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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>By organ or organ system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_organ_or_organ_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By organ or organ system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_organ_or_organ_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biliary_system_(cholescintigraphy)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biliary_system_(cholescintigraphy)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Biliary system (cholescintigraphy)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biliary_system_(cholescintigraphy)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lung_scintigraphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lung_scintigraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lung scintigraphy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lung_scintigraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Heart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parathyroid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parathyroid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Parathyroid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parathyroid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thyroid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thyroid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Thyroid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thyroid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renal_and_urinary_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renal_and_urinary_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Renal and urinary systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renal_and_urinary_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full_body" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full_body"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Full body</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full_body-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Function tests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammagrafia" title="Gammagrafia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gammagrafia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scintigrafie" title="Scintigrafie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Scintigrafie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szintigrafie" title="Szintigrafie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Szintigrafie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stsintigraafia" title="Stsintigraafia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stsintigraafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammagraf%C3%ADa" title="Gammagrafía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gammagrafía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammagrafia" title="Gammagrafia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gammagrafia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="سینتی‌گرافی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سینتی‌گرافی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scintigraphie" title="Scintigraphie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Scintigraphie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scintigrafija" title="Scintigrafija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Scintigrafija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skintigrafi" title="Skintigrafi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Skintigrafi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scintigrafia" title="Scintigrafia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scintigrafia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сцинтиграфия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сцинтиграфия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szcintigr%C3%A1fia" title="Szcintigráfia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szcintigráfia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skintigrafi" title="Skintigrafi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Skintigrafi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scintigrafie" title="Scintigrafie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Scintigrafie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3" title="シンチグラフィ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シンチグラフィ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintigrafiya" title="Sintigrafiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sintigrafiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scyntygrafia" title="Scyntygrafia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Scyntygrafia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintilografia" title="Cintilografia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cintilografia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сцинтиграфия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сцинтиграфия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Сцинтиграфија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сцинтиграфија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammakuvaus" title="Gammakuvaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gammakuvaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skintigrafi" title="Skintigrafi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skintigrafi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сцинтиграфія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сцинтиграфія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintigrafeye" title="Sintigrafeye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sintigrafeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1130465#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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class="infobox-caption">Scintigraphy</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ICD-9-CM_Volume_3" title="ICD-9-CM Volume 3">ICD-9-CM</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?srchtype=procs&srchtext=92.0&Submit=Search&action=search">92.0</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?srchtype=procs&srchtext=92.1&Submit=Search&action=search">92.1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D011877">D011877</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OPS-301" title="OPS-301">OPS-301 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd-code.de/ops/code/3-70.html">3-70</a></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130465" class="extiw" title="d:Q1130465">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Scintigraphy</b> (from Latin <i>scintilla</i>, "spark"), also known as a <b>gamma scan</b>, is a diagnostic test in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">nuclear medicine</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</a> attached to drugs that travel to a specific organ or tissue (<a href="/wiki/Radiopharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiopharmaceuticals">radiopharmaceuticals</a>) are taken internally and the emitted <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma radiation</a> is captured by <a href="/wiki/Gamma_camera" title="Gamma camera">gamma cameras</a>, which are external detectors that form two-dimensional images<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a process similar to the capture of <a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">x-ray images</a>. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Single_photon_emission_computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Single photon emission computed tomography">SPECT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography</a> (PET) form 3-dimensional images and are therefore classified as separate techniques from scintigraphy, although they also use <a href="/wiki/Gamma_camera" title="Gamma camera">gamma cameras</a> to detect internal radiation. Scintigraphy is unlike a diagnostic X-ray where external radiation is passed through the body to form an image. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scintigraphy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PET-image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PET-image.jpg/220px-PET-image.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PET-image.jpg/330px-PET-image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PET-image.jpg/440px-PET-image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Computer representation of false-color image of a cross section of human brain, based on scintillography in Positron-Emission Tomography</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Scintillography</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Molecular_imaging" title="Molecular imaging">imaging</a> method of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear event">nuclear events</a> provoked by <a href="/wiki/Collision" title="Collision">collisions</a> or <a href="/wiki/Charged_current_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Charged current interaction">charged current interactions</a> among nuclear particles or <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> which result in a brief, localised pulse of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a>, usually in the <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a> range (<a href="/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation" title="Cherenkov radiation">Cherenkov radiation</a>). This pulse (<a href="/wiki/Scintillation_(physics)" title="Scintillation (physics)">scintillation</a>) is usually detected and amplified by a <a href="/wiki/Photomultiplier" title="Photomultiplier">photomultiplier</a> or <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled device</a> elements, and its resulting electrical waveform is processed by <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a> to provide two- and three-dimensional images of a subject or <a href="/wiki/Region_of_interest" title="Region of interest">region of interest</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photomultipliertube.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Photomultipliertube.svg/250px-Photomultipliertube.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Photomultipliertube.svg/375px-Photomultipliertube.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Photomultipliertube.svg/500px-Photomultipliertube.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of a photomultiplier tube coupled to a <a href="/wiki/Scintillator" title="Scintillator">scintillator</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamma_camera_cross_section.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Gamma_camera_cross_section.PNG/250px-Gamma_camera_cross_section.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Gamma_camera_cross_section.PNG/375px-Gamma_camera_cross_section.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Gamma_camera_cross_section.PNG/500px-Gamma_camera_cross_section.PNG 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Cross section of a gamma camera.</figcaption></figure> <p>Scintillography is mainly used in <a href="/wiki/Scintillation_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Scintillation camera">scintillation cameras</a> in <a href="/wiki/Experimental_physics" title="Experimental physics">experimental physics</a>. For example, huge <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrino detection">neutrino detection</a> underground tanks filled with <a href="/wiki/Tetrachloroethylene" title="Tetrachloroethylene">tetrachloroethylene</a> are surrounded by arrays of photo detectors in order to capture the extremely rare event of a collision between the fluid's atoms and a <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a>. </p><p>Another extensive use of scintillography is in <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a> techniques which use <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a> detectors called <a href="/wiki/Gamma_camera" title="Gamma camera">gamma cameras</a>. Detectors coated with materials which scintillate when subjected to gamma rays are scanned with optical photon detectors and <a href="/wiki/Scintillation_counter" title="Scintillation counter">scintillation counters</a>. The subjects are injected with special <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radionuclides</a> which irradiate in the gamma range inside the region of interest, such as the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>. A special type of gamma camera is the <a href="/wiki/SPECT" class="mw-redirect" title="SPECT">SPECT</a> (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography). Another medical scintillography technique, the <a href="/wiki/Positron-emission_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Positron-emission tomography">Positron-emission tomography</a> (PET), which uses the scintillations provoked by <a href="/wiki/Electron-positron_annihilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron-positron annihilation">electron-positron annihilation</a> phenomena. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_organ_or_organ_system">By organ or organ system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scintigraphy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: By organ or organ system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biliary_system_(cholescintigraphy)"><span id="Biliary_system_.28cholescintigraphy.29"></span>Biliary system (cholescintigraphy)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scintigraphy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biliary system (cholescintigraphy)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cholescintigraphy" title="Cholescintigraphy">Cholescintigraphy</a></div> <p>Scintigraphy of the <a href="/wiki/Biliary_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Biliary system">biliary system</a> is called <i>cholescintigraphy</i> and is done to diagnose obstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Bile_ducts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bile ducts">bile ducts</a> by a gallstone (<a href="/wiki/Cholelithiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholelithiasis">cholelithiasis</a>), a tumor, or another cause.