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schmidtundbender.de_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schmidtundbender.de/phocadownload/flyer/Flyer_Polar-T96-Series_EN.pdf">Flyer Polar T96 Series telescopic sights</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.zeiss.com/sports-optics/hunting/en/zeiss-t-coating/">ZEISS T* Coating</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.photoartfromscience.com/single-post/camera-lens-anti-reflection-coatings-magic-explained">Camera Lens Anti-Reflection Coatings: Magic Explained</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170627194608/http://smecc.org/ziess.htm">"Carl Zeiss – A History of a Most Respected Name in Optics"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwest_Museum_of_Engineering,_Communications_and_Computation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communications and Computation (page does not exist)">Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communications and Computation</a>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smecc.org/ziess.htm">the original</a> on 27 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carl+Zeiss+%E2%80%93+A+History+of+a+Most+Respected+Name+in+Optics&rft.pub=Southwest+Museum+of+Engineering%2C+Communications+and+Computation&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smecc.org%2Fziess.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescopic+sight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.photonics.com/Articles/Vapor_Deposition_Method_Suits_Coating_Curved/a63473">Vapor Deposition Method Suits Coating Curved Optics by Evan Craves</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tactec-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tactec_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tactec.com/how-to-level-a-scope-on-a-rifle/">"How to Level a Scope on a Rifle"</a>. <i>Tactec</i>. 10 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Mike Hardesty. 25 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+vs+Second+Focal+Plane+%E2%80%93+What+is+the+Differences%3F&rft.pub=Mike+Hardesty&rft.date=2022-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faccurateordnance.com%2Ffirst-vs-second-focal-plane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescopic+sight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fred A. Carson, Basic optics and optical instruments, page 4-33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadowski2015" class="citation book cs1">Sadowski, Robert A. (21 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5y2CDwAAQBAJ&q=the+majority+of+modern+variable-power+scopes+are+SFP"><i>Shooter's Bible Guide to Tactical Firearms: A Comprehensive Guide to Precision Rifles and Long-Range Shooting Gear</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63220-935-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63220-935-1"><bdi>978-1-63220-935-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shooter%27s+Bible+Guide+to+Tactical+Firearms%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+Precision+Rifles+and+Long-Range+Shooting+Gear&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2015-07-21&rft.isbn=978-1-63220-935-1&rft.aulast=Sadowski&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5y2CDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Bmajority%2Bof%2Bmodern%2Bvariable-power%2Bscopes%2Bare%2BSFP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescopic+sight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeiss.com/C1257088004A21CA/Contents-Frame/521382359A5D46B9C12570BC002C5996">"Telescopic sights for handheld weapons"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Optics+Inc.&rft.pub=Usoptics.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usoptics.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescopic+sight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leupold.com-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leupold.com_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leupold.com_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111207082332/http://www.leupold.com/corporate/resources/faqs#CanIHaveABulletDrop">"Can I have a Bullet Drop Compensation (BDC) dial made for my scope?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leupold.com/corporate/resources/faqs/#CanIHaveABulletDrop">the original</a> on 7 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+I+have+a+Bullet+Drop+Compensation+%28BDC%29+dial+made+for+my+scope%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleupold.com%2Fcorporate%2Fresources%2Ffaqs%2F%23CanIHaveABulletDrop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescopic+sight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whattopayforit.com/best-rifle-scope-reviews-guide-2015/#anchor">Sidewheel Scope Model for Parallax Error</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109040901/http://www.whattopayforit.com/best-rifle-scope-reviews-guide-2015/#anchor#anchor">Archived</a> 9 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> article on buying rifle scopes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thehuntingcave.com/adjusting-parallax-on-non-ao-scope#anchor">Adjusting Parallax on Non-AO Scope</a> An article of adjusting parallax on non-AO scope</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_R._Sondra1997" class="citation journal cs1">Jon R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gunaccessories.com&rft.atitle=LRS+2-12x50&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gunaccessories.com%2FSwarovski%2FLaserRangefindingScope%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescopic+sight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100103200811/http://barrettrifles.com/pdf/BORS-Manual.pdf">"Barrett BORS Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Barrettrifles.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barrettrifles.com/pdf/BORS-Manual.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barrettrifles.com/pdf/BORS-Manual.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barrett+BORS+Manual&rft.pub=Barrettrifles.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barrettrifles.com%2Fpdf%2FBORS-Manual.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescopic+sight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141105074740/http://bestriflescope.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/6_24x72_SAM.pdf">"6-24x72 SAM telescopic sight"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bestriflescope.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/6_24x72_SAM.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=6-24x72+SAM+telescopic+sight&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbestriflescope.