CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=Edge"/> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0" /> <title> The Legacy, Courage, and Adaptability of Mass General Nurses who Served during the Vietnam War - Bench Press</title> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-26.png"/> <script> mixajaxurl = "https://mgriblog.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php"; </script>     <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <meta name="description" content="Mass General nurses who served during the Vietnam War recall the challenges they faced and the lessons they learned." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://mgriblog.org/2024/11/11/the-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="The Legacy, Courage, and Adaptability of Mass General Nurses who Served during the Vietnam War" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Mass General nurses who served during the Vietnam War recall the challenges they faced and the lessons they learned." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://mgriblog.org/2024/11/11/the-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Bench Press" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-11-11T14:49:21+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-11-11T17:29:53+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/vietnam-goral.png?fit=1360%2C940&ssl=1" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1360" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="940" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" /> <meta name="author" content="Andrew Glyman" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@MGH_RI" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@MGH_RI" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="Andrew Glyman" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="12 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https://mgriblog.org/2024/11/11/the-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://mgriblog.org/2024/11/11/the-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war/"},"author":{"name":"Andrew Glyman","@id":"https://mgriblog.org/#/schema/person/2cc9ca89c95634b0f0336659ac67a618"},"headline":"The Legacy, Courage, and Adaptability of Mass General Nurses who Served during the Vietnam War","datePublished":"2024-11-11T14:49:21+00:00","dateModified":"2024-11-11T17:29:53+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://mgriblog.org/2024/11/11/the-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war/"},"wordCount":2351,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https://mgriblog.org/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https://mgriblog.org/2024/11/11/the-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/vietnam-goral.png?fit=1360%2C940&ssl=1","keywords":["nursing"],"articleSection":["History"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https://mgriblog.org/2024/11/11/the-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://mgriblog.org/2024/11/11/the-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war/","url":"https://mgriblog.org/2024/11/11/the-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war/","name":"The Legacy, Courage, and Adaptability of Mass General Nurses who Served during the Vietnam War - Bench Press","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://mgriblog.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://mgriblog.org/2024/11/11/the-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://mgriblog.org/2024/11/11/the-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/vietnam-goral.png?fit=1360%2C940&ssl=1","datePublished":"2024-11-11T14:49:21+00:00","dateModified":"2024-11-11T17:29:53+00:00","description":"Mass General nurses who served during the Vietnam War recall the challenges they faced and the lessons they learned.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://mgriblog.org/2024/11/11/the-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://mgriblog.org/2024/11/11/the-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://mgriblog.org/2024/11/11/the-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war/#primaryimage","url":"https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/vietnam-goral.png?fit=1360%2C940&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/vietnam-goral.png?fit=1360%2C940&ssl=1","width":1360,"height":940},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://mgriblog.org/2024/11/11/the-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://mgriblog.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"The Legacy, Courage, and Adaptability of Mass General Nurses who Served during the Vietnam War"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://mgriblog.org/#website","url":"https://mgriblog.org/","name":"Bench Press","description":"Science news from the Mass General Research Institute","publisher":{"@id":"https://mgriblog.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://mgriblog.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://mgriblog.org/#organization","name":"Mass General Research Institute","url":"https://mgriblog.org/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://mgriblog.org/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/mgri-logo.png","contentUrl":"https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/mgri-logo.png","width":1005,"height":198,"caption":"Mass General Research Institute"},"image":{"@id":"https://mgriblog.org/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://x.com/MGH_RI","https://www.instagram.com/massgeneral_ri/"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://mgriblog.org/#/schema/person/2cc9ca89c95634b0f0336659ac67a618","name":"Andrew Glyman","url":"https://mgriblog.org/author/andrew-glyman/"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.google.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//c0.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//i0.wp.com' /> <link href='https://fonts.gstatic.com' crossorigin rel='preconnect' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Bench Press » Feed" href="https://mgriblog.org/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Bench Press » Comments Feed" href="https://mgriblog.org/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Bench Press » The Legacy, Courage, and Adaptability of Mass General Nurses who Served during the Vietnam War Comments Feed" href="https://mgriblog.org/2024/11/11/the-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/mgriblog.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='jetpack_related-posts-css' href='https://c0.wp.com/p/jetpack/14.0/modules/related-posts/related-posts.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='sbi_styles-css' href='https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/plugins/instagram-feed/css/sbi-styles.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-builder-layout-25254-css' href='https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/25254-layout.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ctct_form_styles-css' href='https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/plugins/constant-contact-forms/assets/css/style.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='library_bookshelves-frontend-css' href='https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/plugins/library-bookshelves/css/bookshelves.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='library_bookshelves-frontend-inline-css' type='text/css'> .bookshelf { margin-top: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 30px; } .bookshelf .slick-slide img { border-radius: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px #000000; } .bookshelf .overlay, .bookshelf .overlay-grid { color: #FFFFFF; background-color: rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.8); border-radius: 0px; } .bookshelf .slick-slide p { color: #000000; font-size: 100%; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; } .bookshelf .slick-arrow::before { color: #000000; font-size: 20px; } .bookshelf .slick-prev { left: -25px !important; } .bookshelf .slick-next { right: -25px !important; } .bookshelf .slick-dots { bottom: -25px !important; } .bookshelf .slick-dots li button::before, .bookshelf .slick-dots li.slick-active button::before { color: #000000 } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='library_bookshelves-slick-css' href='https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/plugins/library-bookshelves/slick/slick.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='library_bookshelves-slick-theme-css' href='https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/plugins/library-bookshelves/slick/slick-theme.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='quiz-maker-css' href='https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/plugins/quiz-maker/public/css/quiz-maker-public.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='style-css' href='https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/themes/thefox/style.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='style_end-css' href='https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/themes/thefox/style_end.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='googlefonts-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato%3A100%2C300%2C400%2C600%2C700%2C900%7COpen+Sans%3A700%2C300%2C600%2C400%7CRaleway%3A900%7CPlayfair+Display%7C&ver=6.6.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='media-queries-css' href='https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/themes/thefox/media-queries_wide.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='rgs-css' href='https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/themes/thefox/css/rgs.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='css3_animations-css' href='https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/themes/thefox/css/animations.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='flexslidercss-css' href='https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/themes/thefox/includes/Flexslider/flexslider.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-thefox-css' href='https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/themes/thefox/css/font-awesome.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='moon-css' href='https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/themes/thefox/css/moon.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='elegant-css' href='https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/themes/thefox/css/elegant.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='prettyphotocss-css' href='https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/themes/thefox/includes/prettyPhoto/css/prettyPhoto.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='zilla-likes-css' href='https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/themes/thefox/includes/zilla-likes/styles/zilla-likes.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='js_composer_front-css' href='https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/themes/thefox/css/thefox_js_composer.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='simple-social-icons-font-css' href='https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/plugins/simple-social-icons/css/style.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='qtip2-css' href='https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/plugins/text-hover/assets/jquery.qtip.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='text-hover-css' href='https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/plugins/text-hover/assets/text-hover.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='redux-google-fonts-rd_data-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto%3A400%2C700%7CRoboto+Slab%3A300&ver=1729863111' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-builder-google-fonts-73d691f716c442086a0d93a0ab9c7aa2-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto%3A400%2C700%7CRoboto+Slab%3A300&ver=6.6.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack_related-posts-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var related_posts_js_options = {"post_heading":"h4"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/p/jetpack/14.0/_inc/build/related-posts/related-posts.min.js" id="jetpack_related-posts-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpstg-global-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpstg = {"nonce":"4329e7e9ec"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-staging/assets/js/dist/wpstg-blank-loader.js" id="wpstg-global-js"></script> <script></script><link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://mgriblog.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://mgriblog.org/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/25254" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://mgriblog.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.6.2" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://mgriblog.org/?p=25254' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://mgriblog.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmgriblog.org%2F2024%2F11%2F11%2Fthe-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://mgriblog.