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The study uses monthly data for the period 2014 (Month 01) to 2020 (Month 02). The empirical results show cointegration for 6 countries if imports are used as the dependent variable but not when exports are used as a dependent variable. However, for the remaining countries, no cointegration between exports and imports was found. This indicates that India’s efforts to reduce its bilateral imbalances through trade policies with these countries may not be appropriately targeted. Having established a long-run relationship, the study estimates a disaggregated bilateral import demand function by employing a linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model to investigate the asymmetric impact of the relative price changes on the import demand of India with her trading partne...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Prof. Nand Kumar"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-01-20","dateModified":"2022-01-20","datePublished":"2021-01-01","headline":"Are exports and imports of India’s trading partners cointegrated? Evidence from Fourier bootstrap ARDL procedure","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Economics","Empirical Economics"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Empirical Economics","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/68927905/Are_exports_and_imports_of_India_s_trading_partners_cointegrated_Evidence_from_Fourier_bootstrap_ARDL_procedure","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"singh"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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The study uses monthly data for the period 2014 (Month 01) to 2020 (Month 02). The empirical results show cointegration for 6 countries if imports are used as the dependent variable but not when exports are used as a dependent variable. However, for the remaining countries, no cointegration between exports and imports was found. This indicates that India’s efforts to reduce its bilateral imbalances through trade policies with these countries may not be appropriately targeted. Having established a long-run relationship, the study estimates a disaggregated bilateral import demand function by employing a linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model to investigate the asymmetric impact of the relative price changes on the import demand of India with her trading partne...","publication_date":"2021,,","publication_name":"Empirical Economics"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Are exports and imports of India’s trading partners cointegrated? Evidence from Fourier bootstrap ARDL procedure","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [28322663]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":79225388,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Are exports and imports of India’s trading partners cointegrated? Evidence from Fourier bootstrap ARDL procedure”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/79225388/mini_magick20220120-5931-1bhbyeh.png?1642747215" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Are exports and imports of India’s trading partners cointegrated? Evidence from Fourier bootstrap ARDL procedure</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28322663" href="https://singh.academia.edu/ProfNandKumar"><img alt="Profile image of Prof. Nand Kumar" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/28322663/7999657/8960344/s65_nand.kumar.jpg" />Prof. Nand Kumar</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2021, Empirical Economics</p></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The paper assesses the long-run relationship between India’s exports and imports with its 21 major trading partners using bootstrap autoregressive distributed lag bounds test procedure with a Fourier function. The study uses monthly data for the period 2014 (Month 01) to 2020 (Month 02). The empirical results show cointegration for 6 countries if imports are used as the dependent variable but not when exports are used as a dependent variable. However, for the remaining countries, no cointegration between exports and imports was found. This indicates that India’s efforts to reduce its bilateral imbalances through trade policies with these countries may not be appropriately targeted. Having established a long-run relationship, the study estimates a disaggregated bilateral import demand function by employing a linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model to investigate the asymmetric impact of the relative price changes on the import demand of India with her trading partne...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":79225388,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/68927905/Are_exports_and_imports_of_India_s_trading_partners_cointegrated_Evidence_from_Fourier_bootstrap_ARDL_procedure"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":79225388,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/68927905/Are_exports_and_imports_of_India_s_trading_partners_cointegrated_Evidence_from_Fourier_bootstrap_ARDL_procedure"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="79225388" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/68927905/Are_exports_and_imports_of_India_s_trading_partners_cointegrated_Evidence_from_Fourier_bootstrap_ARDL_procedure" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="67453231" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67453231/Exports_Dynamics_of_India_A_Cointegration_Analysis">Exports Dynamics of India: A Cointegration Analysis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9313822" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JagadishPrasadSahu">Jagadish Prasad Sahu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We examine the dynamics of Indian exports for the period 1980–2015 using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration. 