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F11%2F6_24x72_SAM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescopic+sight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sako.fi/pdf/specs/TRGtactmount.pdf">TRG Tactical Scope Mount Technical Specification</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061230214905/http://www.sako.fi/pdf/specs/TRGtactmount.pdf">Archived</a> 30 December 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFrussr2007" class="citation web cs1">russr (30 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s5pVya7eask">"high-speed video of scope and barrel flexing on a 50BMG"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/s5pVya7eask">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2018</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=high-speed+video+of+scope+and+barrel+flexing+on+a+50BMG&rft.date=2007-01-30&rft.au=russr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Ds5pVya7eask&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescopic+sight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mac_1_Airgun-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mac_1_Airgun_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mac_1_Airgun_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mac1airgun.com/droopers.html">Mac 1 Airgun</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070528232434/http://www.mac1airgun.com/droopers.html">Archived</a> 28 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "drooper" mounts</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pyramid_Air-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pyramid_Air_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pyramid_Air_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pyramydair.com/blog/2006/01/adjustable-scope-mounts.html">Pyramid Air</a> article on adjustable scope bases</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://precisionrifleblog.com/2014/09/19/tactical-scopes-field-test-results-summary/">"Tactical Scopes: Field Test Results Summary & Overall Scores - PrecisionRifleBlog.com"</a>. <i>precisionrifleblog.com</i>. 20 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=precisionrifleblog.com&rft.atitle=Tactical+Scopes%3A+Field+Test+Results+Summary+%26+Overall+Scores+-+PrecisionRifleBlog.com&rft.date=2014-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprecisionrifleblog.com%2F2014%2F09%2F19%2Ftactical-scopes-field-test-results-summary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescopic+sight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_sight&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telescopic_sights" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telescopic sights">Telescopic sights</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.scribd.com/docs/d2ke2aetnlp77.pdf">MILS and MOA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160115021042/http://static.scribd.com/docs/d2ke2aetnlp77.pdf">Archived</a> 15 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Robert J. Simeone</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allworldwars.com/Description%20of%202-inch%20Telescopic%20Sights%20Model%20of%201906.html">AllWorldWars.com</a>, Description of 2-inch Telescopic Sights Model 1906, designed by Warner & Swasey Co., Cleveland</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theaviationgeekclub.com/the-story-of-how-all-miramar-tomcat-squadrons-got-the-funds-to-purchase-riflescopes-to-attach-to-the-hud-of-their-f-14-fighter-jets/">The story of how all Miramar Tomcat squadrons got the funds to purchase riflescopes to attach to the HUD of their F-14 fighter jets</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Firearm_accessories_mounting_standards" title="Template:Firearm accessories mounting standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Firearm_accessories_mounting_standards" title="Template talk:Firearm accessories mounting standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Firearm_accessories_mounting_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Firearm accessories mounting standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Firearm_accessories_mounting_standards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">Firearm</a> accessories mounting standards</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">Barrels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_threads" class="mw-redirect" title="Action threads">Action threads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_weapon_system" title="Modular weapon system">Quick-change barrel system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_fit_barrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Press fit barrel">Press fit barrel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Receiver_(firearms)" title="Receiver (firearms)">Receivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weaver_rail_mount" title="Weaver rail mount">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picatinny_rail" title="Picatinny rail">Picatinny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Accessory_Rail" title="NATO Accessory Rail">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovetail_rail" title="Dovetail rail">Dovetail rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Pact rail">Warsaw Pact rail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scopes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scope_mount" title="Scope mount">scope mounts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring_mounts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring mounts">Ring mounts</a> (1 inch, 30 mm, 34 mm, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeiss_rail#History" title="Zeiss rail">Traditional prism rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeiss_rail" title="Zeiss rail">Zeiss rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeiss_rail#Competing_standards" title="Zeiss rail">Swarovski rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeiss_rail#Competing_standards" title="Zeiss rail">S&B Convex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compact and non-magnifying sights <br />(<a href="/wiki/Red_dot_sight" title="Red dot sight">reflex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holographic_weapon_sight" title="Holographic weapon sight">holographic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prism_sight" title="Prism sight">prism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scope_mount#Mounts_for_compact_sights" title="Scope mount">Acro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_mount#Mounts_for_compact_sights" title="Scope mount">Docter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_mount#Mounts_for_compact_sights" title="Scope mount">RMR/SRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_mount#Mounts_for_compact_sights" title="Scope mount">C-More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_mount#Mounts_for_compact_sights" title="Scope mount">Shield/Leupold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_mount#Mounts_for_compact_sights" title="Scope mount">MOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_mount#Mounts_for_compact_sights" title="Scope mount">CompM4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_mount#Mounts_for_compact_sights" title="Scope mount">Micro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Handguard" class="mw-redirect" title="Handguard">Handguard</a> accessories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weaver_rail_mount" title="Weaver rail mount">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picatinny_rail" title="Picatinny rail">Picatinny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Accessory_Rail" title="NATO Accessory Rail">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_Integration_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail Integration System">RIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UIT_rail" title="UIT rail">UIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KeyMod" title="KeyMod">KeyMod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-LOK" title="M-LOK">M-LOK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head#Arca-Swiss_style" title="Tripod head">ARCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bipod" title="Bipod">Bipods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sling_swivel_stud" class="mw-redirect" title="Sling