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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Most common type of echocardiogram</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical diagnostic method </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Transthoracic echocardiogram</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">still/moving image of internal parts of heart</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>transthoracic echocardiogram</b> (<b>TTE</b>) is the most common type of <a href="/wiki/Echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">echocardiogram</a>, which is a still or moving image of the internal parts of the heart using <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a>. In this case, the probe (or <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_transducer" title="Ultrasonic transducer">ultrasonic transducer</a>) is placed on the <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">chest</a> or <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a> of the subject to get various views of the heart. It is used as a non-invasive assessment of the overall health of the heart, including a patient's heart valves and degree of heart muscle contraction (an indicator of the <a href="/wiki/Ejection_fraction" title="Ejection fraction">ejection fraction</a>). The images are displayed on a monitor for real-time viewing and then recorded. </p><p>Often abbreviated "TTE", it can be easily confused with <a href="/wiki/Transesophageal_echocardiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Transesophageal echocardiography">transesophageal echocardiography</a> which is abbreviated "TEE". Pronunciation of "TTE" and "TEE" are similar, and full use of "transthoracic" or "transesophageal" can minimize any verbal miscommunication. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Details">Details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A TTE is a clinical tool to evaluate the structure and function of the heart. All four chambers and all four valves can be assessed by TTE, but the quality and visibility of these structures varies from person to person. Other structures visible on TTE include the aorta, the pericardium, pleural effusions, ascites, and inferior vena cava. It can be used to diagnose a heart attack, enlargement/hypertrophy of the heart, infiltration of the heart from an abnormal substance (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Amyloidosis" title="Amyloidosis">amyloidosis</a>), weakness of the heart, and cardiac tumors. With advanced measurements of the movement of the tissue with time (<a href="/wiki/Tissue_Doppler" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissue Doppler">Tissue Doppler</a>), it can measure diastolic function, fluid status,<sup id="cite_ref-Ommen-2000_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ommen-2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_dyssynchrony" title="Ventricular dyssynchrony">ventricular dyssynchrony</a>. </p><p>TTE in adults is also of limited use for the structures at the back of the heart, such as the left atrial appendage. <a href="/wiki/Transesophageal_echocardiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Transesophageal echocardiography">Transesophageal echocardiography</a> may be more accurate than TTE because it excludes the variables previously mentioned and allows closer visualization of common sites for <a href="/wiki/Vegetation_(pathology)" title="Vegetation (pathology)">vegetation</a> and other abnormalities. Transesophageal Echocardiography also affords better visualization of <a href="/wiki/Prosthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosthetic">prosthetic</a> heart valves and clots within the four chambers of the heart. This type of Echocardiogram may be a better option for patients with thick chests, abnormal chest walls, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the obese. However, transthoracic is often superior to transesophageal for visualization of the apex of the left ventricle (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Left_ventricular_thrombus" title="Left ventricular thrombus">left ventricular thrombus</a>) and visualization of the ventricular size of mechanical valves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>"Bubble contrast TTE" involves the injection of agitated saline into a vein, followed by an Echocardiographic study. The bubbles are initially detected in the right atrium and right ventricle. If bubbles appear in the left heart, it may indicate a shunt, such as a <a href="/wiki/Patent_foramen_ovale" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent foramen ovale">patent foramen ovale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atrial_septal_defect" title="Atrial septal defect">atrial septal defect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_septal_defect" title="Ventricular septal defect">ventricular septal defect</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arteriovenous_malformation" title="Arteriovenous malformation">arteriovenous malformations</a> in the lungs.<sup id="cite_ref-Soliman2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soliman2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a doctor deems it necessary, a stress TTE may be performed. It can be accomplished by either exercising on a bike or treadmill, or by medicine given through an IV along with a <a href="/wiki/Contrast_agent" title="Contrast agent">contrast agent</a> to make the bodily fluids show up brighter. It allows a comparison between the heart at rest and the heart when it is beating at a faster rate. (Transthoracic Echocardiogram, n.d.) </p><p>There are some risks associated when having an <a href="/wiki/Echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">echocardiogram</a> performed. It is possible that the images will not show up clearly enough, which can cause a misdiagnosis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indications">Indications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Indications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are numerous indications for a TTE:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-specific_symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-specific symptoms">Non-specific symptoms</a> if cardiac etiology is suspected: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">Fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">Dyspnea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">Heart failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_murmur" title="Heart murmur">Heart murmur</a> or known valve disease</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">Chemotherapy</a> (cardiotoxic)</li> <li>Chest pain for evaluation of wall motion abnormalities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital heart disease">Congenital heart disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocarditis" title="Endocarditis">Endocarditis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxemia" title="Hypoxemia">Hypoxemia</a> for shunt evaluation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examination">Examination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Echocardiogram_in_US_Navy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Echocardiogram_in_US_Navy.jpg/220px-Echocardiogram_in_US_Navy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Echocardiogram_in_US_Navy.jpg/330px-Echocardiogram_in_US_Navy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Echocardiogram_in_US_Navy.jpg/440px-Echocardiogram_in_US_Navy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="1416" /></a><figcaption>Echo examination</figcaption></figure> <p>A typical TTE examination is done by either a cardiologist or a cardiac sonographer. It is a non-invasive test that can be done in many settings that include clinic exam room, inpatient rooms, and exam rooms dedicated to echo imaging. Examination involves using an echo probe at various positions or windows to obtain views of the heart (thus capturing images/videos for later playback while formally "reading" the study to come up with the findings). Examination is usually done while lying flat and tilted onto the left side to bring the heart into better view. Ultrasound gel is used to improve the acoustic windows and increase quality of the captured images. Overall, an uncomplicated TTE exam takes less than 30 minutes. </p><p>Limited studies (i.e., looking at only specific structures) can be done as a follow-up exam to a full study, or can be done as "point of care" to answer specific questions in the appropriate setting. For example, critically ill patients often have "bedside ultrasounds" performed to assess particular questions the treating team has about their status. This could be looking for <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_tamponade" title="Cardiac tamponade">cardiac tamponade</a> and acute valve regurgitation. Often, this may include examination of other organ systems such as lungs for effusions or the <a href="/wiki/Focused_assessment_with_sonography_for_trauma" title="Focused assessment with sonography for trauma">focused assessment with sonography for trauma</a>. </p><p>Interpretation of the exam can be done by anyone trained in reading echocardiograms. However, this is often limited to cardiologists for "formal reading" of these studies. Anesthesiologists can perform intra-operative TEEs during surgical cases and they interpret their own studies. Anyone performing a bedside or "point of care" echocardiogram is expected to interpret their own study as it is performed. Pocket-sized TTE devices are growing in popularity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TTE is inherently limited in what it is capable of doing. Notably, it must be used through the skin, and ultrasound waves must go through skin and soft tissue before reaching the heart. This is in contrast to transesophageal echo (TEE) in which the probe is directly behind the left atrium in the esophagus and has far less tissue to penetrate, which means images from TEE are far superior in quality. Extremes in body sizes (obesity and cachexia) limit the acoustic windows and degrade the image quality of TTEs. </p><p>TTE is also limited in its views of structures. Being a surface modality, the structures closest to the skin are better visualized than those deeper to the skin. A common example that demonstrates this is the visibility of the left atrial appendage. This structure is known to form clots in atrial fibrillation and the LAA is rarely seen on TTE but readily seen on TEE. Cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in someone not on anticoagulation would require TEE to best visualize the LAA to rule out a thrombus. (If a thrombus is present, there is a much higher risk of stroke if returned to a sinus rhythm.) </p><p>Like all of the kinds of echocardiography, TTE is limited to structure and function. It is not, for example, able to determine perfusion of the myocardium, which would require a metabolic imaging modality such as PET or SPECT stress testing. Perfusion can be inferred based on wall motion, however. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modalities">Modalities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2D_echo">2D echo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2D echo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is the most common modality used today. A two-dimensional plane is formed by sweeping the ultrasound waves to obtain an image that varies with angle and depth. Evaluation of the structures is done in this view. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="M-mode">M-mode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: M-mode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This modality is obtained at a single angle and then plotted against time to obtain an image. It can be used to watch the movement of structures with time </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doppler">Doppler</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Doppler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_doppler">Color doppler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Color doppler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doppler_mitral_valve.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Doppler_mitral_valve.gif/220px-Doppler_mitral_valve.