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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nomination and confirmation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomination_and_confirmation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agenda_and_early_difficulties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agenda_and_early_difficulties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Agenda and early difficulties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agenda_and_early_difficulties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_and_sexuality_in_the_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_and_sexuality_in_the_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Gender and sexuality in the military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_and_sexuality_in_the_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defense_budget_and_"bottom-up_review"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense_budget_and_"bottom-up_review""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Defense budget and "bottom-up review"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defense_budget_and_"bottom-up_review"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_crises_and_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_crises_and_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Global crises and initiatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_crises_and_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_final_days_in_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_final_days_in_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Criticism and final days in office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_final_days_in_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_months_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_months_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Final months and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_months_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Electoral history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Electoral history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._House_(1970–1992)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._House_(1970–1992)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>U.S. House (1970–1992)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._House_(1970–1992)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Les Aspin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Les Aspin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لس آسپین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لس آسپین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Les Aspin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Les Aspin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9F" title="לס אספין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לס אספין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ليس اسپين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليس اسپين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Les Aspin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Les Aspin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لیس اسپین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لیس اسپین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Les Aspin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Les Aspin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Эспин, Лес – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эспин, Лес" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Les Aspin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Les Aspin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="เลส แอสพิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เลส แอสพิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Les Aspin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%95%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Лес Еспін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лес Еспін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%B9%B3" title="莱斯·阿斯平 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="莱斯·阿斯平" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1820456#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">18th U.S. Secretary of Defense and Congressman from Wisconsin </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Les Aspin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Aspin_official_DoD_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Les_Aspin_official_DoD_photo.jpg/220px-Les_Aspin_official_DoD_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Les_Aspin_official_DoD_photo.jpg/330px-Les_Aspin_official_DoD_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Les_Aspin_official_DoD_photo.jpg/440px-Les_Aspin_official_DoD_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="639" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1993–1994</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Intelligence_Advisory_Board" title="President's Intelligence Advisory Board">President's Intelligence Advisory Board</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />May 26, 1994 – May 21, 1995</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Crowe" title="William J. Crowe">William Crowe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Rudman" title="Warren Rudman">Warren Rudman</a> (acting)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">18th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of Defense</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 21, 1993 – February 3, 1994</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data">William Perry</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Perry" title="William J. Perry">William Perry</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">House Armed Services Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1985 – January 20, 1993</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Melvin_Price" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Melvin Price">Melvin Price</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Dellums" title="Ron Dellums">Ron Dellums</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>'s <span data-sort-value="Wisconsin01 !"><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Wisconsin's 1st congressional district">1st</a></span> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1971 – January 20, 1993</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._Schadeberg" title="Henry C. Schadeberg">Henry Schadeberg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Barca" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter W. Barca">Peter Barca</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Leslie Aspin Jr.</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1938-07-21</span>)</span>July 21, 1938<br /><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Milwaukee, Wisconsin">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 21, 1995<span style="display:none">(1995-05-21)</span> (aged 56)<br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Maureen Shea</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1969; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1979)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Philosophy" title="Master of Philosophy">MPhil</a>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1966–1968</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Rep._Les_Aspin_on_Action_Against_Iraq_for_Invading_Kuwait.ogg" title="File:Rep. Les Aspin on Action Against Iraq for Invading Kuwait.ogg">Les Aspin's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="266" data-mwtitle="Rep._Les_Aspin_on_Action_Against_Iraq_for_Invading_Kuwait.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Rep._Les_Aspin_on_Action_Against_Iraq_for_Invading_Kuwait.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/Rep._Les_Aspin_on_Action_Against_Iraq_for_Invading_Kuwait.ogg/Rep._Les_Aspin_on_Action_Against_Iraq_for_Invading_Kuwait.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Aspin, as chair of the <a href="/wiki/House_Armed_Services_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Armed Services Committee">House Armed Services Committee</a>, speaks on the use of force against <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a><br />Recorded January 12, 1991</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Leslie Aspin Jr.</b> (July 21, 1938 – May 21, 1995) was an American <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> politician who served as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Wisconsin's 1st congressional district">Wisconsin's 1st congressional district</a> from 1971 to 1993 and as the 18th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of Defense</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> from 1993 to 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_Leslie_Aspin_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_Leslie_Aspin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Congress, Aspin had a reputation as an intellectual who took a middle-of-the-road position on controversial issues. He supported the Reagan administration regarding the <a href="/wiki/MX_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="MX missile">MX missile</a> and aid to the Nicaraguan Contras, but he opposed the <a href="/wiki/B-2_bomber" class="mw-redirect" title="B-2 bomber">B-2 bomber</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a>. He played a major role in convincing the House to support the January 1991 resolution supporting the use of force by President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> against Iraq, after it invaded Kuwait. </p><p>As Secretary of Defense, Aspin faced complex social issues, such as the roles of homosexuals in uniform, and of women in combat, as well as major decisions regarding the use of military force in Somalia, Bosnia, and <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>. He proposed budget cuts and restructuring of forces as part of the downsizing of the military after the end of the Cold War. The deaths of U.S. soldiers in Somalia because of inadequate military support led to his resignation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Aspin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aspin was born in <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Milwaukee, Wisconsin">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</a>. He graduated from <a href="/wiki/Shorewood_High_School_(Wisconsin)" title="Shorewood High School (Wisconsin)">Shorewood High School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, where he was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Zeta_Psi" title="Zeta Psi">Zeta Psi</a> fraternity, and graduated <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa cum laude">summa cum laude</a></i> in 1960 with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> in <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>. Aspin then attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, where he received his <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Philosophy" title="Master of Philosophy">Master of Philosophy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> in 1962 and his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> in economics from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> in 1966. </p><p>Aspin met his wife, Maureen Shea, in <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. Shea, a graduate of <a href="/wiki/Hollins_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollins College">Hollins College</a>, was working for a research firm interviewing Vietcong defectors when the two were introduced by a mutual acquaintance. After the project was completed she moved to Wisconsin to work on Aspin's unsuccessful bid for Wisconsin State Treasurer in 1968. The couple became engaged in October 1968 and married in January 1969 in Shea's hometown of <a href="/wiki/Hillsdale,_New_York" title="Hillsdale, New York">Hillsdale, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple divorced in 1979 and had no children. </p><p>Aspin served a brief tenure as a congressional staff member for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Proxmire" title="William Proxmire">William Proxmire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an officer in the U.S. Army from 1966 to 1968, he served as a systems analyst in <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> under Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._McNamara" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert S. McNamara">Robert S. McNamara</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serving in the <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Cost_Assessment_and_Program_Evaluation" title="Director of Cost Assessment and Program Evaluation">Office of Systems Analysis</a>. Before his election as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Democratic Party">Democrat</a> to Congress in 1970, Aspin had been active in <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> politics and had taught <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> at <a href="/wiki/Marquette_University" title="Marquette University">Marquette University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Congress">U.S. Congress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Aspin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: U.S. Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aspin ran as a peace candidate in 1970, opposing the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. In the Democratic primary he was opposed by <a href="/wiki/Doug_La_Follette" title="Doug La Follette">Doug La Follette</a>, who was endorsed by the party. Aspin lost the initial count by a few dozen votes, and initially refused to pay for a recount out of his own pocket. It was only after his Kenosha County campaign director, Edwin M. Andersen, was able to garner financial support from numerous supporters, however, that the legendarily thrifty Aspin then demanded a recount and won the primary, by a few dozen votes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the general election he defeated the incumbent, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Schadeberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Schadeberg">Henry Schadeberg</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AspinCongressPortrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/AspinCongressPortrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="241" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>Congressional portrait</figcaption></figure> <p>Aspin was elected as a Democrat to the 92nd and to the 11 succeeding Congresses and served from January 3, 1971, until his resignation January 20, 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aspin began his career in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> as an outsider but honed his particular interest and expertise in defense matters. Before and during his tenure in the House, he had opposed the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. In April 1972, he sued <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> in District Court for the U.S. Army to release the <a href="/wiki/Peers_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Peers Commission">Peers Commission</a> investigation of the <a href="/wiki/My_Lai_massacre" title="My Lai massacre">My Lai massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his early years in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>, he often issued press releases critical of shortcomings he detected in the armed forces. In 1973, he criticized the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a> for devising a plan to purchase 200 <a href="/wiki/Beagle" title="Beagle">beagle</a> puppies, tie the dogs' vocal cords, and conduct tests of poisonous gases.<sup id="cite_ref-singer29_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singer29-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Aspin began a publicity campaign against the Air Force's plan, an outraged public sent a record number of letters to the Defense Department, surpassing the amount ever sent about any other subject.<sup id="cite_ref-singer29_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singer29-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1974, Aspin told an audience at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>, including future <a href="/wiki/4_star_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="4 star rank">4-star General</a> <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clark" title="Wesley Clark">Wesley Clark</a> and four <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a> cadets: "You, the young officer and cadets sitting there - never in your lifetimes will you see us intervene abroad. We've learned that lesson."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1985, when Aspin became chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">Armed Services Committee</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was recognized as a leading defense authority. His chairmanship caused controversy among some House Democrats, particularly because he supported the <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a>'s policies on the <a href="/wiki/MX_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="MX missile">MX missile</a> and aid to the <a href="/wiki/Iran-Contra" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-Contra">Nicaraguan Contras</a>. Although temporarily removed from his committee chair by his Democratic colleagues in January 1987,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aspin weathered the crisis and regained the chairmanship three weeks later.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He again broke with many Democrats in January 1991 when he issued a paper supporting the <a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="George H.W. Bush">Bush administration</a>'s intention to use military force to drive the <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqis</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accuracy of his prediction that the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> could win a quick military victory with light casualties added to his reputation as a military expert. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_Defense">Secretary of Defense</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Aspin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Secretary of Defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomination_and_confirmation">Nomination and confirmation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Aspin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nomination and confirmation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AspinClinton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/AspinClinton.jpg/220px-AspinClinton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/AspinClinton.jpg/330px-AspinClinton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/AspinClinton.jpg/440px-AspinClinton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="2870" /></a><figcaption>Les Aspin and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">President Clinton</a> in at Admiral's Landing as they prepare to visit the <a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_Memorial" title="USS Arizona Memorial">USS <i>Arizona</i> Memorial</a> (July 1993)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Aspin_speaks_aboard_USS_Roosevelt,_1993.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Les_Aspin_speaks_aboard_USS_Roosevelt%2C_1993.jpg/220px-Les_Aspin_speaks_aboard_USS_Roosevelt%2C_1993.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Les_Aspin_speaks_aboard_USS_Roosevelt%2C_1993.jpg/330px-Les_Aspin_speaks_aboard_USS_Roosevelt%2C_1993.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Les_Aspin_speaks_aboard_USS_Roosevelt%2C_1993.jpg/440px-Les_Aspin_speaks_aboard_USS_Roosevelt%2C_1993.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="1818" /></a><figcaption>Speaking aboard <a href="/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_(CVN-71)" title="USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71)">USS <i>Roosevelt</i></a> in 1993</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Aspin_and_Yitzhak_Rabin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Les_Aspin_and_Yitzhak_Rabin.jpg/220px-Les_Aspin_and_Yitzhak_Rabin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Les_Aspin_and_Yitzhak_Rabin.jpg/330px-Les_Aspin_and_Yitzhak_Rabin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Les_Aspin_and_Yitzhak_Rabin.jpg/440px-Les_Aspin_and_Yitzhak_Rabin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2999" data-file-height="1962" /></a><figcaption>Aspin shakes hands with <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Israeli Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> in 1993</figcaption></figure> <p>Aspin served as an adviser to Clinton on defense matters during the <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1992">1992 presidential campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given Clinton's lack of military experience, appointment of a prominent and respected defense expert to head <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a> seemed desirable. Because of his leadership position in the House, Aspin's views on defense issues were well known. He was skeptical about the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a>, and favored a smaller Navy, a cut in U.S. troops in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and further reduction of military personnel strength. These positions, along with the assumption that Aspin would work toward a substantial cut in the Defense budget, worried the military. Defense industry leaders applauded Aspin's selection because he favored maintaining a viable defense industrial base. Although questioned extensively, Aspin won easy confirmation in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agenda_and_early_difficulties">Agenda and early difficulties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Aspin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Agenda and early difficulties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Shortly after he took office, Aspin discussed dangers that had emerged with the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>: the uncertainty that reform could succeed in the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>; the enhanced possibility that <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorists</a> or terrorist states could acquire <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>; the likely proliferation of regional conflicts; and the failure to take adequate account of the impact of the state of the domestic economy on U.S. national security interests. Given these conditions and the end of the Cold War, it seemed clear that the Pentagon was entering a period of potentially profound change. Aspin looked like a sound choice to manage this change. </p><p>As it turned out, Aspin faced difficulties from the beginning. A serious heart ailment put him in the hospital for several days in February 1993, after barely a month in office. A month later he was back in the hospital for implantation of a <a href="/wiki/Artificial_pacemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pacemaker">heart pacemaker</a>. Even so, he had to deal immediately with the highly charged question of <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuals</a> in the military, a controversy left over from his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>'s tenure. That had become an issue in the 1992 campaign, when Clinton had promised to end discrimination against homosexuals. During his confirmation hearings Aspin indicated that he would take action quickly, and on entering office he presented a plan to the president to discuss the matter with Congress and the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> and presented a timetable leading to an order dealing with the matter. This plan provoked widespread protest from all sides on the issue."<sup id="cite_ref-History_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_and_sexuality_in_the_military">Gender and sexuality in the military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Aspin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gender and sexuality in the military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fallout from the controversy wounded both Clinton and Aspin politically and dragged on until December 1993, when, after many months of equivocation, confusion, and more controversy, Aspin released new regulations, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell" title="Don't ask, don't tell">Don't ask, don't tell</a>" policy on homosexual conduct in the armed forces: Applicants for the services would not be asked about their sexual orientation, and homosexual orientation would not disqualify anyone from service "unless manifested by homosexual conduct"; military personnel would be judged on suitability for service, not sexual orientation; separation from the service would be based on homosexual acts, <a href="/wiki/Same_sex_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Same sex marriage">same sex marriage</a>, or statements by an individual that he or she was <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexual</a> or homosexual, with the person accorded the opportunity to rebut the presumption of homosexual acts; <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">DoD</a> criminal investigation or law enforcement organizations would not investigate solely to determine a service member's sexual orientation, and sexual orientation questions would not be included in personnel security questionnaires; finally, service members would be informed of DoD policy on sexual conduct during their training. This compromise policy, issued after an agonizing and divisive public debate, did not completely satisfy any of the concerned parties. </p><p>Also on the social side, Aspin had to deal with the volatile question of service women in combat. In April 1993 he announced a revised policy on the assignment of women in the armed forces: The services were to allow women to compete for assignments in combat aircraft; the Navy was to open additional ships to women and draft a proposal for Congress to remove existing legislative barriers to the assignment of women to combat vessels; and the Army and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a> were to look for opportunities for women to serve in such components as field artillery and air defense. (This was a response to recommendations made by an ad hoc committee chaired by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_S._Pope" title="Barbara S. Pope">Barbara S. Pope</a> appointed in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Tailhook_scandal" title="Tailhook scandal">Tailhook scandal</a>.) Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Air Force">Secretary of the Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheila_E._Widnall" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheila E. Widnall">Sheila E. Widnall</a> became the first woman service secretary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defense_budget_and_"bottom-up_review""><span id="Defense_budget_and_.22bottom-up_review.22"></span>Defense budget and "bottom-up review"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Aspin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Defense budget and "bottom-up review""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Development of the Defense budget for FY 1994, beginning on 1 October 1993, remained Aspin's biggest task. The budget process proved more complicated than usual, owing to Clinton's campaign pledge to reduce DoD funding and to a "bottom-up review" of the military structure ordered by Aspin shortly after he took office.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end of the Cold War and the consequent opportunity to cut military costs clearly called for the kind of reevaluation of ends and means that the bottom-up review might contribute. A Pentagon steering group chaired by <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Defense_(Acquisition_and_Technology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisition and Technology)">Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisition and Technology)</a> <a href="/wiki/John_M._Deutch" title="John M. Deutch">John M. Deutch</a> and including representatives from various <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Secretary_of_Defense" title="Office of the Secretary of Defense">OSD offices</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Staff">Joint Staff</a>, and the services conducted the review. </p><p>Because of the growing threat of regional conflicts, Aspin wanted to have a strong capability to carry out limited military operations, including peacekeeping, and to maintain "a strong peacetime presence of U.S. forces around the world". The bottom-up review report, which Aspin released in September 1993,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took into account strategy formulation, force structure, weapon systems modernization, and Defense infrastructure. The report projected a reduced force structure still capable of fighting and winning two simultaneous major regional conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forces would include 10 active Army divisions; 11 carrier battle groups, 45 to 55 attack <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a>, and about 345 ships; 5 active Marine brigades; and 13 active and 7 reserve <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a> fighter wings. The report also called for additional prepositioned equipment and <a href="/wiki/Strategic_airlift" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic airlift">airlift</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sealift" title="Sealift">sealift</a> capacity, improved anti-armor and precision-guided munitions, and enhanced <a href="/wiki/Army_National_Guard" title="Army National Guard">Army National Guard</a> combat brigade readiness. </p><p>The conclusions of the bottom-up review influenced the development of the FY 1994 Defense budget, although detailed work on the budget had begun as soon as Aspin took office. In March 1993 Aspin introduced a FY 1994 budget proposal costing $263.4 billion, about $12 billion below current levels, and reflecting cuts in the military services similar to those later included in the bottom-up review. To some critics of high military spending, Aspin's budget plan differed little from that of the Bush administration. </p><p>In the fall of 1993 Aspin began to tell the White House that the five-year Defense budget, reflecting the results of the bottom-up review, would exceed the more than $1 trillion projected by the Clinton administration. In December 1993 he put the anticipated shortfall at no less than $50 billion, the consequence of inaccurate inflation estimates, a military pay raise, and failure to account for other Pentagon costs, including peacekeeping operations. The size of the force needed to meet the two regional wars scenario contributed to the projected budget shortfall. Furthermore, Aspin was on record as favoring the use of U.S. troops in regional conflicts, as opposed to other decisionmakers, including General <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a>, chairman of the JCS. Aspin's departure from office early in 1994 left further decisions on the Defense budget to his successor. The final FY 1994 budget amounted to a little under $252 billion in total obligational authority. </p><p>Like his predecessors Carlucci and Cheney, Aspin faced the perennial issue of base closures, which could also affect the Defense budget. In March 1993 he released a plan to close an additional 31 large military installations and to shrink or consolidate 134 other sites, projecting a savings of over $3 billion a year beginning in 2000. A new Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission approved the proposal, which went into effect when Congress accepted it as a package. </p><p>The SDI program also held important budget implications. In May 1993 Aspin announced "the end of the Star Wars era," explaining that the collapse of the Soviet Union had determined the fate of SDI. He renamed the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization as the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO) and established its priorities as theater and national missile defense and useful follow-on technologies. Aspin's assignment of responsibility for BMDO to the under secretary of defense (acquisition and technology) signified the downgrading of the program. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_crises_and_initiatives">Global crises and initiatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Aspin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Global crises and initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While seeking solutions to the complex budget and force structure issues, Aspin found himself beset with difficult regional problems and conflicts that demanded decisions and action. In <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> he pushed the U.S.-sponsored "Partnership for Peace" program to bring together NATO members and nonmembers for military activities, including training maneuvers, equipment sharing, search and rescue, antiterrorist efforts, environmental cleanup, and peacekeeping operations. At a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> in December 1993 the NATO defense ministers agreed to consider for future alliance membership those non-NATO nations that participated in the program. Russian President <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> warned that attempts to bring Eastern European nations into NATO would threaten his country's strategic interests and endanger hopes for the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet bloc">Soviet bloc</a>'s reconciliation with the West. Yeltsin argued that enlarging NATO would reawaken old Russian concerns about encirclement and possibly weaken the cause of democratic reform. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GarethEvans.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/GarethEvans.JPG/220px-GarethEvans.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/GarethEvans.JPG/330px-GarethEvans.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/GarethEvans.JPG/440px-GarethEvans.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1963" /></a><figcaption>Aspin (right) with <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister of Australia">Australian foreign minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Evans_(politician)" title="Gareth Evans (politician)">Gareth Evans</a> in 1993.</figcaption></figure> <p>The unstable situation in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, where elected president <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a> had been ousted from office by the military in September 1991, presented another regional problem. The United States pressured the military government to restore Aristide. In July 1993, the Haitian military regime agreed to reinstate Aristide by October 30, 1993, but then refused to step down. In October, in an effort Clinton approved even though Aspin opposed it, the United States sent the <a href="/wiki/USS_Harlan_County" title="USS Harlan County">USS <i>Harlan County</i></a> carrying 200 troops to <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a>, Haiti's capital. Met by a hostile mob of armed Haitians, the ship turned away without attempting to undertake its mission, which the Pentagon described as an effort to professionalize the Haitian military and undertake civil assistance projects. Some observers attacked Aspin for not taking a harder stand in the administration against an action he opposed and then aborting the effort in the face of local opposition. </p><p>During Aspin's term the U.S. was concerned that <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> might have underway a nuclear weapons development program. This gave way to alarm when that country refused to allow full inspection of nuclear sites. In November 1993 North Korea demanded that the United States and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> cancel a planned joint training exercise as a precondition during discussions on the nuclear issue. Aspin rejected this demand and announced that the United States would suspend plans to withdraw its troops gradually from the peninsula. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> area, Iraq remained a problem. In June 1993 two U.S. Navy ships fired <a href="/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile_family)" title="Tomahawk (missile family)">Tomahawk missiles</a> against the headquarters building of Iraq's intelligence service in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in response to evidence of a plot to assassinate former President Bush during a visit to Kuwait. Aspin described the attack as a "wake up call" for <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>. Two months later Aspin received a report on the U.S. military performance during the 1991 Gulf War, the result of a study undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/House_Armed_Services_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Armed Services Committee">House Armed Services Committee</a> when he chaired it. The report concluded that the U.S. Central Command had greatly exaggerated damage done to Iraqi military equipment, such as tanks and naval vessels, by air strikes. Aspin also had to consider the question of health problems of U.S. service personnel who participated in the action against Iraq. He announced that a preliminary review disclosed no connection between chemical weapon agents and the reported health problems. Nevertheless, he formed a panel of outside experts to examine the issue further. </p><p>The worsening crisis in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a> commanded attention and demanded some kind of U.S. response. Aspin did not favor using ground forces to intervene in the civil war involving the Bosnian <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Muslims">Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>, but thought that the use of sophisticated weapons was a more reasonable option. Eventually the administration decided on an airdrop of humanitarian aid, even though Aspin did not favor the plan. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> turned out to be Aspin's biggest headache. A <a href="/wiki/Somali_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali civil war">civil war</a> involving various clans had engulfed the country since 1991. Direct U.S. involvement, begun in August 1992, provided food through a military airlift and other means to the people of Somalia. In December 1992, shortly before Aspin became secretary of defense, the United States joined a new <a href="/wiki/Unified_Task_Force" title="Unified Task Force">Unified Task Force</a> (UNITAF) to provide security as well as food relief. The United States sent 26,000 troops to Somalia to join about 13,000 others from more than 20 nations. UNITAF, operating until May 1993, restored order in Somalia and distributed food widely. </p><p>In March 1993, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Somalia_II" title="United Nations Operation in Somalia II">United Nations Operation in Somalia II</a> began in an effort to create conditions to enable the Somalis to rebuild the country. The United States cut its troops in Somalia to some 4,000 and then added 400 <a href="/wiki/75th_Ranger_Regiment" title="75th Ranger Regiment">Army Rangers</a> in August 1993. At that time, confronting criticism at home that the United States was getting more deeply involved in the factional violence in Somalia without a clear rationale, Aspin explained that U.S. troops would remain until order had been restored in <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>, Somalia's capital, progress had been made in disarming rival clans, and effective police forces were operating in the country's major cities. At the same time the United States increased its military efforts against a leading Somali warlord, <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Farrah_Aidid" title="Mohamed Farrah Aidid">Mohamed Farrah Aidid</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_and_final_days_in_office">Criticism and final days in office</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Aspin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Criticism and final days in office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 1993, General Powell asked Aspin to approve the request of the U.S. commander in Somalia for tanks, armored vehicles and AC-130 Spectre gunships for his forces. Aspin turned down the request and did not take Powell's request seriously. At some point during a lunch meeting, Powell presented to Aspin on the need of additional tanks, armored vehicles, AC-130 Spectre gunships air-support to support the U.S. Troops that were about to be deployed for Battle of Mogadishu and, discussing the battle preparation instead of paying attention to Powell's recommendation, Aspin caused Powell to grow more irritated. This was believed to be the primary reason for Powell's early departure as <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter Aidid's forces in Mogadishu killed 18 U.S. soldiers and wounded more than 75 in attacks that also resulted in the shooting down of two U.S. helicopters and the capture of one pilot in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(1993)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (1993)">the Battle of Mogadishu</a>. In the face of severe congressional criticism, Aspin admitted that in view of what had happened he had made a mistake, but stated that the request for armored equipment had been made within the context of delivering humanitarian aid to Somalia rather than protecting troops. In an appearance before a congressional committee to answer questions about the Somalia disaster, Aspin made an unfavorable impression and appeared weak in response to the detailed probing and criticism of his performance. The president publicly defended Aspin but made clear that the White House was not involved in the decision not to send armor reinforcements to Somalia. Several members of Congress called on Clinton to ask for Aspin's resignation. </p><p>On 15 December 1993 President Clinton announced Aspin's resignation, for personal reasons. Given the problems that Aspin encountered during his short term, most obviously the losses in Mogadishu, observers assumed that the president had asked him to step down. Speculation in the media centered on the Somalia embarrassment and on Aspin's differences with the Office of Management and Budget over how much the Defense budget should be cut. The secretary's health problems may well have also been a factor. One news magazine stated that Aspin's major handicap was "neither his famously unmilitary bearing nor his inability to discipline himself or the enormous Pentagon bureaucracy; it is his politician's instinct for the middle ground on defense issues." Aspin continued to serve as Secretary of Defense until February 3, 1994, when <a href="/wiki/William_J._Perry" title="William J. Perry">William Perry</a> took office. </p><p>After Aspin's resignation, a number of observers would come to his defense about his job performance. This included <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>, who said the real fault for the events in Somalia lay with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_months_and_death">Final months and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Aspin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Final months and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After leaving his position, Aspin joined the faculty of <a href="/wiki/Marquette_University" title="Marquette University">Marquette University</a>'s international affairs program in Washington and joined the board of directors of the Washington-based <a href="/wiki/Think-tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Think-tank">think-tank</a> the Henry L. Stimson Center. In March, he became a member of the Commission on Roles and Missions, and in May Clinton chose him to be chairman of the President's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Advisory_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board">Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board</a>. In March 1995, he began work as chairman of the study group on the Roles and Capabilities of the Intelligence Community (<a href="/wiki/Aspin%E2%80%93Brown_Commission" title="Aspin–Brown Commission">Aspin–Brown Commission</a>). </p><p>Aspin had had increasing difficulty during the last years of his life with a <a href="/wiki/Congenital" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital">congenital</a> heart condition (asymmetric septal <a href="/wiki/Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">hypertrophy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy" title="Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy">hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Obstructive_cardiomyopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstructive cardiomyopathy">obstructive cardiomyopathy</a>). It necessitated hospitalization during his tenure as Defense Secretary, with placement of a pacemaker. His cardiac disorder was complicated in May 1995 by a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, which resulted in his death on May 21, 1995, in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> He was interred at <a href="/wiki/Brookfield,_Wisconsin" title="Brookfield, Wisconsin">Brookfield</a>'s Wisconsin Memorial Park cemetery. </p><p>Marquette University named its <a href="/wiki/Les_Aspin_Center_for_Government" title="Les Aspin Center for Government">Les Aspin Center for Government</a> in his honor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Aspin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._House_(1970–1992)"><span id="U.S._House_.281970.E2.80.931992.29"></span>U.S. House (1970–1992)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Aspin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: U.S. House (1970–1992)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Election </th> <th>Date </th> <th colspan="4">Elected </th> <th colspan="4">Defeated </th> <th>Total </th> <th>Plurality </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections#Wisconsin" title="1970 United States House of Representatives elections">1970</a> </th> <td rowspan="3" valign="top">Primary<sup id="cite_ref-bb1971elex_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb1971elex-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="3" valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Sep. 8</span> </td> <td rowspan="3" valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Les Aspin</span> </td> <td rowspan="3" valign="top" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" valign="top" align="right">15,185 </td> <td rowspan="3" valign="top" align="right">39.83% </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Doug_La_Follette" title="Doug La Follette">Doug La Follette</a></span> </td> <td valign="top" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Dem.</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">15,165 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">39.78% </td> <td rowspan="3" valign="top" align="right">38,124 </td> <td rowspan="3" valign="top" align="right">20 </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_T._Flynn" title="Gerald T. Flynn">Gerald T. Flynn</a></span> </td> <td valign="top" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Dem.</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">6,130 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">16.08% </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Perry J. Anderson</span> </td> <td valign="top" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Dem.</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">1,644 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">4.31% </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">General<sup id="cite_ref-bb1971elex_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb1971elex-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Nov. 3</span> </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Les Aspin</span> </td> <td valign="top" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">87,428 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">60.93% </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Schadeberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Schadeberg">Henry Schadeberg</a> (inc)</span> </td> <td valign="top" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Rep.</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">56,067 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">39.07% </td> <td valign="top" align="right">143,495 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">31,361 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections#Wisconsin" title="1972 United States House of Representatives elections">1972</a> </th> <td valign="top">Primary<sup id="cite_ref-bb1973elex_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb1973elex-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Sep. 12</span> </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Les Aspin (inc)</span> </td> <td valign="top" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">28,211 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">90.55% </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Gerald H. Janca</span> </td> <td valign="top" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Dem.</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">2,943 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">9.45% </td> <td valign="top" align="right">31,154 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">25,268 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top">General<sup id="cite_ref-bb1973elex_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb1973elex-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Nov. 7</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Les Aspin (inc)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="right">122,973 </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="right">64.41% </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_E._Stalbaum" title="Merrill E. Stalbaum">Merrill E. Stalbaum</a></span> </td> <td valign="top" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Rep.</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">66,665 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">34.91% </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="right">190,937 </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="right">56,308 </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Charles J. Fortner</span> </td> <td valign="top" style="background-color:#D99FE8"><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">Amer.</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">1,299 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">0.68% </td></tr> <tr> <th valign="top"><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections#Wisconsin" title="1974 United States House of Representatives elections">1974</a> </th> <td valign="top">General<sup id="cite_ref-bb1975elex_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb1975elex-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Nov. 5</span> </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Les Aspin (inc)</span> </td> <td valign="top" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">81,902 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">70.49% </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Leonard W. Smith</span> </td> <td valign="top" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Rep.</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">34,288 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">29.51% </td> <td valign="top" align="right">116,190 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">47,614 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections#Wisconsin" title="1976 United States House of Representatives elections">1976</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" valign="top">General<sup id="cite_ref-bb1977elex_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb1977elex-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Nov. 2</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Les Aspin (inc)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="right">136,162 </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="right">64.90% </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">William W. Petrie</span> </td> <td valign="top" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Rep.</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">71,427 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">34.05% </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="right">209,794 </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="right">64,735 </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Eugene Zimmerman</span> </td> <td valign="top" style="background-color:#D99FE8"><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">Amer.