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In our empirical analysis of the aggregate import demand function for India, cointegration and error correction techniques have been used. Using macroeconomic variables such as gross domestic product, unit value of import prices, prices of domestically produced goods and foreign exchange reserves, the empirical evidence suggests that there exists a cointegrating relationship among these variables. Our econometric estimates of the aggregate import demand function for India suggest that import demand is dominated by GDP, when compared to the unit value of import price, and foreign exchange reserves.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Aruna Dash"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2015-04-22","dateModified":"2015-06-15","datePublished":null,"headline":"An Econometric Estimation of the Aggregate Import Demand Function for India","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Econometrics","Macroeconomics"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":null,"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/12065279/An_Econometric_Estimation_of_the_Aggregate_Import_Demand_Function_for_India","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"ibshyderabad"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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yearly\ntime-series data and by applying the Johansen Juselius multivariate cointegration technique during 1975-2003\nup to which the latest data is available. In our empirical analysis of the aggregate import demand function\nfor India, cointegration and error correction techniques have been used. Using macroeconomic variables\nsuch as gross domestic product, unit value of import prices, prices of domestically produced goods and\nforeign exchange reserves, the empirical evidence suggests that there exists a cointegrating relationship\namong these variables. Our econometric estimates of the aggregate import demand function for India\nsuggest that import demand is dominated by GDP, when compared to the unit value of import price, and\nforeign exchange reserves."},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"An Econometric Estimation of the Aggregate Import Demand Function for India","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [30088244]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":37389636,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “An Econometric Estimation of the Aggregate Import Demand Function for India”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/37389636/mini_magick20190302-18910-yjb7f0.png?1551566012" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">An Econometric Estimation of the Aggregate Import Demand Function for India</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="30088244" href="https://ibshyderabad.academia.edu/ArunaDash"><img alt="Profile image of Aruna Dash" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/30088244/8691103/9707332/s65_aruna.dash.jpg" />Aruna Dash</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">19 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 12065279; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=12065279"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { const viewCountNumber = Number(viewCount); if (!viewCountNumber) { throw new Error('Failed to parse view count'); } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (viewCountBody) { viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } else { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This study investigates the behavior of the aggregate import demand function for India using the yearly time-series data and by applying the Johansen Juselius multivariate cointegration technique during 1975-2003 up to which the latest data is available. In our empirical analysis of the aggregate import demand function for India, cointegration and error correction techniques have been used. Using macroeconomic variables such as gross domestic product, unit value of import prices, prices of domestically produced goods and foreign exchange reserves, the empirical evidence suggests that there exists a cointegrating relationship among these variables. Our econometric estimates of the aggregate import demand function for India suggest that import demand is dominated by GDP, when compared to the unit value of import price, and foreign exchange reserves.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":37389636,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/12065279/An_Econometric_Estimation_of_the_Aggregate_Import_Demand_Function_for_India"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":37389636,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/12065279/An_Econometric_Estimation_of_the_Aggregate_Import_Demand_Function_for_India"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="37389636" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/12065279/An_Econometric_Estimation_of_the_Aggregate_Import_Demand_Function_for_India" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="59344903" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59344903/An_aggregate_import_demand_function_for_India_a_cointegration_analysis">An aggregate import demand function for India: a cointegration analysis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66814354" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NasiruddinAhmed4">Nasiruddin Ahmed</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Applied Economics Letters, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An aggregate import demand function for India: a cointegration analysis","attachmentId":73316056,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/59344903/An_aggregate_import_demand_function_for_India_a_cointegration_analysis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/59344903/An_aggregate_import_demand_function_for_India_a_cointegration_analysis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="67453231" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67453231/Exports_Dynamics_of_India_A_Cointegration_Analysis">Exports Dynamics of India: A Cointegration Analysis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9313822" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JagadishPrasadSahu">Jagadish Prasad Sahu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We examine the dynamics of Indian exports for the period 1980–2015 using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration. Specifically, we estimate an export demand function to determine the long-run price and income elasticity of Indian exports. Our results reveal that there is a long-run relationship between exports volume, export price and world GDP (a proxy for trade partner’s income). We find that Indian exports are highly sensitive to its price and income of the trade partners in the long-run. However, the income elasticity is found to be much larger than the price elasticity. To be precise, we find that the long-run price elasticity is -2.17 and the income elasticity is 7.17, and both are statistically significant at 1% level. Our findings suggest that Indian exports are more responsive to its trade partner’s income, which explains the slow growth in Indian exports in the recent years owing to the slowdown in world economic activity.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Exports Dynamics of India: A Cointegration Analysis","attachmentId":78264612,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67453231/Exports_Dynamics_of_India_A_Cointegration_Analysis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67453231/Exports_Dynamics_of_India_A_Cointegration_Analysis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="28025766" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28025766/AN_ECONOMETRIC_ESTIMATION_OF_TRADITIONAL_IMPORT_DEMAND_FUNCTION_FOR_PAKISTAN">AN ECONOMETRIC ESTIMATION OF TRADITIONAL IMPORT DEMAND FUNCTION FOR PAKISTAN</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="52540285" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HassanDhedhi">Hassan Dhedhi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Many studies have estimated the aggregate import demand function for Pakistan by using non-stationary data. 1 Their findings suffer from the so-called 'spurious regression' problem. This study attempts to estimate the aggregate import demand function for Pakistan by employing Johansen and Juselius cointegration technique on the annual data for the period 1975-2005. Our results show that there is long-run equilibrium relationship among variables and the stability tests indicate that import demand function remains stable over the sample period and hence the estimated results are appropriate for policy implications.