CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Ash Carter - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"aa41b64a-0ff8-4586-9e40-37103bb9691d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Ash_Carter","wgTitle":"Ash Carter","wgCurRevisionId":1257148826,"wgRevisionId":1257148826,"wgArticleId":1229530,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 errors: periodical ignored","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use American English from October 2019","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from October 2022","Articles with hCards","Articles with hAudio microformats","Commons category link is on Wikidata","People appearing on C-SPAN","1954 births","2022 deaths","20th-century American male writers", "20th-century American non-fiction writers","20th-century American physicists","21st-century American male writers","21st-century American non-fiction writers","21st-century American physicists","21st-century American politicians","Alumni of St John's College, Oxford","American Rhodes Scholars","American chief operating officers","American male non-fiction writers","Arms control people","Atlantic Council","Clinton administration personnel","Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences","Fellows of the American Physical Society","Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun","Harvard Kennedy School faculty","Massachusetts Democrats","Mitre Corporation people","Obama administration cabinet members","Obama administration personnel","People from Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania","United States Assistant Secretaries of Defense","United States deputy secretaries of defense","United States secretaries of defense","Writers from Pennsylvania","Yale College alumni"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Ash_Carter","wgRelevantArticleId":1229530,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId": "Q4806029","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media", "ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ash_Carter_DOD_Secretary_Portrait.jpg/1200px-Ash_Carter_DOD_Secretary_Portrait.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1500"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ash_Carter_DOD_Secretary_Portrait.jpg/800px-Ash_Carter_DOD_Secretary_Portrait.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1000"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ash_Carter_DOD_Secretary_Portrait.jpg/640px-Ash_Carter_DOD_Secretary_Portrait.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Ash Carter - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Carter"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Carter"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Ash_Carter rootpage-Ash_Carter skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ash+Carter" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ash+Carter" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ash+Carter" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ash+Carter" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Academic career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Department_of_Defense_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Department_of_Defense_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early Department of Defense career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Department_of_Defense_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_Defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_Defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Secretary of Defense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_Defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Positions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Positions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Positions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Views_on_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Views on Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_for_military_interventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_for_military_interventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Support for military interventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_for_military_interventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_involvement_in_presidential_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_involvement_in_presidential_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Military involvement in presidential elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_involvement_in_presidential_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ash Carter</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="آشتون كارتر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آشتون كارتر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="اشتون کارتر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اشتون کارتر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Эштан Картэр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эштан Картэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Carter" title="Ashton Carter – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ashton Carter" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Carter" title="Ashton Carter – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ashton Carter" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Carter" title="Ashton Carter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ashton Carter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Carter" title="Ashton Carter – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ashton Carter" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Carter" title="Ashton Carter – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ashton Carter" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="اشتون کارتر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اشتون کارتر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Carter" title="Ashton Carter – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ashton Carter" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A0%EC%8A%88%ED%84%B4_%EC%B9%B4%ED%84%B0" title="애슈턴 카터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="애슈턴 카터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B7%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%94%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Էշթոն Քարթեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էշթոն Քարթեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Carter" title="Ash Carter – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ash Carter" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Carter" title="Ashton Carter – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ashton Carter" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A8" title="אשטון קרטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אשטון קרטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="آشتون كارتر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="آشتون كارتر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Carter" title="Ash Carter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ash Carter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="アシュトン・カーター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アシュトン・カーター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Carter" title="Ashton Carter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ashton Carter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Carter" title="Ashton Carter – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ashton Carter" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Carter" title="Ashton Carter – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ashton Carter" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%AD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Картер, Эштон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Картер, Эштон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Carter" title="Ashton Carter – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ashton Carter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ئەشتۆن کارتەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەشتۆن کارتەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Carter" title="Ashton Carter – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ashton Carter" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Carter" title="Ashton Carter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ashton Carter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Carter" title="Ash Carter – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ash Carter" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="แอชตัน คาร์เตอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอชตัน คาร์เตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Carter" title="Ashton Carter – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ashton Carter" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ештон Картер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ештон Картер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Carter" title="Ashton Carter – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ashton Carter" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BB%80%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9" title="阿什顿·卡特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿什顿·卡特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BB%80%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9" title="阿什顿·卡特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿什顿·卡特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4806029#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ash_Carter" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ash_Carter" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ash_Carter"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ash_Carter"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ash_Carter" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Ash_Carter" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&oldid=1257148826" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Ash_Carter&id=1257148826&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAsh_Carter"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAsh_Carter"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ash_Carter&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ashton_Carter" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ash_Carter" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4806029" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American government official (1954–2022)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Ash Carter</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ash_Carter_DOD_Secretary_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ash_Carter_DOD_Secretary_Portrait.jpg/220px-Ash_Carter_DOD_Secretary_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ash_Carter_DOD_Secretary_Portrait.jpg/330px-Ash_Carter_DOD_Secretary_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ash_Carter_DOD_Secretary_Portrait.jpg/440px-Ash_Carter_DOD_Secretary_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3747" data-file-height="4684" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2015</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">25th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of Defense</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 17, 2015 – January 20, 2017</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy United States Secretary of Defense">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Work" title="Robert O. Work">Robert O. Work</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel">Chuck Hagel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mattis" title="Jim Mattis">Jim Mattis</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">31st <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">United States Deputy Secretary of Defense</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 6, 2011 – December 4, 2013</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Barack Obama</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Secretary</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a></li><li>Chuck Hagel</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Lynn_III" title="William J. Lynn III">William J. Lynn III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christine_Fox" title="Christine Fox">Christine Fox</a> (acting)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Acquisition,_Technology_and_Logistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics">Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 27, 2009 – October 5, 2011</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Barack Obama</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Young_Jr." title="John J. Young Jr.">John J. Young Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Kendall_III" title="Frank Kendall III">Frank Kendall III</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Global_Strategic_Affairs" title="Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Strategic Affairs">Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Strategic Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 30, 1993 – September 14, 1996</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hadley" title="Stephen Hadley">Stephen Hadley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dyer_Crouch_II" title="Jack Dyer Crouch II">Jack Dyer Crouch II</a> (2001)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ashton Baldwin Carter</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1954-09-24</span>)</span>September 24, 1954<br /><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 24, 2022<span style="display:none">(2022-10-24)</span> (aged 68)<br /><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a><sup id="cite_ref-NYTDemocrat_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTDemocrat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Spencer" title="Clayton Spencer">Clayton Spencer</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(divorced)<wbr /></div></li><li>Stephanie DeLeeuw<sup id="cite_ref-cnnlibrary_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnnlibrary-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_DeFelice" title="Cynthia DeFelice">Cynthia DeFelice</a> (sister)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St John's College, Oxford">St John's College, Oxford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">DPhil</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ash_Carter_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ash Carter's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ash_Carter_signature.svg/128px-Ash_Carter_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ash_Carter_signature.svg/192px-Ash_Carter_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ash_Carter_signature.svg/256px-Ash_Carter_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="143" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Hard processes in perturbative QCD</i> (1979)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral advisor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Llewellyn_Smith" title="Christopher Llewellyn Smith">Christopher Llewellyn Smith</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_of_Defense_Ash_Carter_Announces_Opening_of_All_Military_Occupations_to_Women.ogg" title="File:Secretary of Defense Ash Carter Announces Opening of All Military Occupations to Women.ogg">Ash Carter's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="842" data-mwtitle="Secretary_of_Defense_Ash_Carter_Announces_Opening_of_All_Military_Occupations_to_Women.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Secretary_of_Defense_Ash_Carter_Announces_Opening_of_All_Military_Occupations_to_Women.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/Secretary_of_Defense_Ash_Carter_Announces_Opening_of_All_Military_Occupations_to_Women.ogg/Secretary_of_Defense_Ash_Carter_Announces_Opening_of_All_Military_Occupations_to_Women.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Ash Carter announces the opening of all military occupations and positions to women<br />Recorded December 3, 2015</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ashton Baldwin Carter</b> (September 24, 1954 – October 24, 2022) was an American government official and academic who served as the 25th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States secretary of defense</a> from February 2015 to January 2017. He later served as director of the <a href="/wiki/Belfer_Center_for_Science_%26_International_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfer Center for Science & International Affairs">Belfer Center for Science & International Affairs</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Belfer_Center_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belfer_Center-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carter began his career as a <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>. After a brief experience as an analyst for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congressional</a> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Technology_Assessment" title="Office of Technology Assessment">Office of Technology Assessment</a>, he switched careers to public policy. He joined the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy School of Government">Kennedy School of Government</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in 1984 and became chair of the International & Global Affairs faculty.<sup id="cite_ref-Belfer_Center_Profile_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belfer_Center_Profile-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carter served as <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Global_Strategic_Affairs" title="Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Strategic Affairs">Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy</a> during <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">President Clinton's first term</a>, from 1993 to 1996, responsible for policy regarding the former Soviet states, strategic affairs, and nuclear weapons. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">President Obama's first term</a>, he served first as <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Acquisition,_Technology_and_Logistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics">Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics</a> and then <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">Deputy Secretary of Defense</a> until December 2013. In February 2015, he replaced <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel">Chuck Hagel</a> as Secretary of Defense and served until the end of the Obama administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his tenure, he <a href="/wiki/Transgender_personnel_in_the_United_States_military#End_of_the_ban" title="Transgender personnel in the United States military">ended the ban of transgender officers in the military</a>. In 2016, Carter opened all military occupations and positions to women without exception. This marked the first time in U.S. history that women with the appropriate qualifications would be allowed to serve in military roles such as infantry, armor, reconnaissance, and special operations units.<sup id="cite_ref-Defense_Open_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defense_Open-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For his service to national security, Carter had on five occasions been awarded the DOD <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Defense_Medal_for_Distinguished_Public_Service" title="Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service">Distinguished Public Service Medal</a>. He had also received the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">CJCS</a> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Joint_Distinguished_Civilian_Service_Award" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Distinguished Civilian Service Award">Joint Distinguished Civilian Service Award</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Intelligence Medal">Defense Intelligence Medal</a> for his contributions to intelligence. Carter was author or co-author of eleven books and more than 100 articles on physics, technology, national security, and management.<sup id="cite_ref-FPRI_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FPRI-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ashton Baldwin Carter was born on September 24, 1954, in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania. His father is William Stanley Carter Jr., a <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> veteran, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> neurologist and psychiatrist, and department chairman at <a href="/wiki/Abington_Memorial_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Abington Memorial Hospital">Abington Memorial Hospital</a> for 30 years. His mother is Anne Baldwin Carter, an English teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-philly1994_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philly1994-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-english_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-english-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He has three siblings, including children's book author <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_DeFelice" title="Cynthia DeFelice">Cynthia DeFelice</a>. As a child he was nicknamed Ash and Stoobie.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-english_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-english-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carter was raised in <a href="/wiki/Abington_Township,_Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Abington, Pennsylvania</a>, on Wheatsheaf Lane.<sup id="cite_ref-philly.com_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philly.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At age eleven, working at his first job at a Philadelphia car wash, he was fired for "wise-mouthing the owner."<sup id="cite_ref-wlsam_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wlsam-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harvard.edu3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard.edu3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carter was educated at Highland Elementary School (class of 1966) and at <a href="/wiki/Abington_Senior_High_School" title="Abington Senior High School">Abington Senior High School</a> (class of 1972) in Abington. In high school, he was a wrestler, lacrosse player, cross-country runner, and president of the Honor Society.<sup id="cite_ref-philly.com_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philly.