</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">2,205 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">1.05% </td></tr> <tr> <th valign="top"><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections#Wisconsin" title="1978 United States House of Representatives elections">1978</a> </th> <td valign="top">General<sup id="cite_ref-bb1979elex_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb1979elex-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Nov. 7</span> </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Les Aspin (inc)</span> </td> <td valign="top" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">77,146 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">54.49% </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">William W. Petrie</span> </td> <td valign="top" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Rep.</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">64,437 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">45.51% </td> <td valign="top" align="right">141,583 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">12,709 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections#Wisconsin" title="1980 United States House of Representatives elections">1980</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" valign="top">General<sup id="cite_ref-bb1981elex_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb1981elex-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Nov. 4</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Les Aspin (inc)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="right">126,222 </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="right">56.24% </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Kathryn H. Canary</span> </td> <td valign="top" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Rep.</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">96,047 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">42.79% </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="right">224,437 </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="right">30,175 </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Arthur F. Jackson</span> </td> <td valign="top" style="background:#FED105"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Lib.</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">2,168 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">0.97% </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/1982_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections#Wisconsin" title="1982 United States House of Representatives elections">1982</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" valign="top">General<sup id="cite_ref-bb1983elex_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb1983elex-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Nov. 2</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Les Aspin (inc)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="right">95,055 </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="right">61.01% </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Peter N. Jansson</span> </td> <td valign="top" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Rep.</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">59,309 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">38.07% </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="right">155,802 </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="right">35,746 </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Arthur F. Jackson</span> </td> <td valign="top" style="background:#FED105"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Lib.</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">1,438 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">0.92% </td></tr> <tr> <th valign="top"><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections#Wisconsin" title="1984 United States House of Representatives elections">1984</a> </th> <td valign="top">General<sup id="cite_ref-bb1985elex_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb1985elex-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Nov. 6</span> </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Les Aspin (inc)</span> </td> <td valign="top" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">76,384 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">65.07% </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Robert V. Nolan</span> </td> <td valign="top" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Rep.</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">41,007 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">34.93% </td> <td valign="top" align="right">117,391 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">35,377 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections#Wisconsin" title="1986 United States House of Representatives elections">1986</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" valign="top">General<sup id="cite_ref-bb1987elex_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb1987elex-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Nov. 4</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Les Aspin (inc)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="right">106,288 </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="right">74.26% </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Iris Peterson</span> </td> <td valign="top" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Rep.</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">34,495 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">24.10% </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="right">143,137 </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="right">71,793 </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">John Graf</span> </td> <td valign="top" style="background:#66FF99"><a href="/wiki/Labor%E2%80%93Farm_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Labor–Farm Party of Wisconsin">L&F</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">2,354 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">1.64% </td></tr> <tr> <th valign="top"><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections#Wisconsin" title="1988 United States House of Representatives elections">1988</a> </th> <td valign="top">General<sup id="cite_ref-bb1989elex_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb1989elex-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Nov. 8</span> </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Les Aspin (inc)</span> </td> <td valign="top" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">158,552 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">76.16% </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Bernard J. Weaver</span> </td> <td valign="top" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Rep.</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">49,620 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">23.84% </td> <td valign="top" align="right">208,172 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">108,932 </td></tr> <tr> <th valign="top"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections#Wisconsin" title="1990 United States House of Representatives elections">1990</a> </th> <td valign="top">General<sup id="cite_ref-bb1991elex_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb1991elex-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Nov. 6</span> </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Les Aspin (inc)</span> </td> <td valign="top" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">93,961 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">100.0% </td> <td valign="top" colspan="4"> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">93,961 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">93,961 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections#Wisconsin" title="1992 United States House of Representatives elections">1992</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" valign="top">General<sup id="cite_ref-bb1993elex_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb1993elex-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Nov. 3</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><span class="nowrap">Les Aspin (inc)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="right">147,495 </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="right">57.56% </td> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Neumann" title="Mark Neumann">Mark Neumann</a></span> </td> <td valign="top" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Rep.</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">104,352 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">40.72% </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="right">256,238 </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="right">43,143 </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><span class="nowrap">John Graf</span> </td> <td valign="top" style="background-color:#DCDCDC"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (United States)">Ind.</a> </td> <td valign="top" align="right">4,391 </td> <td valign="top" align="right">1.71% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Aspin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Historical_Office_Leslie_Aspin-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_Leslie_Aspin_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571283/leslie-aspin/">"Leslie Aspin - William J. Clinton Administration"</a>. <i>Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Secretary+of+Defense+-+Historical+Office&rft.atitle=Leslie+Aspin+-+William+J.+Clinton+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.defense.gov%2FMultimedia%2FBiographies%2FArticle-View%2FArticle%2F571283%2Fleslie-aspin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALes+Aspin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MWSB&p_theme=mwsb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB8291FA543B66D&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM">"Fund-raising drive begins for Les Aspin scholarship"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal_Sentinel" title="Milwaukee Journal Sentinel">Milwaukee Journal Sentinel</a></i>, October 30, 1995. Accessed September 17, 2007. "The Shorewood High School Class of 1956 is raising money for a scholarship in fellow graduate Les Aspin's name.... He was a member of the 1956 class, which will celebrate its 40th class reunion July 20."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19710620&id=OkUaAAAAIBAJ&pg=7309,5048065">"The Milwaukee Journal - Google News Archive Search"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Milwaukee+Journal+-+Google+News+Archive+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1499%26dat%3D19710620%26id%3DOkUaAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D7309%2C5048065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALes+Aspin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/822/000044690/">"Les Aspin"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+Aspin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndb.com%2Fpeople%2F822%2F000044690%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALes+Aspin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gov/specials/secdef_histories/bios/aspin.htm">"Les Aspin"</a>. U.S. Department of Defense<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+Aspin&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Defense&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2Fspecials%2Fsecdef_histories%2Fbios%2Faspin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALes+Aspin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mu.edu/aspin/about/aspin.shtml">"The Honorable Les Aspin"</a>. Marquette University. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Honorable+Les+Aspin&rft.pub=Marquette+University&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mu.edu%2Faspin%2Fabout%2Faspin.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALes+Aspin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1996/07/09/la-follette-to-run-for-congress/">"La Follette To Run For Congress"</a>. Chicago Tribune. 1996-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Follette+To+Run+For+Congress&rft.pub=Chicago+Tribune&rft.date=1996-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F1996%2F07%2F09%2Fla-follette-to-run-for-congress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALes+Aspin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oral histories conducted with Edwin M. Andersen and Aspin adviser Robert Lange</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000224">"ASPIN, Leslie"</a>. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Elections in Wisconsin". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WSZOQ2EA4U3UJ8F">The State of Wisconsin Blue Book 1981–1982</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Legislative_Reference_Bureau" title="Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau">Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/AWSZOQ2EA4U3UJ8F/full/AP75Q263XO7IV68F">888</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/AWSZOQ2EA4U3UJ8F/full/AVSYZ2TTGMSJZH82">909</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Elections in Wisconsin". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/ZJZ7PTZ7WFUWF8X">The State of Wisconsin Blue Book 1983–1984</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Legislative_Reference_Bureau" title="Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau">Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/AZJZ7PTZ7WFUWF8X/full/A6X6KXBEEHEPYK8A">882</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/AZJZ7PTZ7WFUWF8X/full/AYVNNY7LO5KB5U8E">904</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Elections in Wisconsin". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/GWSZSEDPAWDVC84">The State of Wisconsin Blue Book 1989–1990</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Legislative_Reference_Bureau" title="Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau">Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/AGWSZSEDPAWDVC84/full/A5UKCFJ6KWURRT9A">905</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/AGWSZSEDPAWDVC84/full/AYYX2KQ2O5KAJQ86">919</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Elections in Wisconsin". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/6GO4S5JO5BQTO8M">State of Wisconsin Blue Book 1993–1994</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Legislative_Reference_Bureau" title="Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau">Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/A6GO4S5JO5BQTO8M/full/ALES5H2G3FGHRS8A">897</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/A6GO4S5JO5BQTO8M/full/AM7OPICASPNFZC8T">916</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=State+of+Wisconsin+Blue+Book+1993%26ndash%3B1994&rft.pages=897%2C+916&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Legislative+Reference+Bureau&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.wisc.edu%2F1711.dl%2F6GO4S5JO5BQTO8M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALes+Aspin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Aspin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aspin, Les. <i>Defense for a New Era: Lessons of the Persian Gulf War</i> (US House of Representatives, Committee on Armed Services, 1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0N47AQAAIAAJ&dq=les+aspin&pg=PR6">online</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Aspin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000224">Biography</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fec.gov/data/candidate/H6WI01010">Financial information (federal office)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/member/les-aspin/A000224">Legislation sponsored</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/15503">Profile</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vote_Smart" title="Vote Smart">Vote Smart</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mu.edu/aspin">Marquette University's Les Aspin Center for Government</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/secdef_histories/bios/aspin.htm">Les Aspin's biography on DefenseLink.mil</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070818114901/http://openvault.wgbh.org/wapina/barcode49474aspin_2/index.html">Interview about the MX missile</a> for the WGBH series, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070509083727/http://openvault.wgbh.org/series/War%2Band%2BPeace%2Bin%2Bthe%2BNuclear%2BAge/">War and Peace in the Nuclear Age</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6667331">Les Aspin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?11">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._Schadeberg" title="Henry C. Schadeberg">Henry Schadeberg</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from Wisconsin">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Wisconsin's 1st congressional district">Wisconsin's 1st congressional district</a> </b><br />1971–1993 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Barca" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter W. Barca">Peter Barca</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Melvin_Price" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Melvin Price">Melvin Price</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">House Armed Services Committee</a> </b><br />1985–1993 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Dellums" title="Ron Dellums">Ron Dellums</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of Defense</a> </b><br />1993–1994 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Perry" title="William J. Perry">William Perry</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Crowe" title="William J. Crowe">William Crowe</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Intelligence_Advisory_Board" title="President's Intelligence Advisory Board">President's Intelligence Advisory Board</a> </b><br />1994–1995 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Rudman" title="Warren Rudman">Warren Rudman</a><br />Acting</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSecDef" title="Template talk:USSecDef"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSecDef" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSecDef"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_defense" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States secretaries of defense</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">Forrestal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Lovett" title="Robert A. Lovett">Lovett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Erwin_Wilson" title="Charles Erwin Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_H._McElroy" title="Neil H. McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gates_Jr." title="Thomas S. Gates Jr.">T. Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">McNamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford">Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Laird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">Schlesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Brown_(Secretary_of_Defense)" title="Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Weinberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Carlucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aspin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Perry" title="William J. Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cohen" title="William Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">R. Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Panetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel">Hagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Carter" title="Ash Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mattis" title="Jim Mattis">Mattis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Esper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Austin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_House_Armed_Services_chairs" title="Template:US House Armed Services chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_Armed_Services_chairs" title="Template talk:US House Armed Services chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_Armed_Services_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House Armed Services chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">United States House Committee on Armed Services</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military Affairs Committee <br /> (1822–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton_Jr." title="James Hamilton Jr.">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vance_(Ohio_politician)" title="Joseph Vance (Ohio politician)">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton_Jr." title="James Hamilton Jr.">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Drayton" title="William Drayton">Drayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Iver_McKay" class="mw-redirect" title="James Iver McKay">McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Johnson" title="Cave Johnson">C. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddy_Thompson_Jr." title="Waddy Thompson Jr.">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crosby_Dawson" class="mw-redirect" title="William Crosby Dawson">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanly" title="Edward Stanly">Stanly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_A._Haralson" title="Hugh A. Haralson">Haralson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Botts" title="John Botts">Botts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistead_Burt" title="Armistead Burt">Burt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bissell" title="William Henry Bissell">Bissell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Quitman" title="John A. Quitman">Quitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Faulkner" title="Charles J. Faulkner">Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stanton" title="Benjamin Stanton">B. Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buffington_(Fall_River,_Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Buffington (Fall River, Massachusetts)">Buffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Schenck" title="Robert C. Schenck">Schenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coburn_(Indiana_politician)" title="John Coburn (Indiana politician)">Coburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Banning" title="Henry B. Banning">Banning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._J._Sparks" title="William A. J. Sparks">Sparks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Bragg" title="Edward S. Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Townshend" title="Richard W. Townshend">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_M._Cutcheon" title="Byron M. Cutcheon">Cutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Outhwaite" title="Joseph H. Outhwaite">Outhwaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._T._Hull" title="John A. T. Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hay_(politician)" title="James Hay (politician)">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Hubert_Dent_Jr." title="S. Hubert Dent Jr.">Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Kahn_(congressman)" title="Julius Kahn (congressman)">Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._McKenzie" title="John C. McKenzie">McKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Morin" title="John M. Morin">Morin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Frank_James" title="W. Frank James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Quin" title="Percy Quin">Quin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._McSwain" title="John J. McSwain">McSwain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lister_Hill" title="J. Lister Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._May" title="Andrew J. May">May</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/90px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/135px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval Affairs Committee <br /> (1822–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Fuller" title="Timothy Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Williams_Crowninshield" title="Benjamin Williams Crowninshield">Crowninshield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Storrs" title="Henry R. Storrs">Storrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hoffman_(congressman)" title="Michael Hoffman (congressman)">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson_(Maine_politician)" title="John Anderson (Maine politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_P._White" title="Campbell P. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jarvis" title="Leonard Jarvis">Jarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ingham" title="Samuel Ingham">Ingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Thomas" title="Francis Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Parmenter" title="William Parmenter">Parmenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_E._Holmes" title="Isaac E. Holmes">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Butler_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Butler King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Perry_Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Perry Stanton">F. Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Benson" title="Samuel P. Benson">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_H._Morse" title="Freeman H. Morse">Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Sedgwick" title="Charles B. Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Rice" title="Alexander H. Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_A._Pike" title="Frederick A. Pike">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenni_William_Scofield" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenni William Scofield">Scofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_C._Whitthorne" title="Washington C. Whitthorne">Whitthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_W._Harris" title="Benjamin W. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Cox" title="Samuel S. Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_A._Herbert" title="Hilary A. Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Boutelle" title="Charles A. Boutelle">Boutelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_A._Herbert" title="Hilary A. Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_J._Cummings" title="Amos J. Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Augustus_Geissenhainer" title="Jacob Augustus Geissenhainer">Geissenhainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Boutelle" title="Charles A. Boutelle">Boutelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Edmund_Foss" class="mw-redirect" title="George Edmund Foss">Foss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuel_P._Padgett" title="Lemuel P. Padgett">Padgett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Butler" title="Thomas S. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_A._Britten" title="Frederick A. Britten">Britten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Vinson" title="Carl Vinson">Vinson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armed Services Committee* <br /> (from 1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_G._Andrews" title="Walter G. Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Vinson" title="Carl Vinson">Vinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Jackson_Short" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewey Jackson Short">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Vinson" title="Carl Vinson">Vinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Mendel_Rivers" title="L. Mendel Rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Philbin" title="Philip J. Philbin">Philbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Edward_H%C3%A9bert" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Edward Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Price" title="Melvin Price">Price</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aspin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Dellums" title="Ron Dellums">Dellums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Spence" title="Floyd Spence">Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Stump" title="Bob Stump">Stump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_L._Hunter" title="Duncan L. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ike_Skelton" title="Ike Skelton">Skelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_McKeon" title="Buck McKeon">McKeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Thornberry" title="Mac Thornberry">Thornberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith_(Washington_politician)" title="Adam Smith (Washington politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rogers_(Alabama_politician)" title="Mike Rogers (Alabama politician)">Rogers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup>*</sup>Alternately named <b>National Security</b> in 104th and 105th Congresses.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Bill_Clinton_(1993–2001)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clinton_cabinet" title="Template:Clinton cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clinton_cabinet" title="Template talk:Clinton cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clinton_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clinton cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Bill_Clinton_(1993–2001)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (1993–2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Al_Gore" title="Vice presidency of Al Gore">tenure</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="15" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/100px-Bill_Clinton.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/150px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/200px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Warren Christopher</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a> (1997–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rubin" title="Robert Rubin">Robert Rubin</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a> (1999–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Les Aspin</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Perry" title="William J. Perry">William J. Perry</a> (1994–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cohen" title="William Cohen">William Cohen</a> (1997–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a> (1993–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Babbitt" title="Bruce Babbitt">Bruce Babbitt</a> (1993–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Espy" title="Mike Espy">Mike Espy</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Glickman" title="Dan Glickman">Dan Glickman</a> (1995–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Ron Brown</a> (1993–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Kantor" title="Mickey Kantor">Mickey Kantor</a> (1996–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Daley" title="William M. Daley">William M. Daley</a> (1997–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Mineta" title="Norman Mineta">Norman Mineta</a> (2000–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reich" title="Robert Reich">Robert Reich</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Herman" title="Alexis Herman">Alexis Herman</a> (1997–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Shalala" title="Donna Shalala">Donna Shalala</a> (1993–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cisneros" title="Henry Cisneros">Henry Cisneros</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Andrew Cuomo</a> (1997–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Federico Peña">Federico Peña</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_E._Slater" title="Rodney E. Slater">Rodney E. Slater</a> (1997–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazel_R._O%27Leary" title="Hazel R. O'Leary">Hazel R. O'Leary</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Federico Peña">Federico Peña</a> (1997–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Bill Richardson</a> (1998–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Riley" title="Richard Riley">Richard Riley</a> (1993–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Brown" title="Jesse Brown">Jesse Brown</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo_D._West_Jr." title="Togo D. West Jr.">Togo D. West Jr.</a> (1998–2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Browner" title="Carol Browner">Carol Browner</a> (1993–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Rivlin" title="Alice Rivlin">Alice Rivlin</a> (1994–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Raines" title="Franklin Raines">Franklin Raines</a> (1996–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a> (1998–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Deutch" title="John M. Deutch">John M. Deutch</a> (1995–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">George Tenet</a> (1996–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Kantor" title="Mickey Kantor">Mickey Kantor</a> (1993–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Barshefsky" title="Charlene Barshefsky">Charlene Barshefsky</a> (1996–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Bill Richardson</a> (1997–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holbrooke" title="Richard Holbrooke">Richard Holbrooke</a> (1999–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Tyson" title="Laura Tyson">Laura Tyson</a> (1993–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a> (1995–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a> (1997–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Neil_Baily" title="Martin Neil Baily">Martin Neil Baily</a> (1999–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Small_Business_Administration" title="Administrator of the Small Business Administration">Administrator of the Small Business Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Lader" title="Philip Lader">Philip Lader</a> (1994–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aida_%C3%81lvarez" title="Aida Álvarez">Aida Álvarez</a> (1997–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Lee_Witt" title="James Lee Witt">James Lee Witt</a> (1993–2001)*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lee_P._Brown" title="Lee P. Brown">Lee P. Brown</a> (1993–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_McCaffrey" title="Barry McCaffrey">Barry McCaffrey</a> (1996–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mack_McLarty" title="Mack McLarty">Mack McLarty</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a> (1994–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erskine_Bowles" title="Erskine Bowles">Erskine Bowles</a> (1997–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Podesta" title="John Podesta">John Podesta</a> (1998–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* <i>took office in 1993, raised to cabinet-rank in 1996</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wisconsin&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_92nd–103rd_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wisconsin&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_92nd–103rd_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>'s delegation(s) to the 92nd–103rd <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congresses</a> <span class="nowrap">(ordered by seniority)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/92nd_United_States_Congress" title="92nd United States Congress">92nd</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States senators from Wisconsin">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Proxmire" title="William Proxmire">W. Proxmire</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson" title="Gaylord Nelson">G. Nelson</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States representatives from Wisconsin">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Alvin_O%27Konski" title="Alvin O'Konski">A. O'Konski</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_W._Byrnes" title="John W. Byrnes">J. Byrnes</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clement_J._Zablocki" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement J. Zablocki">C. Zablocki</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Reuss" title="Henry S. Reuss">H. Reuss</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Robert_Davis" title="Glenn Robert Davis">G. Davis</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kastenmeier" title="Robert Kastenmeier">R. Kastenmeier</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Wallace_Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernon Wallace Thomson">V. Thomson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_A._Steiger" title="William A. Steiger">W. Steiger</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Obey" title="Dave Obey">D. Obey</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. Aspin</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/93rd_United_States_Congress" title="93rd United States Congress">93rd</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States senators from Wisconsin">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Proxmire" title="William Proxmire">W. Proxmire</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson" title="Gaylord Nelson">G. Nelson</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States representatives from Wisconsin">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clement_J._Zablocki" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement J. Zablocki">C. Zablocki</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Reuss" title="Henry S. Reuss">H. Reuss</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Robert_Davis" title="Glenn Robert Davis">G. Davis</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kastenmeier" title="Robert Kastenmeier">R. Kastenmeier</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Wallace_Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernon Wallace Thomson">V. Thomson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_A._Steiger" title="William A. Steiger">W. Steiger</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Obey" title="Dave Obey">D. Obey</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. Aspin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harold_Vernon_Froehlich" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Vernon Froehlich">H. Froehlich</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/94th_United_States_Congress" title="94th United States Congress">94th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States senators from Wisconsin">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Proxmire" title="William Proxmire">W. Proxmire</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson" title="Gaylord Nelson">G. Nelson</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States representatives from Wisconsin">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clement_J._Zablocki" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement J. Zablocki">C. Zablocki</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Reuss" title="Henry S. Reuss">H. Reuss</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kastenmeier" title="Robert Kastenmeier">R. Kastenmeier</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_A._Steiger" title="William A. Steiger">W. Steiger</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Obey" title="Dave Obey">D. Obey</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. Aspin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Baldus" title="Alvin Baldus">A. Baldus</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_John_Cornell" title="Robert John Cornell">R. Cornell</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kasten" title="Bob