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmgriblog.org%2F2024%2F11%2F11%2Fthe-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war%2F&format=xml" /> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style>  <style type="text/css"> #boxed_layout{margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px;}#logo_img img{max-width:800px;}.cl_before_logo{margin-right:430px;}.cl_after_logo{margin-left:430px;}.nav_type_9_c #logo_img, .nav_type_9_c .logo_text{margin-left:-400px;}.nav_type_9_c #logo_img,.nav_type_9_c .logo_text{min-width:800px;}#mobile-menu{background:#3b4559}#mobile-menu ul ul,#mobile-menu #rd_wpml #lang_sel ul ul{background:#009ace;}#mobile-menu ul ul ul{background:#3b4559;}#mobile-menu .mobile-ul-open > a{color:#dbe442}#mobile-menu .mobile-ul-open:after{color:#dbe442 !important;}#mobile-menu .current_page_item{ background:#009ace;}#mobile-menu .current_page_item > a { border-left:2px solid #dbe442;}#mobile-menu ul li a,#mobile-menu #rd_wpml #lang_sel a{color:#ffffff}#mobile-menu .menu-item-has-children:after{color:#ffffff;}#mobile-menu ul li li li a{color:#ffffff}#mobile-menu ul ul .menu-item-has-children:after{color:#009ace;}#mobile_menu_search #search input[type=text]{background:#009ace !important; color:#ffffff;}#mobile_menu_search #search input[type=submit]{color:#ffffff;}#top_bar,#rd_wpml #lang_sel ul ul{background:#ffffff;}.topbar_type_1,.topbar_type_1 a,.topbar_type_1 #rd_wpml #lang_sel a{color:#009ca6;}.topbar_type_1 strong,.topbar_type_1 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type1 .topbar_sign_in,.topbar_type_1 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type1 .topbar_register,.topbar_type_1 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type1 .topbar_signed_in,.topbar_type_1 #rd_wpml #lang_sel li li a:hover{color:#a1b1bc;}.topbar_type_1 .top_email:before,.topbar_type_1 .top_phone:before,.topbar_type_1 .top_text:before{color:#003a96;}.topbar_type_1 .top_email,.topbar_type_1 .top_phone,.topbar_type_1 #header_socials,.topbar_type_1 .header_current_cart{border-right:1px solid #ffffff; padding-right:20px; padding-left:20px;}.topbar_type_1 .topbar_woocommerce_login{border-right:1px solid #ffffff; border-left:1px solid #ffffff; padding-right:20px; padding-left:20px;}.topbar_type_1 #rd_wpml,.topbar_type_1 .top_bar_menu{border-right:1px solid #ffffff;}.topbar_type_1 .wrapper > div:first-child {border-left:1px solid #ffffff;}.topbar_type_1 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type1 .topbar_register{ border:1px solid #ffffff; border-bottom:2px solid #ffffff}.topbar_type_1 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type2 .topbar_register{ border:1px solid #009ca6; background:#009ca6; color:#ffffff;}.topbar_type_1 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type2 .topbar_sign_in,.topbar_type_1 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type2 .topbar_signed_in{ border:1px solid #009ca6;}.topbar_type_1 #header_socials a:hover{ color:#a1b1bc;}.topbar_type_2,.topbar_type_2 a,.topbar_type_2 #rd_wpml #lang_sel a{color:#009ca6;}.topbar_type_2 strong,.topbar_type_2 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type1 .topbar_sign_in,.topbar_type_2 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type1 .topbar_register,.topbar_type_2 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type1 .topbar_signed_in,.topbar_type_2 #rd_wpml #lang_sel li li a:hover{color:#a1b1bc;}.topbar_type_2 .top_email:before,.topbar_type_2 .top_phone:before,.topbar_type_2 .top_text:before{color:#003a96;}.topbar_type_2 .top_email,.topbar_type_2 .top_phone,.topbar_type_2 #header_socials,.topbar_type_2 .header_current_cart{border-right:1px solid #ffffff; padding-right:20px; padding-left:20px;}.topbar_type_2 .topbar_woocommerce_login{border-right:1px solid #ffffff; border-left:1px solid #ffffff; padding-right:20px; padding-left:20px;}.topbar_type_2 { border-top:5px solid transparent;}.topbar_type_2 #rd_wpml,.topbar_type_2 .top_bar_menu{border-right:1px solid #ffffff;}.topbar_type_2 .wrapper > div:first-child {border-left:1px solid #ffffff;}.topbar_type_2 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type1 .topbar_register{ border:1px solid #ffffff; border-bottom:2px solid #ffffff}.topbar_type_2 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type2 .topbar_register{ border:1px solid #009ca6; background:#009ca6; color:#ffffff;}.topbar_type_2 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type2 .topbar_sign_in,.topbar_type_2 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type2 .topbar_signed_in{ border:1px solid #009ca6;}.topbar_type_2 #header_socials a:hover{ color:#a1b1bc;}.topbar_type_3,.topbar_type_3 a,.topbar_type_3 #rd_wpml #lang_sel a{color:#009ca6;}.topbar_type_3 strong,.topbar_type_3 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type1 .topbar_sign_in,.topbar_type_3 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type1 .topbar_register,.topbar_type_3 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type1 .topbar_signed_in,.topbar_type_3 #rd_wpml #lang_sel li li a:hover{color:#a1b1bc;}.topbar_type_3 .top_email:before,.topbar_type_3 .top_phone:before,.topbar_type_3 .top_text:before{color:#003a96;}.topbar_type_2 { border-top:5px solid transparent;}.topbar_type_3 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type1 .topbar_register{ border:1px solid #ffffff; border-bottom:2px solid #ffffff}.topbar_type_3 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type2 .topbar_register{ border:1px solid #009ca6; background:#009ca6; color:#ffffff;}.topbar_type_3 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type2 .topbar_sign_in,.topbar_type_3 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type2 .topbar_signed_in{ border:1px solid #009ca6;}.topbar_type_3 #header_socials a:hover{ color:#a1b1bc;}.topbar_type_4,.topbar_type_4 a,.topbar_type_4 #rd_wpml #lang_sel a{color:#009ca6;}.topbar_type_4 strong,.topbar_type_4 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type1 .topbar_sign_in,.topbar_type_4 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type1 .topbar_register,.topbar_type_4 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type1 .topbar_signed_in,.topbar_type_4 #rd_wpml #lang_sel li li a:hover{color:#a1b1bc;}.topbar_type_4 .top_email:before,.topbar_type_4 .top_phone:before,.topbar_type_4 .top_text:before{color:#003a96;}.topbar_type_4 { border-top:5px solid transparent;}.topbar_type_4 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type1 .topbar_register{ border:1px solid #ffffff; border-bottom:2px solid #ffffff}.topbar_type_4 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type2 .topbar_register{ border:1px solid #009ca6; background:#009ca6; color:#ffffff;}.topbar_type_4 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type2 .topbar_sign_in,.topbar_type_4 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type2 .topbar_signed_in{ border:1px solid #009ca6;}.topbar_type_4 #header_socials a:hover{ color:#a1b1bc;}.topbar_type_5,.topbar_type_5 a,.topbar_type_5 #rd_wpml #lang_sel a{color:#009ca6;}.topbar_type_5 strong,.topbar_type_5 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type1 .topbar_sign_in,.topbar_type_5 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type1 .topbar_register,.topbar_type_5 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type1 .topbar_signed_in,.topbar_type_5 #rd_wpml #lang_sel li li a:hover,.topbar_woocommerce_login.type2 .topbar_sign_in:hover,.top_email a:hover{color:#a1b1bc;}.topbar_type_5 .top_email:before,.topbar_type_5 .top_phone:before,.topbar_type_5 .top_text:before{color:#003a96; }.topbar_type_5 .top_email,.topbar_type_5 .top_phone,.topbar_type_5 #header_socials,.topbar_type_5 .header_current_cart{border-right:1px solid #ffffff; padding-right:20px; padding-left:20px;}.topbar_type_5 .topbar_woocommerce_login{border-right:1px solid #ffffff; border-left:1px solid #ffffff; padding-right:20px; padding-left:20px;}.topbar_type_5 .wrapper > div:first-child {border-left:1px solid #ffffff;}.topbar_type_5 #rd_wpml,.topbar_type_5 .top_bar_menu{border-right:1px solid #ffffff;}.topbar_type_5 { border-top:4px solid transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #ffffff}.topbar_type_5 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type1 .topbar_register{ border:1px solid #ffffff; border-bottom:2px solid #ffffff}.topbar_type_5 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type2 .topbar_register{ border:1px solid #009ca6; background:#009ca6; color:#ffffff;}.topbar_type_5 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type2 .topbar_sign_in,.topbar_type_5 .topbar_woocommerce_login.type2 .topbar_signed_in{ border:1px solid #009ca6;}.topbar_type_5 #header_socials a:hover{ color:#a1b1bc;}.header_current_cart .cart-content-tb.tbi-with-border{border:1px solid #ffffff;}.header_current_cart .cart-content-tb.tbi-with-bg{background:#ffffff;}.header_current_cart .cart-content-tb:before{color:#003a96;}.header_current_cart .cart-content-tb:hover{color:#009ca6;}header .wrapper { width: 100%; padding: 0 40px; } .rd_megamenu > ul { left:40px!important; width: calc(100% - 80px )!important; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1214px) and (min-width: 1034px){ .rd_megamenu > ul { left:40px!important; width: calc(100% - 80px )!important; } }.nav_type_1 ul li a,.nav_type_2 ul li a,.nav_type_3 ul li a,.nav_type_4 ul li a,.nav_type_5 ul li a,.nav_type_6 ul li a,.nav_type_7 ul li a,.nav_type_8 ul li a,.nav_type_9 ul li a,.nav_type_9_c ul li a,.nav_type_10 ul li a,.nav_type_11 ul li a,.nav_type_12 ul li a,.nav_type_13 ul li a,.nav_type_14 ul li a,.nav_type_15 ul li a,.nav_type_16 ul li a,.nav_type_17 ul li a,.nav_type_18 ul li a,.nav_type_19 ul li a,.nav_type_19_f ul li a{font-family:Roboto !important; font-size:18px !important; font-weight:700 !important; }.transparent_header{background:rgba(255,255,255,0)!important;}.transparent_header{border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.25)!important;}header,.mt_menu{background:#ffffff;}header.transparent_header.opaque_header{background:#ffffff !important; border-bottom:none!important;}#nav_button:before,#nav_button_alt:before{color:#87a5a5;}.logo_text a{color:#87a5a5;}.transparent_header .logo_text a{color:#fff;}.transparent_header.opaque_header .logo_text a{color:#87a5a5;}.transparent_header nav > ul > li > a, .transparent_header .cart-content, .transparent_header nav > li.current-menu-item li a, .transparent_header #searchtop_img .fa-search, .transparent_header .header_si a, .transparent_header #nav_button:before { color:rgba(255,255,255,0.85)!important; }.nav_type_1 nav ul,.nav_type_1 .header_current_cart{background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_1 ul li a,.nav_type_1 a#searchtop_img{color:#87a5a5;}.nav_type_1 nav ul li a:hover,.nav_type_1 > ul > .current-menu-item > a{color:#009ca6; background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_1 .cart-content:hover,.nav_type_1 #searchtop_img:hover i{color:#009ca6;}header.nav_type_2{border-top:1px solid transparent;}.nav_type_2 nav ul,.nav_type_2 .header_current_cart{background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_2 ul li a,.nav_type_2 a#searchtop_img{color:#87a5a5;}.nav_type_2 nav ul li a:hover,.nav_type_2 > ul > .current-menu-item > a,.transparent_header.nav_type_2 nav > ul > .current-menu-item > a,.transparent_header.nav_type_2 nav > ul > li > a:hover{color:#009ca6; border-top:3px solid #009ca6; }.nav_type_2 .cart-content:hover,.nav_type_2 #searchtop_img:hover i{color:#009ca6;}header.nav_type_3{border-top:1px solid transparent;}.nav_type_3 nav ul,.nav_type_3 .header_current_cart{background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_3 ul li a,.nav_type_3 a#searchtop_img{color:#87a5a5;}.nav_type_3 nav ul li a:hover,.nav_type_3 > ul > .current-menu-item > a{color:#009ca6; background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_3 .cart-content:hover,.nav_type_3 #searchtop_img:hover i{color:#009ca6;}header.nav_type_4{border-top:1px solid transparent;}.nav_type_4 nav ul,.nav_type_4 .header_current_cart{background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_4 ul li a,.nav_type_4 a#searchtop_img{color:#87a5a5;}.nav_type_4 nav ul li a:hover,.nav_type_4 > ul > .current-menu-item > a{color:#009ca6; background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_4 .cart-content:hover,.nav_type_4 #searchtop_img:hover i{color:#009ca6;}.nav_type_5 nav ul,.nav_type_5 .header_current_cart{background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_5 ul li a{color:#87a5a5; border-top:5px solid #ffffff;}.nav_type_5 a#searchtop_img{color:#87a5a5;}.nav_type_5 nav ul li a:hover,.nav_type_5 > ul > .current-menu-item > a,.transparent_header.nav_type_5 nav > ul > .current-menu-item > a,.transparent_header.nav_type_5 nav > ul > li > a:hover{color:#009ca6; border-top:5px solid #009ca6 !important; }.nav_type_5 .cart-content:hover,.nav_type_5 #searchtop_img:hover i{color:#009ca6;}.nav_type_6 nav ul,.nav_type_6 .header_current_cart{background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_6 ul li a{color:#87a5a5; border-top:5px solid #ffffff;}.nav_type_6 a#searchtop_img{color:#87a5a5;}.nav_type_6 nav ul li a:hover,.nav_type_6 > ul > .current-menu-item > a,.transparent_header.nav_type_6 nav > ul > .current-menu-item > a,.transparent_header.nav_type_6 nav > ul > li > a:hover{color:#009ca6; border-top:5px solid #009ca6 !important;}.nav_type_6 .cart-content:hover,.nav_type_6 #searchtop_img:hover i{color:#009ca6;}.nav_type_7 nav ul,.nav_type_7 .header_current_cart{background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_7 ul li a,.nav_type_7 a#searchtop_img{color:#87a5a5;}.nav_type_7 nav ul li a:hover,.nav_type_7 > ul > .current-menu-item > a{color:#009ca6; background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_7 .cart-content:hover,.nav_type_7 #searchtop_img:hover i{color:#009ca6;}header.nav_type_8{border-top:1px solid transparent;}.nav_type_8 nav ul,.nav_type_8 .header_current_cart{background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_8 ul li a,.nav_type_8 a#searchtop_img{color:#87a5a5;}.nav_type_8 nav ul li a:hover,.nav_type_8 > ul > .current-menu-item > a{color:#009ca6; background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_8 .cart-content:hover,.nav_type_8 #searchtop_img:hover i{color:#009ca6;}.nav_type_9 nav ul,.nav_type_9 .header_current_cart{background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_9 ul li a{color:#87a5a5; border-top:5px solid rgba(0,0,0,0);}.nav_type_9 a#searchtop_img{color:#87a5a5;}.nav_type_9 nav ul li a:hover,.nav_type_9 > ul > .current-menu-item > a,.transparent_header.nav_type_9 nav > ul > .current-menu-item > a,.transparent_header.nav_type_9 nav > ul > li > a:hover{color:#009ca6; border-top:5px solid #009ca6 !important;}.nav_type_9 .cart-content:hover,.nav_type_9 #searchtop_img:hover i{color:#009ca6;}.nav_type_9_c nav ul,.nav_type_9_c .header_current_cart{background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_9_c ul li a{color:#87a5a5; border-top:5px solid rgba(0,0,0,0);}.nav_type_9_c a#searchtop_img{color:#87a5a5;}.nav_type_9_c nav ul li a:hover,.nav_type_9_c > ul > .current-menu-item > a,.transparent_header.nav_type_9_c nav > ul > .current-menu-item > a,.transparent_header.nav_type_9_c nav > ul > li > a:hover{color:#009ca6; border-top:5px solid #009ca6 !important;}.nav_type_9_c .header_current_cart,.nav_type_9_c #searchtop{display:none !important;}.nav_type_10 nav ul,.nav_type_10 .header_current_cart{background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_10 ul li a{color:#87a5a5; border-top:5px solid rgba(0,0,0,0);}.nav_type_10 a#searchtop_img{color:#87a5a5;}.nav_type_10 nav ul li a:hover,.nav_type_10 > ul > .current-menu-item > a,.transparent_header.nav_type_15 nav > ul > .current-menu-item > a,.transparent_header.nav_type_15 nav > ul > li > a:hover{color:#009ca6; border-top:5px solid #009ca6 !important;}.nav_type_10 .cart-content:hover,.nav_type_10 #searchtop_img:hover i{color:#009ca6;}.nav_type_11 nav ul,.nav_type_11 .header_current_cart{background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_11 ul li a{color:#87a5a5; border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0);}.nav_type_11 a#searchtop_img{color:#87a5a5;}.nav_type_11 nav ul li a:hover,.nav_type_11 > ul > .current-menu-item > a,.transparent_header.nav_type_11 nav > ul > .current-menu-item > a,.transparent_header.nav_type_11 nav > ul > li > a:hover{color:#009ca6; border:1px solid #009ca6 !important; background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_11 .cart-content:hover,.nav_type_11 #searchtop_img:hover i{color:#009ca6;}.nav_type_12 nav ul,.nav_type_12 .header_current_cart{background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_12 ul li a{color:#87a5a5; border:2px solid rgba(0,0,0,0);}.nav_type_12 a#searchtop_img{color:#87a5a5;}.nav_type_12 nav ul li a:hover,.nav_type_12 > ul > .current-menu-item > a,.transparent_header.nav_type_12 nav > ul > .current-menu-item > a,.transparent_header.nav_type_12 nav > ul > li > a:hover{color:#009ca6; border:2px solid #009ca6 !important; background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_12 .cart-content:hover,.nav_type_12 #searchtop_img:hover i{color:#009ca6;}header.nav_type_13{border-top:2px solid transparent;}.nav_type_13 nav ul,.nav_type_13 .header_current_cart{background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_13 ul li a,.nav_type_13 a#searchtop_img{color:#87a5a5;}.nav_type_13 nav ul li a:hover,.nav_type_13 > ul > .current-menu-item > a{color:#009ca6; background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_13 .cart-content:hover,.nav_type_13 #searchtop_img:hover