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abington_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abington-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was inducted into Abington Senior High School's Hall of Fame in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-myfoxphilly_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myfoxphilly-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carter attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> in Scotland in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-cnnlibrary_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnnlibrary-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1976, Carter completed his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> (BA) in his double-major of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval history">medieval history</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yale_College" title="Yale College">Yale College</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa cum laude">summa cum laude</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-abcnews_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcnews-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His senior thesis, "Quarks, Charm and the Psi Particle", was published in <i><a href="/wiki/Yale_Scientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Scientific">Yale Scientific</a></i> in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-abcnews_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcnews-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-allgov_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allgov-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also an experimental research associate at <a href="/wiki/Fermi_National_Accelerator_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory">Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory</a> in 1975 (where he worked on <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quark</a> research) and at <a href="/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a> in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard.edu3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard.edu3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harvard.edu1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard.edu1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carter then became a <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholar</a> and studied at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. He received his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> (DPhil) in <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a> on <i>Hard processes in perturbative QCD</i> in 1979 and was supervised by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Llewellyn_Smith" title="Christopher Llewellyn Smith">Christopher Llewellyn Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard.edu3_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard.edu3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thesis_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesis-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a member of <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St John's College, Oxford">St John's College, Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rhodeshouse_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhodeshouse-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carter was subsequently a postdoctoral fellow research associate in theoretical physics at <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_University" title="Rockefeller University">Rockefeller University</a> from 1979 to 1980, studying <a href="/wiki/Time-reversal_invariance" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-reversal invariance">time-reversal invariance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dynamical_symmetry_breaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamical symmetry breaking">dynamical symmetry breaking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard.edu1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard.edu1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harvard.edu4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard.edu4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He coauthored two papers on <a href="/wiki/CP_violation" title="CP violation">CP violations</a> in <a href="/wiki/B_meson" title="B meson">B meson</a> decays with <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ichiro_Sanda" title="Anthony Ichiro Sanda">A. I. Sanda</a>, which were used as one of theoretical basis to build <a href="/wiki/B-factory" title="B-factory">B factories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bfactory_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bfactory-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PRL1980_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRL1980-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PRD1981_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRD1981-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carter was then a <a href="/wiki/Research_fellow" title="Research fellow">research fellow</a> at the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Center_for_International_Studies" title="MIT Center for International Studies">MIT Center for International Studies</a> from 1982 to 1984, during which time he wrote a public report assessing that the Reagan-proposed "<a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a>" initiative could not protect the U.S. from a Soviet nuclear attack.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard.edu1_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard.edu1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harvard.edu4_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard.edu4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carter taught at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, as an assistant professor from 1984 to 1986, associate professor from 1986 to 1988, professor and associate director of the <a href="/wiki/Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs" title="Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs">Center for Science and International Affairs</a> at Harvard University's <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy School of Government">John F. Kennedy School of Government</a> from 1988 to 1990, and director of the center from 1990 to 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard.edu1_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard.edu1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Kennedy School, he became chair of the International and Global Affairs faculty and <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a> Professor of Science and International Affairs. He concurrently was co-director of the Preventive Defense Project of Harvard and <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a> Universities.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard.edu1_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard.edu1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Department_of_Defense_career">Early Department of Defense career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Department of Defense career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_of_the_United_States_Barack_Obama_delivers_a_press_brief_along_with_Secretary_of_Defense_Leon_Panetta_and_General_Martin_Dempsey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/President_of_the_United_States_Barack_Obama_delivers_a_press_brief_along_with_Secretary_of_Defense_Leon_Panetta_and_General_Martin_Dempsey.jpg/220px-President_of_the_United_States_Barack_Obama_delivers_a_press_brief_along_with_Secretary_of_Defense_Leon_Panetta_and_General_Martin_Dempsey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/President_of_the_United_States_Barack_Obama_delivers_a_press_brief_along_with_Secretary_of_Defense_Leon_Panetta_and_General_Martin_Dempsey.jpg/330px-President_of_the_United_States_Barack_Obama_delivers_a_press_brief_along_with_Secretary_of_Defense_Leon_Panetta_and_General_Martin_Dempsey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/President_of_the_United_States_Barack_Obama_delivers_a_press_brief_along_with_Secretary_of_Defense_Leon_Panetta_and_General_Martin_Dempsey.jpg/440px-President_of_the_United_States_Barack_Obama_delivers_a_press_brief_along_with_Secretary_of_Defense_Leon_Panetta_and_General_Martin_Dempsey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3986" data-file-height="2657" /></a><figcaption>From left, Carter, Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a>, and President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in 2012</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense_Ashton_B._Carter_arrives_in_Herat,_Afghanistan_130914-D-NI589-465.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense_Ashton_B._Carter_arrives_in_Herat%2C_Afghanistan_130914-D-NI589-465.jpg/220px-Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense_Ashton_B._Carter_arrives_in_Herat%2C_Afghanistan_130914-D-NI589-465.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense_Ashton_B._Carter_arrives_in_Herat%2C_Afghanistan_130914-D-NI589-465.jpg/330px-Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense_Ashton_B._Carter_arrives_in_Herat%2C_Afghanistan_130914-D-NI589-465.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense_Ashton_B._Carter_arrives_in_Herat%2C_Afghanistan_130914-D-NI589-465.jpg/440px-Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense_Ashton_B._Carter_arrives_in_Herat%2C_Afghanistan_130914-D-NI589-465.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>Carter arrives in <a href="/wiki/Herat,_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Herat, Afghanistan">Herat, Afghanistan</a>, in 2013.</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1993 to 1996, Carter served as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Assistant Secretary of Defense">assistant secretary of defense for international security policy</a> during President Bill Clinton's first term.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard.edu2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard.edu2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-defense.gov1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defense.gov1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was responsible for strategic affairs, including dealing with the threat of weapons of mass destruction elsewhere in the world, nuclear weapons policy (including overseeing the U.S. nuclear arsenal and missile defenses), the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Posture_Review" title="Nuclear Posture Review">Nuclear Posture Review</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Agreed_Framework" title="Agreed Framework">Agreed Framework</a> signed in 1994 which froze <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>-producing <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a> program,<sup id="cite_ref-frontline-2003_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frontline-2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 1995 extension of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the negotiation of the 1996 <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty" title="Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty</a>, and the multibillion-dollar <a href="/wiki/Nunn%E2%80%93Lugar_Cooperative_Threat_Reduction" title="Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction">Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction</a> program and <a href="/wiki/Project_Sapphire" title="Project Sapphire">Project Sapphire</a> that removed all <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-defense.gov1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defense.gov1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-house.gov_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-house.gov-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carter directed military planning during the <a href="/wiki/Agreed_Framework" title="Agreed Framework">1994 crisis</a> over <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>'s nuclear weapons program.<sup id="cite_ref-frontline-2003_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frontline-2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, he was responsible for dealing with the establishment of defense and intelligence relationships with former Soviet countries in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union and its nuclear arsenal, and was chairman of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>'s High Level Group.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard.edu3_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard.edu3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Counter_proliferation" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter proliferation">Counter proliferation</a> Initiative, control of sensitive U.S. exports, and negotiations that led to the deployment of Russian troops as part of the <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Bosnia Peace Plan</a> <a href="/wiki/Implementation_Force" title="Implementation Force">Implementation Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-house.gov_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-house.gov-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From April 2009 to October 2011, Carter was <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Acquisition,_Technology,_and_Logistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics">Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics</a>, with responsibility for DOD's procurement reform and innovation agenda and completion of procurements such as the <a href="/wiki/KC-46" class="mw-redirect" title="KC-46">KC-46</a> tanker.<sup id="cite_ref-defense.gov1_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defense.gov1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also led the development and production of thousands of mine-resistant ambush protected (<a href="/wiki/MRAP" title="MRAP">MRAP</a>) vehicles, and other acquisitions.<sup id="cite_ref-defense.gov1_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defense.gov1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He instituted "Better Buying Power," seeking smarter and leaner purchasing.<sup id="cite_ref-defense.gov1_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defense.gov1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From October 2011 to December 2013, Carter was <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Secretary of Defense">Deputy Secretary of Defense</a>, serving as the DOD's chief operating officer, overseeing the department's annual budget and its three million civilian and military personnel, steering strategy and budget through sequester, and directing the reform of DOD's national security export controls.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard.edu2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard.edu2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-defense.gov1_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defense.gov1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was confirmed by Senate <a href="/wiki/Voice_vote" title="Voice vote">voice vote</a> for both positions.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an April 4, 2013, speech, he affirmed that the 'Shift to Asia' initiative of President Obama was a priority that would not be affected by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_budget_sequestration_in_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="United States budget sequestration in 2013">budget sequestration in 2013</a>. Carter noted that <i>The Shift to Asia</i> was principally an economic matter with new security implications. India, Australia, and New Zealand were mentioned as forthcoming security partners.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His Pentagon arms-control responsibilities included matters involving the <a href="/wiki/START_II" title="START II">START II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">ABM</a>, CFE, and other arms-control treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_Defense">Secretary of Defense</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Secretary of Defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ash_Carter_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ash_Carter_official_portrait.jpg/220px-Ash_Carter_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ash_Carter_official_portrait.jpg/330px-Ash_Carter_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ash_Carter_official_portrait.jpg/440px-Ash_Carter_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3788" data-file-height="4735" /></a><figcaption>Carter's official portrait</figcaption></figure> <p>Carter was nominated by President Barack Obama to be the 25th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States secretary of defense</a> on December 5, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SenateUP_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SenateUP-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his nomination hearing before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Senate Armed Services Committee</a>, he said he was "very much inclined" to increase U.S. military aid to Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-dionnissenbaum_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dionnissenbaum-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaking on the Middle East, he said the U.S. must militarily ensure a "lasting defeat" of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State</a> (ISIL) forces in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-losangelestimes_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-losangelestimes-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also opined that the threats posed by <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> were as serious as those posed by the ISIL forces.<sup id="cite_ref-dionnissenbaum_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dionnissenbaum-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-losangelestimes_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-losangelestimes-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said he was not in favor of increasing the rate of prisoner releases from <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carter was approved unanimously on February 1, 2015, by the Senate Armed Services Committee. He was confirmed by the Senate on February 12 by a vote of 93–5<sup id="cite_ref-SenateUP_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SenateUP-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sworn in by Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> on February 17.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vice_President_Joe_Biden_swears_in_Ash_Carter_as_the_25th_defense_secretary_as_Carter%27s_wife,_Stephanie,_looks_on_during_a_private_ceremony_at_the_White_House_ID17009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Vice_President_Joe_Biden_swears_in_Ash_Carter_as_the_25th_defense_secretary_as_Carter%27s_wife%2C_Stephanie%2C_looks_on_during_a_private_ceremony_at_the_White_House_ID17009.jpg/260px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Vice_President_Joe_Biden_swears_in_Ash_Carter_as_the_25th_defense_secretary_as_Carter%27s_wife%2C_Stephanie%2C_looks_on_during_a_private_ceremony_at_the_White_House_ID17009.jpg/390px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Vice_President_Joe_Biden_swears_in_Ash_Carter_as_the_25th_defense_secretary_as_Carter%27s_wife%2C_Stephanie%2C_looks_on_during_a_private_ceremony_at_the_White_House_ID17009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>Vice President Joe Biden swears in Ash Carter as the 25th defense secretary as Carter's wife, Stephanie, looks on during a private ceremony at the White House.</figcaption></figure> <p>In May 2015, Carter warned the People's Republic of China to halt its rapid island-building in the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2015, Carter condemned Russian air strikes against ISIL and other rebel groups in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. On October 8, 2015, Carter, speaking at a meeting of NATO defense ministers in Brussels, said he believed Russia would soon start paying the price for its <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War">military intervention in Syria</a> in the form of reprisal attacks and casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A controversy arose in December 2015 when it was revealed that Carter had used a personal email account while conducting official business as Secretary of Defense.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2016, at Carter's direction, the Department of Defense opened all military roles to women, overriding a request by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a> to continue to exempt women from certain positions.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2016, Carter announced that <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> individuals would be allowed to join and openly serve in the military.