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Doppler_mitral_valve.gif/330px-Doppler_mitral_valve.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Doppler_mitral_valve.gif/440px-Doppler_mitral_valve.gif 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>Color doppler over mitral valve</figcaption></figure> <p>Color doppler is a form of 2D echo in which the doppler shift of the structures is shown as color. Typically, this is shown as red and blue with red indicating movement toward the transducer and blue indicating movement away from the transducer. This can be used to show blood flow through the valves to visually indicate the direction of blood flow. Abnormal blood flow can reflect stenosis and regurgitation of the valve. Color doppler can also show blood flow in abnormal locations such as with septal defects (ASD or VSD). </p><p>Color doppler can also be applied to M-mode. Using color doppler in this way gives better visualization of the changes in flow with time due to the higher frame rate with M-mode. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spectral_doppler">Spectral doppler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spectral doppler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flow_in_pulmonic_valve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flow_in_pulmonic_valve.jpg/220px-Flow_in_pulmonic_valve.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flow_in_pulmonic_valve.jpg/330px-Flow_in_pulmonic_valve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flow_in_pulmonic_valve.jpg/440px-Flow_in_pulmonic_valve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Spectral doppler through pulmonary vein</figcaption></figure> <p>Spectral doppler is presented similarly to M-mode in which the doppler information is plotted as a spectrogram. This can be both "continuous" and "pulse" wave where the former shows the spectrum along a specific line and the latter shows within a small window along that line. Continuous wave is better at showing maximal velocities and pulse wave is better for showing flow through a small volume. </p><p>Spectral doppler is often used for quantification of flow. For example, the aortic valve area can be estimated using the continuity equation by measuring the <a href="/wiki/Velocity_time_integral" title="Velocity time integral">velocity time integral</a> (VTI) of the aortic valve & LV outflow tract; the VTI is calculated by tracing the flow on the spectral doppler curve. Spectral doppler is also useful for calculating the maximum flow and mean flow through a valve (used to grade valve stenosis). </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tissue_doppler">Tissue doppler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tissue doppler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tissue_Doppler_echocardiography" title="Tissue Doppler echocardiography">Tissue Doppler echocardiography</a></div> <p>Tissue doppler can be used to determine motion of myocardial tissue. This can be used to measure motion of the septal and lateral mitral annulus to suggest <a href="/wiki/Diastolic_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Diastolic heart failure">diastolic heart failure</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Axes">Axes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Axes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The images obtained with echocardiography are in reference to the heart itself. Two key axes of the heart are the long axis and short axis. The long axis is an imaginary line from the apex of the heart through the center of the tricuspid/mitral valve (depending on ventricle of reference). The short axis is perpendicular to the long axis and shows the heart in cross section. Axes are also defined for each valve with long-axis defined as that of blood flow, and short-axis is the plane perpendicular to the flow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Windows">Windows</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Windows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evaluation of the heart with echocardiography requires having "acoustic windows" of the heart. Bone reflects the ultrasound waves and so all structures directly behind bone are not visible with ultrasound. This requires that the heart be viewed between bones and, in particular, between ribs. The most common views are the parasternal, apical, subcostal, and suprasternal windows.. </p> <ul><li>Parasternal: adjacent to the sternum. Without qualification, this means the left side of the heart but right parasternal views can be attempted.</li> <li>Apical: at the apex of the heart.</li> <li>Subcostal: below the sternum at the top of the abdomen</li> <li>Suprasternal: above the sternal at the base of the neck.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several typical views obtained during a routine TTE. Views outside of the typical views can be considered "off axis" and may be obtained for specific purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parasternal_long_axis_(PLAX)"><span id="Parasternal_long_axis_.28PLAX.29"></span>Parasternal long axis (PLAX)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Parasternal long axis (PLAX)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LeftParasternalLongAxis.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/LeftParasternalLongAxis.gif/220px-LeftParasternalLongAxis.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/LeftParasternalLongAxis.gif/330px-LeftParasternalLongAxis.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/LeftParasternalLongAxis.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>Parasternal long axis</figcaption></figure> <p>This view is obtained to the left of the sternum and views the heart in its long axis. In this view, the mitral valve, aortic valve, right ventricular outflow tract, base of the left ventricle, and the left atrium can be visible. Angulation in this view can bring the right ventricular inflow tract and tricuspid valve into view, and angulation the opposite way can bring the pulmonary valve into view. </p><p>In this view, it is possible to appreciate the long-axis cross section of the mitral and aortic valves. The classic "hockey stick" shape of rheumatic mitral stenosis can be appreciated in this view. However, the angle of the probe with these valves can lead to under-appreciation of valve dysfunction. </p><p>The parasternal long view of the pulmonary valve is the only view of the posterior leaflet. </p><p>Structures visible: </p> <ul><li>Anterior septal and inferior lateral walls of the left ventricle</li> <li>Left atrium</li> <li>Mitral valve in long-axis with chordae</li> <li>Aortic valve in long-axis</li> <li>Tricuspid valve in long-axis (angulated) and right ventricular inflow tract</li> <li>Pulmonary valve in long-axis (angulated) and right ventricular outflow tract</li></ul> <p>Measurements in this view can be used to quantify the heart: </p> <ul><li>Left ventricular size and wall thickness</li> <li>Left atrial linear dimension (as opposed to area)</li> <li>Left ventricular outflow tract diameter (used to calculate aortic valve area by the continuity equation)</li> <li>Aortic annulus, sinus of Valsalva, and aortic root sizes</li> <li>Color doppler of all four valves</li> <li>Spectral doppler of tricuspid and pulmonary valves</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parasternal_short_axis_(PSAX)"><span id="Parasternal_short_axis_.28PSAX.29"></span>Parasternal short axis (PSAX)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Parasternal short axis (PSAX)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LeftVentricleShortAxis.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/LeftVentricleShortAxis.gif/220px-LeftVentricleShortAxis.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/LeftVentricleShortAxis.gif/330px-LeftVentricleShortAxis.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/LeftVentricleShortAxis.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>Parasternal short axis at mid-LV showing papillary muscles</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aortic_valve_sa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Aortic_valve_sa.png/220px-Aortic_valve_sa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Aortic_valve_sa.png/330px-Aortic_valve_sa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Aortic_valve_sa.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>Parasternal short axis showing aortic valve</figcaption></figure> <p>This view is obtained in the same window as the parasternal long, but with the probe rotated 90°. In this view, the aortic valve is seen in cross-section with the right ventricular inflow & outflow tracts visible with the tricuspid valve as well. Pulmonary valve is not visible in this view. Both the right and left atria are visible. </p><p>The standard PSAX view is at the level of the aortic valve, but moving the probe along the long-axis can review the LV outflow tract, LV at the base, and LV at the midsection. </p><p>Structures visible: </p> <ul><li>Aortic valve in short-axis <ul><li>Aortic valve dysfunction, aortic sclerosis/stenosis</li></ul></li> <li>Tricuspid valve in long-axis</li> <li>Pulmonary valve in long-axis</li> <li>Right ventricle, including inflow and outflow tracts</li> <li>Left ventricle in short-axis <ul><li>Closer to the base can reveal the left ventricular outflow tract</li> <li>At the level of the base can show the movement of the mitral valve leaflets in short-axis</li> <li>At the level of mid-LV can show papillary muscles</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Measurements in this view can be used to quantify the heart: </p> <ul><li>Aortic valve area by planimetry</li> <li>Color doppler of all four valves</li> <li>Spectral doppler of tricuspid and pulmonary valves</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apical_four_chamber_(A4C)"><span id="Apical_four_chamber_.28A4C.29"></span>Apical four chamber (A4C)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Apical four chamber (A4C)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apical_4_chamber_view.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Apical_4_chamber_view.png/220px-Apical_4_chamber_view.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Apical_4_chamber_view.png/330px-Apical_4_chamber_view.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Apical_4_chamber_view.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>Apical 4 chamber</figcaption></figure> <p>This view is obtained at the apex of the heart and looking toward the base of the heart (where the valves are). In this view, the mitral valve, tricuspid valve, and all four chambers are visible. This view shows the right ventricle from base to apex and is a useful view to estimate RV systolic function. <a href="/wiki/TAPSE" class="mw-redirect" title="TAPSE">TAPSE</a> (= tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion) is also measured in this view with M-mode through the lateral tricuspid annulus. </p><p>Structures: </p> <ul><li>Inferior septum and anterior lateral segments of the left ventricle</li> <li>Right ventricle</li> <li>Left atrium</li> <li>Right atrium</li> <li>Mitral valve</li> <li>Tricuspid valve</li></ul> <p>Measurements in this view can be used to quantify the heart: </p> <ul><li>RV size and function; <a href="/wiki/TAPSE" class="mw-redirect" title="TAPSE">TAPSE</a></li> <li>Left atrial size</li> <li>Right atrial size</li> <li>Mitral valve flow is best seen in this view and has the best angle with probe to estimate flows</li> <li>Tricuspid valve flow</li> <li>Tissue doppler at the mitral valve annulus (septum and lateral wall) for diastolic function</li> <li>Agitated saline bubble study for right to left shunting (PFO, ASD, VSD)</li> <li>With contrast, apical and mural LV thrombi can be easily seen</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apical_three_chamber_(A3C)"><span id="Apical_three_chamber_.28A3C.29"></span>Apical three chamber (A3C)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Apical three chamber (A3C)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This view is obtained at the same window as the apical four chamber and then rotation of the probe. In this view, the mitral valve and aortic valve are in view and is roughly similar to the parasternal long axis. In this view, the LV outflow tract is best in alignment with the probe and so gives the best estimate of flow through the LVOT, which is commonly used to estimate aortic stenosis. </p><p>Structures: </p> <ul><li>Aortic valve</li> <li>Mitral valve</li> <li>Left ventricle</li> <li>Left atrium</li></ul> <p>Measurements in this view can be used to quantify the heart: </p> <ul><li>Left ventricular outflow tract volume-time integral (LVOT VTI) to be used in conjunction with aortic valve VTI for aortic valve area and stenosis</li> <li>Mitral valve flow</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apical_two_chamber_(A2C)"><span id="Apical_two_chamber_.28A2C.29"></span>Apical two chamber (A2C)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Apical two chamber (A2C)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apical2Chamber.