swivel stud">Swivel stud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picatinny_rail" title="Picatinny rail">Picatinny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versa_Pod" class="mw-redirect" title="Versa Pod">Versa Pod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-LOK" title="M-LOK">M-LOK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head#Arca-Swiss_style" title="Tripod head">ARCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sling_(firearms)" title="Sling (firearms)">Slings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sling_swivel_stud" class="mw-redirect" title="Sling swivel stud">Swivel stud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_hook_sling_mount" class="mw-redirect" title="Snap hook sling mount">Snap hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_Detach_sling_mount" class="mw-redirect" title="Quick Detach sling mount">QD/ Flush cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Firearms_(list,_glossary,_and_topics)" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Firearms" title="Template:Firearms"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Firearms" title="Template talk:Firearms"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Firearms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Firearms"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Firearms_(list,_glossary,_and_topics)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">Firearms</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_firearms" title="List of firearms">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firearms_terms" title="Glossary of firearms terms">glossary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Firearms" title="Category:Firearms">topics</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">Firearm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_firearms" title="Category:Lists of firearms">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_firearm" title="History of the firearm">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types_of_firearms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Firearm#Types" title="Firearm">Types of firearms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breechloader" title="Breechloader">Breechloader</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">muzzleloader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Combination guns">Combination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_gun" title="Elephant gun">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare_gun" title="Flare gun">Flare gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_thrower" title="Line thrower">Line thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_gun" title="Long gun">Long gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbine" title="Carbine">Carbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">Musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_gun" title="Takedown gun">Takedown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-barrel_firearm" title="Multiple-barrel firearm">Multiple-barrel</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_multiple-barrel_firearms" title="List of multiple-barrel firearms">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlegun" title="Needlegun">Needler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_gun" title="Net gun">Net gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_gun" title="Pen gun">Pen gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_gun" title="Riot gun">Riot gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_cannon" title="Rotary cannon">Rotary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-shot" title="Single-shot">Single-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeve_gun" title="Sleeve gun">Sleeve gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">Smoothbore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring-gun" title="Spring-gun">Spring-gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_firearm" title="Underwater firearm">Underwater firearm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Handgun" title="Handgun">Handguns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cane_gun" title="Cane gun">Cane gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derringer" title="Derringer">Derringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duelling_pistol" title="Duelling pistol">Duelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">Pistol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pistols" title="List of pistols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_pistol" title="Machine pistol">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepper-box" title="Pepper-box">Pepper-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_pistol" title="Pocket pistol">Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">Revolver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revolvers" title="List of revolvers">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistol" title="Semi-automatic pistol">Semi-automatic pistol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_semi-automatic_pistols" title="List of semi-automatic pistols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_caliber_carbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistol caliber carbine">Pistol caliber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_defence_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal defence weapon">Personal defence weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">Submachine gun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starting_pistol" title="Starting pistol">Starting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallet_gun" title="Wallet gun">Wallet gun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">Rifles</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_rifles" title="List of rifles">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-materiel_rifle" title="Anti-materiel rifle">Anti-materiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_rifle" title="Anti-tank rifle">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">Assault</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assault_rifles" title="List of assault rifles">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_rifle" title="Automatic rifle">Automatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_rifle" title="Battle rifle">Battle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battle_rifles" title="List of battle rifles">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbine_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbine rifle">Carbine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_carbines" title="List of carbines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_rifle" title="Double rifle">Double</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunting rifle">Hunting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_rifle" title="Buffalo rifle">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephant rifle">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Express_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Express rifle">Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_gun" title="Punt gun">Punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varmint_rifle" title="Varmint rifle">Varmint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designated_marksman_rifle" title="Designated marksman