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"AN ECONOMETRIC ESTIMATION OF TRADITIONAL IMPORT DEMAND FUNCTION FOR PAKISTAN","attachmentId":48332120,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28025766/AN_ECONOMETRIC_ESTIMATION_OF_TRADITIONAL_IMPORT_DEMAND_FUNCTION_FOR_PAKISTAN","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" 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ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Reexamination of COMESA’s Aggregate Import Demand Function: Multivariate Cointegration Approach","attachmentId":67285443,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48875608/A_Reexamination_of_COMESA_s_Aggregate_Import_Demand_Function_Multivariate_Cointegration_Approach","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/48875608/A_Reexamination_of_COMESA_s_Aggregate_Import_Demand_Function_Multivariate_Cointegration_Approach"><span 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Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 1992</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cointegration, error correction representation and the import demand function with implications in International Finance and Accounting Research","attachmentId":81017097,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/71830258/Cointegration_error_correction_representation_and_the_import_demand_function_with_implications_in_International_Finance_and_Accounting_Research","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/71830258/Cointegration_error_correction_representation_and_the_import_demand_function_with_implications_in_International_Finance_and_Accounting_Research"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="1885244" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1885244/The_Role_of_Expenditure_Components_in_Determination_of_Import_Demand_Empirical_Evidence_from_Pakistan">The Role of Expenditure Components in Determination of Import Demand: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="499266" href="https://ciitisb.academia.edu/MuhammadIrfanChani">Muhammad Irfan Chani</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social …, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study is aimed at in-depth empirical analysis of impact of final expenditure components on import demand in Pakistan. ARDL bound testing approach to cointegration is used to analyze the long run relationship of import demand, relative prices of imports and components of final expenditure like household consumption, investment, exports and government consumption expenditures. Empirical results show that there exists a long run relationship between import demand and the macro components of final expenditure and relative prices. Long run coefficients indicate that elasticity of import demand with respect to different macro components of final expenditure is different. The impact of the all expenditure components on import demand is positive and significant. The relative prices have negative but insignificant relationship with import demand in Pakistan. For the analysis of Short Run dynamics, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) has been used. The results show that all expenditure components have positive and significant impact on import demand in Pakistan while the effect of relative prices is also statistically insignificant in short run.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Role of Expenditure Components in Determination of Import Demand: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan","attachmentId":27069411,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1885244/The_Role_of_Expenditure_Components_in_Determination_of_Import_Demand_Empirical_Evidence_from_Pakistan","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1885244/The_Role_of_Expenditure_Components_in_Determination_of_Import_Demand_Empirical_Evidence_from_Pakistan"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="27102513" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27102513/Modeling_the_U_S_demand_for_imports_through_cointegration_and_error_correction">Modeling the U.S. demand for imports through cointegration and error correction</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51112031" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CaroneG">Giuseppe Carone</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Policy Modeling, 1996</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Modeling the U.S. demand for imports through cointegration and error correction","attachmentId":47353737,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27102513/Modeling_the_U_S_demand_for_imports_through_cointegration_and_error_correction","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27102513/Modeling_the_U_S_demand_for_imports_through_cointegration_and_error_correction"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="50362622" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50362622/Modelling_Import_Demand_Function_for_a_Developing_Country_An_Empirical_Approach">Modelling Import Demand Function for a Developing Country: An Empirical Approach</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5746624" href="https://algomau.academia.edu/NusrateAzizPhD">Nusrate Aziz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Asian African Journal of Economics and Econometrics, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Modelling Import Demand Function for a Developing Country: An Empirical Approach","attachmentId":68380250,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50362622/Modelling_Import_Demand_Function_for_a_Developing_Country_An_Empirical_Approach","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/50362622/Modelling_Import_Demand_Function_for_a_Developing_Country_An_Empirical_Approach"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="68927905" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68927905/Are_exports_and_imports_of_India_s_trading_partners_cointegrated_Evidence_from_Fourier_bootstrap_ARDL_procedure">Are exports and imports of India’s trading partners cointegrated? Evidence from Fourier bootstrap ARDL procedure</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28322663" href="https://singh.academia.edu/ProfNandKumar">Prof. Nand Kumar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Empirical Economics, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The paper assesses the long-run relationship between India’s exports and imports with its 21 major trading partners using bootstrap autoregressive distributed lag bounds test procedure with a Fourier function. The study uses monthly data for the period 2014 (Month 01) to 2020 (Month 02). The empirical results show cointegration for 6 countries if imports are used as the dependent variable but not when exports are used as a dependent variable. However, for the remaining countries, no cointegration between exports and imports was found. This indicates that India’s efforts to reduce its bilateral imbalances through trade policies with these countries may not be appropriately targeted. Having established a long-run relationship, the study estimates a disaggregated bilateral import demand function by employing a linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model to investigate the asymmetric impact of the relative price changes on the import demand of India with her trading partne...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Are exports and imports of India’s trading partners cointegrated? 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