i{color:#009ca6;}header.nav_type_14{border-top:5px solid transparent;}.nav_type_14 nav ul,.nav_type_1 .header_current_cart{background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_14 ul li a,.nav_type_14 a#searchtop_img{color:#87a5a5;}.nav_type_14 nav ul li a:hover,.nav_type_14 > ul > .current-menu-item > a{color:#009ca6; background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_14 .cart-content:hover,.nav_type_14 #searchtop_img:hover i{color:#009ca6;}.header_bottom_nav.transparent_header.opaque_header{background:#ffffff !important;}header.nav_type_15,.header_bottom_nav.nav_type_15{border-top:1px solid transparent;}.header_bottom_nav.nav_type_15{background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_15 ul li a{color:#87a5a5; border-right:1px solid transparent}.nav_type_15 ul li:first-child a{border-left:1px solid transparent} .nav_type_15 nav ul li a:hover,.nav_type_15 > ul > .current-menu-item > a{color:#009ca6; background:#ffffff;}header #header_socials a,.nav_type_15 a#searchtop_img{color:#87a5a5;}header #header_socials a:hover{color:#009ca6;}.header_bottom_nav.nav_type_15 .cart-content:hover,.header_bottom_nav.nav_type_15 #searchtop_img:hover i{color:#009ca6;}.header_bottom_nav.nav_type_16{border-top:1px solid transparent;}.header_bottom_nav.nav_type_16{background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_16 ul li a,.nav_type_16 a#searchtop_img{color:#87a5a5;}.nav_type_16 nav ul li a:hover,.nav_type_16 > ul > .current-menu-item > a{color:#009ca6; background:#ffffff;}.header_bottom_nav.nav_type_16 .cart-content:hover,.header_bottom_nav.nav_type_16 #searchtop_img:hover i{color:#009ca6;}.header_bottom_nav.nav_type_17{border-top:1px solid transparent;}.header_bottom_nav.nav_type_17{background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_17 ul li a,.nav_type_17 a#searchtop_img{color:#87a5a5;}.nav_type_17 nav ul li a:hover,.nav_type_17 > ul > .current-menu-item > a,.transparent_header.nav_type_17 nav > ul > .current-menu-item > a,.transparent_header.nav_type_17 nav > ul > li > a:hover{color:#009ca6; border-top:3px solid #009ca6 !important;}.header_bottom_nav.nav_type_17 .cart-content:hover,.header_bottom_nav.nav_type_17 #searchtop_img:hover i{color:#009ca6;}.header_bottom_nav.nav_type_18{border-top:1px solid transparent;}.header_bottom_nav.nav_type_18{background:#ffffff;}.nav_type_18 ul li a,.nav_type_18 a#searchtop_img{color:#87a5a5;}.nav_type_18 nav ul li a:hover,.nav_type_18 > ul >.current-menu-item > a{color:#009ca6; background#ffffff;}.header_bottom_nav.nav_type_18 .cart-content:hover,.header_bottom_nav.nav_type_18 #searchtop_img:hover i{color:#009ca6;}.nav_type_19 ul li a,.nav_type_19_f ul li a{color:#87a5a5;}.nav_type_19 ul > li > a,.nav_type_19_f ul > li > a{border-bottom:1px solid transparent;}.nav_type_19 ul ul li a,.nav_type_19_f ul ul li a{border-right:1px solid transparent;}#edge-search-form .search_button_icon{color:#87a5a5;}.nav_type_19 ul li a:hover,.nav_type_19 > ul > .current-menu-item > a,.nav_type_19_f ul li a:hover,.nav_type_19_f > ul > .current-menu-item > a{color:#009ca6;}.nav_type_19 .cart-content:hover,.nav_type_19 #searchtop_img:hover i,.nav_type_19_f .cart-content:hover,.nav_type_19_f #searchtop_img:hover i{color:#009ca6;}#fixed_header_socials a{color:#87a5a5;}#fixed_header_socials a{border:1px solid transparent;}.fixed_header_left{border-right:1px solid #ecf0f1;}#edge-search-form input[type=text]{border:1px solid transparent; background:#ffffff;}ul.header_current_cart li .cart-content{color:#87a5a5; font-weight: normal;}.transparent_header.opaque_header nav > ul > li > a, .transparent_header.opaque_header .cart-content{color:#87a5a5 !important;}.transparent_header.opaque_header nav > ul > li > a:hover,.transparent_header nav > ul > .current-menu-item > a,.transparent_header.opaque_header nav > ul > .current-menu-item > a,.transparent_header nav > ul > li > a:hover{color:#009ca6 !important;}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu ul ul li a, .rd_megamenu ul ul li a,#header_container nav ul ul li a{font-family:Roboto !important; font-size:16px !important; font-weight:400 !important; line-height:22px !important; }ul.header_cart_dropdown,.header_cart_dropdown .button,#search-form,#search-form.pop_search_form #ssform,.child_pages_ctn li,#header_container nav ul li ul,#header_container nav ul li ul a{background:#ffffff;}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu ul li a, .rd_megamenu ul li a,.header_cart_dropdown ul.cart_list li a,.header_cart_dropdown .widget_shopping_cart_content .rd_cart_buttons a{color:#2c3e50;}.header_cart_dropdown, #header_container nav .rd_megamenu ul ul li a, .rd_megamenu ul ul li a,#header_container nav ul ul li a,.header_cart_dropdown .rd_clear_btn,.header_cart_dropdown .total,#search-form.pop_search_form #ssform,.child_pages_ctn a{color:#a1b1bc;}.header_cart_dropdown .quantity,.header_cart_dropdown .product_list_widget span.amount,.header_cart_dropdown .total .amount,.search_button_icon{color:#dbe442;}.header_cart_dropdown ul.cart_list li a.remove:hover,.child_pages_ctn a:hover{background:#dbe442; color:#ffffff;}.header_cart_dropdown ul.cart_list li a:hover{color:#dbe442;}.header_cart_dropdown .rd_clear_btn:hover{color:#222533;}ul.header_cart_dropdown,#search-form.pop_search_form #ssform{border:1px solid #ecf0f1;}#header_container nav ul ul .current-menu-item li a, #header_container nav ul ul li a{border-left:1px solid #ecf0f1;}#header_container .fixed_header_left nav ul ul ul li a{border-left:1px solid #ecf0f1 !important;}#header_container .fixed_header_left nav ul ul .current-menu-item li a, #header_container .fixed_header_left nav ul ul li a{border-right:1px solid #ecf0f1 !important;}#header_container .fixed_header_left nav ul ul, #header_container .fixed_header_left nav ul ul{border-top:1px solid #ecf0f1 !important;}#header_container nav ul ul li,ul.header_cart_dropdown ul.product_list_widget li.child_pages_ctn a{border-bottom:1px solid #ecf0f1;}#header_container .rd_megamenu ul li ul,.header_cart_dropdown .clear_total{border-top:1px solid #ecf0f1;}#header_container nav ul ul,.widget_shopping_cart_content,#search-form{border-top:3px solid #dbe442;}.current_item_number{background:#dbe442;}.rd_cart_buttons{background:#222533;}.header_cart_dropdown .button{background:#ffffff; border:2px solid #ffffff !important;}.header_cart_dropdown .widget_shopping_cart_content .rd_cart_buttons .button:hover{background:#222533; border:2px solid #ffffff !important; color:#ffffff;}.current_item_number:before{border-color: transparent #dbe442 transparent;}.header_cart_dropdown ul.cart_list li a.remove{background:#a1b1bc;}#header_container nav ul ul li a:hover,#header_container nav ul ul li.current-menu-item > a{background:#ecf0f1; color:#2c3e50;}#header_container nav ul ul .mm_widget_area{border:none!important; border-left:1px solid #ecf0f1 !important;}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area .product_list_widget a{color:#2c3e50;}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area .product_list_widget a:hover{color:#dbe442;}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area .sb_widget h3{color:#2c3e50}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area #lang_sel a{color:#a1b1bc; background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #ecf0f1}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area #lang_sel a:hover{color:#2c3e50;}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area .widget_recent_entries ul li{border-bottom:1px solid #ecf0f1}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area .widget_recent_entries ul li a{color:#a1b1bc}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area .widget_recent_entries ul li a:hover{color:#dbe442}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area #recentcomments li{border-bottom:1px solid #ecf0f1}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area #recentcomments li a{color:#2c3e50;}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area #recentcomments li a:hover{color:#dbe442;}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area .rd_widget_recent_entries li{border-bottom:1px solid #ecf0f1}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area .w_comment a{color:#a1b1bc;}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area .w_comment a:hover{color:#dbe442;}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area .widget_recent_entry h4 a{color:#2c3e50;}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area .widget_recent_entry h4 a:hover{color:#dbe442;}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area .widget_archive ul li,#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area .widget_meta ul li{border-bottom:1px solid #ecf0f1}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area .widget_archive ul li a,#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area .widget_meta ul li a{color:#a1b1bc;}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area .widget_archive ul li a:hover,#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area .widget_meta ul li a:hover{color:#dbe442;}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area .page_item a, #header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area .menu-item a{border-bottom:1px solid #ecf0f1; color:#a1b1bc;}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area .page_item a:hover, #header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area .menu-item a:hover,#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area .current_page_item a,#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area .current_page_item a{color:#dbe442; }#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area .page_item a:before, #header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area .menu-item a:before { color:#222533;}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area #wp-calendar caption{background:#2c3e50; color:#ffffff}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area #wp-calendar{border:1px solid #ecf0f1}#wp-calendar th{color:#222533;}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area #wp-calendar tbody td a{color:#fff; background:#222533;}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area #wp-calendar tbody td a:hover{color:#fff; background:#dbe442;}#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area #wp-calendar td#next a:hover:after,#header_container nav .rd_megamenu .mm_widget_area .rd_megamenu_widget_area #wp-calendar td#prev a:hover:after{background:#dbe442;}body{font-family:Roboto; font-size:18px; font-weight:400; line-height:28px; }p{ line-height:28px; }h1{font-family:Roboto Slab; font-size:22px; font-weight:300; line-height:25px; }h2{font-family:Roboto Slab; font-size:22px; font-weight:300; line-height:30px; }h3{font-family:Roboto; font-size:22px; font-weight:400; line-height:35px; }h4{font-family:Roboto; font-size:22px; font-weight:400; line-height:30px; }h5{font-family:Roboto; font-size:18px; font-weight:400; line-height:24px; }h6{font-family:Roboto; font-size:14px; font-weight:400; line-height:24px; }body,#jprePercentage{color:#3b4559}body a,.hl_color,#sidebar #search input[type=submit]:hover,.wpb_widgetised_column #search input[type=submit]:hover,.strong_colored strong{color:#009ace}body a:hover{color:#dbe442}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{color:#3b4559}.partners_left, .partners_right{background:#3b4559}.def_section,blockquote{background:#ffffff}#to_top:hover,.b-read-now:hover{background:#dbe442}::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#009ace}:-moz-placeholder{color:#009ace}::-moz-placeholder{color:#009ace}:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#009ace}#sidebar #search input[type=submit],.wpb_widgetised_column #search input[type=submit]{color:#009ace}input[type=text], input[type=email], input[type=password], textarea,#coupon_code{color:#009ace; border:1px solid #e3e8f2; background:#ffffff;}input[type="checkbox"]{color:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e3e8f2; background:#ffffff;}input[type=checkbox]:checked{color:#ffffff; border:1px solid #00a9ce; background:#00a9ce;}.flex-direction-nav li a{color:#3b4559; background:#ffffff;}.wpb_text_column ol li:before{background:#3b4559}.wpb_text_column ol li:hover:before{background:#009ace}blockquote{ border:1px solid #e3e8f2; }blockquote:before,.post-password-form input[type=submit]{ background:#dbe442; }.code_box_ctn{ background:#e3e8f2; }.wp-caption{ background:#e3e8f2; border:1px solid #e3e8f2; }.tp-caption a {color: #fff;}.tp-caption a:hover { color: #fff;}.tp-bannertimer{background: #dbe442; background: -moz-linear-gradient(left, #dbe442 0%, #00a9ce 100%); background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, color-stop(0%,#dbe442), color-stop(100%,#00a9ce)); background: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, #dbe442 0%,#00a9ce 100%); background: -o-linear-gradient(left, #dbe442 0%,#00a9ce 100%); background: -ms-linear-gradient(left, #dbe442 0%,#00a9ce 100%); background: linear-gradient(to right, #dbe442 0%,#00a9ce 100%); filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr="#dbe442", endColorstr="#00a9ce",GradientType=1 );} .page_title_ctn{border-bottom:1px solid #ecf0f1; }.page_title_ctn h1{color:#2c3e50; }#crumbs a,#crumbs span{color:#a1b1bc; }.rd_child_pages{color:#a1b1bc; border:1px solid #a1b1bc; background:#ffffff;}.page_title_ctn h1{font-family:Roboto Slab !important; font-size:22px !important; font-weight:300 !important; }.search_results strong{color:#009ace; }.search_sf .rd_search_sc #search input[type=submit]{background:#3b4559 !important;}.search_sf .rd_search_sc #search input[type=submit]:hover{background:#dbe442 !important;}.post_single .post-title h2 a,.blog_related_post .post-title h2 a,.logged-in-as a{color:#3b4559}.post_single .post-title h2 a:hover,.blog_related_post .post-title h2 a:hover{color:#dbe442}.mejs-container .mejs-controls,.audio_ctn{background:#3b4559 !important;}.mejs-controls .mejs-time-rail .mejs-time-current{background:#3b4559 !important; }.mejs-controls .mejs-horizontal-volume-slider .mejs-horizontal-volume-current{background:#dbe442 !important; }.post_quote_text,.post_quote_author,.post_single_business .post_quote_text:after{background:#dbe442; color:#ffffff!important;}.post-info a{color:#3b4559}.post_single .post-info a:hover{color:#dbe442}.single_post_navigation,.post-info{border-bottom:1px solid #e3e8f2}.single_post_navigation_bottom{border-top:1px solid #e3e8f2}.tags_icon{background:#3b4559; color:#ffffff;}.single_post_tags{border:1px solid #e3e8f2; background:#ffffff;}.shareicons_icon{background:#dbe442; color:#ffffff;}.single_post_share_icon{border:1px solid #e3e8f2; background:#ffffff;}.single_post_share_icon .share-box li a{color:#009ace;}.single_post_share_icon .share-box li a:hover{color:#dbe442 !important;}#author-bio{border:1px solid #e3e8f2; background:#e3e8f2; color:#009ace; box-shadow:0 0px 0px #ffffff, 0 4px 0 -1px #ffffff, 0 0px 0px 0px #ffffff,0 0px 0px #ffffff, 0 4px 0 0px #e3e8f2, 0px 0px 0px 0px #ffffff;}#author-info h3{color:#3b4559;}.author_posts_link{color:#009ace;}.author_posts_link:hover{color:#dbe442;}.comment_ctn{border:1px solid #e3e8f2; background:#ffffff; color:#009ace; box-shadow:0 0px 0px #ffffff, 0 4px 0 -1px #ffffff, 0 0px 0px 0px #ffffff,0 0px 0px #ffffff, 0 4px 0 0px #e3e8f2, 0px 0px 0px 0px #ffffff;}#business_comments #comments ul li .details span.Reply a{border:1px solid #e3e8f2; background:#ffffff; color:#009ace;}.comment_count h3 a{color:#3b4559}#comments ul li .details span.author a,#comments