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A Bilateral Trade Data Analysis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="216428169" href="https://independent.academia.edu/VishalMaurya77">Vishal Maurya</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">India’s considerable current account is characterised by large merchandise trade defi cit even though invisibles account has been in surplus. In this context, this study analysed the effect of real exchange rate on India’s bilateral trade balance with her trading partner countries. This is the fi rst attempt to examine the long-run effects of bilateral real exchange rate on bilateral trade balance of India with her 89 trading partner countries. The study uses Fully Modifi ed Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) method, a non-parametric heterogeneous panel cointegration technique, for removing the endogeneity problem among regressors. The result shows an existence of a long-run relationship between India’s trade balance and real exchange rate. India’s trade balance would improve with the real depreciation of exchange rate in the long run but deteriorate with the rise of India’s real income. JEL Classifi cation : F31, F41, C33</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Is India's Trade Balance Sensitive to Real Exchange Rates? A Bilateral Trade Data Analysis","attachmentId":93984100,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90414127/Is_Indias_Trade_Balance_Sensitive_to_Real_Exchange_Rates_A_Bilateral_Trade_Data_Analysis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90414127/Is_Indias_Trade_Balance_Sensitive_to_Real_Exchange_Rates_A_Bilateral_Trade_Data_Analysis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="66123037" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66123037/Empirical_Analysis_of_India_s_Foreign_Trade_and_Economic_Growth">Empirical Analysis of India’s Foreign Trade and Economic Growth</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37762060" href="https://independent.academia.edu/khujansingh">khujan singh</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The present study is an attempt to examine long run relationship among India’s GDP, Exports and Imports for which yearly time series data from 1995 to 2018 has been collected. Data for India’s GDP has been collected from RBI website and India’s export and import data has been collected form Ministry of Commerce and Industry website. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test for stationarity found that studied variables become stationary at first order of difference. While, Johnson cointegration test revealed long run cointegration between India’s GDP, exports and imports. The results of VECM Granger causality test exhibited bi-directional relationship between India’s GDP and India’s exports, whereas uni-directional relation has been found between India’s GDP and India’s imports. These results have significant implication for India’s export import policy and to achieve a target of $5 trillion economy till 2024-2025.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Empirical Analysis of India’s Foreign Trade and Economic Growth","attachmentId":77439084,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/66123037/Empirical_Analysis_of_India_s_Foreign_Trade_and_Economic_Growth","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/66123037/Empirical_Analysis_of_India_s_Foreign_Trade_and_Economic_Growth"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="71489008" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71489008/Testing_Long_Run_Relationship_between_Exports_and_Imports_Evidence_from_Pakistan">Testing Long Run Relationship between Exports and Imports: Evidence from Pakistan</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17298640" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MukhtarT">Tahir Mukhtar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Exports and imports together play an integral role in determining the trade balance of a country. In this respect the dynamics of relationship between these variables hold significant importance and attract the researchers for testing the nature of relationship between exports and imports. This study empirically examines the long run relationship between exports and imports for Pakistan using quarterly data for the period 1972-2006. The econometric framework used for analysis is the Johansen Maximum Likelihood cointegration technique, which tests both the existence and the number of cointegration vectors. Results show that there is a long run relationship between exports and imports and the country is not in violation of its international budget constraint. Furthermore, for testing the stability of long run equilibrium relationship and direction of causality, vector error correction model (VECM) technique has been applied. The findings confirm the stability of the long run equilibri...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Testing Long Run Relationship between Exports and Imports: Evidence from Pakistan","attachmentId":80809399,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/71489008/Testing_Long_Run_Relationship_between_Exports_and_Imports_Evidence_from_Pakistan","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/71489008/Testing_Long_Run_Relationship_between_Exports_and_Imports_Evidence_from_Pakistan"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="12065279" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12065279/An_Econometric_Estimation_of_the_Aggregate_Import_Demand_Function_for_India">An Econometric Estimation of the Aggregate Import Demand Function for India</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="30088244" href="https://ibshyderabad.academia.edu/ArunaDash">Aruna Dash</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study investigates the behavior of the aggregate import demand function for India using the yearly time-series data and by applying the Johansen Juselius multivariate cointegration technique during 1975-2003 up to which the latest data is available. In our empirical analysis of the aggregate import demand function for India, cointegration and error correction techniques have been used. Using macroeconomic variables such as gross domestic product, unit value of import prices, prices of domestically produced goods and foreign exchange reserves, the empirical evidence suggests that there exists a cointegrating relationship among these variables. Our econometric estimates of the aggregate import demand function for India suggest that import demand is dominated by GDP, when compared to the unit value of import price, and foreign exchange reserves.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Econometric Estimation of the Aggregate Import Demand Function for India","attachmentId":37389636,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12065279/An_Econometric_Estimation_of_the_Aggregate_Import_Demand_Function_for_India","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12065279/An_Econometric_Estimation_of_the_Aggregate_Import_Demand_Function_for_India"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":79225388,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":79225388,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_79225388" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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