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_roles">Other roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1990 to 1993, Carter was chairman of the editorial board of <i><a href="/wiki/International_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="International Security">International Security</a></i>. Previously, he held positions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Technology_Assessment" title="Office of Technology Assessment">Congressional Office of Technology Assessment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_University" title="Rockefeller University">Rockefeller University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, Carter and former CIA director <a href="/wiki/John_M._Deutch" title="John M. Deutch">John M. Deutch</a> co-chaired the Catastrophic Terrorism Study Group which urged greater attention to terrorism. In 1998, Carter, Deutch, and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Zelikow" title="Philip Zelikow">Philip Zelikow</a> (later executive director of the 9/11 Commission) published an article on "catastrophic terrorism" in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fa-article_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fa-article-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1998 to 2000, he was deputy to <a href="/wiki/William_J._Perry" title="William J. Perry">William J. Perry</a> at the North Korea Policy Review and traveled with him to <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frontline-2003_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frontline-2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001–02, he served on the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> Committee on Science and Technology for Countering Terrorism, and advised on the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carter was also co-director of the Preventive Defense Project, which designs and promotes security policies aimed at preventing the emergence of major new threats to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-OSDbio_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSDbio-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carter had been a longtime member of the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Science_Board" title="Defense Science Board">Defense Science Board</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Policy_Board_Advisory_Committee" title="Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee">Defense Policy Board</a>, the principal advisory bodies to the Secretary of Defense. During the Bush administration, he was also a member of Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a>'s International Security Advisory Board; co-chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee's Policy Advisory Group; a consultant to the Defense Science Board; a member of the National Missile Defense White Team, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences Committee on International Security and Arms Control. He had testified frequently before the armed services, foreign relations, and homeland security committees of both houses of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to his public service, Carter was a senior partner at Global Technology Partners, focused on advising investment firms in technology and defense. He was a consultant to <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitretek_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitretek Systems">Mitretek Systems</a> on international affairs and technology matters, and spoke frequently to business and policy audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-policydefense_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-policydefense-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carter served as an independent director on the <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> board of directors from 2020 until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was also a member of the boards of directors of the <a href="/wiki/Mitre_Corporation" title="Mitre Corporation">Mitre Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitretek_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitretek Systems">Mitretek Systems</a> and the advisory boards of <a href="/wiki/MIT_Lincoln_Laboratory" title="MIT Lincoln Laboratory">MIT Lincoln Laboratory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Stark Draper Laboratory">Draper Laboratory</a>. Carter was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Aspen_Strategy_Group" title="Aspen Strategy Group">Aspen Strategy Group</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Committee_on_U.S.-China_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="National Committee on U.S.-China Relations">National Committee on U.S.-China Relations</a>. Carter was elected a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>. He was named as a Fellow in the <a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a> (Forum on Physics & Society) in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-policydefense_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-policydefense-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carter served as an honorary director on the board of directors at the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Council" title="Atlantic Council">Atlantic Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2021, Carter joined <a href="/wiki/Tanium" title="Tanium">Tanium</a> Board of Directors.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2021, he had been a member of the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Council_of_Advisors_on_Science_and_Technology" title="President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology">President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology</a> (PCAST).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, Carter joined Shield Capital's board of Strategic Advisors.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_120726-D-TT977-328.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carter at the demilitarized zone separating North and South Korea"><img alt="Carter at the demilitarized zone separating North and South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Defense.gov_photo_essay_120726-D-TT977-328.jpg/200px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_120726-D-TT977-328.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Defense.gov_photo_essay_120726-D-TT977-328.jpg/300px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_120726-D-TT977-328.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Defense.gov_photo_essay_120726-D-TT977-328.jpg/400px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_120726-D-TT977-328.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carter at the demilitarized zone separating North and South Korea</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense_Ashton_B._Carter,_left,_and_former_Secretary_of_Defense_William_Perry_listen_to_former_Secretary_of_State_George_P._Shultz,_right,_as_he_makes_a_point_during_a_conversation_at_the_No_121013-D-NI589-255.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carter, William Perry and former secretary of state George Shultz, October 12, 2012"><img alt="Carter, William Perry and former secretary of state George Shultz, October 12, 2012" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense_Ashton_B._Carter%2C_left%2C_and_former_Secretary_of_Defense_William_Perry_listen_to_former_Secretary_of_State_George_P._Shultz%2C_right%2C_as_he_makes_a_point_during_a_conversation_at_the_No_121013-D-NI589-255.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense_Ashton_B._Carter%2C_left%2C_and_former_Secretary_of_Defense_William_Perry_listen_to_former_Secretary_of_State_George_P._Shultz%2C_right%2C_as_he_makes_a_point_during_a_conversation_at_the_No_121013-D-NI589-255.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense_Ashton_B._Carter%2C_left%2C_and_former_Secretary_of_Defense_William_Perry_listen_to_former_Secretary_of_State_George_P._Shultz%2C_right%2C_as_he_makes_a_point_during_a_conversation_at_the_No_121013-D-NI589-255.jpg/400px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carter, William Perry and former secretary of state <a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a>, October 12, 2012</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SecDef_Carter_in_Israel_2015_(19912060255).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carter meeting Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu in Israel, July 21, 2015"><img alt="Carter meeting Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu in Israel, July 21, 2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/SecDef_Carter_in_Israel_2015_%2819912060255%29.jpg/200px-SecDef_Carter_in_Israel_2015_%2819912060255%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/SecDef_Carter_in_Israel_2015_%2819912060255%29.jpg/300px-SecDef_Carter_in_Israel_2015_%2819912060255%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/SecDef_Carter_in_Israel_2015_%2819912060255%29.jpg/400px-SecDef_Carter_in_Israel_2015_%2819912060255%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carter meeting Israeli prime minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> in Israel, July 21, 2015</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Positions">Positions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_Iran">Views on Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Views on Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carter's views on <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Iran</a> had been perceived as hawkish.<sup id="cite_ref-timesofisraelrebecca_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofisraelrebecca-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, he authored a report for the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a> advocating use or threat of force to prevent Iran from obtaining <a href="/wiki/Iranian_nuclear_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian nuclear program">nuclear weapons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-timesofisraelrebecca_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofisraelrebecca-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carter had supported diplomacy with Iran and written about methods of containing a nuclear-armed Tehran.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_for_military_interventions">Support for military interventions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Support for military interventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:160720-D-GO396-470_(28360310301).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/160720-D-GO396-470_%2828360310301%29.jpg/220px-160720-D-GO396-470_%2828360310301%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/160720-D-GO396-470_%2828360310301%29.jpg/330px-160720-D-GO396-470_%2828360310301%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/160720-D-GO396-470_%2828360310301%29.jpg/440px-160720-D-GO396-470_%2828360310301%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4120" data-file-height="2747" /></a><figcaption>Carter meeting with <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman" title="Mohammed bin Salman">Mohammed bin Salman</a> and his advisor <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Asiri_(general)" title="Ahmad Asiri (general)">Ahmad Asiri</a> in 2016</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashton_Carter_departs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ashton_Carter_departs.jpg/220px-Ashton_Carter_departs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ashton_Carter_departs.jpg/330px-Ashton_Carter_departs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ashton_Carter_departs.jpg/440px-Ashton_Carter_departs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>Carter departing from the Pentagon on his last day in office</figcaption></figure> <p>Carter was a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>, as well as an advocate of "preventative" invasions of <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to increased tension in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, Carter considered deployment of <a href="/wiki/Ground-launched_cruise_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground-launched cruise missile">ground-launched cruise missiles</a> in Europe that could pre-emptively destroy Russian weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_involvement_in_presidential_elections">Military involvement in presidential elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Military involvement in presidential elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2021, Carter, alongside all of the other living former secretaries of defense, published a <i>Washington Post</i> op-ed piece opposing President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s summons for military involvement in overturning the 2020 election results, and urging for a peaceful transition of power.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carter was married to Stephanie DeLeeuw Carter.<sup id="cite_ref-cnnlibrary_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnnlibrary-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had been previously married to <a href="/wiki/Clayton_Spencer" title="Clayton Spencer">Clayton Spencer</a>, the eighth president of <a href="/wiki/Bates_College" title="Bates College">Bates College</a>, with whom he had two children, Ava and Will.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carter died from a <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a> at his home in Boston, on October 24, 2022, at age 68.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carter received the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Outstanding_Young_Americans" title="Ten Outstanding Young Americans">Ten Outstanding Young Americans</a> award from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Junior_Chamber" title="United States Junior Chamber">United States Junior Chamber</a> in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his service to national security, Carter was awarded the DOD's highest civilian medal, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Defense_Medal_for_Distinguished_Public_Service" title="Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service">Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service</a>, five times.<sup id="cite_ref-defense.gov1_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defense.gov1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For critical liaison efforts with the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> and the geographic combatant commanders, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Joint_Distinguished_Civilian_Service_Award" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Distinguished Civilian Service Award">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Distinguished Civilian Service Award</a> in 2013 and the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Intelligence Medal">Defense Intelligence Medal</a> for his contributions to intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-defense.gov1_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defense.gov1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to authoring numerous articles, scientific publications, government studies, and Congressional testimonies, Carter co-edited and co-authored 11 books: </p> <ul><li><i>MX Missile Basing</i> (1981)<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Ballistic Missile Defense</i> (1984)<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Directed Energy Missile Defense in Space</i> (1984)<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Managing Nuclear Operations</i> (1987)<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Soviet Nuclear Fission: Control of the Nuclear Arsenal in a Disintegrating Soviet Union</i> (1991)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Beyond Spinoff: Military and Commercial Technologies in a Changing World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Business Review Press">Harvard Business Review Press</a>. 1992. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0875843186" title="Special:BookSources/978-0875843186"><bdi>978-0875843186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Spinoff%3A+Military+and+Commercial+Technologies+in+a+Changing+World&rft.pub=Harvard+Business+Review+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0875843186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A New Concept of Cooperative Security</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Brookings Institution Press">Brookings Institution Press</a>. 1992. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815781455" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815781455"><bdi>978-0815781455</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Concept+of+Cooperative+Security&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0815781455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Cooperative Denuclearization: From Pledges to Deeds</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cooperative+Denuclearization%3A+From+Pledges+to+Deeds&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Preventive Defense: A New Security Strategy for America</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Brookings Institution Press">Brookings Institution Press</a>. 1997. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815713081" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815713081"><bdi>978-0815713081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preventive+Defense%3A+A+New+Security+Strategy+for+America&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0815713081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Keeping the Edge: Managing Defense for the Future</i>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262032902" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262032902"><bdi>978-0262032902</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keeping+the+Edge%3A+Managing+Defense+for+the+Future&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0262032902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Inside the Five-Sided Box: Lessons from a Lifetime of Leadership in the Pentagon</i>. <a href="/wiki/E._P._Dutton" title="E. P. Dutton">E. P. Dutton</a>. 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1524743918" title="Special:BookSources/978-1524743918"><bdi>978-1524743918</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Five-Sided+Box%3A+Lessons+from+a+Lifetime+of+Leadership+in+the+Pentagon&rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1524743918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYTDemocrat-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTDemocrat_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooperSangerLandler2014" class="citation news cs1">Cooper, Helene; Sanger, David E.; Landler, Mark (December 5, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/06/us/ashton-carter-obamas-pentagon-choice-is-known-as-assertive-and-independent.html">"In Ashton Carter, Nominee for Defense Secretary, a Change in Direction"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2015</span>. <q>Mr. Carter is a Democrat but not one of the core Obama loyalists, a group that includes Ms. Rice and Denis R. McDonough, the White House chief of staff.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Ashton+Carter%2C+Nominee+for+Defense+Secretary%2C+a+Change+in+Direction&rft.date=2014-12-05&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Helene&rft.au=Sanger%2C+David+E.&rft.au=Landler%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F12%2F06%2Fus%2Fashton-carter-obamas-pentagon-choice-is-known-as-assertive-and-independent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnnlibrary-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnnlibrary_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnnlibrary_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnnlibrary_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2014/12/11/us/ashton-carter-fast-facts/">"Ashton Carter Fast Facts"</a>. CNN. December 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ashton+Carter+Fast+Facts&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2014-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2014%2F12%2F11%2Fus%2Fashton-carter-fast-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belfer_Center-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Belfer_Center_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfercenter.org/person/ash-carter">"Ash Carter | Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs" title="Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs">Belfer Center</a></i>. December 18, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfer+Center&rft.atitle=Ash+Carter+%26%23124%3B+Belfer+Center+for+Science+and+International+Affairs&rft.date=2018-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfercenter.org%2Fperson%2Fash-carter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belfer_Center_Profile-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Belfer_Center_Profile_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2006" class="citation news cs1">Carter, Ash (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/faculty-career-profile">"Faculty Career Profile"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs" title="Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs">Belfer Center</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfer+Center&rft.atitle=Faculty+Career+Profile&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Ash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfercenter.org%2Fpublication%2Ffaculty-career-profile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historical_Office-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571296/ashton-b-carter/">"Ashton B. Carter – Barack Obama Administration"</a>. <i>Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Secretary+of+Defense+%E2%80%93+Historical+Office&rft.atitle=Ashton+B.+Carter+%E2%80%93+Barack+Obama+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.defense.gov%2FMultimedia%2FBiographies%2FArticle-View%2FArticle%2F571296%2Fashton-b-carter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Defense_Open-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Defense_Open_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/632536/carter-opens-all-military-occupations-positions-to-women/">"Carter Opens All Military Occupations, Positions to Women"</a>. <i>U.S. Department of Defense</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+Defense&rft.atitle=Carter+Opens+All+Military+Occupations%2C+Positions+to+Women&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2FNews%2FNews-Stories%2FArticle%2FArticle%2F632536%2Fcarter-opens-all-military-occupations-positions-to-women%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FPRI-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FPRI_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fpri.org/contributor/ashton-carter/">"Ashton Carter – Foreign Policy Research Institute"</a>. <i>www.fpri.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fpri.org&rft.atitle=Ashton+Carter+%E2%80%93+Foreign+Policy+Research+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpri.org%2Fcontributor%2Fashton-carter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philly1994-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-philly1994_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerb_Drill1994" class="citation web cs1">Herb Drill (August 14, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220050807/http://articles.philly.com/1994-08-14/news/25843236_1_psychiatry-morse-museum-abington-memorial-hospital">"Obituaries"</a>. <i>Philadelphia Daily News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.philly.com/1994-08-14/news/25843236_1_psychiatry-morse-museum-abington-memorial-hospital">the original</a> on December 20, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philadelphia+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Obituaries&rft.date=1994-08-14&rft.au=Herb+Drill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.philly.com%2F1994-08-14%2Fnews%2F25843236_1_psychiatry-morse-museum-abington-memorial-hospital&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-english-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-english_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-english_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cynthiadefelice.com/about-cynthia">"About Cynthia – Cynthia DeFelice"</a>. <i>cynthiadefelice.