ul li .details span.author{color:#3b4559}#comments ul li .details span.date a{color:#009ace}#comments ul li .details span.Reply a{background:#009ace; color:#ffffff}#comments ul li .details span.Reply a:hover{background:#3b4559; color:#ffffff}#business_comments #comments ul li .comment_ctn{border-bottom:1px solid #e3e8f2;}#comments > ul > li ul{border-left:1px solid #e3e8f2}#comments ul li li .comment_ctn:before{background:#e3e8f2;}input.single_post_author,input.single_post_email,input.single_post_url,.single_post_comment{background:#e3e8f2}input.single_post_author:focus,input.single_post_email:focus,input.single_post_url:focus,.single_post_comment:focus{background:#ffffff}#add-comment input#submit{background:#3b4559; color:#ffffff}#add-comment input#submit:hover{background:#dbe442; color:#ffffff}#business_comments #add-comment input#submit,#respond input#submit{background:#009ace; color:#ffffff}#business_comments #add-comment input#submit:hover,,#respond input#submit:hover{background:#dbe442; color:#ffffff}#business_comments #comments ul li .details span.Reply a:hover{background:#009ace !important; color:#ffffff; border-color:#009ace;}.blog_related_post .more-link{border:1px solid #3b4559; color:#3b4559; background:#ffffff;}.blog_related_post .more-link:hover{color:#ffffff; background:#3b4559;}.cbp_type03 .rp_left,.cbp_type03 .rp_right{background:#3b4559}.cbp_type03 .rp_left:hover,.cbp_type03 .rp_right:hover{background:#dbe442}.cbp_type03 .blog_related_post .more-link:hover{background:#dbe442; border-color:#dbe442;}.cbp_type05 .rp_left,.cbp_type05 .rp_right,.cbp_type08 .rp_left,.cbp_type08 .rp_right{background:#009ace}.cbp_type05 .rp_left:hover,.cbp_type05 .rp_right:hover,.cbp_type08 .rp_left:hover,.cbp_type08 .rp_right:hover{background:#00a9ce}.cbp_type05 .carousel_recent_post .blog_box_content,.cbp_type08 .carousel_recent_post .blog_box_content{color:#3b4559}.cbp_type05 .carousel_recent_post h5.widget_post_title a,.cbp_type08 .carousel_recent_post h5.widget_post_title a{color:#3b4559}.cbp_type05 .carousel_recent_post:hover .blog_box_content,.cbp_type05 .blog_post_link_ctn,.cbp_type08 .carousel_recent_post:hover .blog_box_content,.cbp_type08 .blog_post_link_ctn{background:#3b4559; color:#a1b1bc;}.cbp_type05 .carousel_recent_post:hover h5.widget_post_title a,.cbp_type08 .carousel_recent_post:hover h5.widget_post_title a{color:#ffffff}.cbp_type06 .rp_left,.cbp_type06 .rp_right{background:#3b4559}.cbp_type06 .rp_left:hover,.cbp_type06 .rp_right:hover{background:#3b4559}.cbp_type06 .carousel_recent_post .blog_box_content{color:#3b4559}.cbp_type06 .carousel_recent_post h5.widget_post_title a{color:#3b4559}.cbp_type06 a.more-link{background:#3b4559; color:#fff;}.cbp_type06 a.more-link:after{background:#3b4559; color:#fff;}.cbp_type06 a.more-link:hover{background:#009ace; color:#fff;}.cbp_type06 a.more-link:hover:after{ background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.21); color:#fff;}.sp_left:hover,.sp_right:hover{background:#009ace; border-color:#009ace;}#sidebar:before {background:#ffffff;}.sb_widget h3{color:#333333}.sb_widget > h3:before,#business_comments #add-comment h4:before,#business_comments .comment_count h3:before{ background: #00f0ff; background: -moz-linear-gradient(90deg, #00f0ff 0%, #ebacfd 100%); background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right bottom, color-stop(0%,#00f0ff), color-stop(100%,#ebacfd)); background: -webkit-linear-gradient(90deg, #00f0ff 0%,#ebacfd 100%); background: -o-linear-gradient(90deg, #00f0ff 0%,#ebacfd 100%); background: -ms-linear-gradient(90deg, #00f0ff 0%,#ebacfd 100%); background: linear-gradient(90deg, #00f0ff 0%,#ebacfd 100%);}#sidebar #lang_sel a,.wpb_widgetised_column #lang_sel a{color:#999999; background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #ebebeb}#sidebar #lang_sel a:hover,.wpb_widgetised_column #lang_sel a:hover{color:#333333;}#sidebar .widget_recent_entries ul li,.wpb_widgetised_column .widget_recent_entries ul li{border-bottom:1px solid #ebebeb}#sidebar .widget_recent_entries ul li a,.wpb_widgetised_column .widget_recent_entries ul li a{color:#999999}#sidebar .widget_recent_entries ul li a:hover,.wpb_widgetised_column .widget_recent_entries ul li a:hover{color:#4285f4}#sidebar #recentcomments li,.wpb_widgetised_column #recentcomments li{border-bottom:1px solid #ebebeb}#sidebar #recentcomments li a,.wpb_widgetised_column #recentcomments li a,#sidebar .tweets li a,.wpb_widgetised_column .tweets li a{color:#333333;}#sidebar #recentcomments li a:hover,.wpb_widgetised_column #recentcomments li a:hover{color:#dbe442;}.wpb_widgetised_column .rd_widget_recent_entries li,#sidebar .tweets li,.wpb_widgetised_column .tweets li{border-bottom:1px solid #ebebeb}#sidebar .tagcloud a ,.wpb_widgetised_column .tagcloud a {background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #ebebeb; color:#999999}#sidebar .tagcloud a:hover,.wpb_widgetised_column .tagcloud a:hover{background:#dbe442; border-color:#dbe442; color:#ffffff;}#sidebar .w_comment a,.wpb_widgetised_column .w_comment a{color:#999999;}#sidebar .w_comment a:hover,.wpb_widgetised_column .w_comment a:hover{color:#4285f4;}#sidebar .widget_recent_entry h4 a,.wpb_widgetised_column .widget_recent_entry h4 a{color:#333333;}#sidebar .widget_recent_entry h4 a:hover,.wpb_widgetised_column .widget_recent_entry h4 a:hover{color:#4285f4;}#sidebar .widget_archive ul li,#sidebar .widget_meta ul li,.wpb_widgetised_column .widget_archive ul li,.wpb_widgetised_column .widget_meta ul li{border-bottom:1px solid #ebebeb}#sidebar .widget_archive ul li a,#sidebar .widget_meta ul li a,.wpb_widgetised_column .widget_archive ul li a,.wpb_widgetised_column .widget_meta ul li a{color:#999999;}#sidebar .widget_archive ul li a:hover,#sidebar .widget_meta ul li a:hover,.wpb_widgetised_column .widget_archive ul li a:hover,.wpb_widgetised_column .widget_meta ul li a:hover{color:#4285f4;}#sidebar .page_item a, #sidebar .menu-item a,.wpb_widgetised_column .page_item a,.wpb_widgetised_column .menu-item a{border-bottom:1px solid #ebebeb; color:#999999;}#sidebar .page_item a:hover, #sidebar .menu-item a:hover,#sidebar .current_page_item a,#sidebar .current_page_item a,.wpb_widgetised_column .page_item a:hover,.wpb_widgetised_column .menu-item a:hover,.wpb_widgetised_column .current_page_item a{color:#4285f4; }#sidebar .page_item a:before, #sidebar .menu-item a:before,.wpb_widgetised_column .page_item a:before,.wpb_widgetised_column .menu-item a:before{ color:#dbe442;}#wp-calendar caption{background:#333333; color:#ffffff}#wp-calendar{border:1px solid #ebebeb}#wp-calendar th{color:#dbe442;}#wp-calendar tbody td a{color:#fff; background:#dbe442;}#wp-calendar tbody td a:hover{color:#fff; background:#4285f4;}#wp-calendar td#next a:hover:after,#wp-calendar td#prev a:hover:after{background:#4285f4;}.rd_widget_recent_entries .thumbnail a:before,.port_tn a:before,.rd_widget_recent_entries_f .thumbnail a:before{background:#dbe442;}.single_port_navigation,.port_details_full_information .item_details_info{border-bottom:1px solid #e3e8f2;}.all_projects_btn{color:#3b4559;}.next_project{border:1px solid #e3e8f2; background:#e3e8f2; color:#3b4559;}.next_project:hover{border:1px solid #00a9ce; background:#00a9ce; color:#fff;}.previous_project{border:1px solid #3b4559; background:#ffffff; color:#3b4559;}.previous_project:hover{border:1px solid #dbe442; background:#dbe442; color:#fff;}.port_details_subtitle{color:#009ace;}.port_meta{border-bottom:1px solid #e3e8f2;}.next_project{border-bottom:1px solid #e3e8f2;}.port_vp a{background:#3b4559;}.port_vp a:hover{background:#dbe442; color:#fff;}.single_staff_meta{border-top:1px solid #e3e8f2;}#member_email a:hover, .sc-share-box #member_email a, .single_staff_social #member_email a,.share_icons_business .share-box #member_email a{background:#009ace;}.product_filtering {border-bottom:1px solid #e3e8f2}.filter_param,.filter_param li ul{background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e3e8f2; color:#009ace;}.filter_param strong{color:#3b4559;}.current_li:after{border-left:1px solid #e3e8f2;}.filter_param.filter_param_sort{background:#009ace; border:1px solid #009ace;}.filter_param.filter_param_sort a{color:#ffffff}.filter_param.filter_param_order a,.filter_param.filter_param_count a{color:#009ace}.filter_param.filter_param_order a:hover,.filter_param.filter_param_count a:hover{color:#3b4559}.shop_two_col,.shop_three_col,.shop_four_col,.caroufredsel_wrapper .inner_product,.woocommerce .products li{color:#009ace; background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e3e8f2;}.custom_cart_button a{color:#009ace;}.custom_cart_button a:hover{color:#3b4559;}.product_box {border-top:1px solid #e3e8f2; border-bottom:1px solid #e3e8f2;}.product_box h3{color:#3b4559;}.product_box h3:hover{color:#dbe442;}.product_box .price{color:#009ace;}.product_box .price del{color:#009ace !important;}.product_box .price ins{color:#dbe442;}.adding_to_cart_working .icon_status_inner:before{color:#009ace;}.adding_to_cart_completed .icon_status_inner:before{color:#dbe442;}.single_product_main_image div,.single_products_thumbnails img,.single_product_navigation .previous_product,.single_product_navigation .next_product {border:1px solid #e3e8f2 }.single_product_navigation .previous_product:hover,.single_product_navigation .next_product:hover{border:1px solid #00a9ce; background:#00a9ce; color:#ffffff }.single_products_thumbnails img.selected{border:1px solid #009ace }.product_nav_left:hover,.product_nav_right:hover{background:#009ace }.product_title.entry-title,.woocommerce-tabs ul li a,.related h2,.single_product_navigation .previous_product,.single_product_navigation .next_product,.woocommerce-page #reviews #comments ol.commentlist li .comment-text p.meta strong, .woocommerce-page #reviews #comments h2,.show_review_form.button {color:#3b4559 }.summary.entry-summary .price,.summary.entry-summary .price del,.show_review_form.button,.woocommerce-page #reviews #comments ol.commentlist li .comment-text p.meta{color:#3b4559 }.summary.entry-summary .price ins,.woocommerce-product-rating .woocommerce-review-link,.custom_cart_button .button.add_to_cart_button.product_type_simple.added{color:#009ace }.woocommerce-product-rating .woocommerce-review-link:hover{color:#dbe442 }button.single_add_to_cart_button.button.alt{color:#3b4559; background:#ffffff; border:2px solid #3b4559; }button.single_add_to_cart_button.button.alt:hover{color:#ffffff; background:#dbe442; border:2px solid #dbe442; }.single_product_navigation{border-top:1px solid #e3e8f2 }.related_left, .related_right,.upsells_left, .upsells_right{border:1px solid #e3e8f2; color:#009ace ; background:#ffffff;}.related_left:hover, .related_right:hover,.upsells_left:hover, .upsells_right:hover{border:1px solid #00a9ce; color:#ffffff ; background:#00a9ce;}.woo-share-box ul li a,.woo_img_next,.woo_img_prev{background:#e3e8f2; color:#3b4559 ;}.woo_img_next:hover,.woo_img_prev:hover{background:#00a9ce; color:#ffffff ;}.woocommerce-tabs .tabs li a{border-right:1px solid #e3e8f2 }.woocommerce-tabs,.woocommerce-tabs li.active{border-left:1px solid #e3e8f2 }.woocommerce-tabs li.active{border-bottom:1px solid #ffffff }.woocommerce-tabs .tabs li a{border-top:1px solid #e3e8f2 }.woocommerce-tabs .panel{border:1px solid #e3e8f2 }.woocommerce-page #reviews #comments h2,#reviews #comments ol.commentlist li{border-bottom:1px solid #e3e8f2 !important; }.chosen-container-single .chosen-single,#rd_login_form .inline,.product-description a,.shipping td:last-child{color:#3b4559}.chosen-container-single .chosen-single,.select2-drop{background:#ffffff}.woocommerce-cart .cart_totals h2, .woocommerce-cart form h2, .woocommerce-checkout .woocommerce h2,.woocommerce form .form-row label, .woocommerce-page form .form-row label,.checkout_steps .active_step,.product-qty,.rd_order_total,.country_to_state,.cross-sells h2,.woocommerce-cart .cart_totals,.shop_table.order_details tfoot,.woocommerce .order_details li strong, .woocommerce-page .order_details li strong{color:#3b4559}.woocommerce-cart .cart_totals strong, .rd_order_total .total strong,.shop_table.order_details tfoot .amount,.order_complete_ctn h3,.customer_details dd{color:#009ace;}.woocommerce-checkout input[type=text],.woocommerce-checkout input[type=email],.woocommerce-checkout input[type=password],.woocommerce-checkout textarea,.form-row .chosen-container-single .chosen-single,.woocommerce-checkout .product-name img,.order_and_total_wrapper,.user_current_cart,.woocommerce-page table.cart img,.woocommerce-message, .woocommerce-error, .woocommerce-info,.country_to_state,.shop_table.order_details,.woocommerce .order_details, .woocommerce-page .order_details,#calc_shipping_state,.woocommerce-cart #coupon_code,.woocommerce form .form-row input.input-text,.country_to_state .select2-choice,.state_select .select2-choice,#calc_shipping_state .select2-choice,.select2-drop-active,#braintree-cc-exp-month, #braintree-cc-exp-year{border:1px solid #e3e8f2; color: #3b4559;}.woocommerce-page input[type=submit],.woocommerce-page button[type=submit],.customer_details_next,.rd_create_acc,#place_order,.rd_coupon_form .alt2,.coupon input.button.alt2,#review_form input[type=submit],.woocommerce .addresses .title .edit, .woocommerce-page .addresses .title .edit {background:#009ace; color:#ffffff;}.cart_details_back,.customer_details_back,#rd_login_form input[type=submit],#rd_login_form button[type=submit],.rd_guest_acc,.update_cart input.checkout-button.button,.cart-collaterals .shipping_calculator .button,.create_acc_done,.wc-backward{background:#3b4559; color:#ffffff;}.shop_table thead{background:#e3e8f2; color:#3b4559;}ul.payment_methods.methods li{border-bottom:1px solid #e3e8f2;}.woocommerce-page .order_details li{border-right:1px solid #e3e8f2;}.cart_totals tr td,.cart_totals tr th{border:1px solid #e3e8f2 !important;}.cart_totals tr td{border-left:none!important;}.cart_totals tr:first-child td,.cart_totals tr:first-child th{border-bottom:none!important;}.cart_totals tr:last-child td,.cart_totals tr:last-child th{border-top:none!important;}.show_review_form.button:hover{color:#00a9ce;}.woocommerce-page input[type=submit]:hover,.woocommerce-page button[type=submit]:hover,.customer_details_next:hover,.rd_create_acc:hover,#place_order:hover,.rd_coupon_form .alt2:hover,.coupon input.button.alt2:hover,#review_form input[type=submit]:hover,.woocommerce .addresses .title .edit:hover, .woocommerce-page .addresses .title .edit:hover{background:#dbe442; color:#ffffff;}.cart_details_back:hover,.customer_details_back:hover,.rd_guest_acc:hover,#rd_login_form input[type=submit]:hover,#rd_login_form button[type=submit]:hover,.update_cart input.checkout-button.button:hover,.cart-collaterals .shipping_calculator .button:hover,.wc-backward:hover{background:#00a9ce; color:#ffffff;}.my_account_orders{border:1px solid #e3e8f2;}nav.woocommerce-MyAccount-navigation ul li a{color:#3b4559}a.woocommerce-MyAccount-downloads-file.button.alt { background#009ace;}#sidebar #searchform div #s,.wpb_widgetised_column #searchform div #s{background:#ffffff !important; border:1px solid #e3e8f2; color:#009ace}#s::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#009ace}#s:-moz-placeholder{color:#009ace}#s::-moz-placeholder{color:#009ace}#s:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#009ace}.widget_product_search input[type=submit]{background:none!important; color:#009ace}.widget_product_search