Kasten">B. Kasten</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/95th_United_States_Congress" title="95th United States Congress">95th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States senators from Wisconsin">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Proxmire" title="William Proxmire">W. Proxmire</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson" title="Gaylord Nelson">G. Nelson</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States representatives from Wisconsin">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clement_J._Zablocki" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement J. Zablocki">C. Zablocki</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Reuss" title="Henry S. Reuss">H. Reuss</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kastenmeier" title="Robert Kastenmeier">R. Kastenmeier</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_A._Steiger" title="William A. Steiger">W. Steiger</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Obey" title="Dave Obey">D. Obey</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. Aspin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Baldus" title="Alvin Baldus">A. Baldus</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_John_Cornell" title="Robert John Cornell">R. Cornell</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kasten" title="Bob Kasten">B. Kasten</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/96th_United_States_Congress" title="96th United States Congress">96th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States senators from Wisconsin">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Proxmire" title="William Proxmire">W. Proxmire</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson" title="Gaylord Nelson">G. Nelson</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States representatives from Wisconsin">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clement_J._Zablocki" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement J. Zablocki">C. Zablocki</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Reuss" title="Henry S. Reuss">H. Reuss</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kastenmeier" title="Robert Kastenmeier">R. Kastenmeier</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Obey" title="Dave Obey">D. Obey</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. Aspin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Baldus" title="Alvin Baldus">A. Baldus</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Toby_Roth" title="Toby Roth">T. Roth</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner" title="Jim Sensenbrenner">J. Sensenbrenner</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tom_Petri" title="Tom Petri">T. Petri</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/97th_United_States_Congress" title="97th United States Congress">97th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States senators from Wisconsin">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Proxmire" title="William Proxmire">W. Proxmire</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kasten" title="Bob Kasten">B. Kasten</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States representatives from Wisconsin">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clement_J._Zablocki" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement J. Zablocki">C. Zablocki</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Reuss" title="Henry S. Reuss">H. Reuss</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kastenmeier" title="Robert Kastenmeier">R. Kastenmeier</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Obey" title="Dave Obey">D. Obey</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. Aspin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Toby_Roth" title="Toby Roth">T. Roth</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner" title="Jim Sensenbrenner">J. Sensenbrenner</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tom_Petri" title="Tom Petri">T. Petri</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Steve_Gunderson" title="Steve Gunderson">S. Gunderson</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/98th_United_States_Congress" title="98th United States Congress">98th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States senators from Wisconsin">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Proxmire" title="William Proxmire">W. Proxmire</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kasten" title="Bob Kasten">B. Kasten</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States representatives from Wisconsin">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clement_J._Zablocki" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement J. Zablocki"><i>C. Zablocki</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kastenmeier" title="Robert Kastenmeier">R. Kastenmeier</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Obey" title="Dave Obey">D. Obey</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. Aspin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Toby_Roth" title="Toby Roth">T. Roth</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner" title="Jim Sensenbrenner">J. Sensenbrenner</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tom_Petri" title="Tom Petri">T. Petri</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Steve_Gunderson" title="Steve Gunderson">S. Gunderson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jim_Moody" title="Jim Moody">J. Moody</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Kleczka" title="Jerry Kleczka"><i>J. Kleczka</i></a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/99th_United_States_Congress" title="99th United States Congress">99th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States senators from Wisconsin">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Proxmire" title="William Proxmire">W. Proxmire</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kasten" title="Bob Kasten">B. Kasten</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States representatives from Wisconsin">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kastenmeier" title="Robert Kastenmeier">R. Kastenmeier</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Obey" title="Dave Obey">D. Obey</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. Aspin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Toby_Roth" title="Toby Roth">T. Roth</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner" title="Jim Sensenbrenner">J. Sensenbrenner</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tom_Petri" title="Tom Petri">T. Petri</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Steve_Gunderson" title="Steve Gunderson">S. Gunderson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jim_Moody" title="Jim Moody">J. Moody</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Kleczka" title="Jerry Kleczka">J. Kleczka</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/100th_United_States_Congress" title="100th United States Congress">100th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States senators from Wisconsin">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Proxmire" title="William Proxmire">W. Proxmire</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kasten" title="Bob Kasten">B. Kasten</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States representatives from Wisconsin">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kastenmeier" title="Robert Kastenmeier">R. Kastenmeier</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Obey" title="Dave Obey">D. Obey</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. Aspin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Toby_Roth" title="Toby Roth">T. Roth</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner" title="Jim Sensenbrenner">J. Sensenbrenner</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tom_Petri" title="Tom Petri">T. Petri</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Steve_Gunderson" title="Steve Gunderson">S. Gunderson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jim_Moody" title="Jim Moody">J. Moody</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Kleczka" title="Jerry Kleczka">J. Kleczka</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/101st_United_States_Congress" title="101st United States Congress">101st</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States senators from Wisconsin">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kasten" title="Bob Kasten">B. Kasten</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Herb_Kohl" title="Herb Kohl">H. Kohl</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States representatives from Wisconsin">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kastenmeier" title="Robert Kastenmeier">R. Kastenmeier</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Obey" title="Dave Obey">D. Obey</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. Aspin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Toby_Roth" title="Toby Roth">T. Roth</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner" title="Jim Sensenbrenner">J. Sensenbrenner</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tom_Petri" title="Tom Petri">T. Petri</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Steve_Gunderson" title="Steve Gunderson">S. Gunderson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jim_Moody" title="Jim Moody">J. Moody</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Kleczka" title="Jerry Kleczka">J. Kleczka</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/102nd_United_States_Congress" title="102nd United States Congress">102nd</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States senators from Wisconsin">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kasten" title="Bob Kasten">B. Kasten</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Herb_Kohl" title="Herb Kohl">H. Kohl</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States representatives from Wisconsin">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Obey" title="Dave Obey">D. Obey</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. Aspin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Toby_Roth" title="Toby Roth">T. Roth</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner" title="Jim Sensenbrenner">J. Sensenbrenner</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tom_Petri" title="Tom Petri">T. Petri</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Steve_Gunderson" title="Steve Gunderson">S. Gunderson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jim_Moody" title="Jim Moody">J. Moody</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Kleczka" title="Jerry Kleczka">J. Kleczka</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Scott_Klug" title="Scott Klug">S. Klug</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/103rd_United_States_Congress" title="103rd United States Congress">103rd</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States senators from Wisconsin">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Herb_Kohl" title="Herb Kohl">H. Kohl</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Russ_Feingold" title="Russ Feingold">R. Feingold</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States representatives from Wisconsin">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Obey" title="Dave Obey">D. Obey</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>L. Aspin</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Toby_Roth" title="Toby Roth">T. Roth</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner" title="Jim Sensenbrenner">J. Sensenbrenner</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tom_Petri" title="Tom Petri">T. Petri</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Steve_Gunderson" title="Steve Gunderson">S. Gunderson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Kleczka" title="Jerry Kleczka">J. Kleczka</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Scott_Klug" title="Scott Klug">S. Klug</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tom_Barrett_(Wisconsin_politician)" title="Tom Barrett (Wisconsin politician)">T. Barrett</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Barca" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter W. Barca"><i>P. Barca</i></a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820456#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820456#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820456#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/128794518">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80123413">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=vse2013751539&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p085026697">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007277106705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=206923">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000224">US Congress</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/08429471X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10568022">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ms59bf">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Les_Aspin&oldid=1250216906">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Les_Aspin&oldid=1250216906</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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