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cynthiadefelice.com&rft.atitle=About+Cynthia+%E2%80%93+Cynthia+DeFelice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcynthiadefelice.com%2Fabout-cynthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSally_Jacobs" class="citation web cs1">Sally Jacobs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2015/02/04/ashton-carter-savvy-tactician-independent-thinker/zKndB5RZVF38mq8F0e1B7I/story.html">"Ashton Carter: savvy tactician, independent thinker"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Ashton+Carter%3A+savvy+tactician%2C+independent+thinker&rft.au=Sally+Jacobs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2015%2F02%2F04%2Fashton-carter-savvy-tactician-independent-thinker%2FzKndB5RZVF38mq8F0e1B7I%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philly.com-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-philly.com_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-philly.com_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141222043759/http://articles.philly.com/2014-12-05/news/56727774_1_highland-elementary-school-pentagon-president-obama">"Abington recalls 'brilliant' alum said in line to lead Pentagon"</a>. <i>Philadelphia Daily News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.philly.com/2014-12-05/news/56727774_1_highland-elementary-school-pentagon-president-obama">the original</a> on December 22, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philadelphia+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Abington+recalls+%27brilliant%27+alum+said+in+line+to+lead+Pentagon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.philly.com%2F2014-12-05%2Fnews%2F56727774_1_highland-elementary-school-pentagon-president-obama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wlsam-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wlsam_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213214234/http://www.wlsam.com/common/more.php?m=58&ts=1417802957&article=FF3E9A7F7CB911E4B51EFEFDADE6840A&mode=2">"Everything You Need to Know About Ashton Carter"</a>. wlsam.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wlsam.com/common/more.php?m=58&ts=1417802957&article=FF3E9A7F7CB911E4B51EFEFDADE6840A&mode=2">the original</a> on February 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Everything+You+Need+to+Know+About+Ashton+Carter&rft.pub=wlsam.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wlsam.com%2Fcommon%2Fmore.php%3Fm%3D58%26ts%3D1417802957%26article%3DFF3E9A7F7CB911E4B51EFEFDADE6840A%26mode%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvard.edu3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvard.edu3_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvard.edu3_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvard.edu3_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvard.edu3_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416104547/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/17579/faculty_career_profile.html">"Faculty Career Profile; Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University; Ashton B. Carter"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs" title="Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs">Belfer Center</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/17579/faculty_career_profile.html">the original</a> on April 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfer+Center&rft.atitle=Faculty+Career+Profile%3B+Kennedy+School+of+Government%2C+Harvard+University%3B+Ashton+B.+Carter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbelfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu%2Fpublication%2F17579%2Ffaculty_career_profile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abington-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abington_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214010955/http://abington.org/boardscomm/downloads/dec2014brdmins.pdf">"Board of Commissioners Meeting"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. December 11, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abington.org/boardscomm/downloads/dec2014brdmins.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 14, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Board+of+Commissioners+Meeting&rft.date=2014-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabington.org%2Fboardscomm%2Fdownloads%2Fdec2014brdmins.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-myfoxphilly-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-myfoxphilly_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213075816/http://www.myfoxphilly.com/story/27534757/abington-graduate-ashton-carter-could-be-next-secretary-of-defense">"Abington Graduate Ashton Carter Could Be Next Secretary Of Defense"</a>. <i>FOX 29 News Philadelphia – WTXF-TV</i>. December 3, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myfoxphilly.com/story/27534757/abington-graduate-ashton-carter-could-be-next-secretary-of-defense">the original</a> on February 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FOX+29+News+Philadelphia+%E2%80%93+WTXF-TV&rft.atitle=Abington+Graduate+Ashton+Carter+Could+Be+Next+Secretary+Of+Defense&rft.date=2014-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myfoxphilly.com%2Fstory%2F27534757%2Fabington-graduate-ashton-carter-could-be-next-secretary-of-defense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abcnews-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abcnews_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abcnews_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevin_Dwyer" class="citation web cs1">Devin Dwyer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/obamas-defense-nominee-likes-charmed-quarks/story?id=27347825">"Why Obama's New Defense Nominee Ashton Carter Likes 'Charmed Quarks'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Why+Obama%27s+New+Defense+Nominee+Ashton+Carter+Likes+%27Charmed+Quarks%27&rft.au=Devin+Dwyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Fobamas-defense-nominee-likes-charmed-quarks%2Fstory%3Fid%3D27347825&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allgov-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-allgov_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Straehley" class="citation web cs1">Steve Straehley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allgov.com/news/appointments-and-resignations/secretary-of-defense-who-is-ashton-carter-141226?news=855200">"Appointments and Resignations – Secretary of Defense: Who Is Ashton Carter?"</a>. <i>AllGov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllGov&rft.atitle=Appointments+and+Resignations+%E2%80%93+Secretary+of+Defense%3A+Who+Is+Ashton+Carter%3F&rft.au=Steve+Straehley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allgov.com%2Fnews%2Fappointments-and-resignations%2Fsecretary-of-defense-who-is-ashton-carter-141226%3Fnews%3D855200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvard.edu1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvard.edu1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvard.edu1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvard.edu1_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvard.edu1_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvard.edu1_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100117065010/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/BIO-CV090108.pdf">"Ashton B. Carter CV"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs" title="Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs">Belfer Center</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/BIO-CV090108.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 17, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfer+Center&rft.atitle=Ashton+B.+Carter+CV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbelfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2FBIO-CV090108.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thesis-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thesis_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1979" class="citation thesis cs1">Carter, Ashton B. (1979). <i>Hard processes in perturbative QCD</i> (Thesis).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Hard+processes+in+perturbative+QCD&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Ashton+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rhodeshouse-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rhodeshouse_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701093733/https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/scholars-volunteers/rhodes-scholar-database/">"Rhodes Scholar Database"</a>. Rhodes House. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/scholars-volunteers/rhodes-scholar-database/">the original</a> on July 1, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rhodes+Scholar+Database&rft.pub=Rhodes+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk%2Fscholars-volunteers%2Frhodes-scholar-database%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByron_Tau2014" class="citation web cs1">Byron Tau (December 2, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2014/12/02/who-is-ashton-carter-a-look-at-obamas-leading-defense-secretary-candidate/">"Who Is Ashton Carter? A Look at Obama's Leading Defense Secretary Candidate"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Who+Is+Ashton+Carter%3F+A+Look+at+Obama%27s+Leading+Defense+Secretary+Candidate&rft.date=2014-12-02&rft.au=Byron+Tau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fwashwire%2F2014%2F12%2F02%2Fwho-is-ashton-carter-a-look-at-obamas-leading-defense-secretary-candidate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvard.edu4-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvard.edu4_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvard.edu4_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011192549/https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/AshCarterCVupdated.pdf">"Ashton B. Carter Resume"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs" title="Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs">Belfer Center</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/AshCarterCVupdated.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfer+Center&rft.atitle=Ashton+B.+Carter+Resume&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbelfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2FAshCarterCVupdated.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bfactory-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bfactory_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevanGolobMannelPrell2014" class="citation book cs1">Bevan, A. J.; et al. (November 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-014-3026-9"><i>The Physics of the B Factories</i></a>. Vol. 74. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-014-3026-9">10.1140/epjc/s10052-014-3026-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-52592-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-52592-0"><bdi>978-3-662-52592-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Physics+of+the+B+Factories&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2014-11-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-014-3026-9&rft.isbn=978-3-662-52592-0&rft.aulast=Bevan&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft.au=Golob%2C+B.&rft.au=Mannel%2C+Th.&rft.au=Prell%2C+S.&rft.au=Yabsley%2C+B.+D.&rft.au=Aihara%2C+H.&rft.au=Anulli%2C+F.&rft.au=Arnaud%2C+N.&rft.au=Aushev%2C+T.&rft.au=Beneke%2C+M.&rft.au=Beringer%2C+J.&rft.au=Bianchi%2C+F.&rft.au=Bigi%2C+I.+I.&rft.au=Bona%2C+M.&rft.au=Brambilla%2C+N.&rft.au=Brodzicka%2C+J.&rft.au=Chang%2C+P.&rft.au=Charles%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Cheng%2C+C.+H.&rft.au=Cheng%2C+H.-Y.&rft.au=Chistov%2C+R.&rft.au=Colangelo%2C+P.&rft.au=Coleman%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Drutskoy%2C+A.&rft.au=Druzhinin%2C+V.+P.&rft.au=Eidelman%2C+S.&rft.au=Eigen%2C+G.&rft.au=Eisner%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Faccini%2C+R.&rft.au=Flood%2C+K.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-014-3026-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRL1980-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PRL1980_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterSanda1980" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, Ashton B.; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ichiro_Sanda" title="Anthony Ichiro Sanda">Sanda, A. I.</a> (September 22, 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.45.952">"CP Violation in Cascade Decays of B Meson"</a>. <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>45</b> (12): 952. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.45.952">10.1103/PhysRevLett.45.952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=CP+Violation+in+Cascade+Decays+of+B+Meson&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=952&rft.date=1980-09-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.45.952&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Ashton+B.&rft.au=Sanda%2C+A.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.aps.org%2Fprl%2Fabstract%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.45.952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRD1981-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PRD1981_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterSanda1981" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, Ashton B.; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ichiro_Sanda" title="Anthony Ichiro Sanda">Sanda, A. I.</a> (April 1, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.23.1567">"CP violation in B meson decays"</a>. <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>23</b> (7): 1567. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981PhRvD..23.1567C">1981PhRvD..23.1567C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.23.1567">10.1103/PhysRevD.23.1567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=CP+violation+in+B+meson+decays&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1567&rft.date=1981-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.23.1567&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981PhRvD..23.1567C&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Ashton+B.&rft.au=Sanda%2C+A.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.aps.org%2Fprd%2Fabstract%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.23.1567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvard.edu2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvard.edu2_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvard.edu2_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/experts/128/ashton_b_carter.html">"Ashton B. Carter"</a>. Belfer Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ashton+B.+Carter&rft.pub=Belfer+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbelfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu%2Fexperts%2F128%2Fashton_b_carter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-defense.gov1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-defense.gov1_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-defense.gov1_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-defense.gov1_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-defense.gov1_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-defense.gov1_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-defense.gov1_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-defense.gov1_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-defense.gov1_27-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gov/bios/biographydetail.aspx?biographyid=186">"Ashton B. Carter; Secretary of Defense"</a>. <i>United States Department of Defense</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+Defense&rft.atitle=Ashton+B.+Carter%3B+Secretary+of+Defense&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2Fbios%2Fbiographydetail.aspx%3Fbiographyid%3D186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frontline-2003-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frontline-2003_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frontline-2003_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frontline-2003_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kim/interviews/acarter.html">"Kim's Nuclear Gamble: Interview: Ashton Carter"</a>. <i>Frontline</i>. PBS. March 3, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Kim%27s+Nuclear+Gamble%3A+Interview%3A+Ashton+Carter&rft.date=2003-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fkim%2Finterviews%2Facarter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Sauer2005" class="citation book cs1">Tom Sauer (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pnSO5dhwyAkC&q=ashton+carter+%22Nuclear+Nonproliferation+Treaty%22&pg=PA108"><i>Nuclear Inertia: US Weapons Policy After the Cold War</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1850437653" title="Special:BookSources/1850437653"><bdi>1850437653</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Inertia%3A+US+Weapons+Policy+After+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1850437653&rft.au=Tom+Sauer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpnSO5dhwyAkC%26q%3Dashton%2Bcarter%2B%2522Nuclear%2BNonproliferation%2BTreaty%2522%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2004" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, Ashton B. (September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/60098/ashton-b-carter/how-to-counter-wmd">"How to Counter WMD"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>. <b>83</b> (5): 72–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20034068">10.2307/20034068</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20034068">20034068</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=How+to+Counter+WMD&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=72-85&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20034068&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20034068%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Ashton+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F60098%2Fashton-b-carter%2Fhow-to-counter-wmd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-house.gov-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-house.gov_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-house.gov_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://appropriations.house.gov/_files/041311bio.pdf">"Ashton B. Carter; Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology & Logistics"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141231034938/http://appropriations.house.gov/_files/041311bio.pdf">Archived</a> December 31, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, US House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=5313">"Defense.gov Transcript: Remarks by Deputy Secretary Carter on the U.S.-India Defense Partnership at the Center for American Progress"</a>. United States Department of Defense. September 30, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Defense.gov+Transcript%3A+Remarks+by+Deputy+Secretary+Carter+on+the+U.S.-India+Defense+Partnership+at+the+Center+for+American+Progress&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Defense&rft.date=2013-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2Ftranscripts%2Ftranscript.aspx%3Ftranscriptid%3D5313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/committee/senate-armed-services/ssas00?q=%7B%22nominee-state%22%3A%22Massachusetts%22%2C%22nomination-status%22%3A%22Committee+consideration%22%7D">"Senate Armed Services Committee"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senate+Armed+Services+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fcommittee%2Fsenate-armed-services%2Fssas00%3Fq%3D%257B%2522nominee-state%2522%253A%2522Massachusetts%2522%252C%2522nomination-status%2522%253A%2522Committee%2Bconsideration%2522%257D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141210151124/http://csis.org/multimedia/video-statesmens-forum-honorable-ashton-b-carter-deputy-secretary-defense">"Video: Statesmen's Forum: The Honorable Ashton B. Carter, Deputy Secretary of Defense"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies" title="Center for Strategic and International Studies">Center for Strategic and International Studies</a>. April 9, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csis.org/multimedia/video-statesmens-forum-honorable-ashton-b-carter-deputy-secretary-defense">the original</a> on December 10, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Video%3A+Statesmen%27s+Forum%3A+The+Honorable+Ashton+B.+Carter%2C+Deputy+Secretary+of+Defense&rft.pub=Center+for+Strategic+and+International+Studies&rft.date=2013-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsis.org%2Fmultimedia%2Fvideo-statesmens-forum-honorable-ashton-b-carter-deputy-secretary-defense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfercenter.org/event/improving-wmd-intelligence-ashton-b-carter">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Improving WMD Intelligence," Ashton B. Carter"</a>. <i>Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs</i>. October 20, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfer+Center+for+Science+and+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=%22Improving+WMD+Intelligence%2C%22+Ashton+B.+Carter&rft.date=2004-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfercenter.org%2Fevent%2Fimproving-wmd-intelligence-ashton-b-carter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/obama-nominates-former-pentagon-official-ashton-carter-for-defense-secretary">"Obama picks former Pentagon official Ashton Carter to be defense secretary"</a>. Fox News Channel. December 5, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obama+picks+former+Pentagon+official+Ashton+Carter+to+be+defense+secretary&rft.pub=Fox+News+Channel&rft.date=2014-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fobama-nominates-former-pentagon-official-ashton-carter-for-defense-secretary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SenateUP-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SenateUP_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SenateUP_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig_Whitlock2015" class="citation news cs1">Craig Whitlock (February 12, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/senate-confirms-ashton-b-carter-as-secretary-of-defense/2015/02/12/ca428340-b2e1-11e4-886b-c22184f27c35_story.html">"Senate confirms Ashton B. Carter as secretary of defense"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Senate+confirms+Ashton+B.