<sup id="cite_ref-medterms_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medterms-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also diagnose <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallbladder diseases">gallbladder diseases</a>, e.g. bile leaks of <a href="/wiki/Biliary_fistula" title="Biliary fistula">biliary fistulas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-medterms_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medterms-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cholescintigraphy, the injected radioactive chemical is taken up by the liver and secreted into the bile. The radiopharmaceutical then goes into the bile ducts, the gallbladder, and the intestines. The gamma camera is placed on the abdomen to picture these perfused organs.<sup id="cite_ref-medterms_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medterms-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scintigraphic tests are done similarly.<sup id="cite_ref-medterms_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medterms-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lung_scintigraphy">Lung scintigraphy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scintigraphy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lung scintigraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lung_scintigraphy_keosys.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lung_scintigraphy_keosys.JPG/220px-Lung_scintigraphy_keosys.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lung_scintigraphy_keosys.JPG/330px-Lung_scintigraphy_keosys.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lung_scintigraphy_keosys.JPG/440px-Lung_scintigraphy_keosys.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Lung scintigraphy evaluating lung cancer</figcaption></figure> <p>The most common indication for lung scintigraphy is to diagnose <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a>, e.g. with a <a href="/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_scan" title="Ventilation/perfusion scan">ventilation/perfusion scan</a> and may be appropriate for excluding PE in pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less common indications include evaluation of <a href="/wiki/Lung_transplantation" title="Lung transplantation">lung transplantation</a>, preoperative evaluation, evaluation of <a href="/wiki/Right-to-left_shunt" title="Right-to-left shunt">right-to-left shunts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the ventilation phase of a ventilation/perfusion scan, a gaseous radionuclide <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">technetium</a> <a href="/wiki/DTPA" class="mw-redirect" title="DTPA">DTPA</a> in an aerosol form (or ideally using Technegas, a radioaerosol invented in Australia by Dr Bill Burch and Dr Richard Fawdry) is inhaled by the patient through a mouthpiece or mask that covers the nose and mouth. The perfusion phase of the test involves the intravenous injection of radioactive technetium <a href="/wiki/Albumin" title="Albumin">macro aggregated albumin</a> (Tc99m-MAA). A gamma camera acquires the images for both phases of the study. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bone">Bone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scintigraphy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bone_scintigraphy" title="Bone scintigraphy">Bone scintigraphy</a></div> <p>For example, the ligand <a href="/wiki/Methylene_diphosphonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylene diphosphonate">methylene-diphosphonate</a> (MDP) can be preferentially taken up by bone. By chemically attaching <a href="/wiki/Technetium-99m" title="Technetium-99m">technetium-99m</a> to MDP, radioactivity can be transported and attached to bone via the <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyapatite" title="Hydroxyapatite">hydroxyapatite</a> for imaging. Any increased physiological function, such as a fracture in the bone, will usually mean increased concentration of the tracer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heart">Heart</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scintigraphy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Heart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>thallium stress test</i> is a form of scintigraphy, where the amount of <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a>-201 detected in cardiac tissues correlates with tissue blood supply. Viable cardiac cells have normal <a href="/wiki/Na%2B/K%2B-ATPase" class="mw-redirect" title="Na+/K+-ATPase">Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> ion exchange pumps</a>. Thallium binds the K<sup>+</sup> pumps and is transported into the cells. Exercise or <a href="/wiki/Dipyridamole" title="Dipyridamole">dipyridamole</a> induces widening (<a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">vasodilation</a>) of normal coronary arteries. This produces coronary steal from areas of ischemia where arteries are already maximally dilated. Areas of infarct or <a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">ischemic tissue</a> will remain "cold". Pre- and post-stress thallium may indicate areas that will benefit from myocardial <a href="/wiki/Revascularization" title="Revascularization">revascularization</a>. Redistribution indicates the existence of <a href="/wiki/Coronary_steal" title="Coronary steal">coronary steal</a> and the presence of ischemic <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parathyroid">Parathyroid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scintigraphy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Parathyroid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sestamibi_parathyroid_scintigraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy">Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy</a></div> <p>Tc99m-<a href="/wiki/Sestamibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sestamibi">sestamibi</a> is used to detect <a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_adenoma" title="Parathyroid adenoma">parathyroid adenomas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosen2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thyroid">Thyroid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scintigraphy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Thyroid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_iodine_uptake_test" title="Radioactive iodine uptake test">Radioactive iodine uptake test</a></div> <p>To detect metastases/function of thyroid, the isotopes <a href="/wiki/Technetium-99m" title="Technetium-99m">technetium-99m</a> or <a href="/wiki/Iodine-123" title="Iodine-123">iodine-123</a> are generally used,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for this purpose the iodide isotope does not need to be attached to another protein or molecule, because thyroid tissue takes up free iodide actively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renal_and_urinary_systems">Renal and urinary systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scintigraphy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Renal and urinary systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_renography" title="Radioisotope renography">Radioisotope renography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_body">Full body</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scintigraphy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Full body"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples are <a href="/wiki/Gallium_scan" title="Gallium scan">gallium scans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indium_white_blood_cell_scan" class="mw-redirect" title="Indium white blood cell scan">indium white blood cell scans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iobenguane" title="Iobenguane">iobenguane</a> scan (MIBG) and <a href="/wiki/Octreotide_scan" title="Octreotide scan">octreotide scans</a>. The MIBG scan detects adrenergic tissue and thus can be used to identify the location of <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumors</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17374863_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17374863-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Pheochromocytoma" title="Pheochromocytoma">pheochromocytomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuroblastoma" title="Neuroblastoma">neuroblastomas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function_tests">Function tests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scintigraphy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Function tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain tests, such as the <a href="/wiki/Schilling_test" title="Schilling test">Schilling test</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urea_breath_test" title="Urea breath test">urea breath test</a>, use radioisotopes but are not used to produce a specific image. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scintigraphy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scintigraphic scanning was invented and proven by Neurologist and Radiologist professor Bernard George Ziedses des Plantes.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He presented the results in 1950 under the name 'indirect <a href="/wiki/Autoradiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoradiography">Autoradiograph</a>’. In 1970, the Physikalisch-Medizinische Gesellschaft für Neuroradiologie (The Physics and Medical Society for Neuroradiology) instituted the ‘Ziedses des Plantes Medal'. It was first awarded to W. Oldendorf en G. Hounsfield in 1974 for <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">Computer Tomography (CT)</a>. Later, in 1985, the medal was awarded to Ziedses des Plantes himself. In 1977 he received The Roentgen Medal.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scintigraphy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_camera" title="Gamma camera">Gamma camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Nuclear medicine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scintigraphy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/scintigraphy">"Scintigraphy"</a>. <i>Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers; Saunders; Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dorland%27s+Medical+Dictionary+for+Health+Consumers%3B+Saunders%3B+Saunders+Comprehensive+Veterinary+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Scintigraphy&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com%2Fscintigraphy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScintigraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-medterms-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-medterms_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medterms_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medterms_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medterms_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9136">"Definition of Scintigraphy"</a>. <i>MedicineNet.com</i>. 6 December 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MedicineNet.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Scintigraphy&rft.date=2003-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medterms.com%2Fscript%2Fmain%2Fart.asp%3Farticlekey%3D9136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScintigraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_MensScheresde_JongLeeflang2017" class="citation journal cs1">van Mens TE, Scheres LJ, de Jong PG, Leeflang MM, Nijkeuter M, Middeldorp S (January 2017). Cochrane Vascular Group (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6464730">"Imaging for the exclusion of pulmonary embolism in pregnancy"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>1</b> (1): CD011053. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD011053.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD011053.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6464730">6464730</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28124411">28124411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Imaging+for+the+exclusion+of+pulmonary+embolism+in+pregnancy&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=CD011053&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6464730%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28124411&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD011053.pub2&rft.aulast=van+Mens&rft.aufirst=TE&rft.au=Scheres%2C+LJ&rft.au=de+Jong%2C+PG&rft.au=Leeflang%2C+MM&rft.au=Nijkeuter%2C+M&rft.au=Middeldorp%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6464730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScintigraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723202555/http://interactive.snm.org/docs/Lung%20Scintigraphy_v3.0.pdf">"Guideline for Lung Scintigraphy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (3.0 ed.). Society of Nuclear Medicine Procedure. 7 February 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://interactive.snm.org/docs/Lung%20Scintigraphy_v3.0.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guideline+for+Lung+Scintigraphy&rft.edition=3.0&rft.pub=Society+of+Nuclear+Medicine+Procedure&rft.date=2004-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finteractive.snm.org%2Fdocs%2FLung%2520Scintigraphy_v3.0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScintigraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2004" class="citation book cs1">Taylor GJ (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u_A5BSqsb20C&pg=PA100"><i>Primary Care Cardiology</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-0386-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-0386-8"><bdi>1-4051-0386-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primary+Care+Cardiology&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4051-0386-8&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=George+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du_A5BSqsb20C%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScintigraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosen2008-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosen2008_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2008" class="citation book cs1">Rosen CJ (2008-11-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uiZG0v9K6XEC&pg=PA168"><i>Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism</i></a>. 