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Apical2Chamber.png/220px-Apical2Chamber.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Apical2Chamber.png/330px-Apical2Chamber.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Apical2Chamber.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>Apical two chamber</figcaption></figure> <p>This view is obtained at the same window as the apical four chamber and then rotation of the probe. In this view, the mitral valve is visible with the left atrium and left ventricle. </p><p>Structures: </p> <ul><li>Anterior and inferior segments of the left ventricle</li> <li>Mitral valve in long-axis</li> <li>Left atrium</li></ul> <p>Measurements in this view can be used to quantify the heart: </p> <ul><li>Mitral valve flow</li> <li>Spectral doppler of the mitral valve</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subcostal">Subcostal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Subcostal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Subcostal_view_of_heart.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Subcostal_view_of_heart.gif/220px-Subcostal_view_of_heart.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Subcostal_view_of_heart.gif/330px-Subcostal_view_of_heart.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Subcostal_view_of_heart.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>Subcostal</figcaption></figure> <p>This view is obtained below the sternum and at the top part of the abdomen. In this view, the junction of the inferior vena cava with the right atrium is best seen. From this window, it is possible in some people to see roughly equivalent views of the apical four chamber and parasternal short views. In some people, this may afford these common views but at a subcostal window that may not be obtained through the parasternal and/or apical windows because of various reasons such as chest wall trauma, open wounds, or poor acoustic windows. However, the subcostal window is the only window to view the inferior vena cava that can help support an estimation of the central venous pressure based on size and collapsibility during respiration. </p><p>Other non-cardiac structures are visible in this view and some pathologies — such as ascites — can be observed. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suprasternal_(SSN)"><span id="Suprasternal_.28SSN.29"></span>Suprasternal (SSN)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Suprasternal (SSN)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This view is obtained above the sternum in the suprasternal notch. In this view, the aortic arch and portion of the descending aorta can be seen. Color and spectral doppler through the descending aorta can show signs of <a href="/wiki/Coarctation_of_the_aorta" title="Coarctation of the aorta">coarctation of the aorta</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structures">Structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of TTE views of various structures of the heart. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aortic_valve">Aortic valve</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Aortic valve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aortic_valve_sa.png" class="mw-file-description" title="PSAX"><img alt="PSAX" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Aortic_valve_sa.png/120px-Aortic_valve_sa.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Aortic_valve_sa.png/180px-Aortic_valve_sa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Aortic_valve_sa.png/240px-Aortic_valve_sa.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="347" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">PSAX</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00180_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/120px--Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00180_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="89" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00180_(CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00180_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00180_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="648" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00180_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00180_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="194" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00180_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00180_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="324" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00180_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00180_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="486" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00180_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00180_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="486" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00180_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="647" data-height="480" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">PLAX zoom</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bicuspid_aortic_valve_E00342_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/120px--Bicuspid_aortic_valve_E00342_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="95" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Bicuspid_aortic_valve_E00342_(CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/Bicuspid_aortic_valve_E00342_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Bicuspid_aortic_valve_E00342_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="608" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Bicuspid_aortic_valve_E00342_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="608" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/Bicuspid_aortic_valve_E00342_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Bicuspid_aortic_valve_E00342_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="182" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/Bicuspid_aortic_valve_E00342_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Bicuspid_aortic_valve_E00342_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="304" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/Bicuspid_aortic_valve_E00342_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Bicuspid_aortic_valve_E00342_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="456" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/Bicuspid_aortic_valve_E00342_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Bicuspid_aortic_valve_E00342_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="456" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">PSAX bicuspid</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00182_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/120px--Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00182_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="89" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00182_(CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00182_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00182_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="648" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00182_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00182_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="194" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00182_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00182_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="324" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00182_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00182_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="486" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00182_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00182_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="486" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00182_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="647" data-height="480" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">PLAX regurgitation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00234_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/120px--Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00234_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="89" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00234_(CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00234_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00234_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="648" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00234_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00234_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="194" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00234_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00234_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="324" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00234_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00234_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="486" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00234_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00234_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="486" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Severe_aortic_regurgitation_E00234_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="647" data-height="480" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A3C regurgitation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Aortic_valve_endocarditis_with_vegetation_E00119_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/120px--Aortic_valve_endocarditis_with_vegetation_E00119_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="93" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Aortic_valve_endocarditis_with_vegetation_E00119_(CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Aortic_valve_endocarditis_with_vegetation_E00119_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Aortic_valve_endocarditis_with_vegetation_E00119_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="622" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Aortic_valve_endocarditis_with_vegetation_E00119_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="622" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Aortic_valve_endocarditis_with_vegetation_E00119_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Aortic_valve_endocarditis_with_vegetation_E00119_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="186" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Aortic_valve_endocarditis_with_vegetation_E00119_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Aortic_valve_endocarditis_with_vegetation_E00119_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="312" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Aortic_valve_endocarditis_with_vegetation_E00119_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Aortic_valve_endocarditis_with_vegetation_E00119_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="466" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Aortic_valve_endocarditis_with_vegetation_E00119_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Aortic_valve_endocarditis_with_vegetation_E00119_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="466" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">PLAX