+Carter+as+secretary+of+defense&rft.date=2015-02-12&rft.au=Craig+Whitlock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fnational-security%2Fsenate-confirms-ashton-b-carter-as-secretary-of-defense%2F2015%2F02%2F12%2Fca428340-b2e1-11e4-886b-c22184f27c35_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dionnissenbaum-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dionnissenbaum_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dionnissenbaum_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDion_Nissenbaum2015" class="citation web cs1">Dion Nissenbaum (February 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/islamic-state-iran-must-be-confronted-u-s-defense-chief-nominee-says-1423066977">"U.S. Defense Nominee Leans Toward Arms for Ukraine in Fight"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=U.S.+Defense+Nominee+Leans+Toward+Arms+for+Ukraine+in+Fight&rft.date=2015-02-04&rft.au=Dion+Nissenbaum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fislamic-state-iran-must-be-confronted-u-s-defense-chief-nominee-says-1423066977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-losangelestimes-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-losangelestimes_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-losangelestimes_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._J._Hennigan2015" class="citation web cs1">W. J. Hennigan (February 12, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-ashton-carter-secretary-defense-20150212-story.html">"Senate confirms Ashton Carter as new secretary of Defense"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Senate+confirms+Ashton+Carter+as+new+secretary+of+Defense&rft.date=2015-02-12&rft.au=W.+J.+Hennigan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnation%2Fnationnow%2Fla-na-ashton-carter-secretary-defense-20150212-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Lerman2015" class="citation news cs1">David Lerman (February 12, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-02-12/senate-confirms-ashton-carter-as-obama-s-fourth-pentagon-chief">"Senate Confirms Ashton Carter as Obama's Fourth Pentagon Chief"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Senate+Confirms+Ashton+Carter+as+Obama%27s+Fourth+Pentagon+Chief&rft.date=2015-02-12&rft.au=David+Lerman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2015-02-12%2Fsenate-confirms-ashton-carter-as-obama-s-fourth-pentagon-chief&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmarie_Huetteman2015" class="citation news cs1">Emmarie Huetteman (February 12, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/13/us/ashton-carter-senate-defense-secretary.html">"Ashton B. Carter Is Confirmed as Defense Chief, Replacing Chuck Hagel"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ashton+B.+Carter+Is+Confirmed+as+Defense+Chief%2C+Replacing+Chuck+Hagel&rft.date=2015-02-12&rft.au=Emmarie+Huetteman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F02%2F13%2Fus%2Fashton-carter-senate-defense-secretary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Chappell2015" class="citation web cs1">Bill Chappell (February 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/02/17/386963400/ashton-carter-is-sworn-in-as-obamas-fourth-defense-secretary">"Ashton Carter Is Sworn In As Obama's 4th Defense Secretary"</a>. NPR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ashton+Carter+Is+Sworn+In+As+Obama%27s+4th+Defense+Secretary&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2015-02-17&rft.au=Bill+Chappell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fblogs%2Fthetwo-way%2F2015%2F02%2F17%2F386963400%2Fashton-carter-is-sworn-in-as-obamas-fourth-defense-secretary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2015/05/27/defense-secretarys-warning-to-china-u-s-military-wont-change-operations/">Defense secretary's warning to China: U.S. military won't change operations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181030131220/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2015/05/27/defense-secretarys-warning-to-china-u-s-military-wont-change-operations/">Archived</a> October 30, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. May 27, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/08/russia-pay-price-syrian-airstrikes-ashton-carter-us-defence-secretary">"Russia will pay price for Syrian airstrikes, says US defence secretary"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. October 8, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Russia+will+pay+price+for+Syrian+airstrikes%2C+says+US+defence+secretary&rft.date=2015-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Foct%2F08%2Frussia-pay-price-syrian-airstrikes-ashton-carter-us-defence-secretary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/17/us/politics/defense-secretary-ashton-carter-conducted-some-official-business-on-a-personal-email-account.html?_r=2">"Defense Secretary Conducted Some Official Business on a Personal Email Account"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. December 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Defense+Secretary+Conducted+Some+Official+Business+on+a+Personal+Email+Account&rft.date=2015-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F12%2F17%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fdefense-secretary-ashton-carter-conducted-some-official-business-on-a-personal-email-account.html%3F_r%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheryl_Pellerin2015" class="citation web cs1">Cheryl Pellerin (December 3, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/632536/carter-opens-all-military-occupations-positions-to-women/">"Carter Opens All Military Occupations, Positions to Women"</a>. Department of Defense.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carter+Opens+All+Military+Occupations%2C+Positions+to+Women&rft.pub=Department+of+Defense&rft.date=2015-12-03&rft.au=Cheryl+Pellerin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2FNews%2FArticle%2FArticle%2F632536%2Fcarter-opens-all-military-occupations-positions-to-women%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gov/News/News-Releases/News-Release-View/Article/821675/secretary-of-defense-ash-carter-announces-policy-for-transgender-service-members">"Secretary of Defense Ash Carter Announces Policy for Transgender Service Members"</a>. Department of Defense. June 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secretary+of+Defense+Ash+Carter+Announces+Policy+for+Transgender+Service+Members&rft.pub=Department+of+Defense&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2FNews%2FNews-Releases%2FNews-Release-View%2FArticle%2F821675%2Fsecretary-of-defense-ash-carter-announces-policy-for-transgender-service-members&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-factsheet-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-factsheet_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-factsheet_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-factsheet_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dpc.senate.gov/docs/fs-114-1-24.pdf">"Fact Sheet: Ash Carter, Nominee for Secretary of Defense"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United States Senate</i>. Democratic Polity & Communication Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Senate&rft.atitle=Fact+Sheet%3A+Ash+Carter%2C+Nominee+for+Secretary+of+Defense&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpc.senate.gov%2Fdocs%2Ffs-114-1-24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fa-article-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fa-article_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterDeutchZelikow1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Carter, Ashton B.; Deutch, John; Zelikow, Philip (November 1, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/1998-11-01/catastrophic-terrorism-tackling-new-danger">"Catastrophic Terrorism: Tackling the New Danger"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Catastrophic+Terrorism%3A+Tackling+the+New+Danger&rft.date=1998-11-01&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Ashton+B.&rft.au=Deutch%2C+John&rft.au=Zelikow%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Funited-states%2F1998-11-01%2Fcatastrophic-terrorism-tackling-new-danger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/harvard-kennedy-schools-ashton-carter-nominated-pentagons-under-secretary-defense">"Harvard Kennedy School's Ashton Carter Nominated as Pentagon's Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics"</a>. <i>Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfer+Center+for+Science+and+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Harvard+Kennedy+School%27s+Ashton+Carter+Nominated+as+Pentagon%27s+Under+Secretary+of+Defense+for+Acquisition%2C+Technology+and+Logistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfercenter.org%2Fpublication%2Fharvard-kennedy-schools-ashton-carter-nominated-pentagons-under-secretary-defense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSDbio-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OSDbio_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141208075533/http://www.acq.osd.mil/dte-trmc/bios/bio_carter.html">"Biography of The Honorable Ashton Carter"</a>. <i>Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acq.osd.mil/dte-trmc/bios/bio_carter.html">the original</a> on December 8, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Under+Secretary+of+Defense+for+Acquisition%2C+Technology+and+Logistics&rft.atitle=Biography+of+The+Honorable+Ashton+Carter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acq.osd.mil%2Fdte-trmc%2Fbios%2Fbio_carter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-policydefense-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-policydefense_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-policydefense_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://policy.defense.gov/Portals/11/Documents/DPB_Docs/Ash%20Carter%20Bio.pdf">"Ash Carter: Bio"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Under Secretary of Defense for Policy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ash+Carter%3A+Bio&rft.pub=Under+Secretary+of+Defense+for+Policy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolicy.defense.gov%2FPortals%2F11%2FDocuments%2FDPB_Docs%2FAsh%2520Carter%2520Bio.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ge.com/news/press-releases/ge-nominates-ashton-carter-board-directors">"GE Nominates Ashton Carter to the Board of Directors | GE News"</a>. www.ge.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GE+Nominates+Ashton+Carter+to+the+Board+of+Directors+%26%23124%3B+GE+News&rft.pub=www.ge.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ge.com%2Fnews%2Fpress-releases%2Fge-nominates-ashton-carter-board-directors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/about/board-of-directors/">"Board of Directors"</a>. <i>Atlantic Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Council&rft.atitle=Board+of+Directors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fabout%2Fboard-of-directors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tanium.com/press-releases/ash-carter-joins-tanium-board-of-directors/">"Former U.S. Secretary of Defense Ash Carter Joins Tanium Board of Directors"</a>. <i>Tanium</i>. April 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tanium&rft.atitle=Former+U.S.+Secretary+of+Defense+Ash+Carter+Joins+Tanium+Board+of+Directors&rft.date=2021-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tanium.com%2Fpress-releases%2Fash-carter-joins-tanium-board-of-directors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/09/22/president-biden-announces-members-of-presidents-council-of-advisors-on-science-and-technology/">"President Biden Announces Members of President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology"</a>. <i>whitehouse.gov</i>. September 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=President+Biden+Announces+Members+of+President%27s+Council+of+Advisors+on+Science+and+Technology&rft.date=2021-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fbriefing-room%2Fstatements-releases%2F2021%2F09%2F22%2Fpresident-biden-announces-members-of-presidents-council-of-advisors-on-science-and-technology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shieldcap.com/advisors/senior">"Senior Advisor"</a>. Shield Capital<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senior+Advisor&rft.pub=Shield+Capital&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshieldcap.com%2Fadvisors%2Fsenior&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timesofisraelrebecca-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timesofisraelrebecca_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timesofisraelrebecca_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoil2014" class="citation news cs1">Stoil, Rebecca Shimoni (December 5, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215133837/http://www.timesofisrael.com/obama-names-ashton-carter-as-next-defense-secretary/">"Obama names Ashton Carter as next defense secretary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/obama-names-ashton-carter-as-next-defense-secretary/">the original</a> on February 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Obama+names+Ashton+Carter+as+next+defense+secretary&rft.date=2014-12-05&rft.aulast=Stoil&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+Shimoni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fobama-names-ashton-carter-as-next-defense-secretary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2014" class="citation web cs1">Crowley, Michael (December 2, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2014/12/ashton-carter-secretary-of-defense-113283.html">"Can a wonk run a war?; Ash Carter is a scholar, a bureaucrat — and the opposite of Chuck Hagel"</a>. <i>Politico</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Can+a+wonk+run+a+war%3F%3B+Ash+Carter+is+a+scholar%2C+a+bureaucrat+%E2%80%94+and+the+opposite+of+Chuck+Hagel.&rft.date=2014-12-02&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2014%2F12%2Fashton-carter-secretary-of-defense-113283.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/21/AR2006062101518.html">If Necessary, Strike and Destroy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827065756/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/21/AR2006062101518.html">Archived</a> August 27, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. June 22, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kim/interviews/acarter.html">Interview: Ashton Carter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090329085454/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kim/interviews/acarter.html">Archived</a> March 29, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. March 3, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/2003/12/24/another-victory-for-bush/">Another victory for Bush</a> ". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a></i>. December 24, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/us-could-potential-deploy-missiles-in-europe-to-deter-russia/a-18497133">US could potential deploy missiles in Europe to deter Russia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150605231441/http://www.dw.de/us-could-potential-deploy-missiles-in-europe-to-deter-russia/a-18497133">Archived</a> June 5, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. June 5, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/former-defense-secretaries-rebuke-trump-election/2021/01/03/1c708f64-4de5-11eb-b2e8-3339e73d9da2_story.html">"All 10 living former defense secretaries: Involving the military in election disputes would cross into dangerous territory"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. January 3, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=All+10+living+former+defense+secretaries%3A+Involving+the+military+in+election+disputes+would+cross+into+dangerous+territory&rft.date=2021-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational-security%2Fformer-defense-secretaries-rebuke-trump-election%2F2021%2F01%2F03%2F1c708f64-4de5-11eb-b2e8-3339e73d9da2_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/news/in-the-news/atlantic-council-board-member-ashton-carter-opens-testimony-to-the-senate">"Atlantic Council Board Member Ashton Carter Opens Testimony to the Senate"</a>. <i>Atlantic Council</i>. February 4, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Council&rft.atitle=Atlantic+Council+Board+Member+Ashton+Carter+Opens+Testimony+to+the+Senate&rft.date=2015-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fnews%2Fin-the-news%2Fatlantic-council-board-member-ashton-carter-opens-testimony-to-the-senate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vries2022" class="citation news cs1">de Vries, Karl (October 25, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/25/politics/ashton-carter-dies/index.html">"Ash Carter, former defense secretary under Obama, dies at 68"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ash+Carter%2C+former+defense+secretary+under+Obama%2C+dies+at+68&rft.date=2022-10-25&rft.aulast=de+Vries&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2022%2F10%2F25%2Fpolitics%2Fashton-carter-dies%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisen2022" class="citation news cs1">Risen, Clay (October 26, 2022). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/25/us/ashton-b-carter-dead.html">"Ashton B. Carter, 68, Who Made the Military More Inclusive, Is Dead"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. A23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ashton+B.+Carter%2C+68%2C+Who+Made+the+Military+More+Inclusive%2C+Is+Dead&rft.pages=A23&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft.aulast=Risen&rft.aufirst=Clay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F10%2F25%2Fus%2Fashton-b-carter-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150219205753/http://www.jayceemember.com/toya/profile_Honoree.asp?hid=105">"Ten Outstanding Young Americans"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jayceemember.com/toya/profile_Honoree.asp?hid=105">the original</a> on February 19, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ten+Outstanding+Young+Americans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jayceemember.com%2Ftoya%2Fprofile_Honoree.asp%3Fhid%3D105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ota.fas.org/reports/8116.pdf">"MX Missile Basing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MX+Missile+Basing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fota.fas.org%2Freports%2F8116.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/ballistic-missile-defense">"Ballistic Missile Defense | Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs"</a>. Belfercenter.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ballistic+Missile+Defense+%26%23124%3B+Belfer+Center+for+Science+and+International+Affairs&rft.pub=Belfercenter.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfercenter.org%2Fpublication%2Fballistic-missile-defense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/directed-energy-missile-defense-space">"Directed Energy Missile Defense in Space | Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs"</a>. Belfercenter.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Directed+Energy+Missile+Defense+in+Space+%26%23124%3B+Belfer+Center+for+Science+and+International+Affairs&rft.pub=Belfercenter.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfercenter.org%2Fpublication%2Fdirected-energy-missile-defense-space&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/managing-nuclear-operations">"Managing Nuclear Operations | Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs"</a>. Belfercenter.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Managing+Nuclear+Operations+%26%23124%3B+Belfer+Center+for+Science+and+International+Affairs&rft.pub=Belfercenter.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfercenter.org%2Fpublication%2Fmanaging-nuclear-operations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/soviet-nuclear-fission-control-nuclear-arsenal-disintegrating-soviet-union">"Soviet Nuclear Fission: Control of the Nuclear Arsenal in a Disintegrating Soviet Union | Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs"</a>. Belfercenter.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soviet+Nuclear+Fission%3A+Control+of+the+Nuclear+Arsenal+in+a+Disintegrating+Soviet+Union+%26%23124%3B+Belfer+Center+for+Science+and+International+Affairs&rft.pub=Belfercenter.