input[type=submit]:hover{background:none!important; color:#00a9ce}.ui-slider-handle.ui-state-default.ui-corner-all{background:#009ace}.ui-slider-range.ui-widget-header.ui-corner-all{background:#e3e8f2}.price_slider.ui-slider.ui-slider-horizontal.ui-widget.ui-widget-content.ui-corner-all{border:1px solid #e3e8f2}.price_slider_amount button.button{color:#ffffff; background:#3b4559;}#sidebar .price_label,.wpb_widgetised_column .price_label{color:#3b4559}.price_label .to,.price_label .from{color:#3b4559}#sidebar .widget_price_filter .price_slider_amount .button:hover,.wpb_widgetised_column .widget_price_filter .price_slider_amount .button:hover{background:#00a9ce; color:#ffffff;}.product_list_widget a,#sidebar .widget_shopping_cart a.button{color:#3b4559}ul.product_list_widget li{border-bottom:1px solid #e3e8f2}.product_list_widget span.amount{color:#3b4559}.product_list_widget ins span.amount{color:#009ace}#sidebar .cat-item a,.wpb_widgetised_column .cat-item a{color:#3b4559}#sidebar .cat-item a:hover,.wpb_widgetised_column .cat-item a:hover{color:#dbe442}#sidebar .cat-item,.wpb_widgetised_column .cat-item,#sidebar .cat-item .children,.wpb_widgetised_column .cat-item .children{border-top:1px solid #e3e8f2}#sidebar .cat-item .children .children a,.wpb_widgetised_column .cat-item .children .children a{color:#3b4559}#sidebar .cat-item .children .children a:hover,.wpb_widgetised_column .cat-item .children .children a:hover{color:#00a9ce}#sidebar .cat-got-children:after,.wpb_widgetised_column .cat-got-children:after{border-color:#3b4559; color:#3b4559;}#sidebar .product_list_widget span.amount,.wpb_widgetised_column .product_list_widget span.amount{color:#3b4559}#sidebar .product_list_widget ins span.amount,.wpb_widgetised_column .product_list_widget ins span.amount{color:#009ace}#header_container .cart-notification{background:#00a9ce; border-left:5px solid #009ace; }#header_container .cart-notification,#sidebar .widget_shopping_cart .rd_clear_btn{color:#3b4559; }#header_container .cart-notification span{color:#ffffff; }.rd_tabs li,.rd_tabs.horizontal .tabs-container{background:#ffffff; }.rd_tabs.horizontal .tabs li,.rd_tabs.horizontal .tabs-container{border:1px solid #e3e8f2; }.rd_tabs.horizontal .tabs li:last-child{border-right:1px solid #e3e8f2 !important; }.rd_tabs.horizontal .active{border-bottom:1px solid #ffffff !important; }.rd_tabs.horizontal.rd_tab_1 li a,.rd_tabs.horizontal.rd_tab_2 li a,.rd_tabs.horizontal.rd_tab_4 li a{color:#3b4559; }.rd_tabs.horizontal.rd_tab_1 li a:hover,.rd_tabs.horizontal.rd_tab_2 li a:hover,.rd_tabs.horizontal.rd_tab_4 li a:hover{color:#3b4559; }.rd_tabs.horizontal.rd_tab_1 .active {border-top:3px solid #009ace; }.rd_tabs.horizontal.rd_tab_1 .active a,.rd_tabs.horizontal.rd_tab_2 .active a,.rd_tabs.horizontal.rd_tab_1 .active a:hover,.rd_tabs.horizontal.rd_tab_2 .active a:hover{color:#009ace; }.rd_tabs.horizontal.rd_tab_2 .active {border-top:4px solid #009ace; }.rd_tabs.horizontal.rd_tab_3 .tabs li{background:#3b4559; }.rd_tabs.horizontal.rd_tab_3 .tabs li a{color:#ffffff; }.rd_tabs.horizontal.rd_tab_3 .tabs li.active {background:#ffffff; }.rd_tabs.horizontal.rd_tab_3 .tabs li.active a{color:#3b4559; }.rd_tabs.horizontal.rd_tab_4 li.active a{color:#3b4559; }.rd_tabs.rd_vtab_1 #tabs{border-top:1px solid #e3e8f2; }.rd_tabs.rd_vtab_1 li,.rd_tabs.rd_vtab_1 .tab_content{border:1px solid #e3e8f2; }.rd_tabs.rd_vtab_1 li{background:#e3e8f2; }.rd_tabs.rd_vtab_1 li.active,.rd_tabs.rd_vtab_1 .tabs-container{background:#ffffff; }.rd_tabs.rd_vtab_1.rd_vtab_left li.active {border-left:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0); border-right:1px solid #ffffff;}.rd_tabs.rd_vtab_1.rd_vtab_right li.active {border-right:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0); border-left:1px solid #ffffff;}.rd_tabs.vertical li a{color:#3b4559;}.rd_tabs.rd_vtab_1.vertical.rd_vtab_left li a{border-left:5px solid#e3e8f2;}.rd_tabs.rd_vtab_1.vertical.rd_vtab_right li a{border-right:5px solid#e3e8f2;}.rd_tabs.rd_vtab_1.vertical.rd_vtab_left li.active a{color:#dbe442; border-left:5px solid#009ace;}.rd_tabs.rd_vtab_1.vertical.rd_vtab_right li.active a{color:#dbe442; border-right:5px solid#009ace;}.rd_tabs.rd_vtab_2 li{border-bottom:1px solid #e3e8f2; }.rd_tabs.rd_vtab_2 li.active a{color:#009ace; }.rd_tabs.rd_vtab_2 li{border-bottom:1px solid #e3e8f2; }.rd_tabs.rd_vtab_2.rd_vtab_left .tabs-container{border-left:1px solid #e3e8f2; }.rd_tabs.rd_vtab_2.rd_vtab_left .tab_content{border-left:1px solid #e3e8f2; background:#ffffff;}.rd_tabs.rd_vtab_2.rd_vtab_right .tab_content{border-right:1px solid #e3e8f2; background:#ffffff;}.rd_clear_alert{border:1px solid #e3e8f2; }.thefox_bigloader .loader_button{background:#21C2F8; }#coming_soon_form input[type=button]{background:#1abc9c; }#coming_soon_form input[type=button]:hover{background:#21C2F8; }.thefox_bigloader .loader_tophalf{background: -moz-linear-gradient(left, rgba(52, 192, 191, 0.5) 0%, #1abc9c 100%); background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, color-stop(0%,rgba(52, 192, 191, 0.5)) color-stop(100%,#1abc9c)); background: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(52, 192, 191, 0.5) 0%,#1abc9c 100%); background: -o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(52, 192, 191, 0.5) 0%,#1abc9c 100%); background: -ms-linear-gradient(left, rgba(52, 192, 191, 0.5) 0%,#1abc9c 100%); background: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(52, 192, 191, 0.5) 0%,#1abc9c 100%);}.thefox_bigloader .loader_bottomhalf{background: -moz-linear-gradient(left, rgba(52, 192, 191, 0.5) 1%, rgba(77, 196, 226, 0) 100%); background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, color-stop(1%,rgba(52, 192, 191, 0.5)), color-stop(100%,rgba(77, 196, 226, 0))); background: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(52, 192, 191, 0.5) 1%,rgba(77, 196, 226, 0) 100%); background: -o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(52, 192, 191, 0.5) 1%,rgba(77, 196, 226, 0) 100%); background: -ms-linear-gradient(left, rgba(52, 192, 191, 0.5) 1%,rgba(77, 196, 226, 0) 100%); background: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(52, 192, 191, 0.5) 1%,rgba(77, 196, 226, 0) 100%);}#jpreOverlay .thefox_bigloader .loader_button{background:#21C2F8; }#jpreOverlay .thefox_bigloader .loader_tophalf{background: -moz-linear-gradient(left, rgba(52, 192, 191, 0.5) 0%, #1abc9c 100%); background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, color-stop(0%,rgba(52, 192, 191, 0.5)) color-stop(100%,#1abc9c)); background: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(52, 192, 191, 0.5) 0%,#1abc9c 100%); background: -o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(52, 192, 191, 0.5) 0%,#1abc9c 100%); background: -ms-linear-gradient(left, rgba(52, 192, 191, 0.5) 0%,#1abc9c 100%); background: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(52, 192, 191, 0.5) 0%,#1abc9c 100%);}#jpreOverlay .thefox_bigloader .loader_bottomhalf{background: -moz-linear-gradient(left, rgba(52, 192, 191, 0.5) 1%, rgba(77, 196, 226, 0) 100%); background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, color-stop(1%,rgba(52, 192, 191, 0.5)), color-stop(100%,rgba(77, 196, 226, 0))); background: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(52, 192, 191, 0.5) 1%,rgba(77, 196, 226, 0) 100%); background: -o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(52, 192, 191, 0.5) 1%,rgba(77, 196, 226, 0) 100%); background: -ms-linear-gradient(left, rgba(52, 192, 191, 0.5) 1%,rgba(77, 196, 226, 0) 100%); background: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(52, 192, 191, 0.5) 1%,rgba(77, 196, 226, 0) 100%);}#jpreBar {background: #21c2f8; background: -moz-linear-gradient(left, #21c2f8 0%, #13d4ae 100%); background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, color-stop(0%,#21c2f8), color-stop(100%,#13d4ae)); background: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, #21c2f8 0%,#13d4ae 100%); background: -o-linear-gradient(left, #21c2f8 0%,#13d4ae 100%); background: -ms-linear-gradient(left, #21c2f8 0%,#13d4ae 100%); background: linear-gradient(to right, #21c2f8 0%,#13d4ae 100%); filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr="#21c2f8", endColorstr="#13d4ae",GradientType=1 );} #preloader_3:before{background:#21c2f8}#preloader_3:after{background:#13d4ae}@-webkit-keyframes preloader_3_before { 0% {transform: translateX(0px) rotate(0deg)} 50% {transform: translateX(50px) scale(1.2) rotate(260deg); background:#13d4ae;border-radius:0px;} 100% {transform: translateX(0px) rotate(0deg)}} @keyframes preloader_3_before { 0% {transform: translateX(0px) rotate(0deg)} 50% {transform: translateX(50px) scale(1.2) rotate(260deg); background:#13d4ae;border-radius:0px;} 100% {transform: translateX(0px) rotate(0deg)}} @-webkit-keyframes preloader_3_after { 0% {transform: translateX(0px)} 50% {transform: translateX(-50px) scale(1.2) rotate(-260deg); background:#21c2f8; border-radius:0px;} 100% {transform: translateX(0px)}} @keyframes preloader_3_after { 0% {transform: translateX(0px)} 50% {transform: translateX(-50px) scale(1.2) rotate(-260deg);background:#21c2f8;border-radius:0px;} 100% {transform: translateX(0px)}}#footer_bg,#footer{background:#3b4559; }#footer,#footer .cat-item a{color:#ffffff; }#footer .widget h2,#footer .widget_recent_entry h4 a{color:#ffffff; }.footer_type_3 .widget h2,.footer_type_8 .widget h2{border-left:5px solid #009ca6; }#footer a{color:#009ca6; }#footer a:hover{color:#b1e4e3; }#footer .tagcloud a{border:1px solid #ffffff; color:#ffffff; }#footer .tagcloud a:hover{border:1px solid #009ca6; background:#009ca6 !important; color:#ffffff;}#footer .cat-item a,#footer .children .cat-item a{border-top:1px solid transparent; border-color:transparent !important;}#footer .widget_recent_entries li{border-bottom:1px solid transparent; border-color:transparent !important;}.footer_type_9{border-top:1px solid transparent;}.footer_type_5{border-top:10px solid transparent;}.footer_type_10 .widget_line .small_l_left{border-top:3px solid #b1e4e3;}#footer .widget_recent_entries ul li{border-bottom:1px solid transparent}#footer .widget_recent_entries ul li a{color:#ffffff}#footer .widget_recent_entries ul li a:hover{color:#009ca6}#footer #recentcomments li{border-bottom:1px solid transparent}#footer #recentcomments li a{color:#ffffff;}#footer #recentcomments li a:hover{color:#b1e4e3;}#footer .rd_widget_recent_entries li,#footer .rd_widget_recent_entries_f li{border-bottom:1px solid transparent}#footer .w_comment a{color:#ffffff;}#footer .w_comment a:hover{color:#009ca6;}#footer .widget_recent_entry h4 a{color:#ffffff;}#footer .widget_recent_entry h4 a:hover{color:#009ca6;}#footer .widget_archive ul li,#footer .widget_meta ul li{border-bottom:1px solid transparent}#footer .widget_archive ul li a,#footer .widget_meta ul li a{color:#ffffff;}#footer .widget_archive ul li a:hover,#footer .widget_meta ul li a:hover{color:#009ace;}#footer .page_item a, #footer .menu-item a{border-bottom:1px solid transparent; color:#ffffff;}#footer .page_item a:hover, #footer .menu-item a:hover,#footer .current_page_item a,#footer .current_page_item a{color:#009ca6; }#footer .page_item a:before, #footer .menu-item a:before { color:#009ca6;}#footer #wp-calendar caption{background:#ffffff; color:#3b4559;}#footer #wp-calendar{border:1px solid transparent}#footer #wp-calendar th{color:#009ca6;}#footer #wp-calendar tbody td a{color:#fff; background:#009ca6;}#footer #wp-calendar tbody td a:hover{color:#fff; background:#009ca6;}#footer #wp-calendar td#next a:hover:after,#footer #wp-calendar td#prev a:hover:after{background:#009ca6;}#footer #lang_sel a{color:#ffffff; background:#3b4559; border:1px solid #ffffff}#footer #lang_sel a:hover{color:#ffffff}#footer_coms {background:#3b4559; }#footer_coms a{color:#009ca6; }#footer_coms a:hover,#footer_coms .menu a:hover,.f_si_type1 a:hover,#footer_coms #to_top_img:hover{color:#b1e4e3; }#footer_coms,#footer_coms .menu a,#f_social_icons a,#footer_coms #to_top_img{color:#009ca6; }#footer_coms{border-top:1px solid transparent;}#footer_coms .f_si_type2 #to_top_img{background:#009ca6!important;}/************Jetpack subscribe button******************/ #subscribe-submit button { color: #003a96 !important; background: #009ca6 !important; } /***************Hide comments/shares***************/ .pi_comment,.pi_like,.comments-link { display:none !important; } /***If you want to hide authors, add ".pi_author," before the above***/ .post-title h2 { font-weight: 700; line-height: 25px; font-size: 22px; } /**************** Image caption size ****************/ .wp-block-image figcaption { font-size: 12px; } /**************** Count to title text ****************/ .rd_count_wrap .count_style_11 .count_title { font-size: 20px; } .rd_count_wrap .count_title { font-weight: 700 !important; font-size: 20px; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0; /**************** List padding ****************/ .wpb_text_column ul, .entry ul, #fw_c.tf_single_page > ul, #fw_c.tf_single_page ul li > ul, .rd_woo_short_description ul, .rd_woo_short_description ul li { margin: 0 20px 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 20px; line-height: 1.5; } /**************** Testimonial 4 font size****************/ .rd_tm_4 .tm_text { position: relative; border: 1px solid; padding: 80px 40px 26px 150px; line-height: 24px; font-size: 18px; border-radius: 3px; } /**************** Accordion / Toggle****************/ .wpb_accordion_content { overflow: auto; } .ui-icon { text-indent:initial!important;} .rd_acc_1 .wpb_accordion_header, .rd_acc_2 .wpb_accordion_header { font-size:20px !important; line-height: 22px !important; margin: 0 0 2px 0 !important; outline: none!important; } .rd_acc_1 .ui-accordion-header-active, .rd_acc_2 .ui-accordion-header-active { font-weight:bold !important; outline: none!important; } .rd_acc_1 .ui-accordion-header-icon, .rd_acc_2 .ui-accordion-header-icon { background:none!important; height: 39px !important; width: 40px !important; display: block; right: 0 !important; font-weight: normal; top: 0 !important; text-align: center; line-height: 40px !important; } .rd_acc_1 .ui-accordion-header-icon:before, .rd_acc_2 .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\4c"; font-family:'elg' } .rd_acc_1 .ui-accordion-header-active .ui-accordion-header-icon:before, .rd_acc_2 .ui-accordion-header-active .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\4b"; font-family:'elg' } .rd_acc_1 .wpb_accordion_content, .rd_acc_2 .wpb_accordion_content { margin: -3px 0 2px 0; } .rd_acc_3 .wpb_accordion_section { margin-bottom: 10px; } .rd_acc_3 .wpb_accordion_header { font-size:20px !important; line-height: 14px !important; margin: 0 0 9px 0 !important; outline: none!important; font-weight:bold !important; background:none !important; } .rd_acc_3 .ui-accordion-header-active { font-weight:bold !important; outline: none!important; } .rd_acc_3 .ui-accordion-header-icon { text-align: center; position:relative !important; float: left; color: #fff; background: #a1b1cb !important; width: 30px !important; height: 30px!important; line-height: 30px!important; font-size: 20px; margin-right: 15px; font-weight: normal; left: 0 !important; top: 0 !important; } .rd_acc_3 .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\4c"; font-family:'elg' } .rd_acc_3 .ui-accordion-header-active .