endocarditis</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_5" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Aortic_valve_stenosis_E00122_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/120px--Aortic_valve_stenosis_E00122_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="93" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Aortic_valve_stenosis_E00122_(CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/Aortic_valve_stenosis_E00122_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Aortic_valve_stenosis_E00122_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="622" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Aortic_valve_stenosis_E00122_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="622" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/Aortic_valve_stenosis_E00122_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Aortic_valve_stenosis_E00122_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="186" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/Aortic_valve_stenosis_E00122_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Aortic_valve_stenosis_E00122_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="312" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/Aortic_valve_stenosis_E00122_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Aortic_valve_stenosis_E00122_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="466" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/Aortic_valve_stenosis_E00122_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Aortic_valve_stenosis_E00122_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="466" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">PLAX calcified & stenosis</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_6" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Severe_aortic_valve_stenosis_E00275_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/120px--Severe_aortic_valve_stenosis_E00275_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="89" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Severe_aortic_valve_stenosis_E00275_(CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Severe_aortic_valve_stenosis_E00275_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_aortic_valve_stenosis_E00275_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="648" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Severe_aortic_valve_stenosis_E00275_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_aortic_valve_stenosis_E00275_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="194" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Severe_aortic_valve_stenosis_E00275_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_aortic_valve_stenosis_E00275_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="324" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Severe_aortic_valve_stenosis_E00275_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_aortic_valve_stenosis_E00275_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="486" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Severe_aortic_valve_stenosis_E00275_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_aortic_valve_stenosis_E00275_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="486" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Severe_aortic_valve_stenosis_E00275_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="647" data-height="480" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">PSAX calcified & stenosis</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitral_valve">Mitral valve</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Mitral valve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_7" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Relation-of-mitral-valve-morphology-and-motion-to-mitral-regurgitation-severity-in-patients-with-1476-7120-10-3-S1.ogv/120px--Relation-of-mitral-valve-morphology-and-motion-to-mitral-regurgitation-severity-in-patients-with-1476-7120-10-3-S1.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="85" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Relation-of-mitral-valve-morphology-and-motion-to-mitral-regurgitation-severity-in-patients-with-1476-7120-10-3-S1.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Relation-of-mitral-valve-morphology-and-motion-to-mitral-regurgitation-severity-in-patients-with-1476-7120-10-3-S1.ogv/Relation-of-mitral-valve-morphology-and-motion-to-mitral-regurgitation-severity-in-patients-with-1476-7120-10-3-S1.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="676" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Relation-of-mitral-valve-morphology-and-motion-to-mitral-regurgitation-severity-in-patients-with-1476-7120-10-3-S1.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="720" data-height="512" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Relation-of-mitral-valve-morphology-and-motion-to-mitral-regurgitation-severity-in-patients-with-1476-7120-10-3-S1.ogv/Relation-of-mitral-valve-morphology-and-motion-to-mitral-regurgitation-severity-in-patients-with-1476-7120-10-3-S1.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="202" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Relation-of-mitral-valve-morphology-and-motion-to-mitral-regurgitation-severity-in-patients-with-1476-7120-10-3-S1.ogv/Relation-of-mitral-valve-morphology-and-motion-to-mitral-regurgitation-severity-in-patients-with-1476-7120-10-3-S1.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="338" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Relation-of-mitral-valve-morphology-and-motion-to-mitral-regurgitation-severity-in-patients-with-1476-7120-10-3-S1.ogv/Relation-of-mitral-valve-morphology-and-motion-to-mitral-regurgitation-severity-in-patients-with-1476-7120-10-3-S1.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="506" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Relation-of-mitral-valve-morphology-and-motion-to-mitral-regurgitation-severity-in-patients-with-1476-7120-10-3-S1.ogv/Relation-of-mitral-valve-morphology-and-motion-to-mitral-regurgitation-severity-in-patients-with-1476-7120-10-3-S1.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="506" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">PLAX zoom</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_8" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The-best-of-2005-in-echocardiography-back-from-EuroEcho-9-%E2%80%93-Florence-Italy-1476-7120-4-11-S2.ogv/120px--The-best-of-2005-in-echocardiography-back-from-EuroEcho-9-%E2%80%93-Florence-Italy-1476-7120-4-11-S2.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="82" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="The-best-of-2005-in-echocardiography-back-from-EuroEcho-9-–-Florence-Italy-1476-7120-4-11-S2.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/The-best-of-2005-in-echocardiography-back-from-EuroEcho-9-%E2%80%93-Florence-Italy-1476-7120-4-11-S2.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="636" data-height="432" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/The-best-of-2005-in-echocardiography-back-from-EuroEcho-9-%E2%80%93-Florence-Italy-1476-7120-4-11-S2.ogv/The-best-of-2005-in-echocardiography-back-from-EuroEcho-9-%E2%80%93-Florence-Italy-1476-7120-4-11-S2.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="354" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/The-best-of-2005-in-echocardiography-back-from-EuroEcho-9-%E2%80%93-Florence-Italy-1476-7120-4-11-S2.ogv/The-best-of-2005-in-echocardiography-back-from-EuroEcho-9-%E2%80%93-Florence-Italy-1476-7120-4-11-S2.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="530" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/The-best-of-2005-in-echocardiography-back-from-EuroEcho-9-%E2%80%93-Florence-Italy-1476-7120-4-11-S2.ogv/The-best-of-2005-in-echocardiography-back-from-EuroEcho-9-%E2%80%93-Florence-Italy-1476-7120-4-11-S2.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="530" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A4C mild regurgitation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_9" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The-best-of-2005-in-echocardiography-back-from-EuroEcho-9-%E2%80%93-Florence-Italy-1476-7120-4-11-S3.ogv/120px--The-best-of-2005-in-echocardiography-back-from-EuroEcho-9-%E2%80%93-Florence-Italy-1476-7120-4-11-S3.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="82" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="The-best-of-2005-in-echocardiography-back-from-EuroEcho-9-–-Florence-Italy-1476-7120-4-11-S3.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/The-best-of-2005-in-echocardiography-back-from-EuroEcho-9-%E2%80%93-Florence-Italy-1476-7120-4-11-S3.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="636" data-height="432" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/The-best-of-2005-in-echocardiography-back-from-EuroEcho-9-%E2%80%93-Florence-Italy-1476-7120-4-11-S3.ogv/The-best-of-2005-in-echocardiography-back-from-EuroEcho-9-%E2%80%93-Florence-Italy-1476-7120-4-11-S3.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="354" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/The-best-of-2005-in-echocardiography-back-from-EuroEcho-9-%E2%80%93-Florence-Italy-1476-7120-4-11-S3.ogv/The-best-of-2005-in-echocardiography-back-from-EuroEcho-9-%E2%80%93-Florence-Italy-1476-7120-4-11-S3.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="530" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/The-best-of-2005-in-echocardiography-back-from-EuroEcho-9-%E2%80%93-Florence-Italy-1476-7120-4-11-S3.ogv/The-best-of-2005-in-echocardiography-back-from-EuroEcho-9-%E2%80%93-Florence-Italy-1476-7120-4-11-S3.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="530" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A4C moderate regurgitation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_10" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00617_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/120px--Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00617_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="95" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis,_mitral_regurgitation,_aortic_regurgitation_E00617_(CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00617_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00617_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="608" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00617_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="608" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00617_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00617_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="182" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00617_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00617_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="304" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00617_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00617_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="456" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00617_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00617_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="456" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">PLAX stenosis</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_11" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00621_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/120px--Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00621_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="95" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis,_mitral_regurgitation,_aortic_regurgitation_E00621_(CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00621_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00621_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="608" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00621_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="608" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00621_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00621_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="182" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00621_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00621_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="304" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00621_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00621_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="456" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00621_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00621_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="456" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A4C