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfercenter.org%2Fpublication%2Fsoviet-nuclear-fission-control-nuclear-arsenal-disintegrating-soviet-union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ash_Carter" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Ash Carter">Ash Carter</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ashton_Carter" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ashton Carter">Ashton Carter</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preventivedefenseproject.org/">Preventive Defense Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615214223/http://preventivedefenseproject.org/">Archived</a> June 15, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/experts/128/dr_ashton_b_carter.html">Ashton B. Carter</a> expert profile at the Belfer Center of Harvard University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?23804">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/author/ashton-b-carter">Collected columns</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i> magazine</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gov/About-DoD/Biographies/Biography-View/Article/602689/ashton-b-carter">Department of Defense biography</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hadley" title="Stephen Hadley">Stephen Hadley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Global_Strategic_Affairs" title="Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Strategic Affairs">Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Strategic Affairs</a> </b><br />1993–1996 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dyer_Crouch_II" title="Jack Dyer Crouch II">Jack Dyer Crouch II</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Young_Jr." title="John J. Young Jr.">John Young</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Acquisition,_Technology_and_Logistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics">Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics</a> </b><br />2009–2011 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Kendall_III" title="Frank Kendall III">Frank Kendall</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Lynn_III" title="William J. Lynn III">William J. Lynn III</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">United States Deputy Secretary of Defense</a> </b><br />2011–2013 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Work" title="Robert O. Work">Robert O. Work</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel">Chuck Hagel</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of Defense</a> </b><br />2015–2017 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mattis" title="Jim Mattis">Jim Mattis</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Deputy_Secretaries_of_Defense" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USDepSecDef" title="Template:USDepSecDef"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USDepSecDef" title="Template talk:USDepSecDef"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USDepSecDef" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USDepSecDef"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Deputy_Secretaries_of_Defense" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">United States Deputy Secretaries of Defense</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Early" title="Stephen Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Lovett" title="Robert A. Lovett">Lovett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Chapman_Foster" title="William Chapman Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_M._Kyes" title="Roger M. Kyes">Kyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Anderson_(Texas_politician)" title="Robert B. Anderson (Texas politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_B._Robertson_Jr." title="Reuben B. Robertson Jr.">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Quarles" title="Donald A. Quarles">Quarles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gates_Jr." title="Thomas S. Gates Jr.">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Douglas_Jr." title="James H. Douglas Jr.">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_Gilpatric" title="Roswell Gilpatric">Gilpatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nitze" title="Paul Nitze">Nitze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Packard" title="David Packard">Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rush" title="Kenneth Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clements" title="Bill Clements">Clements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ellsworth" title="Robert Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncan_Jr." title="Charles Duncan Jr.">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Graham_Claytor_Jr." title="W. Graham Claytor Jr.">Claytor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Carlucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Paul_Thayer" title="W. Paul Thayer">Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_IV" title="William Howard Taft IV">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Atwood_Jr." title="Donald J. Atwood Jr.">Atwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Perry" title="William J. Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Deutch" title="John M. Deutch">Deutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._White" title="John P. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamre" title="John Hamre">Hamre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_de_Leon" title="Rudy de Leon">de Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_R._England" title="Gordon R. England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Lynn_III" title="William J. Lynn III">Lynn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Work" title="Robert O. Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_M._Shanahan" title="Patrick M. Shanahan">Shanahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Norquist" title="David Norquist">Norquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Hicks" title="Kathleen Hicks">Hicks</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flag_of_the_United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flag_of_the_United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flag_of_the_United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="312" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_defense" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSecDef" title="Template:USSecDef"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSecDef" title="Template talk:USSecDef"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSecDef" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSecDef"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_defense" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States secretaries of defense</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">Forrestal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Lovett" title="Robert A. Lovett">Lovett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Erwin_Wilson" title="Charles Erwin Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_H._McElroy" title="Neil H. McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gates_Jr." title="Thomas S. Gates Jr.">T. Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">McNamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford">Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Laird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">Schlesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Brown_(Secretary_of_Defense)" title="Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Weinberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Carlucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin">Aspin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Perry" title="William J. Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cohen" title="William Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">R. Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Panetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel">Hagel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mattis" title="Jim Mattis">Mattis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Esper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Austin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Barack_Obama_(2009–2017)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Obama_cabinet" title="Template:Obama cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Obama_cabinet" title="Template talk:Obama cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Obama_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Obama cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Barack_Obama_(2009–2017)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2009–2017)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (2009–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/100px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/150px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/200px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="1739" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (2009–2013)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Hillary Clinton's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Geithner" title="Timothy Geithner">Timothy Geithner</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> (2009–2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a> (2011–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel">Chuck Hagel</a> (2013–2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ash Carter</a> (2015–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a> (2009–2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynch" title="Loretta Lynch">Loretta Lynch</a> (2015–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Salazar" title="Ken Salazar">Ken Salazar</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sally_Jewell" title="Sally Jewell">Sally Jewell</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Tom Vilsack</a> (2009–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Locke" title="Gary Locke">Gary Locke</a> (2009–2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Bryson" title="John Bryson">John Bryson</a> (2011–2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penny_Pritzker" title="Penny Pritzker">Penny Pritzker</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Solis" title="Hilda Solis">Hilda Solis</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Tom Perez</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Sebelius" title="Kathleen Sebelius">Kathleen Sebelius</a> (2009–2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Mathews_Burwell" title="Sylvia Mathews Burwell">Sylvia Mathews Burwell</a> (2014–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shaun_Donovan" title="Shaun Donovan">Shaun Donovan</a> (2009–2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Castro" title="Julian Castro">Julian Castro</a> (2014–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ray_LaHood" title="Ray LaHood">Ray LaHood</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Foxx" title="Anthony Foxx">Anthony Foxx</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Moniz" title="Ernest Moniz">Ernest Moniz</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arne_Duncan" title="Arne Duncan">Arne Duncan</a> (2009–2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_King_Jr." title="John King Jr.">John King Jr.</a> (2016–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Shinseki" title="Eric Shinseki">Eric Shinseki</a> (2009–2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bob_McDonald_(businessman)" title="Bob McDonald (businessman)">Bob McDonald</a> (2014–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Napolitano" title="Janet Napolitano">Janet Napolitano</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeh_Johnson" title="Jeh Johnson">Jeh Johnson</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lisa_P._Jackson" title="Lisa P. Jackson">Lisa P. Jackson</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gina_McCarthy" title="Gina McCarthy">Gina McCarthy</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/100px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/150px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/200px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="58" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_R._Orszag" title="Peter R. Orszag">Peter R. Orszag</a> (2009–2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a> (2010–2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Mathews_Burwell" title="Sylvia Mathews Burwell">Sylvia Mathews Burwell</a> (2013–2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shaun_Donovan" title="Shaun Donovan">Shaun Donovan</a> (2014–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Kirk" title="Ron Kirk">Ron Kirk</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Froman" title="Michael Froman">Michael Froman</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Rice" title="Susan Rice">Susan Rice</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samantha_Power" title="Samantha Power">Samantha Power</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christina_Romer" title="Christina Romer">Christina Romer</a> (2009–2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austan_Goolsbee" title="Austan Goolsbee">Austan Goolsbee</a> (2010–2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Krueger" title="Alan Krueger">Alan Krueger</a> (2011–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jason_Furman" title="Jason Furman">Jason Furman</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Small_Business_Administration" title="Administrator of the Small Business Administration">Administrator of the Small Business Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Mills" title="Karen Mills">Karen Mills</a> (2012–2013)*</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Contreras-Sweet" title="Maria Contreras-Sweet">Maria Contreras-Sweet</a> (2014–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel" title="Rahm Emanuel">Rahm Emanuel</a> (2009–2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_M._Daley" title="William M. Daley">William M. Daley</a> (2011–2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a> (2012–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denis_McDonough" title="Denis McDonough">Denis McDonough</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* took office in 2009, raised to cabinet-rank in 2012<br /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Confirmations_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet">Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Obama_administration_personnel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Obama_Administration_personnel" title="Template:Obama Administration personnel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Obama_Administration_personnel" title="Template talk:Obama Administration personnel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Obama_Administration_personnel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Obama Administration personnel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Obama_administration_personnel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama administration personnel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0em;"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_and_cabinet-level"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Obama_personnel,_Cabinet-level_child-template" title="Template:Obama personnel, Cabinet-level child-template"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Obama_personnel,_Cabinet-level_child-template" title="Template talk:Obama personnel, Cabinet-level child-template"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Obama_personnel,_Cabinet-level_child-template" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Obama personnel, Cabinet-level child-template"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_and_cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet and cabinet-level</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div><table style="font-size:100%; width:100%; border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; border-left:2px #fafafa solid; border-right:2px #fafafa solid;;width:18%"> Office</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; border-left:2px #fafafa solid; border-right:2px #fafafa solid;;width:8%"> Name</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; border-left:2px #fafafa solid; border-right:2px #fafafa solid;;width:8%"> Term</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; border-left:2px #fafafa solid; border-right:2px #fafafa solid;;width:18%"> Office</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; border-left:2px #fafafa solid; border-right:2px #fafafa solid;;width:8%"> Name</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; border-left:2px #fafafa solid; border-right:2px #fafafa solid;;width:8%"> Term</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:18%"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a></td><td style="width:8%"> 2013–2017</td><td style="width:18%"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of Treasury</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a></td><td style="width:8%"> 2013–2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:18%"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ashton Carter</a></td><td style="width:8%"> 2015–2017</td><td style="width:18%"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynch" title="Loretta Lynch">Loretta Lynch</a></td><td style="width:8%"> 2015–2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:18%"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Sally_Jewell" title="Sally Jewell">Sally Jewell</a></td><td style="width:8%"> 2013–2017</td><td style="width:18%"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Tom Vilsack</a></td><td style="width:8%"> 2009–2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:18%"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Penny_Pritzker" title="Penny Pritzker">Penny Pritzker</a></td><td style="width:8%"> 2013–2017</td><td style="width:18%"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Thomas Perez</a></td><td style="width:8%"> 2013–2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:18%"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and<br />  Human Services</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Mathews_Burwell" title="Sylvia Mathews Burwell">Sylvia Mathews Burwell</a></td><td style="width:8%"> 2014–2017</td><td style="width:18%"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/John_King_Jr." title="John King Jr.">John King Jr.</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Foxx" title="Anthony Foxx">Anthony Foxx</a></td><td style="width:8%"> 2016–2017<br />2013–2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:18%"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban<br />  Development</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Julian_Castro" title="Julian Castro">Julian Castro</a></td><td style="width:8%"> 2014–2017</td><td style="width:18%"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veterans Affairs</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._McDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. McDonald">Robert A. McDonald</a></td><td style="width:8%"> 2014–2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding-bottom: 0.25em; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddf;;width:18%"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></td><td style="padding-bottom: 0.25em; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddf;;width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Moniz" title="Ernest Moniz">Ernest Moniz</a></td><td style="padding-bottom: 0.25em; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddf;;width:8%"> 2013–2017</td><td style="padding-bottom: 0.25em; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddf;;width:18%"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a></td><td style="padding-bottom: 0.25em; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddf;;width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Jeh_Johnson" title="Jeh Johnson">Jeh Johnson</a></td><td style="padding-bottom: 0.25em; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddf;;width:8%"> 2013–2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:18%"> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></td><td style="width:8%"> 2009–2017</td><td style="width:18%"> <a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Denis_McDonough" title="Denis McDonough">Denis McDonough</a></td><td style="width:8%"> 2013–2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:18%"> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and<br />  Budget</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Donovan" title="Shaun Donovan">Shaun Donovan</a></td><td style="width:8%"> 2014–2017</td><td style="width:18%"> <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">Administrator of the Environmental<br />  Protection Agency</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Gina_McCarthy" title="Gina McCarthy">Gina McCarthy</a></td><td style="width:8%"> 2013–2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:18%"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Samantha_Power" title="Samantha Power">Samantha Power</a></td><td style="width:8%"> 2013–2017</td><td style="width:18%"> <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Chair of the Council of Economic<br />  Advisers</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Jason_Furman" title="Jason Furman">Jason Furman</a></td><td style="width:8%"> 2013–2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:18%"> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Froman" title="Michael Froman">Michael Froman</a></td><td style="width:8%"> 2013–2017</td><td style="width:18%"> <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Small_Business_Administration" title="Administrator of the Small Business Administration">Administrator of the Small Business Administration</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Contreras-Sweet" title="Maria Contreras-Sweet">Maria Contreras-Sweet</a></td><td style="width:8%"> 2014–2017</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small><i>Below solid line: Granted <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States#Cabinet-level_officers" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet rank</a> although not automatically part of the Cabinet. See also: <a href="/wiki/Confirmations_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet">Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet</a></i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0em;"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Executive_Office_of_the_President"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Obama_Executive_Office" title="Template:Obama Executive Office"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Obama_Executive_Office" title="Template talk:Obama Executive Office"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Obama_Executive_Office" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Obama Executive Office"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Executive_Office_of_the_President" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div><table style="font-size:100%; width:100%; border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; border-left:2px #fafafa solid; border-right:2px #fafafa solid;;width:21%"> Office</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; border-left:2px #fafafa solid; border-right:2px #fafafa solid;;width:8%"> Name</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; border-left:2px #fafafa solid; border-right:2px #fafafa solid;;width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> Term</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; border-left:2px #fafafa solid; border-right:2px #fafafa solid;;width:21%"> Office</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; border-left:2px #fafafa solid; border-right:2px #fafafa solid;;width:8%"> Name</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; border-left:2px #fafafa solid; border-right:2px #fafafa solid;;width:5%"> Term</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> <a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel" title="Rahm Emanuel">Rahm Emanuel</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–10</td><td style="width:21%"> <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/James_L._Jones" title="James L. Jones">James