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\4b"; font-family:'elg' } .rd_acc_3 .wpb_accordion_content { background:none!important; margin: -3px 0 2px 0; padding: 0 0 4px 0!important; } .rd_acc_4 .wpb_accordion_section { margin-bottom: 10px; } .rd_acc_4 .wpb_accordion_header { font-size:20px !important; line-height: 14px !important; margin: 0 0 9px 0 !important; outline: none!important; font-weight:900 !important; background:none !important; } .rd_acc_4 .wpb_accordion_header a { line-height: 30px !important; margin: 0 0 1px 0 !important; padding:0!important; } .rd_acc_4 .ui-accordion-header-active { outline: none!important; } .rd_acc_4 .ui-accordion-header-icon { text-align: center; position:relative !important; float: right; color: #fff; background: #a1b1cb !important; width: 30px !important; font-weight: normal; height: 30px!important; line-height: 30px!important; font-size: 20px; right: 0 !important; top: 0 !important; } .rd_acc_4 .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\4c"; font-family:'elg' } .rd_acc_4 .ui-accordion-header-active .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\4b"; font-family:'elg' } .rd_acc_4 .wpb_accordion_content { background:none!important; margin: -3px 0 2px 0; padding: 0 0 4px 0!important; } .rd_acc_5 .wpb_accordion_header { font-size:20px !important; line-height: 22px !important; margin: 0 0 0px 0 !important; outline: none!important; font-weight:bold !important; border-radius:3px; } .rd_acc_5 .ui-accordion-header-active { outline: none!important; } .rd_acc_5 .ui-accordion-header-icon { background:none!important; height: 39px !important; width: 40px !important; display: block; right: 0 !important; top: 0 !important; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 40px !important; } .rd_acc_5 .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\47"; font-family:'elg' } .rd_acc_5 .ui-accordion-header-active .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\46"; font-family:'elg' } .rd_acc_5 .wpb_accordion_content { margin: -3px 0 0px 0; border-radius:0 0 3px 3px; } .rd_acc_6 .wpb_accordion_header, .rd_acc_7 .wpb_accordion_header { font-size:20px !important; line-height: 22px !important; margin: 0 0 8px 0 !important; outline: none!important; font-weight:bold !important; border-radius:3px; } .rd_acc_6 .ui-accordion-header-active, .rd_acc_7 .ui-accordion-header-active { outline: none!important; } .rd_acc_6 .ui-accordion-header-icon, .rd_acc_7 .ui-accordion-header-icon { background:none!important; height: 39px !important; width: 40px !important; display: block; right: 0 !important; top: 0 !important; text-align: center; font-size:20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 40px !important; } .rd_acc_6 .ui-accordion-header-icon:before, .rd_acc_7 .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\3b"; font-family:'elg' } .rd_acc_6 .ui-accordion-header-active .ui-accordion-header-icon:before, .rd_acc_7 .ui-accordion-header-active .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\3a"; font-family:'elg' } .rd_acc_6 .wpb_accordion_content, .rd_acc_7 .wpb_accordion_content { margin:0; padding:0!important; } .rd_acc_6 .rd_acc_content, .rd_acc_7 .rd_acc_content { padding-bottom:10px; } .rd_acc_8 .wpb_accordion_header { font-size:20px !important; line-height: 27px !important; margin: 0 0 5px 0 !important; outline: none!important; font-weight:bold !important; border-radius:3px; } .rd_acc_8 .ui-accordion-header-active { outline: none!important; } .rd_acc_8 .ui-accordion-header-icon { background:none!important; height: 44px !important; width: 43px !important; display: block; right: 0 !important; font-weight: normal; top: 0 !important; text-align: center; line-height: 45px !important; } .rd_acc_8 .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\f107"; font-family:'FontAwesome' } .rd_acc_8 .ui-accordion-header-active .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\f106"; font-family:'FontAwesome' } .rd_acc_8 .wpb_accordion_content { margin: -6px 0 5px 0; border-radius:3px; } .rd_acc_9 .wpb_accordion_header { font-size:20px !important; line-height: 26px !important; margin: 0 0 5px 0 !important; outline: none!important; font-weight:bold !important; border-radius:5px; } .rd_acc_9 .ui-accordion-header-active { outline: none!important; } .rd_acc_9 .ui-accordion-header-icon { background:none!important; height: 40px !important; width: 40px !important; display: block; float:left; left: 0 !important; font-weight: normal; top: 0 !important; position:relative !important; text-align: center; line-height: 40px !important; margin-right:20px; border-radius:5px 0 0 5px; } .rd_acc_9 .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\f067"; font-family:'FontAwesome' } .rd_acc_9 .ui-accordion-header-active .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\f068"; font-family:'FontAwesome' } .rd_acc_9 .wpb_accordion_content { } .rd_acc_10 .wpb_accordion_header { font-size:20px !important; line-height: 32px !important; margin: 0 0 9px 0 !important; outline: none!important; border-radius: 3px; } .rd_acc_10 .ui-accordion-header-active { outline: none!important; } .rd_acc_10 .ui-accordion-header-icon { background:none!important; height: 48px !important; width: 49px !important; display: block; left: 0 !important; position:relative !important; float:left; font-weight: normal; top: 0 !important; text-align: center; line-height: 49px !important; margin-right:20px; border-radius: 3px; } .rd_acc_10 .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\f067"; font-family:'FontAwesome' } .rd_acc_10 .ui-accordion-header-active .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\f068"; font-family:'FontAwesome' } .rd_acc_10 .wpb_accordion_content { margin:-6px 0 10px 0; padding-left:48px!important; } .rd_acc_11 .wpb_accordion_header { font-size:20px !important; line-height: 22px !important; margin: 0 0 10px 0 !important; outline: none!important; } .rd_acc_11 .ui-accordion-header-active { outline: none!important; } .rd_acc_11 .ui-accordion-header-icon { background:none!important; height: 39px !important; width: 40px !important; display: block; right: 0 !important; font-weight: normal; top: 0 !important; text-align: center; font-size:20px; line-height: 40px !important; } .rd_acc_11 .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\f067"; font-family:'FontAwesome' } .rd_acc_11 .ui-accordion-header-active .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\f068"; font-family:'FontAwesome' } .rd_acc_11 .wpb_accordion_content { margin: -10px 0 10px 0; } .rd_acc_11 .rd_acc_content { padding: 9px; } .rd_acc_12 .wpb_accordion_header { font-size:20px !important; line-height: 20px !important; margin: 0 0 0px 0 !important; outline: none!important; background:none!important; } .rd_acc_12 .wpb_accordion_header a { padding-left:0!important; padding-right:0!important; } .rd_acc_12 .ui-accordion-header-active { outline: none!important; font-weight:bold !important; } .rd_acc_12 .ui-accordion-header-icon { background:none!important; height: 34px !important; width: 40px !important; display: block; right: 0 !important; font-weight: normal; top: 0 !important; text-align: right; font-size:20px; line-height: 31px !important; } .rd_acc_12 .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\f055"; font-family:'FontAwesome' } .rd_acc_12 .ui-accordion-header-active .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\f056"; font-family:'FontAwesome' } .rd_acc_12 .wpb_accordion_content { margin: 0px 0 0px 0; padding-left:0!important; padding-right:0!important; } .rd_acc_13 .wpb_accordion_header { font-size:20px !important; line-height: 20px !important; margin: 0 0 0px 0 !important; outline: none!important; background:none!important; } .rd_acc_13 .wpb_accordion_header a { padding-left:0!important; padding-right:0!important; } .rd_acc_13 .ui-accordion-header-active { outline: none!important; font-weight:bold !important; } .rd_acc_13 .ui-accordion-header-icon { background:none!important; height: 34px !important; width: 40px !important; display: block; right: 0 !important; font-weight: normal; top: 0 !important; text-align: right; font-size:20px; line-height: 31px !important; } .rd_acc_13 .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\f150"; font-family:'FontAwesome' } .rd_acc_13 .ui-accordion-header-active .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\f151"; font-family:'FontAwesome' } .rd_acc_13 .wpb_accordion_content { margin: 0px 0 0px 0; padding-left:0!important; padding-right:0!important; } .rd_acc_13 .rd_acc_content { padding: 12px 19px; border-radius:5px; } .rd_acc_14 .wpb_accordion_header { font-size:20px !important; line-height: 32px !important; margin: 0 0 1px 0 !important; text-transform:uppercase!important; font-weight:900!important; outline: none!important; } .rd_acc_14 .ui-accordion-header-active { outline: none!important; } .rd_acc_14 .wpb_accordion_header a { padding: 10px 29px 6px !important; } .rd_acc_14 .ui-accordion-header-icon { background:none!important; height: 49px !important; width: 66px !important; display: block; right: 0 !important; font-weight: normal !important; top: 0 !important; text-align: center; font-size:20px; line-height: 49px !important; } .rd_acc_14 .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\3b"; font-family:'elg' } .rd_acc_14 .ui-accordion-header-active .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\3a"; font-family:'elg' } .rd_acc_14 .wpb_accordion_content { margin: -2px 0 1px 0; padding-left:0!important; padding-right:0!important; } .rd_acc_14 .rd_acc_content { padding: 12px 30px; border-radius:5px; } .rd_acc_15 .wpb_accordion_header { font-size:20px !important; line-height: 24px !important; margin:-1px 0 0px 0 !important; outline: none!important; } .rd_acc_15 .ui-accordion-header-active { outline: none!important; font-weight:700!important; box-shadow: 0px 0 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); } .rd_acc_15 .wpb_accordion_header a:before { content: "\f0da"; font-family:'FontAwesome'; margin:0 9px 0 5px; font-size:20px; display:block; float:left; } .rd_acc_15 .ui-accordion-header-active a:before { content: "\f0d7"; font-family:'FontAwesome'; } .rd_acc_15 .ui-accordion-header-icon { background:none!important; height: 39px !important; width: 36px !important; display: block; right: 0 !important; font-weight: normal !important; top: 0 !important; text-align: center; font-size:20px; line-height: 40px !important; } .rd_acc_15 .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\f067"; font-family:'FontAwesome'; border: 1px solid; padding: 3px 4px 2px; } .rd_acc_15 .ui-accordion-header-active .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\f00d"; padding: 3px 4px 2px; font-family:'FontAwesome'; } .rd_acc_15 .wpb_accordion_content { margin: -2px 0 0px 0; } .rd_acc_15 .rd_acc_content { padding: 0px 5px; } .rd_acc_16 .wpb_accordion_header { font-size:20px !important; line-height: 24px !important; margin:-1px 0 0px 0 !important; outline: none!important; font-weight:700!important; } .rd_acc_16 .ui-accordion-header-active { outline: none!important; box-shadow: 0px 0 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); } .rd_acc_16 .wpb_accordion_header a:before { content: "\f0da"; font-family:'FontAwesome'; margin:0 9px 0 5px; font-size:20px; display:block; float:left; } .rd_acc_16 .ui-accordion-header-active a:before { content: "\f0d7"; font-family:'FontAwesome'; } .rd_acc_16 .ui-accordion-header-icon { background:none!important; height: 39px !important; width: 36px !important; display: block; left:auto!important; margin-top:0!important; right: 0 !important; font-weight: normal !important; top: 0 !important; text-align: center; font-size:20px; line-height: 40px !important; } .rd_acc_16 .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\f067"; font-family:'FontAwesome'; border: 1px solid; padding: 3px 4px 2px; } .rd_acc_16 .ui-accordion-header-active .ui-accordion-header-icon:before { content: "\f00d"; padding: 3px 4px 2px; font-family:'FontAwesome'; } .rd_acc_16 .wpb_accordion_content { margin: -2px 0 0px 0; } .rd_acc_16 .rd_acc_content { padding: 0px 5px; } </style> <meta name="generator" content="Powered by WPBakery Page Builder - drag and drop page builder for WordPress."/> <style type="text/css">.blue-message { background: none repeat scroll 0 0 #3399ff; color: #ffffff; text-shadow: none; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding: 10px; } .green-message { background: none repeat scroll 0 0 #8cc14c; color: #ffffff; text-shadow: none; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding: 10px; } .orange-message { background: none repeat scroll 0 0 #faa732; color: #ffffff; text-shadow: none; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding: 10px; } .red-message { background: none repeat scroll 0 0 #da4d31; color: #ffffff; text-shadow: none; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding: 10px; } .grey-message { background: none repeat scroll 0 0 #53555c; color: #ffffff; text-shadow: none; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding: 10px; } .left-block { background: none repeat scroll 0 0px, radial-gradient(ellipse at center center, #ffffff 0%, #f2f2f2 100%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #8b8e97; padding: 10px; margin: 10px; float: left; } .right-block { background: none repeat scroll 0 0px, radial-gradient(ellipse at center center, #ffffff 0%, #f2f2f2 100%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #8b8e97; padding: 10px; margin: 10px; float: right; } .blockquotes { background: none; border-left: 5px solid #f1f1f1; color: #8B8E97; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 22px; padding-left: 15px; padding: 10px; width: 60%; float: left; } </style><style id="uagb-style-conditional-extension">@media (min-width: 1025px){body .uag-hide-desktop.uagb-google-map__wrap,body .uag-hide-desktop{display:none !important}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px){body .uag-hide-tab.uagb-google-map__wrap,body .uag-hide-tab{display:none !important}}@media (max-width: 767px){body .uag-hide-mob.uagb-google-map__wrap,body .uag-hide-mob{display:none !important}}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MGRI-social-logo-final-11.13.png?fit=32%2C32&ssl=1" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MGRI-social-logo-final-11.13.png?fit=192%2C192&ssl=1" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MGRI-social-logo-final-11.13.png?fit=180%2C180&ssl=1" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MGRI-social-logo-final-11.13.png?fit=270%2C270&ssl=1" /> <style type="text/css" title="dynamic-css" class="options-output">body{background-repeat:no-repeat;}</style><noscript><style> .wpb_animate_when_almost_visible { opacity: 1; }</style></noscript></head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-25254 single-format-standard fl-builder fl-builder-2-8-5 ctct-thefox wpb-js-composer js-comp-ver-8.0.1 vc_responsive"id="header_sub_nav" > <div id="boxed_layout" class="menu_slide"><div id="top_bg" > <div id="top_bar" class="topbar_type_2"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="top_text"><strong><a href="https://www.massgeneral.org/research">Science news and discoveries from the Mass General Research Institute</a></strong></div> <div id="header_socials" class="header_top_si si_float_right"> <div id="facebook"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/MassGeneralRI/" target="_blank" ><i class="fa fa-facebook"></i></a></div> <div id="twitter"> <a href="https://twitter.com/MGH_RI" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-twitter"></i></a></div> <div id="yt"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@massgeneralresearchinstitu8999" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-youtube"></i></a></div> <div