stenosis</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_12" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00623_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/120px--Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00623_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="95" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis,_mitral_regurgitation,_aortic_regurgitation_E00623_(CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00623_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00623_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="608" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00623_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="608" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00623_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00623_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="182" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00623_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00623_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="304" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00623_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00623_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="456" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00623_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_mitral_valve_stenosis%2C_mitral_regurgitation%2C_aortic_regurgitation_E00623_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="456" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A3C stenosis</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tricuspid_valve">Tricuspid valve</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Tricuspid valve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_13" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00569_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/120px--Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00569_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="89" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00569_(CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00569_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00569_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="648" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00569_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00569_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="194" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00569_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00569_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="324" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00569_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00569_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="486" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00569_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00569_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="486" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00569_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="647" data-height="480" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">PSAX severe regurgitation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_14" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00567_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/120px--Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00567_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="89" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00567_(CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00567_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00567_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="648" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00567_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00567_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="194" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00567_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00567_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="324" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00567_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00567_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="486" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00567_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00567_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="486" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00567_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="647" data-height="480" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A4C severe regurgitation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_15" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00571_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/120px--Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00571_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="89" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00571_(CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00571_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00571_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="648" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00571_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00571_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="194" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00571_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00571_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="324" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00571_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00571_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="486" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00571_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00571_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="486" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Severe_tricuspid_regurgitation_E00571_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="647" data-height="480" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">SUB severe regurgitation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_16" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Emergency-department-diagnosis-of-infective-endocarditis-using-bedside-emergency-ultrasound-2036-7902-5-1-S5.ogv/120px--Emergency-department-diagnosis-of-infective-endocarditis-using-bedside-emergency-ultrasound-2036-7902-5-1-S5.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="90" data-durationhint="41" data-mwtitle="Emergency-department-diagnosis-of-infective-endocarditis-using-bedside-emergency-ultrasound-2036-7902-5-1-S5.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Emergency-department-diagnosis-of-infective-endocarditis-using-bedside-emergency-ultrasound-2036-7902-5-1-S5.ogv/Emergency-department-diagnosis-of-infective-endocarditis-using-bedside-emergency-ultrasound-2036-7902-5-1-S5.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Emergency-department-diagnosis-of-infective-endocarditis-using-bedside-emergency-ultrasound-2036-7902-5-1-S5.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Emergency-department-diagnosis-of-infective-endocarditis-using-bedside-emergency-ultrasound-2036-7902-5-1-S5.ogv/Emergency-department-diagnosis-of-infective-endocarditis-using-bedside-emergency-ultrasound-2036-7902-5-1-S5.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Emergency-department-diagnosis-of-infective-endocarditis-using-bedside-emergency-ultrasound-2036-7902-5-1-S5.ogv/Emergency-department-diagnosis-of-infective-endocarditis-using-bedside-emergency-ultrasound-2036-7902-5-1-S5.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Emergency-department-diagnosis-of-infective-endocarditis-using-bedside-emergency-ultrasound-2036-7902-5-1-S5.ogv/Emergency-department-diagnosis-of-infective-endocarditis-using-bedside-emergency-ultrasound-2036-7902-5-1-S5.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Emergency-department-diagnosis-of-infective-endocarditis-using-bedside-emergency-ultrasound-2036-7902-5-1-S5.ogv/Emergency-department-diagnosis-of-infective-endocarditis-using-bedside-emergency-ultrasound-2036-7902-5-1-S5.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">SUB endocarditis</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pulmonary_valve">Pulmonary valve</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Pulmonary valve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_17" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Severe_pulmonary_regurgitation_E00380_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/120px--Severe_pulmonary_regurgitation_E00380_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="89" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Severe_pulmonary_regurgitation_E00380_(CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Severe_pulmonary_regurgitation_E00380_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_pulmonary_regurgitation_E00380_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="648" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Severe_pulmonary_regurgitation_E00380_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_pulmonary_regurgitation_E00380_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="194" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Severe_pulmonary_regurgitation_E00380_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_pulmonary_regurgitation_E00380_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="324" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Severe_pulmonary_regurgitation_E00380_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_pulmonary_regurgitation_E00380_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="486" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Severe_pulmonary_regurgitation_E00380_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm/Severe_pulmonary_regurgitation_E00380_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="486" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Severe_pulmonary_regurgitation_E00380_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="647" data-height="480" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">PLAX severe regurgitation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_18" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Echocardiographic-imaging-of-tricuspid-and-pulmonary-valve-abnormalities-in-primary-ovarian-1476-7120-8-37-S5.ogv/120px--Echocardiographic-imaging-of-tricuspid-and-pulmonary-valve-abnormalities-in-primary-ovarian-1476-7120-8-37-S5.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="92" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Echocardiographic-imaging-of-tricuspid-and-pulmonary-valve-abnormalities-in-primary-ovarian-1476-7120-8-37-S5.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Echocardiographic-imaging-of-tricuspid-and-pulmonary-valve-abnormalities-in-primary-ovarian-1476-7120-8-37-S5.ogv/Echocardiographic-imaging-of-tricuspid-and-pulmonary-valve-abnormalities-in-primary-ovarian-1476-7120-8-37-S5.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="312" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Echocardiographic-imaging-of-tricuspid-and-pulmonary-valve-abnormalities-in-primary-ovarian-1476-7120-8-37-S5.ogv/Echocardiographic-imaging-of-tricuspid-and-pulmonary-valve-abnormalities-in-primary-ovarian-1476-7120-8-37-S5.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="312" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Echocardiographic-imaging-of-tricuspid-and-pulmonary-valve-abnormalities-in-primary-ovarian-1476-7120-8-37-S5.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="312" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Echocardiographic-imaging-of-tricuspid-and-pulmonary-valve-abnormalities-in-primary-ovarian-1476-7120-8-37-S5.ogv/Echocardiographic-imaging-of-tricuspid-and-pulmonary-valve-abnormalities-in-primary-ovarian-1476-7120-8-37-S5.