L. Jones</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–10</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Pete_Rouse" title="Pete Rouse">Pete Rouse</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2010–11</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Donilon" title="Thomas E. Donilon">Thomas E. Donilon</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2010–13</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/William_M._Daley" title="William M. Daley">William M. Daley</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2011–12</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Rice" title="Susan Rice">Susan Rice</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2013–17</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2012–13</td><td style="width:21%"> <a href="/wiki/Deputy_National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy National Security Advisor (United States)">Deputy National Security Advisor</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Donilon" title="Thomas E. Donilon">Thomas E. Donilon</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–10</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Denis_McDonough" title="Denis McDonough">Denis McDonough</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2013–17</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Denis_McDonough" title="Denis McDonough">Denis McDonough</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2010–13</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> <a href="/wiki/White_House_Deputy_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Deputy Chief of Staff">White House Deputy Chief of Staff</a> for Policy</td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Mona_Sutphen" title="Mona Sutphen">Mona Sutphen</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–11</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Antony Blinken</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2013–14</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Nancy-Ann_DeParle" title="Nancy-Ann DeParle">Nancy-Ann DeParle</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2011–13</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Avril_Haines" title="Avril Haines">Avril Haines</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2015–17</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Rob_Nabors" title="Rob Nabors">Rob Nabors</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2013–15</td><td style="width:21%"> Dep. National Security Advisor, Homeland Security</td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/John_O._Brennan" class="mw-redirect" title="John O. Brennan">John O. Brennan</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–13</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations</td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Messina_(political_staffer)" title="Jim Messina (political staffer)">Jim Messina</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–11</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Monaco" title="Lisa Monaco">Lisa Monaco</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2013–17</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Mastromonaco" title="Alyssa Mastromonaco">Alyssa Mastromonaco</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2011–14</td><td style="width:21%"> Dep. National Security Advisor, Iraq and Afghanistan</td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Lute" title="Douglas Lute">Douglas Lute</a>†</td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–13</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Anita_Decker_Breckenridge" title="Anita Decker Breckenridge">Anita Decker Breckenridge</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2014–17</td><td style="width:21%"> Dep. National Security Advisor, Strategic Comm.</td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Rhodes_(White_House_staffer)" title="Ben Rhodes (White House staffer)">Ben Rhodes</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–17</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Planning</td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Mark_B._Childress" title="Mark B. Childress">Mark B. Childress</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2012–14</td><td style="width:21%"> Dep. National Security Advisor, Chief of Staff</td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lippert" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Lippert">Mark Lippert</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Kristie_Canegallo" title="Kristie Canegallo">Kristie Canegallo</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2014–17</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Denis_McDonough" title="Denis McDonough">Denis McDonough</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–10</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> <a href="/wiki/Counselor_to_the_President" title="Counselor to the President">Counselor to the President</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Pete_Rouse" title="Pete Rouse">Pete Rouse</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2011–13</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Brooke_D._Anderson" title="Brooke D. Anderson">Brooke D. Anderson</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2011–12</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/John_Podesta" title="John Podesta">John Podesta</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2014–15</td><td style="width:21%"> <a href="/wiki/White_House_Communications_Director" title="White House Communications Director">White House Communications Director</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Moran" title="Ellen Moran">Ellen Moran</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> <a href="/wiki/Senior_Advisor_to_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Senior Advisor to the President of the United States">Senior Advisor to the President</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/David_Axelrod_(political_consultant)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Axelrod (political consultant)">David Axelrod</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–11</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Anita_Dunn" title="Anita Dunn">Anita Dunn</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/David_Plouffe" title="David Plouffe">David Plouffe</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2011–13</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pfeiffer" title="Daniel Pfeiffer">Daniel Pfeiffer</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–13</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pfeiffer" title="Daniel Pfeiffer">Daniel Pfeiffer</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2013–15</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Palmieri" title="Jennifer Palmieri">Jennifer Palmieri</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2013–15</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Shailagh_Murray" title="Shailagh Murray">Shailagh Murray</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2015–17</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Jen_Psaki" title="Jen Psaki">Jen Psaki</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2015–17</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> Senior Advisor to the President</td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Pete_Rouse" title="Pete Rouse">Pete Rouse</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–10</td><td style="width:21%"> Deputy White House Communications Director</td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Jen_Psaki" title="Jen Psaki">Jen Psaki</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–11</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Deese" title="Brian Deese">Brian Deese</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2015–17</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Palmieri" title="Jennifer Palmieri">Jennifer Palmieri</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2011–14</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> Senior Advisor to the President and</td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Jarrett" title="Valerie Jarrett">Valerie Jarrett</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–17</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> Amy Brundage</td><td style="width:5%"> 2014–16</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> Assistant to the President for</td><td style="width:8%"></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"></td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> Liz Allen</td><td style="width:5%"> 2016–17</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs</td><td style="width:8%"></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"></td><td style="width:21%"> <a href="/wiki/White_House_Press_Secretary" title="White House Press Secretary">White House Press Secretary</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gibbs" title="Robert Gibbs">Robert Gibbs</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–11</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> Director, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Public_Liaison" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Public Liaison">Public Engagement</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Tina_Tchen" title="Tina Tchen">Tina Tchen</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–11</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Jay_Carney" title="Jay Carney">Jay Carney</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2011–13</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> Jon Carson</td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2011–13</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Josh_Earnest" title="Josh Earnest">Josh Earnest</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2013–17</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> Paulette L. Aniskoff</td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2013–17</td><td style="width:21%"> Deputy Press Secretary</td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Burton_(political_consultant)" title="Bill Burton (political consultant)">Bill Burton</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–11</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> Director, <a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs" title="White House Office of Intergovernmental Affairs">Intergovernmental Affairs</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Mu%C3%B1oz" title="Cecilia Muñoz">Cecilia Muñoz</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–12</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Josh_Earnest" title="Josh Earnest">Josh Earnest</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2011–13</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> David Agnew</td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2012–14</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Schultz" title="Eric Schultz">Eric Schultz</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2014–17</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Abramson" title="Jerry Abramson">Jerry Abramson</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2014–17</td><td style="width:21%"> Director of Special Projects</td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Cutter" title="Stephanie Cutter">Stephanie Cutter</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2010–11</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> Director, <a href="/wiki/National_Economic_Council_(United_States)" title="National Economic Council (United States)">National Economic Council</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–10</td><td style="width:21%"> Director, Speechwriting</td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Jon_Favreau_(speechwriter)" title="Jon Favreau (speechwriter)">Jon Favreau</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–13</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Gene_Sperling" title="Gene Sperling">Gene Sperling</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2011–14</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Cody_Keenan" title="Cody Keenan">Cody Keenan</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2013–17</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Zients" title="Jeff Zients">Jeff Zients</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2014–17</td><td style="width:21%"> Director, Digital Strategy</td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Macon_Phillips" title="Macon Phillips">Macon Phillips</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–13</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> Chair, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Christina_Romer" title="Christina Romer">Christina Romer</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–10</td><td style="width:21%"> Chief Digital Officer</td><td style="width:8%"> Jason Goldman</td><td style="width:5%"> 2015–17</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Austan_Goolsbee" title="Austan Goolsbee">Austan Goolsbee</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2010–13</td><td style="width:21%"> Director, Legislative Affairs</td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Phil_Schiliro" title="Phil Schiliro">Phil Schiliro</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–11</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Jason_Furman" title="Jason Furman">Jason Furman</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2013–17</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Rob_Nabors" title="Rob Nabors">Rob Nabors</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2011–13</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> Chair, <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Council_on_Jobs_and_Competitiveness" title="President's Council on Jobs and Competitiveness">Economic Recovery Advisory Board</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Volcker" title="Paul Volcker">Paul Volcker</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–11</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Katie_Beirne_Fallon" title="Katie Beirne Fallon">Katie Beirne Fallon</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2013–16</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> Chair, <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Council_on_Jobs_and_Competitiveness" title="President's Council on Jobs and Competitiveness">Council on Jobs and Competitiveness</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Immelt" title="Jeff Immelt">Jeff Immelt</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2011–13</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> Miguel Rodriguez</td><td style="width:5%"> 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> Director, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Domestic_Policy_Council" title="United States Domestic Policy Council">Domestic Policy Council</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Melody_Barnes" title="Melody Barnes">Melody Barnes</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–12</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> Amy Rosenbaum</td><td style="width:5%"> 2016–17</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Mu%C3%B1oz" title="Cecilia Muñoz">Cecilia Muñoz</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2012–17</td><td style="width:21%"> Director, Political Affairs</td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gaspard" title="Patrick Gaspard">Patrick Gaspard</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–11</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> Director, <a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Faith-Based_and_Neighborhood_Partnerships" title="White House Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships">Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Joshua_DuBois" title="Joshua DuBois">Joshua DuBois</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–13</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/David_Simas" title="David Simas">David Simas</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2011–16</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Melissa_Rogers" title="Melissa Rogers">Melissa Rogers</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2013–17</td><td style="width:21%"> Director, Presidential Personnel</td><td style="width:8%"> Nancy Hogan</td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–13</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> Director, <a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Health_Reform" title="White House Office of Health Reform">Office of Health Reform</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Nancy-Ann_DeParle" title="Nancy-Ann DeParle">Nancy-Ann DeParle</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–11</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> Johnathan D. McBride</td><td style="width:5%"> 2013–14</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> Director, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_AIDS_Policy" title="Office of National AIDS Policy">Office of National AIDS Policy</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Crowley" title="Jeffrey Crowley">Jeffrey Crowley</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–11</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> Valerie E. Green</td><td style="width:5%"> 2014–15</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> Grant N. Colfax</td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2011–13</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> Rodin A. Mehrbani</td><td style="width:5%"> 2016–17</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> Douglas M. Brooks</td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2013–17</td><td style="width:21%"> <a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_the_Staff_Secretary" title="White House Office of the Staff Secretary">White House Staff Secretary</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Brown_(lawyer)" title="Lisa Brown (lawyer)">Lisa Brown</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–11</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> Director, <a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Urban_Affairs" title="White House Office of Urban Affairs">Office of Urban Affairs</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Carri%C3%B3n_Jr." title="Adolfo Carrión Jr.">Adolfo Carrión Jr.</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–10</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Rajesh_De" title="Rajesh De">Rajesh De</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2011–12</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> Racquel S. Russell</td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2010–14</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> Douglas Kramer</td><td style="width:5%"> 2012–13</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> Roy Austin Jr.</td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2014–17</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> Joani Walsh</td><td style="width:5%"> 2014–17</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> Director, <a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Energy_and_Climate_Change_Policy" title="White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy">Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Carol_Browner" title="Carol Browner">Carol Browner</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–11</td><td style="width:21%"> Director, Management and Administration</td><td style="width:8%"> Bradley J. Kiley</td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–11</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> <a href="/wiki/White_House_Counsel" title="White House Counsel">White House Counsel</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Gregory_B._Craig" title="Gregory B. Craig">Greg Craig</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–10</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> Katy A. Kale</td><td style="width:5%"> 2011–15</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bauer" title="Robert Bauer">Bob Bauer</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2010–11</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Maju_Varghese" title="Maju Varghese">Maju Varghese</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2015–17</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Ruemmler" title="Kathryn Ruemmler">Kathryn Ruemmler</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2011–14</td><td style="width:21%"> Director, Scheduling and Advance</td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Mastromonaco" title="Alyssa Mastromonaco">Alyssa Mastromonaco</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–11</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Neil_Eggleston" title="Neil Eggleston">Neil Eggleston</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2014–17</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> Danielle Crutchfield</td><td style="width:5%"> 2011–14</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> <a href="/wiki/White_House_Cabinet_Secretary" title="White House Cabinet Secretary">White House Cabinet Secretary</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Lu" title="Chris Lu">Chris Lu</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–13</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> Chase Cushman</td><td style="width:5%"> 2014–17</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Danielle_C._Gray" title="Danielle C. Gray">Danielle C. Gray</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2013–14</td><td style="width:21%"> Director, White House Information Technology</td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/David_Recordon" title="David Recordon">David Recordon</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2015–17</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Broderick_D._Johnson" title="Broderick D. Johnson">Broderick D. Johnson</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2014–17</td><td style="width:21%"> Director, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Administration" title="Office of Administration">Office of Administration</a></td><td style="width:8%"> Cameron Moody</td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–11</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> Personal Aide to the President</td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Reggie_Love" title="Reggie Love">Reggie Love</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–11</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> Beth Jones</td><td