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series">Upper gastrointestinal series</a>/<a href="/wiki/Small-bowel_follow-through" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-bowel follow-through">Small-bowel follow-through</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_series" title="Lower gastrointestinal series">Lower gastrointestinal series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholangiography" title="Cholangiography">Cholangiography</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cholecystography" title="Cholecystography">Cholecystography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammography" title="Mammography">Mammography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyelogram" title="Pyelogram">Pyelogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystography" title="Cystography">Cystography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthrogram" title="Arthrogram">Arthrogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterosalpingography" title="Hysterosalpingography">Hysterosalpingography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_survey" title="Skeletal survey">Skeletal survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiography" title="Angiography">Angiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiocardiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiocardiography">Angiocardiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortography" title="Aortography">Aortography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venography" title="Venography">Venography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphogram" title="Lymphogram">Lymphogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_x-ray" title="Orbital x-ray">Orbital x-ray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Techniques:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_of_computed_tomography" title="Operation of computed tomography">General operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_computed_tomography" title="Quantitative computed tomography">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-resolution_computed_tomography" title="High-resolution computed tomography">High-resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_microtomography" title="X-ray microtomography">X-ray microtomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_beam_computed_tomography" title="Electron beam computed tomography">Electron beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cone_beam_computed_tomography" title="Cone beam computed tomography">Cone beam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Heart <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_CT_calcium_scan" title="Coronary CT calcium scan">calcium scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_CT_angiography" title="Coronary CT angiography">angiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_of_the_abdomen_and_pelvis" title="Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis">Abdominal and pelvis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_colonoscopy" title="Virtual colonoscopy">Virtual colonoscopy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_angiography" title="Computed tomography angiography">Angiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_CT_angiography" title="Coronary CT angiography">Coronary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT_pulmonary_angiogram" title="CT pulmonary angiogram">Pulmonary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_of_the_head" title="Computed tomography of the head">Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_of_the_thyroid" title="Computed tomography of the thyroid">Thyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_body_imaging" title="Whole body imaging">Whole body imaging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full-body_CT_scan" title="Full-body CT scan">Full-body CT scan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroscopy" title="Fluoroscopy">Fluoroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_radiograph" title="Panoramic radiograph">Dental panoramic radiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_motion_analysis" title="X-ray motion analysis">X-ray motion analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hounsfield_scale" title="Hounsfield scale">Hounsfield scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodensity" title="Radiodensity">Radiodensity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging_of_the_brain" title="Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain">Brain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">functional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_neurography" title="Magnetic resonance neurography">Neurography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging">Cardiac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging_perfusion" title="Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging perfusion">perfusion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_angiography" title="Magnetic resonance angiography">Angiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_cholangiopancreatography" title="Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography">Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_MRI" title="Breast MRI">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRI_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI sequence">Sequences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusion MRI">diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfusion_MRI" title="Perfusion MRI">restriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractography" title="Tractography">Tractography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_MRI" title="Synthetic MRI">Synthetic MRI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasound" title="Medical ultrasound">Ultrasound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Techniques <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doppler_ultrasonography" title="Doppler ultrasonography">doppler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast-enhanced_ultrasound" title="Contrast-enhanced ultrasound">contrast-enhanced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_ultrasound" title="3D ultrasound">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_ultrasound" title="Endoscopic ultrasound">endoscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_ultrasonography" class="mw-redirect" title="Duplex ultrasonography">duplex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">Echocardiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doppler_echocardiography" title="Doppler echocardiography">Doppler echocardiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transthoracic_echocardiogram" title="Transthoracic echocardiogram">TTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transesophageal_echocardiogram" title="Transesophageal echocardiogram">TEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracardiac_echocardiogram" title="Intracardiac