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="188" data-height="144" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">PSAX severe regurgitation</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurements">Measurements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Measurements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fig009_(CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Fig009_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.svg/220px-Fig009_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Fig009_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.svg/330px-Fig009_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Fig009_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.svg/440px-Fig009_%28CardioNetworks_ECHOpedia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Example of quantification of the aortic root</figcaption></figure> <p>Routine TTE exams can provide a significant wealth of information about the heart's structure and function: </p> <ul><li>Left ventricular size, thickness, systolic function, and diastolic function</li> <li>Right ventricular size and systolic function</li> <li>Aortic valve <ul><li>Aortic valve sclerosis & stenosis</li> <li>Aortic valve insufficiency</li></ul></li> <li>Mitral valve <ul><li>Mitral stenosis</li> <li>Mitral regurgitation</li></ul></li> <li>Tricuspid valve <ul><li>Tricuspid regurgitation (stenosis is possible, but rare)</li></ul></li> <li>Pulmonary valve <ul><li>Pulmonary regurgitation (stenosis is possible, but rare)</li></ul></li> <li>Inferior vena cava size as estimate of central venous pressure</li> <li>Aortic root size for thoracic ascending aortic aneurysm</li> <li>Pericardial effusion size</li></ul> <p>All function dysfunction is graded on a scale (normal, trace, mild, moderate, or severe) based on various criteria. Grading of valve function is used for prognosis and helps determine management as valve dysfunction progresses. </p><p>Echo societies have published normal ranges for various features of the heart on various views to promote TTE as a quantifiable assessment of the heart. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equations">Equations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Equations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quantitative echo utilizes a number of equations to calculate aspects of the heart structure and function. Simplified Bernoulli equation and continuity equation are two common equations used. Others are used in grading valve function (e.g., EROA, PISA). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diseases">Diseases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TTE can be useful for diagnosing many cardiac diseases. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiomyopathy" title="Cardiomyopathy">Cardiomyopathy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dilated_cardiomyopathy" title="Dilated cardiomyopathy">dilated</a>, <a href="/wiki/Restrictive_cardiomyopathy" title="Restrictive cardiomyopathy">restrictive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy" title="Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy">hypertrophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">Pulmonary hypertension</a> (requires some degree of tricuspid regurgitation)</li> <li>Septal defects including ASD & VSD</li> <li>Stenosis and regurgitation/insufficiency of valves</li> <li>Structure and function of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_heart_valve" title="Artificial heart valve">prosthetic valves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_aortic_aneurysm" title="Thoracic aortic aneurysm">Thoracic ascending aortic aneurysm</a></li> <li>Infiltrative diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_amyloidosis" title="Cardiac amyloidosis">amyloidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_tamponade" title="Cardiac tamponade">Cardiac tamponade</a> (although a clinical diagnosis, it can suggest subclinical diagnosis)</li> <li>Evaluation of <a href="/wiki/Congenital_heart_defect" title="Congenital heart defect">congenital diseases</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tetralogy_of_Fallot" title="Tetralogy of Fallot">Tetralogy of Fallot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transposition_of_the_great_vessels" title="Transposition of the great vessels">transposition</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">Pulmonary embolism</a></li> <li>Endocarditis (sensitivity is higher with TEE)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focus_assessed_transthoracic_echocardiography" title="Focus assessed transthoracic echocardiography">Focus assessed transthoracic echocardiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transesophageal_echocardiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Transesophageal echocardiography">Transesophageal echocardiography</a> (TEE)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ommen-2000-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ommen-2000_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOmmenNishimuraAppletonMiller2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ommen SR, Nishimura RA, Appleton CP, Miller FA, Oh JK, Redfield MM, Tajik AJ (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/102/15/1788.pdf">"Clinical utility of Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging in the estimation of left ventricular filling pressures: A comparative simultaneous Doppler-catheterization study"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Circulation</i>. <b>102</b> (15): <span class="nowrap">1788–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.cir.102.15.1788">10.1161/01.cir.102.15.1788</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11023933">11023933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circulation&rft.atitle=Clinical+utility+of+Doppler+echocardiography+and+tissue+Doppler+imaging+in+the+estimation+of+left+ventricular+filling+pressures%3A+A+comparative+simultaneous+Doppler-catheterization+study&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1788-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2F01.cir.102.15.1788&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11023933&rft.aulast=Ommen&rft.aufirst=SR&rft.au=Nishimura%2C+RA&rft.au=Appleton%2C+CP&rft.au=Miller%2C+FA&rft.au=Oh%2C+JK&rft.au=Redfield%2C+MM&rft.au=Tajik%2C+AJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcirc.ahajournals.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F102%2F15%2F1788.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransthoracic+echocardiogram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soliman2007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Soliman2007_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolimanGeleijnseMeijboomNemes2007" class="citation journal cs1">Soliman OI, Geleijnse ML, Meijboom FJ, Nemes A, Kamp O, Nihoyannopoulos P, Masani N, Feinstein SB, Ten Cate FJ (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ehjcimaging.oxfordjournals.org/content/8/3/s2.full">"The use of contrast echocardiography for the detection of cardiac shunts"</a>. <i>European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging</i>. <b>8</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">s2 –</span> <span class="nowrap">s12</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.euje.2007.03.006">10.1016/j.euje.2007.03.006</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17462958">17462958</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Heart+Journal+-+Cardiovascular+Imaging&rft.atitle=The+use+of+contrast+echocardiography+for+the+detection+of+cardiac+shunts&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Es2+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Es12%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.euje.2007.03.006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17462958&rft.aulast=Soliman&rft.aufirst=OI&rft.au=Geleijnse%2C+ML&rft.au=Meijboom%2C+FJ&rft.au=Nemes%2C+A&rft.au=Kamp%2C+O&rft.au=Nihoyannopoulos%2C+P&rft.au=Masani%2C+N&rft.au=Feinstein%2C+SB&rft.au=Ten+Cate%2C+FJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fehjcimaging.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F8%2F3%2Fs2.full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransthoracic+echocardiogram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transthoracic_echocardiogram&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pie.med.utoronto.ca/TTE/">Virtual Transthoracic Echocardiography - online learning resource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150903054820/http://folk.ntnu.no/stoylen/strainrate/Ultrasound/">Basic ultrasound, echocardiography and Doppler for clinicians</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.drugs.com/cg/transthoracic-echocardiogram.html">https://www.drugs.com/cg/transthoracic-echocardiogram.html</a></li> <li>[Transthoracic Echocardiogram - What You Need to Know. (n.d.). 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">radiography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Projectional_radiography" title="Projectional radiography">2D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoencephalography" title="Pneumoencephalography">Pneumoencephalography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_radiography" title="Dental radiography">Dental radiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialography" title="Sialography">Sialography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelography" title="Myelography">Myelography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_radiograph" title="Chest radiograph">CXR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchography" title="Bronchography">Bronchography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_x-ray" title="Abdominal x-ray">AXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_x-ray" title="Abdominal x-ray">KUB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-energy_X-ray_absorptiometry" title="Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry">DXA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Digital_X-ray_radiogrammetry" title="Digital X-ray radiogrammetry">DXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_series" title="Upper gastrointestinal series">Upper gastrointestinal series</a>/<a href="/wiki/Small-bowel_follow-through" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-bowel follow-through">Small-bowel follow-through</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_series" title="Lower gastrointestinal series">Lower gastrointestinal series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholangiography" title="Cholangiography">Cholangiography</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cholecystography" title="Cholecystography">Cholecystography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammography" title="Mammography">Mammography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyelogram" title="Pyelogram">Pyelogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystography" title="Cystography">Cystography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthrogram" title="Arthrogram">Arthrogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterosalpingography" title="Hysterosalpingography">Hysterosalpingography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_survey" title="Skeletal survey">Skeletal survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiography" title="Angiography">Angiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiocardiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiocardiography">Angiocardiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortography" title="Aortography">Aortography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venography" title="Venography">Venography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphogram" title="Lymphogram">Lymphogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_x-ray" title="Orbital x-ray">Orbital x-ray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Techniques:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_of_computed_tomography" title="Operation of computed tomography">General operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_computed_tomography" title="Quantitative computed tomography">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-resolution_computed_tomography" title="High-resolution computed tomography">High-resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_microtomography" title="X-ray microtomography">X-ray microtomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_beam_computed_tomography" title="Electron beam computed tomography">Electron beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cone_beam_computed_tomography" title="Cone beam computed tomography">Cone beam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Heart <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_CT_calcium_scan" title="Coronary CT calcium scan">calcium scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_CT_angiography" title="Coronary CT angiography">angiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_of_the_abdomen_and_pelvis" title="Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis">Abdominal and pelvis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_colonoscopy" title="Virtual colonoscopy">Virtual colonoscopy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_angiography" title="Computed tomography angiography">Angiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_CT_angiography" title="Coronary CT angiography">Coronary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT_pulmonary_angiogram" title="CT pulmonary angiogram">Pulmonary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_of_the_head" title="Computed tomography of the head">Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_of_the_thyroid" title="Computed tomography of the thyroid">Thyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_body_imaging" title="Whole body imaging">Whole body imaging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full-body_CT_scan" title="Full-body CT scan">Full-body CT scan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroscopy" title="Fluoroscopy">Fluoroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_radiograph" title="Panoramic radiograph">Dental panoramic radiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_motion_analysis" title="X-ray motion analysis">X-ray motion analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hounsfield_scale" title="Hounsfield scale">Hounsfield scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodensity" title="Radiodensity">Radiodensity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging_of_the_brain" title="Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain">Brain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">functional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_neurography" title="Magnetic resonance neurography">Neurography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging">Cardiac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging_perfusion" title="Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging perfusion">perfusion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_angiography" title="Magnetic resonance angiography">Angiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_cholangiopancreatography" title="Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography">Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_MRI" title="Breast MRI">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRI_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI sequence">Sequences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusion MRI">diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfusion_MRI" title="Perfusion MRI">restriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractography" title="Tractography">Tractography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_MRI" title="Synthetic MRI">Synthetic MRI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasound" title="Medical ultrasound">Ultrasound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Techniques <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doppler_ultrasonography" title="Doppler ultrasonography">doppler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast-enhanced_ultrasound" title="Contrast-enhanced ultrasound">contrast-enhanced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_ultrasound" title="3D ultrasound">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_ultrasound" title="Endoscopic ultrasound">endoscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_ultrasonography" class="mw-redirect" title="Duplex ultrasonography">duplex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">Echocardiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doppler_echocardiography" title="Doppler echocardiography">Doppler echocardiography</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">TTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transesophageal_echocardiogram" title="Transesophageal echocardiogram">TEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracardiac_echocardiogram" title="Intracardiac echocardiogram">ICE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcranial_Doppler" title="Transcranial Doppler">Transcranial Doppler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravascular_ultrasound" title="Intravascular ultrasound">Intravascular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_ultrasonography" title="Gynecologic ultrasonography">Gynecologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography" title="Obstetric ultrasonography">Obstetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echoencephalography" title="Echoencephalography">Echoencephalography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_ultrasonography" title="Abdominal ultrasonography">Abdominal ultrasonography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renal_ultrasonography" title="Renal ultrasonography">renal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_tract_ultrasound" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal tract ultrasound">renal tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transrectal_ultrasonography" title="Transrectal ultrasonography">Rectal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_ultrasound" title="Breast ultrasound">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotal_ultrasound" title="Scrotal ultrasound">Scrotal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_ultrasonography" title="Carotid ultrasonography">Carotid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_ultrasound" title="Emergency ultrasound">Emergency ultrasound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focused_assessment_with_sonography_for_trauma" title="Focused assessment with sonography for trauma">FAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-hospital_ultrasound" title="Pre-hospital ultrasound">pre-hospital</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine#Diagnostic_medical_imaging" title="Nuclear medicine">Radionuclide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2D/<a href="/wiki/Scintigraphy" title="Scintigraphy">scintigraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholescintigraphy" title="Cholescintigraphy">Cholescintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scintimammography" class="mw-redirect" title="Scintimammography">Scintimammography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_scan" title="Ventilation/perfusion scan">Ventilation/perfusion scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide_ventriculography" class="mw-redirect" title="Radionuclide ventriculography">Radionuclide ventriculography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide_angiography" title="Radionuclide angiography">Radionuclide angiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_renography" title="Radioisotope renography">Radioisotope renography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sestamibi_parathyroid_scintigraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy">Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_iodine_uptake_test" title="Radioactive iodine uptake test">Radioactive iodine uptake test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_scintigraphy" title="Bone scintigraphy">Bone scintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoscintigraphy" title="Immunoscintigraphy">Immunoscintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacryoscintigraphy" title="Dacryoscintigraphy">Dacryoscintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMSA_scan" title="DMSA scan">DMSA scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_emptying_study" title="Gastric emptying study">Gastric emptying study</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Full body:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octreotide_scan" title="Octreotide scan">Octreotide scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_scan" title="Gallium scan">Gallium-67 scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_scan" title="Gallium scan">Ga-68-DOTATOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium-111_WBC_scan" title="Indium-111 WBC scan">Indium-111 WBC scan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3D/<a href="/wiki/Emission_computed_tomography" title="Emission computed tomography">ECT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Single-photon_emission_computed_tomography" title="Single-photon emission computed tomography">SPECT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a>):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_perfusion_imaging" title="Myocardial perfusion imaging">Myocardial perfusion imaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">PET</a> (<a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positron</a>):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_positron_emission_tomography" title="Brain positron emission tomography">Brain PET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_PET" title="Cardiac PET">Cardiac PET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_mammography" title="Positron emission mammography">PET mammography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PET-CT" title="PET-CT">PET-CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PET-MRI" title="PET-MRI">PET-MRI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_optical_imaging" title="Medical optical imaging">Optical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_tomography" title="Optical tomography">Optical tomography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_coherence_tomography" title="Optical coherence tomography">Optical coherence tomography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confocal_microscopy" title="Confocal microscopy">Confocal microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomicroscopy" title="Endomicroscopy">Endomicroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_polarization_spectral_imaging" title="Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging">Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thermography" title="Thermography">Thermography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-contact_thermography" title="Non-contact thermography">Non-contact thermography</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contact_thermography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Contact thermography (page does not exist)">Contact thermography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_angiothermography" title="Dynamic angiothermography">Dynamic angiothermography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Target conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stroke_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute stroke imaging">Acute stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging_in_pregnancy" title="Medical imaging in pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_imaging" title="Category:Medical imaging">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_heart388" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cardiac_procedures" title="Template:Cardiac procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cardiac_procedures" title="Template talk:Cardiac procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cardiac_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cardiac procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_heart388" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and <a href="/wiki/Medical_procedure" title="Medical procedure">procedures</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_cardiology" title="Interventional cardiology">Interventional cardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology_diagnostic_tests_and_procedures" title="Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures">Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_imaging" title="Cardiac imaging">Cardiac imaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surgery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">Heart valves</a><br />and septa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heart_valve_repair" title="Heart valve repair">Valve repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valvulotomy" title="Valvulotomy">Valvulotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve_repair" title="Mitral valve repair">Mitral valve repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valvuloplasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valvuloplasty">Valvuloplasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_valvuloplasty" title="Aortic valvuloplasty">aortic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_valvuloplasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitral valvuloplasty">mitral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve_replacement" title="Valve replacement">Valve replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve_repair" title="Aortic valve repair">Aortic valve repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve_replacement" title="Aortic valve replacement">Aortic valve replacement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_procedure" title="Ross procedure">Ross procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcatheter_aortic_valve_replacement" title="Transcatheter aortic valve replacement">Transcatheter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve_replacement" title="Mitral valve replacement">Mitral valve replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcatheter_pulmonary_valve_replacement" title="Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement">Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">production of septal defect in heart</span></dt> <dd><i>enlargement of existing septal defect</i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Atrial_septostomy" title="Atrial septostomy">Atrial septostomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Balloon_septostomy" title="Balloon septostomy">Balloon septostomy</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i>creation of septal defect in heart</i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Blalock%E2%80%93Hanlon_procedure" title="Blalock–Hanlon procedure">Blalock–Hanlon procedure</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">shunt from heart chamber to blood vessel</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">atrium</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Fontan_procedure" title="Fontan procedure">Fontan procedure</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Left_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Left ventricle">left ventricle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rastelli_procedure" title="Rastelli procedure">Rastelli procedure</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Right_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Right ventricle">right ventricle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Sano_shunt" title="Sano shunt">Sano shunt</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">compound procedures</span></dt> <dd>for <a href="/wiki/Transposition_of_the_great_vessels" title="Transposition of the great vessels">transposition of the great vessels</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Arterial_switch_operation" title="Arterial switch operation">Arterial switch operation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mustard_procedure" title="Mustard procedure">Mustard procedure</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Senning_procedure" title="Senning procedure">Senning procedure</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>for univentricular defect <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Norwood_procedure" title="Norwood procedure">Norwood procedure</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kawashima_procedure" title="Kawashima procedure">Kawashima procedure</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">shunt from blood vessel to blood vessel</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic circulation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> shunt <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Blalock%E2%80%93Taussig_shunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Blalock–Taussig shunt">Blalock–Taussig shunt</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava" title="Superior vena cava">SVC</a> to the right <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">PA</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Glenn_procedure" title="Glenn procedure">Glenn procedure</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cardiac vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">CHD</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Percutaneous_coronary_intervention" title="Percutaneous coronary intervention">Angioplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bypass" title="Vascular bypass">Bypass</a>/<a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery" title="Coronary artery bypass surgery">Coronary artery bypass</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/MIDCAB" class="mw-redirect" title="MIDCAB">MIDCAB</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Off-pump_coronary_artery_bypass" title="Off-pump coronary artery bypass">Off-pump CAB</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/TECAB" class="mw-redirect" title="TECAB">TECAB</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Coronary_stent" title="Coronary stent">Coronary stent</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bare-metal_stent" title="Bare-metal stent">Bare-metal stent</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Drug-eluting_stent" title="Drug-eluting stent">Drug-eluting stent</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Obstacle removal</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Endarterectomy" title="Endarterectomy">Endarterectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atherectomy" title="Atherectomy">Atherectomy</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bentall_procedure" title="Bentall procedure">Bentall procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve-sparing_aortic_root_replacement" title="Valve-sparing aortic root replacement">Valve-sparing aortic root replacement</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LeCompte_maneuver" title="LeCompte maneuver">LeCompte maneuver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">Pericardium</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pericardiocentesis" title="Pericardiocentesis">Pericardiocentesis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pericardial_window" title="Pericardial window">Pericardial window</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pericardiectomy" title="Pericardiectomy">Pericardiectomy</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Myocardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardium">Myocardium</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiomyoplasty" title="Cardiomyoplasty">Cardiomyoplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dor_procedure" title="Dor procedure">Dor procedure</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Septal_myectomy" title="Septal myectomy">Septal myectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventricular reduction">Ventricular reduction</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_septal_ablation" title="Alcohol septal ablation">Alcohol septal ablation</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_conduction_system" title="Cardiac conduction system">Conduction system</a></span></dt> <dd>Maze procedure (<a href="/wiki/Cox_maze_procedure" title="Cox maze procedure">Cox maze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minimaze_procedure" title="Minimaze procedure">minimaze</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Catheter_ablation" title="Catheter ablation">Catheter ablation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cryoablation" title="Cryoablation">Cryoablation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Radiofrequency_ablation" title="Radiofrequency ablation">Radiofrequency ablation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial cardiac pacemaker">Pacemaker insertion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/S-ICD" class="mw-redirect" title="S-ICD">S-ICD</a> implantation</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Implantable_cardioverter-defibrillator" title="Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator">ICD</a> implantation</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_resynchronization_therapy" title="Cardiac resynchronization therapy">Cardiac resynchronization therapy</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_atrial_appendage_occlusion" title="Left atrial appendage occlusion">Left atrial appendage occlusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotomy" title="Cardiotomy">Cardiotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_transplantation" title="Heart transplantation">Heart transplantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Electrophysiology" title="Electrophysiology">Electrophysiology</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">Electrocardiography</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Vectorcardiography" title="Vectorcardiography">Vectorcardiography</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Magnetocardiography" title="Magnetocardiography">Magnetocardiography</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Holter_monitor" title="Holter monitor">Holter monitor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Implantable_loop_recorder" title="Implantable loop recorder">Implantable loop recorder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_stress_test" title="Cardiac stress test">Cardiac stress test</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bruce_protocol" title="Bruce protocol">Bruce protocol</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Electrophysiology_study" title="Electrophysiology study">Electrophysiology study</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_imaging" title="Cardiac imaging">Cardiac imaging</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angiocardiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiocardiography">Angiocardiography</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">Echocardiography</a> <dl><dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">TTE</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Transesophageal_echocardiogram" title="Transesophageal echocardiogram">TEE</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_perfusion_imaging" title="Myocardial perfusion imaging">Myocardial perfusion imaging</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging">Cardiovascular MRI</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_ventriculography" title="Cardiac ventriculography">Ventriculography</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide_ventriculography" class="mw-redirect" title="Radionuclide ventriculography">Radionuclide ventriculography</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_catheterization" title="Cardiac catheterization">Cardiac catheterization</a>/<a href="/wiki/Coronary_catheterization" title="Coronary catheterization">Coronary catheterization</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_CT" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac CT">Cardiac CT</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_PET" title="Cardiac PET">Cardiac PET</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phonocardiogram" title="Phonocardiogram">Phonocardiogram</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiology_diagnostic_tests_and_procedures" title="Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures">Function tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impedance_cardiography" title="Impedance cardiography">Impedance cardiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballistocardiography" title="Ballistocardiography">Ballistocardiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotocography" title="Cardiotocography">Cardiotocography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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