style="width:5%"> 2011–15</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mosteller" title="Brian Mosteller">Brian Mosteller</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2011–12</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> Cathy Solomon</td><td style="width:5%"> 2015–17</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> Marvin D. Nicholson</td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2012–17</td><td style="width:21%"> Director, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy" title="Office of Science and Technology Policy">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/John_Holdren" title="John Holdren">John Holdren</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–17</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> Director, <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office_Operations" title="Oval Office Operations">Oval Office Operations</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mosteller" title="Brian Mosteller">Brian Mosteller</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2012–17</td><td style="width:21%"> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Technology_Officer_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Technology Officer of the United States">Chief Technology Officer</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Aneesh_Chopra" title="Aneesh Chopra">Aneesh Chopra</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–12</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_to_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Secretary to the President of the United States">Personal Secretary to the President</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Katie_Johnson_(presidential_secretary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katie Johnson (presidential secretary)">Katie Johnson</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–11</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Todd_Park" title="Todd Park">Todd Park</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2012–14</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Anita_Decker_Breckenridge" title="Anita Decker Breckenridge">Anita Decker Breckenridge</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2011–14</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Megan_Smith" title="Megan Smith">Megan Smith</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2014–17</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Ferial_Govashiri" title="Ferial Govashiri">Ferial Govashiri</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2014–17</td><td style="width:21%"> Director, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Peter_R._Orszag" title="Peter R. Orszag">Peter R. Orszag</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–10</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="Office of the First Lady of the United States">Chief of Staff to the First Lady</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Norris" title="Jackie Norris">Jackie Norris</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2010–12</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sher" title="Susan Sher">Susan Sher</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–11</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Zients" title="Jeff Zients">Jeff Zients</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2012–13</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Tina_Tchen" title="Tina Tchen">Tina Tchen</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2011–17</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Mathews_Burwell" title="Sylvia Mathews Burwell">Sylvia Mathews Burwell</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2013–14</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> <a href="/wiki/White_House_Social_Secretary" title="White House Social Secretary">White House Social Secretary</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Desir%C3%A9e_Rogers" title="Desirée Rogers">Desirée Rogers</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–10</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Deese" title="Brian Deese">Brian Deese</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Julianna_Smoot" title="Julianna Smoot">Julianna Smoot</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2010–11</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Donovan" title="Shaun Donovan">Shaun Donovan</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2014–17</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bernard" title="Jeremy Bernard">Jeremy Bernard</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2011–15</td><td style="width:21%"> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Chief_Information_Officer_of_the_United_States" title="Federal Chief Information Officer of the United States">Chief Information Officer</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Vivek_Kundra" title="Vivek Kundra">Vivek Kundra</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–11</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Deesha_Dyer" title="Deesha Dyer">Deesha Dyer</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2015–17</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Steven_VanRoekel" title="Steven VanRoekel">Steven VanRoekel</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2011–14</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_to_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States">Chief of Staff to the Vice President</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Ron_Klain" title="Ron Klain">Ron Klain</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–11</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> Tony Scott</td><td style="width:5%"> 2015–17</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Reed_(political_operative)" title="Bruce Reed (political operative)">Bruce Reed</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2011–13</td><td style="width:21%"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Trade_Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Trade Representative">United States Trade Representative</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Ron_Kirk" title="Ron Kirk">Ron Kirk</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–13</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Ricchetti" title="Steve Ricchetti">Steve Ricchetti</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2013–17</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Froman" title="Michael Froman">Michael Froman</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2013–17</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> <a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_Usher" title="White House Chief Usher">White House Chief Usher</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Rochon" title="Stephen W. Rochon">Stephen W. Rochon</a>†</td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–11</td><td style="width:21%"> Director, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Gil_Kerlikowske" title="Gil Kerlikowske">Gil Kerlikowske</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–14</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Angella_Reid" title="Angella Reid">Angella Reid</a></td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2011–17</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Botticelli" title="Michael Botticelli">Michael Botticelli</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2014–17</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"> Director, <a href="/wiki/White_House_Military_Office" title="White House Military Office">White House Military Office</a></td><td style="width:8%"> George Mulligan</td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2009–13</td><td style="width:21%"> Chair, <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Environmental_Quality" title="Council on Environmental Quality">Council on Environmental Quality</a></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Sutley" title="Nancy Sutley">Nancy Sutley</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2009–14</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> Emmett Beliveau</td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2013–15</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> Michael Boots</td><td style="width:5%"> 2014–15</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> Dabney Kern</td><td style="width:5%; border-right:1px #dde solid;"> 2016–17</td><td style="width:21%"></td><td style="width:8%"> <a href="/wiki/Christy_Goldfuss" title="Christy Goldfuss">Christy Goldfuss</a></td><td style="width:5%"> 2015–17</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>† Remained from <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">previous administration</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0em;"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Office_of_the_Vice_President"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biden_Vice_Presidential_staff" title="Template:Biden Vice Presidential staff"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biden_Vice_Presidential_staff" title="Template talk:Biden Vice Presidential staff"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biden_Vice_Presidential_staff" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biden Vice Presidential staff"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Office_of_the_Vice_President" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Office of the Vice President of the United States">Office of the Vice President</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <table style="font-size:100%; width:100%; border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;;width:75%"> Position</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;;width:25%; border-left:2px #fff solid"> Appointee</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:75%"> Chief of Staff to the Vice President</td><td style="width:25%; border-left:2px #fff solid"> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Ricchetti" title="Steve Ricchetti">Steve Ricchetti</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:75%"> Counsel to the Vice President</td><td style="width:25%; border-left:2px #fff solid"> <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Hogan" title="Cynthia Hogan">Cynthia Hogan</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:75%"> Counselor to the Vice President</td><td style="width:25%; border-left:2px #fff solid"> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Donilon" title="Mike Donilon">Mike Donilon</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:75%"> Assistant to the Vice President for Intergovernmental Affairs and Public Liaison</td><td style="width:25%; border-left:2px #fff solid"> <a href="/wiki/Evan_Ryan" title="Evan Ryan">Evan Ryan</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:75%"> Assistant to the Vice President and Director of Communications</td><td style="width:25%; border-left:2px #fff solid"> <a href="/wiki/Shailagh_Murray" title="Shailagh Murray">Shailagh Murray</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:75%"> Deputy Chief of Staff to the Vice President</td><td style="width:25%; border-left:2px #fff solid"> <a href="/wiki/Shailagh_Murray" title="Shailagh Murray">Shailagh Murray</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:75%"> Deputy National Security Adviser to the Vice President</td><td style="width:25%; border-left:2px #fff solid"> <a href="/wiki/Brian_P._McKeon" title="Brian P. McKeon">Brian P. McKeon</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:75%"> Residence Manager and Social Secretary for the Vice President and Second Lady</td><td style="width:25%; border-left:2px #fff solid"> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Elizondo" title="Carlos Elizondo">Carlos Elizondo</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:75%"> National Security Adviser to the Vice President</td><td style="width:25%; border-left:2px #fff solid"> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Kahl" title="Colin Kahl">Colin Kahl</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <table style="font-size:100%; width:100%; border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;;width:75%"> Position</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;;width:25%; border-left:2px #fff solid"> Appointee</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:75%"> <a href="/wiki/Wife_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Wife of the Vice President of the United States">Chief of Staff to the Second Lady</a></td><td style="width:25%; border-left:2px #fff solid"> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_M._Russell" title="Catherine M. Russell">Catherine M. Russell</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:75%"> Director of Administration for the Office of the Vice President</td><td style="width:25%; border-left:2px #fff solid"> <a href="/wiki/Moises_Vela" title="Moises Vela">Moises Vela</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:75%"> Domestic Policy Adviser to the Vice President</td><td style="width:25%; border-left:2px #fff solid"> <a href="/wiki/Terrell_McSweeny" title="Terrell McSweeny">Terrell McSweeny</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:75%"> Chief Economist and Economic Policy Adviser to the Vice President</td><td style="width:25%; border-left:2px #fff solid"> <a href="/wiki/Jared_Bernstein" title="Jared Bernstein">Jared Bernstein</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:75%"> Press Secretary to the Vice President</td><td style="width:25%; border-left:2px #fff solid"> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Alexander_(press_secretary)" title="Elizabeth Alexander (press secretary)">Elizabeth Alexander</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:75%"> Deputy Press Secretary to the Vice President</td><td style="width:25%; border-left:2px #fff solid"> Annie Tomasini</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:75%"> Director of Legislative Affairs</td><td style="width:25%; border-left:2px #fff solid"> <a href="/wiki/Sudafi_Henry" title="Sudafi Henry">Sudafi Henry</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:75%"> Director of Communications for the Second Lady</td><td style="width:25%; border-left:2px #fff solid"> Courtney O’Donnell</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/80px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/120px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/160px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="58" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4806029#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4806029#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4806029#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000071408856">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/41940395">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkhDM6qwYxbrPvPBCPvpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1081082739">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83135227">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12474195b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12474195b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070307679">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90070877">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000017972&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000328896&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811302127205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259562105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14569416">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02218640?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/1081082739">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/085936561">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qn692s">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&oldid=1257148826">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&oldid=1257148826</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1954_births" title="Category:1954 births">1954 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2022_deaths" title="Category:2022 deaths">2022 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_male_writers" title="Category:20th-century American male writers">20th-century American male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_non-fiction_writers" title="Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers">20th-century American non-fiction writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists" title="Category:20th-century American physicists">20th-century American physicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_male_writers" title="Category:21st-century American male writers">21st-century American male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_non-fiction_writers" title="Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers">21st-century American non-fiction writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_physicists" title="Category:21st-century American physicists">21st-century American physicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_politicians" title="Category:21st-century American politicians">21st-century American politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_St_John%27s_College,_Oxford" title="Category:Alumni of St John's College, Oxford">Alumni of St John's College, Oxford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Rhodes_Scholars" title="Category:American Rhodes Scholars">American Rhodes Scholars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_chief_operating_officers" title="Category:American chief operating officers">American chief operating officers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_non-fiction_writers" title="Category:American male non-fiction writers">American male non-fiction writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arms_control_people" title="Category:Arms control people">Arms control people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Atlantic_Council" title="Category:Atlantic Council">Atlantic Council</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Clinton_administration_personnel" title="Category:Clinton administration personnel">Clinton administration personnel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences">Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_American_Physical_Society" title="Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society">Fellows of the American Physical Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Cordons_of_the_Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Category:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun">Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harvard_Kennedy_School_faculty" title="Category:Harvard Kennedy School faculty">Harvard Kennedy School faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massachusetts_Democrats" title="Category:Massachusetts Democrats">Massachusetts Democrats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mitre_Corporation_people" title="Category:Mitre Corporation people">Mitre Corporation people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Obama_administration_cabinet_members" title="Category:Obama administration cabinet members">Obama administration cabinet members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Obama_administration_personnel" title="Category:Obama administration personnel">Obama administration personnel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Abington_Township,_Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Category:People from Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">People from Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Assistant_Secretaries_of_Defense" title="Category:United States Assistant Secretaries of Defense">United States Assistant Secretaries of Defense</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_deputy_secretaries_of_defense" title="Category:United States deputy secretaries of defense">United States deputy secretaries of defense</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_secretaries_of_defense" title="Category:United States secretaries of defense">United States secretaries of defense</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Pennsylvania" title="Category:Writers from Pennsylvania">Writers from Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yale_College_alumni" title="Category:Yale College alumni">Yale College alumni</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_October_2019" title="Category:Use American English from October 2019">Use American English from October 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2022" title="Category:Use mdy dates from October 2022">Use mdy dates from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_appearing_on_C-SPAN" title="Category:People appearing on C-SPAN">People appearing on C-SPAN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 November 2024, at 14:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ash_Carter&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rp9p7","wgBackendResponseTime":174,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.621","walltime":"1.878","ppvisitednodes":{"value":19109,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":548485,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15065,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":344466,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1580.352 1 -total"," 32.39% 511.797 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 25.36% 400.706 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.06% 190.605 50 Template:Cite_web"," 11.19% 176.909 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 8.02% 126.704 8 Template:Cite_book"," 7.88% 124.496 3 Template:Navbox"," 6.72% 106.135 1 Template:USDepSecDef"," 6.63% 104.702 2 Template:Military_navigation"," 6.57% 103.819 1 Template:Infobox_academic"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.913","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10235409,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-wjlpq","timestamp":"20241122203004","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ash Carter","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ash_Carter","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4806029","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4806029","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-12-01T06:21:32Z","dateModified":"2024-11-13T14:04:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/89\/Ash_Carter_DOD_Secretary_Portrait.jpg","headline":"United States Secretary of Defense"}</script> </body> </html>