id="lin"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/mass-general-research-institute/" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-linkedin"></i></a></div> <div id="instagram"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/massgeneral_ri/" target="_blank" ><i class="fa fa-instagram"></i></a></div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="header_container">  <header class="nav_type_18 header_to_shrink clearfix" > <div class="wrapper">  <div id="logo_img"><a href="https://mgriblog.org"><img class="dark_logo desktop_logo" src="https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Bench-press-final-no-tag.png" alt="Bench Press" title="Bench Press"/><img class="white_logo desktop_logo" src="https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Bench-press-final-no-tag.png" alt="Bench Press" title="Bench Press"/><img class="dark_logo mobile_logo" src="https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Bench-press-final-no-tag.png" alt="Bench Press" title="Bench Press"/><img class="white_logo mobile_logo" src="https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Bench-press-final-no-tag.png" alt="Bench Press" title="Bench Press"/></a></div>   </header> <div class="header_bottom_nav header_shadow nav_type_18 clearfix" > <div class="wrapper tf_o_visible"> <div id="search-form"> <form method="get" action="https://mgriblog.org" id="searchform"> <input type="text" name="s" placeholder="Search" class="search" id="ssform" value="" /> <input type="submit" id="searchsubmit" value="" /> <span class="search_button_icon"></span> </form> </div> <div id="searchtop"> <a id="searchtop_img"><i class="fa fa-search"></i></a> </div> <nav class="nav_type_18"><ul id="menu-main-menu" class="menu"><li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9335 "><a href="https://mgriblog.org/bench-press-mass-general-research-institute/">Home</a></li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9334 "><a href="https://mgriblog.org/about/">About</a></li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-10530 "><a href="https://mgriblog.org/research/">Research</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11453 "><a href="https://mgriblog.org/covid-19/">COVID-19</a></li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10940 "><a href="https://mgriblog.org/brain/">Brain</a></li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10943 "><a href="https://mgriblog.org/heart/">Heart</a></li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10946 "><a href="https://mgriblog.org/cancer/">Cancer</a></li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10531 "><a href="https://mgriblog.org/research/">More…</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-8907 "><a title="Communicating Science" href="https://mgriblog.org/communicating-science/">Communicating Science</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-22557 "><a href="https://mgriblog.org/mgri-image-awards/">MGRI Image Awards</a></li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15513 "><a href="https://mgriblog.org/science-slam-tips/">Science Slam Tips and Tricks</a></li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15357 "><a href="https://mgriblog.org/2021-cambridge-science-festival/">2021 Cambridge Science Festival</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18345 "><a href="https://mgriblog.org/contenido-en-espanol/">Contenido en español</a></li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15502 "><a href="https://mgriblog.org/subscribe/">Subscribe</a></li> </ul> </nav>  </div> </div> </div> <style type="text/css" >.page_title_ctn {padding-top:43px; padding-bottom:43px;}</style> <div class="section def_section"> <div class="wrapper section_wrapper"> <div id="fw_c" class="fw_single_post clearfix">  <div class="post post_single vc_row"> <a href="https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/vietnam-goral.png" class="prettyPhoto "><div class='post-attachement'><img width="1200" height="565" src="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/vietnam-goral.png?resize=1200%2C565&ssl=1" class="attachment-blog_tn size-blog_tn wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" /></a></div><div class='sep_25'></div> <div class="post_ctn clearfix">  <div class="post-title"> <h2><a href="https://mgriblog.org/2024/11/11/the-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war/" title="The Legacy, Courage, and Adaptability of Mass General Nurses who Served during the Vietnam War"> The Legacy, Courage, and Adaptability of Mass General Nurses who Served during the Vietnam War </a></h2> </div>   <div class="post-info"><span class="pi_author">By <a href="https://mgriblog.org/author/andrew-glyman/" title="Posts by Andrew Glyman" rel="author">Andrew Glyman</a> <span class="pi_sep">|</span> </span><span class="pi_cat"><a href="https://mgriblog.org/category/history/" rel="category tag">History</a> <span class="pi_sep">|</span> </span><span class="pi_comment"><a href="https://mgriblog.org/2024/11/11/the-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war/#respond" class="comments-link" >0 comment</a> <span class="pi_sep">|</span> </span><span class="pi_date">11 November, 2024 <span class="pi_sep">|</span> </span><span class="pi_like"><a href="#" class="zilla-likes" id="zilla-likes-25254" title="Like this"><span class="zilla-likes-count">0</span> <span class="zilla-likes-postfix"></span></a></span></div>   <div class="entry"> <div class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-25254 fl-builder-content-primary fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="25254"><div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-dxb8q6conikj fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="dxb8q6conikj"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-dzs0iepx42u1" data-node="dzs0iepx42u1"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-94o2pcbklrgf fl-col-bg-color" data-node="94o2pcbklrgf"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-qpk8gt31h9so" data-node="qpk8gt31h9so"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p><em>The Vietnam War was a transformative period for American society, including the young nurses who found themselves on the front lines of care.</em></p> <p><em>Among these nurses were several graduates of the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) School of Nursing, whose commitment to serve brought them to the heart of the war effort.</em></p> <p><em>From evacuation hospitals in South Vietnam to critical care units back in the United States, their experiences reflect a story of courage, adaptability, and dedication.</em></p> <p><em>As part of the MGH Nurses’ Alumni Association’s oral history project, four nurses who served during the Vietnam War were interviewed and then later participated in a panel presentation focusing on their personal and professional stories of service.</em></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><em>Their stories are a testament to the strength, resilience, courage and adaptability of nurses who faced unimaginable challenges. </em></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><em>These nurses saved countless lives, comforted countless soldiers facing death, often in conditions that would have seemed unimaginable to their civilian counterparts. </em></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><em>Their legacy continues to inspire, reminding us of the vital role nurses play in times of conflict, and the enduring impact of their courage and care. </em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-color fl-node-p87tc04dnksj fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="p87tc04dnksj"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-ic37jut4hfsp fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center fl-col-group-custom-width fl-col-group-responsive-reversed" data-node="ic37jut4hfsp"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-b537skonpvdz fl-col-bg-photo fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="b537skonpvdz"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"></div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-bsg3lq9j5y2r fl-col-bg-gradient fl-col-small fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="bsg3lq9j5y2r"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-zad7uy65p3r2" data-node="zad7uy65p3r2"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <h1><span style="font-size: 36px;">Map of MGH Nurse Deployments in Vietnam</span></h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-nmu609s4wqef fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="nmu609s4wqef"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-yoguzfh132qk" data-node="yoguzfh132qk"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-6zu1caofy023 fl-col-bg-color" data-node="6zu1caofy023"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-adzpwkv3xl6t" data-node="adzpwkv3xl6t"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h2 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Answering the Call</span> </h2> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-gib1fyqv47da" data-node="gib1fyqv47da"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span style="font-size: 22px;" data-contrast="none"><strong>Sheila Long</strong>, a 1965 graduate of the MGH School of Nursing, answered the call to serve in 1966 and was stationed at the 85th Evacuation Hospital in Qui Nhon. </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span style="font-size: 22px;" data-contrast="none">Just two years later, <strong>Barbara Goral</strong>, class of 1967, was assigned to the 12th Evacuation Hospital in Củ Chi, deeper in the South Vietnamese interior. </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span style="font-size: 22px;" data-contrast="none"><strong>Jane McCarthy</strong>, a 1969 MGH graduate, began her service at Walter Reed before transferring to the 95th Evacuation Hospital in Da Nang, South Vietnam. </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span style="font-size: 22px;">While these women faced the intense realities of a war zone, their fellow alumna <strong>Roberta “Bobbie” Nemeskal</strong> was assigned stateside, working in military hospitals from 1969 to 1970 at Walter Reed Army Hospital in Washington, DC, and McAfee Army Hospital at White Sands, New Mexico. </span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-fixed-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-c0uyztmifxb9 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="c0uyztmifxb9"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-nlpxdsq0aj74" data-node="nlpxdsq0aj74"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-pheond1j2mzt fl-col-bg-color" data-node="pheond1j2mzt"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-m60okfu3zexg" data-node="m60okfu3zexg"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-png"> <img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-25315 size-full" src="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/change-to-the-other-of-the-same-photo.png?resize=940%2C650&ssl=1" alt="change to the other of the same photo" itemprop="image" height="650" width="940" title="change to the other of the same photo" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/change-to-the-other-of-the-same-photo.png?w=940&ssl=1 940w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/change-to-the-other-of-the-same-photo.png?resize=300%2C207&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/change-to-the-other-of-the-same-photo.png?resize=768%2C531&ssl=1 768w" sizes="(max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-fixed-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-t8un5fxoaey1 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="t8un5fxoaey1"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-ctxfj8udw7ih" data-node="ctxfj8udw7ih"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-ha0mlbw81s6i fl-col-bg-color" data-node="ha0mlbw81s6i"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-n015d2earubc" data-node="n015d2earubc"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h2 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Why Join the Army Nurse Corps?</span> </h2> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-8s7zxpglbvof" data-node="8s7zxpglbvof"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span data-contrast="none">These nursing students chose to join the Army Nurse Corps while still in nursing school. Their average age was between twenty and twenty-one years old. </span><span data-ccp-props="{}"> </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span data-contrast="none"><strong>Sheila Long</strong> sought an adventure that would provide both professional fulfillment and life experience. She heard about the Army Nurse Corps through "idle conversation," and noted that war was "never mentioned in the recruitment process." The program offered to pay for her senior year in nursing school, which was a significant incentive. </span><span data-ccp-props="{}"><br /> </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span data-contrast="none"><strong>Jane McCarthy</strong> recounted going home every six months to attend the funerals of high school friends or neighbors [who were killed in the war] and thinking, </span><span data-contrast="none">“</span><span data-contrast="none">I have to do something, I</span><span data-contrast="none">’</span><span data-contrast="none">m going to be a nurse.” Although McCarthy was not in favor of the war at all, she felt that providing care to injured soldiers was "the right and moral thing to do." </span><span data-ccp-props="{}"><br /> </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span data-contrast="none"><strong>Barbara Goral</strong> had a similar epiphany while watching the Vietnam War unfold on her television screen. </span><span data-contrast="none">“</span><span data-contrast="none">I sat up and said, </span><span data-contrast="none">‘</span><span data-contrast="none">I</span><span data-contrast="none">’</span><span data-contrast="none">m joining the Army.’” She added, </span><span data-contrast="none">“</span><span data-contrast="none">The wounds were horrific. And the need for medical care was just so great I said, I have something to offer. I really felt that I had the best training in the world [at MGH] and that I could do anything. I had that confidence—absolutely.”