echocardiogram">ICE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcranial_Doppler" title="Transcranial Doppler">Transcranial Doppler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravascular_ultrasound" title="Intravascular ultrasound">Intravascular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_ultrasonography" title="Gynecologic ultrasonography">Gynecologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography" title="Obstetric ultrasonography">Obstetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echoencephalography" title="Echoencephalography">Echoencephalography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_ultrasonography" title="Abdominal ultrasonography">Abdominal ultrasonography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renal_ultrasonography" title="Renal ultrasonography">renal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_tract_ultrasound" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal tract ultrasound">renal tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transrectal_ultrasonography" title="Transrectal ultrasonography">Rectal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_ultrasound" title="Breast ultrasound">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotal_ultrasound" title="Scrotal ultrasound">Scrotal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_ultrasonography" title="Carotid ultrasonography">Carotid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_ultrasound" title="Emergency ultrasound">Emergency ultrasound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focused_assessment_with_sonography_for_trauma" title="Focused assessment with sonography for trauma">FAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-hospital_ultrasound" title="Pre-hospital ultrasound">pre-hospital</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine#Diagnostic_medical_imaging" title="Nuclear medicine">Radionuclide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2D/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">scintigraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholescintigraphy" title="Cholescintigraphy">Cholescintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scintimammography" class="mw-redirect" title="Scintimammography">Scintimammography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_scan" title="Ventilation/perfusion scan">Ventilation/perfusion scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide_ventriculography" class="mw-redirect" title="Radionuclide ventriculography">Radionuclide ventriculography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide_angiography" title="Radionuclide angiography">Radionuclide angiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_renography" title="Radioisotope renography">Radioisotope renography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sestamibi_parathyroid_scintigraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy">Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_iodine_uptake_test" title="Radioactive iodine uptake test">Radioactive iodine uptake test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_scintigraphy" title="Bone scintigraphy">Bone scintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoscintigraphy" title="Immunoscintigraphy">Immunoscintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacryoscintigraphy" title="Dacryoscintigraphy">Dacryoscintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMSA_scan" title="DMSA scan">DMSA scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_emptying_study" title="Gastric emptying study">Gastric emptying study</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Full body:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octreotide_scan" title="Octreotide scan">Octreotide scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_scan" title="Gallium scan">Gallium-67 scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_scan" title="Gallium scan">Ga-68-DOTATOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium-111_WBC_scan" title="Indium-111 WBC scan">Indium-111 WBC scan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3D/<a href="/wiki/Emission_computed_tomography" title="Emission computed tomography">ECT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Single-photon_emission_computed_tomography" title="Single-photon emission computed tomography">SPECT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a>):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_perfusion_imaging" title="Myocardial perfusion imaging">Myocardial perfusion imaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">PET</a> (<a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positron</a>):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_positron_emission_tomography" title="Brain positron emission tomography">Brain PET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_PET" title="Cardiac PET">Cardiac PET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_mammography" title="Positron emission mammography">PET mammography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PET-CT" title="PET-CT">PET-CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PET-MRI" title="PET-MRI">PET-MRI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_optical_imaging" title="Medical optical imaging">Optical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_tomography" title="Optical tomography">Optical tomography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_coherence_tomography" title="Optical coherence tomography">Optical coherence tomography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confocal_microscopy" title="Confocal microscopy">Confocal microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomicroscopy" title="Endomicroscopy">Endomicroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_polarization_spectral_imaging" title="Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging">Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thermography" title="Thermography">Thermography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-contact_thermography" title="Non-contact thermography">Non-contact thermography</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contact_thermography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Contact thermography (page does not exist)">Contact thermography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_angiothermography" title="Dynamic angiothermography">Dynamic angiothermography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Target conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stroke_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute stroke imaging">Acute stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging_in_pregnancy" title="Medical imaging in pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_imaging" title="Category:Medical imaging">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Radioisotope scanning"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85110710">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip 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