rifle">Marksman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">Rifling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_rifling" title="Polygonal rifling">Polygonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeating_rifle" title="Repeating rifle">Repeating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sniper_rifle" title="Sniper rifle">Sniper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sniper_rifles" title="List of sniper rifles">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">Machine guns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_purpose_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="General purpose machine gun">General purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_machine_gun" title="Light machine gun">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_machine_gun" title="Medium machine gun">Medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun" title="Heavy machine gun">Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squad_automatic_weapon" title="Squad automatic weapon">SAW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">Shotguns</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_shotguns" title="List of shotguns">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_shotgun" title="Automatic shotgun">Automatic shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coach_gun" title="Coach gun">Coach gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_shotgun" title="Combat shotgun">Combat shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barreled_shotgun" title="Double-barreled shotgun">Double-barreled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_action" title="Pump action">Pump action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_shotgun" title="Riot shotgun">Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawed-off_shotgun" title="Sawed-off shotgun">Sawed-off</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Ammunition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20-gauge_shotgun" title="20-gauge shotgun">20-gauge shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaching_round" title="Breaching round">Breaching round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_breath_(ammunition)" title="Dragon's breath (ammunition)">Dragon's breath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Shotgun shell">Shotgun shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.410_bore" title=".410 bore">.410 bore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_(pellet)" title="Shot (pellet)">Shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_slug" title="Shotgun slug">Slug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_firearm" title="History of the firearm">Historic</a> or famous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AR-15_style_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="AR-15 style rifle">AR-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M16" class="mw-redirect" title="M16">M16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antique_firearms" title="Antique firearms">Antique firearms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">Gatling gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_rifle" title="Winchester rifle">Winchester rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1_Garand" title="M1 Garand">M1 Garand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauser_rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauser rifles">Mauser rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun" title="Thompson submachine gun">Tommy Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP_40" title="MP 40">MP 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzi" title="Uzi">Uzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colt_Single_Action_Army" title="Colt Single Action Army">Colt Peacemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1911" class="mw-redirect" title="M1911">M1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glock" title="Glock">Glock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mechanics_and_components" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mechanics and <a href="/wiki/Category:Firearm_components" title="Category:Firearm components">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Firearm_components" title="Category:Firearm components">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">Barrel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ramp" title="Feed ramp">Feed ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slug_barrel" title="Slug barrel">Slug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_threads" title="Barrel threads">Threads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunnion" title="Trunnion">Trunnion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">Bayonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_(firearms)" title="Belt (firearms)">Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blank-firing_adapter" title="Blank-firing adapter">Blank-firing adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breechblock" title="Breechblock">Breechblock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breechface" title="Breechface">Breechface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(firearms)" title="Bolt (firearms)">Bolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_bolt" title="Rotating bolt">Rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescoping_bolt" title="Telescoping bolt">Telescoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flapper_locking" title="Flapper locking">Flapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_locked" title="Roller locked">Roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilting_bolt" title="Tilting bolt">Tilting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bump_stock" title="Bump stock">Bump stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_(firearms)" title="Chamber (firearms)">Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocking_handle" title="Cocking handle">Cocking handle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(firearms)" title="Cylinder (firearms)">Cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extractor_(firearms)" title="Extractor (firearms)">Extractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firing_pin" title="Firing pin">Firing pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_suppressor" title="Flash suppressor">Flash suppressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluting_(firearms)" title="Fluting (firearms)">Fluting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_assist" title="Forward assist">Forward assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freebore" title="Freebore">Freebore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forearm_(firearm_component)" title="Forearm (firearm component)">Forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_forward_grip" title="Vertical forward grip">Foregrip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)" title="Hammer (firearms)">Hammer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-cock" title="Half-cock">Half-cock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)#Linear_hammer" title="Hammer (firearms)">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)#Striker" title="Hammer (firearms)">Striker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_(firearm)" title="Lock (firearm)">Lock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">Flintlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheellock" title="Wheellock">Wheellock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine_(firearms)" title="Magazine (firearms)">Magazine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_metal" title="Bottom metal">Bottom metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clip_(firearms)" title="Clip (firearms)">Clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_magazine" title="Drum magazine">Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-capacity_magazine" title="High-capacity magazine">High-capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedloader" title="Speedloader">Speedloader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripper_clip" title="Stripper clip">Stripper clip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_brake" title="Muzzle brake">Muzzle brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_shroud" title="Muzzle shroud">Muzzle shroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_grip" title="Pistol grip">Pistol grip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_slide" title="Pistol slide">Pistol slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_system_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail system (firearms)">Rail system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receiver_(firearms)" title="Receiver (firearms)">Receiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoil_pad" title="Recoil pad">Recoil pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim_(firearms)" title="Rim (firearms)">Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_(firearms)" title="Safety (firearms)">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sear_(firearm)" title="Sear (firearm)">Sear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_sear" title="Auto sear">Auto sear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_shroud" title="Barrel shroud">Shroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silencer_(firearms)" title="Silencer (firearms)">Silencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squeeze_bore" title="Squeeze bore">Squeeze bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choke_(firearms)" title="Choke (firearms)">Choke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_(firearms)" title="Stock (firearms)">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronization_gear" title="Synchronization gear">Synchronization gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapering_(firearms)" title="Tapering (firearms)">Tapering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigger_(firearms)" title="Trigger (firearms)">Trigger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigger_guard" title="Trigger guard">guard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sight_(device)" title="Sight (device)">Sights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diopter_sight" title="Diopter sight">Diopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finderscope" title="Finderscope">Finderscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_sight" title="Globe sight">Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_weapon_sight" title="Holographic weapon sight">Holographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_sights" title="Iron sights">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_sight_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser sight (firearms)">Laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticle" title="Reticle">Reticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflex_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflex sight">Reflex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_dot_sight" title="Red dot sight">Red dot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sight_magnifier" title="Sight magnifier">Magnifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_mount" title="Scope mount">Scope mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_sight" title="Tang sight">Tang</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telescopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-vision_device" title="Night-vision device">Night vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_weapon_sight" title="Thermal weapon sight">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sighting_in" title="Sighting in">Zeroing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Action_(firearms)" title="Action (firearms)">Actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowback_(firearms)" title="Blowback (firearms)">Blowback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow-forward" class="mw-redirect" title="Blow-forward">Blow-forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_action" title="Bolt action">Bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxlock_action" title="Boxlock action">Boxlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breechloader" title="Breechloader">Breechloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_action" title="Break action">Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_bolt" title="Open bolt">Open bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bolt" title="Closed bolt">Closed bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_firing" title="Electronic firing">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas-operated_reloading" title="Gas-operated reloading">Gas-operated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lever_action" title="Lever action">Lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">Muzzleloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-battery" title="Out-of-battery">Out-of-battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_action" title="Pump action">Pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_feed_and_controlled_feed" title="Push feed and controlled feed">Push/Controlled feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoil_operation" title="Recoil operation">Recoil-operated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeating_firearm" title="Repeating firearm">Repeating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">Revolver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-loading_rifle" title="Self-loading rifle">Self-loading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-shot" title="Single-shot">Single-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slamfire" title="Slamfire">Slamfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physics_of_firearms" title="Physics of firearms">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistics" title="Ballistics">Ballistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_coefficient" title="Ballistic coefficient">Ballistic coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_ballistics" title="External ballistics">External</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_ballistics" title="Terminal ballistics">Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_ballistics" title="Transitional ballistics">Transitional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_of_firearms" title="Physics of firearms">Physics of firearms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder" title="Rangefinder">Rangefinding/keeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_discussion_of_rangekeeping" title="Mathematical discussion of rangekeeping">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadiametric_rangefinding" title="Stadiametric rangefinding">Stadiametric</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accurizing" title="Accurizing">Accurizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bore_axis" title="Bore axis">Bore axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">Caliber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_error_probable" title="Circular error probable">Circular error probable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_range#Weapons" title="Effective range">Effective range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(firearms)" title="Gauge (firearms)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_chronograph" title="Gun chronograph">Gun chronograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_harmonisation" title="Gun harmonisation">Gun harmonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headspace_(firearms)" title="Headspace (firearms)">Headspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Length_of_pull" title="Length of pull">Length of pull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_time" title="Lock time">Lock time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_grade" title="Match grade">Match grade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_time_between_failures" title="Mean time between failures">Mean time between failures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc#Firearms" title="Minute and second of arc">Minute of Angle (MOA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle (firearms)">Muzzle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_energy" title="Muzzle energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_rise" title="Muzzle rise">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_velocity" title="Muzzle velocity">Velocity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_(weaponry)" title="Penetration (weaponry)">Penetration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_factor_(shooting_sports)" title="Power factor (shooting sports)">Power factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision-guided_firearm" title="Precision-guided firearm">Precision-guided</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rate_of_fire" title="Rate of fire">Rate of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">Recoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_grouping" title="Shot grouping">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_(firearms)#Stock_measurements" title="Stock (firearms)">Stock measurements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_power" title="Stopping power">Stopping power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handgun_effectiveness" title="Handgun effectiveness">Handgun effectiveness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifling#Twist_rate" title="Rifling">Twist rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Shooting_and_ammunition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Shooting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gunshot" title="Gunshot">Gunshot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_fire" title="Dry fire">Dry fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Firing (Shooting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunshot" title="Gunshot">Gunshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shootout" title="Shootout">Firefight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_maintenance" title="Firearm maintenance">Maintenance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_strip" title="Field strip">Field strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouling" title="Fouling">Fouling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_malfunction" title="Firearm malfunction">Malfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_off" title="Cooking off">Cooking off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hang_fire" title="Hang fire">Hang fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squib_load" title="Squib load">Squib load</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricochet" title="Ricochet">Ricochet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Ignition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_forming" title="Fire forming">Fire forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obturation" title="Obturation">Obturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primer_(firearms)" title="Primer (firearms)">Primer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">Gunpowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_cap" title="Percussion cap">Percussion cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimfire_ammunition" title="Rimfire ammunition">Rimfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubes_and_primers_for_ammunition" title="Tubes and primers for ammunition">Tubes and Primers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_propellant" title="Firearm propellant">Propellant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_propellant" title="Ball propellant">Ball propellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordite" title="Cordite">Cordite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improved_military_rifle_powder" title="Improved military rifle powder">Improved Military Rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramrod" title="Ramrod">Ramrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">Smokeless powder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">Ammunition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannelure" title="Cannelure">Cannelure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_round" title="Dummy round">Dummy round</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snap_cap" title="Snap cap">Snap cap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flechette" title="Flechette">Flechette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_check" title="Gas check">Gas check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpressure_ammunition" title="Overpressure ammunition">Overpressure ammunition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer-cased_ammunition" title="Polymer-cased ammunition">PCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabot_(firearms)" title="Sabot (firearms)">Sabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadding" title="Wadding">Wadding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bullet" title="Bullet">Bullets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armor-piercing_bullet" title="Armor-piercing bullet">Armour piercing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_bullet" title="Cast bullet">Cast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanding_bullet" title="Expanding bullet">Expanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_metal_jacket_(ammunition)" title="Full metal jacket (ammunition)">Full metal jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frangible_bullet" title="Frangible bullet">Frangible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_bullet" title="Green bullet">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_ammunition" title="Incendiary ammunition">Incendiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-explosive_incendiary" title="High-explosive incendiary">High explosive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-explosive_incendiary/armor-piercing_ammunition" title="High-explosive incendiary/armor-piercing ammunition">HEIAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">Projectile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raufoss_Mk_211" title="Raufoss Mk 211">Raufoss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">Round shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saboted_light_armor_penetrator" title="Saboted light armor penetrator">SLAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft-point_bullet" title="Soft-point bullet">Soft point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercavitating_ammunition" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercavitating ammunition">Supercavitating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_metal_jacket" title="Total metal jacket">Total metal jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracer_ammunition" title="Tracer ammunition">Tracer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow-base_bullet" title="Hollow-base bullet">Hollow base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow-point_bullet" title="Hollow-point bullet">Hollow point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_ball" title="Minié ball">Minié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meplat" title="Meplat">Meplat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-tipped_bullet" title="Plastic-tipped bullet">Plastic tipped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armour-piercing,_capped,_ballistic_capped_shell" title="Armour-piercing, capped, ballistic capped shell">ABCBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_shot" title="Snake shot">Snake shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_(bullet)" title="Spitzer (bullet)">Spitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-low-drag_bullet" title="Very-low-drag bullet">VLD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms)">Cartridges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blank_(cartridge)" title="Blank (cartridge)">Blank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caseless_ammunition" title="Caseless ammunition">Caseless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centerfire_cartridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Centerfire cartridge">Centrefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handloading" title="Handloading">Handloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifle_cartridge" title="Rifle cartridge">Rifle cartridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fully_powered_cartridge" title="Fully powered cartridge">Fully powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_cartridge" title="Intermediate cartridge">Intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rifle_cartridges" title="List of rifle cartridges">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_cartridge" title="Paper cartridge">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinfire_cartridge" title="Pinfire cartridge">Pinfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcat_cartridge" title="Wildcat cartridge">Wildcat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society,_safety,_industry,_and_laws" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gun_cultures" title="Gun cultures">Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">safety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firearm_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm industry">industry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">laws</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gun_cultures" title="Gun cultures">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celebratory_gunfire" title="Celebratory gunfire">Celebratory gunfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_ownership" title="Gun ownership">Civilian gun ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percent_of_households_with_guns_by_country" title="Percent of households with guns by country">Household ownership rates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_shooting" title="Exhibition shooting">Exhibition shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_cultures" title="Gun cultures">Gun cultures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_culture_in_the_United_States" title="Gun culture in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_shows_in_the_United_States" title="Gun shows in the United States">Gun shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_firearms" title="List of U.S. state firearms">State firearms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_style_(firearm_magazines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungle style (firearm magazines)"><i>Jungle style</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_duelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistol duelling">Pistol duelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_gun_politics_articles" title="Index of gun politics articles">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">Shooting sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Marksmanship_Program" title="Civilian Marksmanship Program">Civilian Marksmanship Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gun_violence" title="Gun violence">Gun violence</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Gun violence in the United States">in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_by_firearm" title="List of assassinations by firearm">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_firearm-related_death_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by firearm-related death rate">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_firearm_examination" title="Forensic firearm examination">Forensics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfighter" title="Gunfighter">Gunfighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">Gun safety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firearm_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm industry">Firearm industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_printed_firearm" title="3D printed firearm">3D printed firearm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_printed_weapons_and_parts" title="List of 3D printed weapons and parts">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_firearm_brands" title="List of firearm brands">Firearm brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Firearms_by_country" title="Category:Firearms by country">Firearms by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_shop" title="Gun shop">Gun shops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Firearm_commerce" title="Category:Firearm commerce">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunsmith" title="Gunsmith">Gunsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvised_firearm" title="Improvised firearm">Improvised firearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-produced_firearms" title="List of most-produced firearms">Most-produced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privately_made_firearm" class="mw-redirect" title="Privately made firearm">Privately made</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_arms_trade" title="Small arms trade">Small arms trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">Gun control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disarmament" title="Disarmament">Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Arms_Trade" title="Campaign Against Arms Trade">Campaign Against Arms Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featureless_rifles" title="Featureless rifles">Featureless rifles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Gun laws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel_with_firearms_and_ammunition" title="Air travel with firearms and ammunition">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault 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