</span><span data-ccp-props="{}"> </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span data-contrast="none"><strong>Roberta Nemeskal</strong> sought to be of service and enlisted. Her husband was stationed in Vietnam while she served in military hospitals in the U.S. </span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-fixed-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-jodri8a4720h fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="jodri8a4720h"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-j3xkogue7rt5" data-node="j3xkogue7rt5"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-kfp6jxmteulo fl-col-bg-color" data-node="kfp6jxmteulo"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-l1pg3k4e2mvc" data-node="l1pg3k4e2mvc"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-png"> <img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-25286 size-full" src="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/long.png?resize=940%2C788&ssl=1" alt="long" itemprop="image" height="788" width="940" title="long" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/long.png?w=940&ssl=1 940w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/long.png?resize=300%2C251&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/long.png?resize=768%2C644&ssl=1 768w" sizes="(max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-fixed-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-u8eh2zmpa0qs fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="u8eh2zmpa0qs"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-7pqdnifvbsu1" data-node="7pqdnifvbsu1"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-8rc74dl3i6j5 fl-col-bg-color" data-node="8rc74dl3i6j5"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-5gx91hapvre0" data-node="5gx91hapvre0"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h1 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Life on the Front Lines</span> </h1> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-f0resxgyl3v7" data-node="f0resxgyl3v7"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p><strong>Sheila Long's</strong> first impression of war came from working in neurosurgery at Letterman General Hospital, where she encountered severely wounded soldiers from Vietnam. She recalls, "I thought, ‘This is what war looks like.’” She volunteered to go to Vietnam and asked to work in a Mash-type unit.</p> <p>The realities of war hit as soon as they set foot in Vietnam. Long recalls the moment of arrival: "The dreadful heat. And the smell. And at the time, you could hear mortar rounds going off but especially the heat and the sweat. It was a jungle, tropical, hot, hot, dreadful, hot.”</p> <p>For Long, the adjustment was not just to the environment but also in the immediacy of the work. Asked how long it took before she was on duty, she simply replied, “Oh, two days.”</p> <p><strong>Barbara Goral’s</strong> experience at the 12th Evacuation Hospital in Củ Chi, Vietnam, was no less intense. The hospital was located near the infamous Củ Chi tunnels, a network used by the Viet Cong to infiltrate South Vietnam. Every day, nurses treated soldiers who had fought mere yards from the enemy<em>.</em></p> <p>The demands placed on nurses were unrelenting. Goral worked 12-14 hour shifts with no days off for months.</p> <p>“There were continuous enemy activities and horrific injuries,” she recounted. “The conditions were challenging, both in terms of the workload and the limited resources we had at our disposal. When mortar rounds might hit the hospital, we had to put the patients on the floor for protection.”</p> <p>In addition to providing acute, emergent care, these nurses had many other trying moments, such as telling young soldiers that they were unable to save their limb(s) or sitting with dying patients holding their hands.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-fixed-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-fnixlg7m0wup fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="fnixlg7m0wup"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-qrxltj1adh8u" data-node="qrxltj1adh8u"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-qbpm41axgetu fl-col-bg-color" data-node="qbpm41axgetu"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-ws4y538tgxlm" data-node="ws4y538tgxlm"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-png"> <img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-25317 size-full" src="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Woman-Motivational-Quote-Facebook-Post-940-x-650-px.png?resize=940%2C650&ssl=1" alt="Woman Motivational Quote Facebook Post (940 x 650 px)" itemprop="image" height="650" width="940" title="Woman Motivational Quote Facebook Post (940 x 650 px)" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Woman-Motivational-Quote-Facebook-Post-940-x-650-px.png?w=940&ssl=1 940w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Woman-Motivational-Quote-Facebook-Post-940-x-650-px.png?resize=300%2C207&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Woman-Motivational-Quote-Facebook-Post-940-x-650-px.png?resize=768%2C531&ssl=1 768w" sizes="(max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-fixed-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-7pbrolhim6un fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="7pbrolhim6un"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-r2po7czwxqbj" data-node="r2po7czwxqbj"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-nqezko9cat72 fl-col-bg-color" data-node="nqezko9cat72"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-bsd8q0zjk3ei" data-node="bsd8q0zjk3ei"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h1 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Field Expediency: Innovation in Crisis</span> </h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-twnd6o4svi87" data-node="twnd6o4svi87"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-v8d3gknzmf1a fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols" data-node="v8d3gknzmf1a"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-3trjsezl78dp fl-col-group-nested" data-node="3trjsezl78dp"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-4wlfu1380ibt fl-col-bg-color" data-node="4wlfu1380ibt"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-pgml2ux1873d" data-node="pgml2ux1873d"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span data-contrast="none">The shortages of supplies and equipment forced creative ingenuity. <strong>Sheila Long</strong> remembers how rocks were used as weights for manual traction for a double amputee <em>in lieu</em> of proper medical equipment. </span><span data-ccp-props="{}"> </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span data-contrast="none">“Field expediency” became a necessary skill, and nurses learned to improvise under dire circumstances. This ingenuity was crucial to providing care amidst constant shortages and unpredictable conditions. </span><span data-ccp-props="{}"> </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span data-contrast="none">In some cases, this meant trading or bartering for supplies, while in others, it involved creatively repurposing available items. </span><span data-ccp-props="{}"> </span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-rgc6ofjp0im7 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small" data-node="rgc6ofjp0im7"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-8ihcda73b6j1" data-node="8ihcda73b6j1"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-jpg"> <img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-25259 size-full" src="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/thumbnail_image013.jpg?resize=936%2C624&ssl=1" alt="thumbnail_image013" itemprop="image" height="624" width="936" title="thumbnail_image013" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/thumbnail_image013.jpg?w=936&ssl=1 936w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/thumbnail_image013.jpg?resize=300%2C200&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/thumbnail_image013.jpg?resize=768%2C512&ssl=1 768w" sizes="(max-width: 936px) 100vw, 936px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-2f6rlx7813ov" data-node="2f6rlx7813ov"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span data-contrast="none">Published accounts of similar experiences, such as Peggy Adams’ description in "Field Expediency: 85th Evacuation," illustrate how, when the hospital ran out of orthopedic instruments, a nurse famously sterilized a claw hammer and chisel borrowed from a nearby Navy ship.</span><span data-ccp-props="{}"><br /> </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span data-contrast="none">Gentamicin was the antibiotic used to treat pseudomonas infections. “It was so precious we had to keep it locked in our narcotics box."</span><span data-ccp-props="{}"><br /> </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span data-contrast="none">Many soldiers got blood transfusions. "We would make decisions about how many transfusions to give the soldiers," recalls <strong>Barbara Goral</strong>. "We would just take them out of the refrigerator, hang them up. Nobody was typed and crossmatched.</span><span data-ccp-props="{}"> </span><span data-contrast="none">So if they had a reaction, we would give them some IV Benadryl.<em>"</em> </span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-fixed-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-qibyx0jp1436 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="qibyx0jp1436"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-j1gus5iyw6ph" data-node="j1gus5iyw6ph"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-7o4jmb1qlu0s fl-col-bg-color" data-node="7o4jmb1qlu0s"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-wfu4qtgr51cx" data-node="wfu4qtgr51cx"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h2 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">The Psychological Toll </span> </h2> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-qgjx4pl2mbs7" data-node="qgjx4pl2mbs7"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>While the physical challenges of war were immense, the psychological impact on nurses was profound. The emotional detachment experienced by nurses became a coping mechanism, as many had witnessed the deaths of young soldiers firsthand, leading them to suppress their feelings in order to continue their work.</p> <p><strong>Sheila Long</strong> described the coping mechanisms nurses used. “It’s not thought through. It’s put into a little spot in your memory bank which you can open from time to time.” The trauma was often compartmentalized, left unspoken except among fellow veterans. As Long noted, “You just kept it to yourself... Talked only with our buddies.”</p> <p><strong>Jane McCarthy</strong> reported that while in Vietnam, “There was lots of camaraderie and support among the staff." They would talk about their experiences in general terms. “We never talked about specific patients because we might break down and not be able to put ourselves back together again.'"</p> <p>McCarthy's account of dealing with trauma once back in the States reveals the emotional numbness many nurses developed.</p> <p>“Unbeknownst to me, I had classic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)," McCarthy said. "But in those days, there was no such thing as PTSD; they hadn't come up with that diagnosis. And when it was finally identified and described, it was for the soldiers. Nurses don't have PTSD. Why would nurses? It's soldiers."</p> <p>"I had become numb because of the wounds, because of the atrocities I had witnessed and taken care of," McCarthy said. "And there were other classic symptoms of PTSD. I had trouble sleeping, I slept every other night. And the nights I slept, I had nightmares that I was back in Vietnam again. I was hyper vigilant—any loud noise or something, I'd be down on the floor."</p> <p>Despite the overwhelming challenges, many nurses found a deep sense of purpose in their work. As reported by F.T. Norton in the <em>Reno Gazette Journal</em> article "Army Nurse Remembers Vietnam," Sheila Long reflected, “I think of the good that we did… and I couldn’t be prouder."</p> <p>For Long and many others, the war fundamentally changed their lives and their approach to nursing. “It changed the whole course of my life as far as attitude, ethics, work environment."</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-vw18frxq5z39" data-node="vw18frxq5z39"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-f65qilsmwdy0 fl-col-bg-color" data-node="f65qilsmwdy0"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-m2hqypa7o86l" data-node="m2hqypa7o86l"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-png"> <img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-25313 size-full" src="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/change-out-double-after-psych-toll.png?resize=940%2C650&ssl=1" alt="change out double after psych toll" itemprop="image" height="650" width="940" title="change out double after psych toll" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/change-out-double-after-psych-toll.png?w=940&ssl=1 940w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/change-out-double-after-psych-toll.png?resize=300%2C207&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/change-out-double-after-psych-toll.png?resize=768%2C531&ssl=1 768w" sizes="(max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-color fl-node-dtke2i5c30r9 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="dtke2i5c30r9"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-8o5vfagiwyds fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="8o5vfagiwyds"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-036ae9otw81u fl-col-bg-photo fl-col-small fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="036ae9otw81u"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"></div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-m20seuo3q175 fl-col-bg-gradient fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="m20seuo3q175"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-qjx2rkz53tdo" data-node="qjx2rkz53tdo"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h1 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Returning Home: The Struggles of Reentry</span> </h1> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-2vyqm08s4kuo" data-node="2vyqm08s4kuo"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span data-contrast="none">Returning to civilian life proved difficult for many nurses. <strong>Sheila Long</strong> found that she had become, “Intolerant of incompetence. If you don’t do it right, somebody gets hurt.” </span><span data-ccp-props="{}"><br /> </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><strong>Jane McCarthy’</strong><span data-contrast="none"><strong>s</strong> struggles with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were compounded by a lack of understanding or acknowledgment from those around her. The emotional toll of her time in Vietnam lingered, and she found it difficult to reintegrate into a world that seemed oblivious to the war. </span><span data-contrast="none">“</span><span data-contrast="none">In the airport when going home, I saw everyone sitting around and wondered, </span><span data-contrast="none">‘</span><span data-contrast="none">Don</span><span data-contrast="none">’</span><span data-contrast="none">t they know there</span><span data-contrast="none">’</span><span data-contrast="none">s a war going on?’” </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span data-contrast="none"><strong>Bobbie Nemeskal</strong> said that when she went to work at a non-military hospital, she thought she would be thanked for her service, “But no one wanted to talk about Vietnam.” </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span data-contrast="none">In fact, all four nurses reported that no one seemed to care about their military service during the war.</span><span data-ccp-props="{}"> </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span data-contrast="none">Sheila Long, like many veterans, found solace in returning to familiar surroundings. She went back to Letterman Army Hospital, caring for wounded soldiers stateside where she felt like she belonged. Y</span><span data-contrast="none">et her time in Vietnam left a lasting mark. </span><span data-contrast="none">“</span><span data-contrast="none">I can hear a helicopter before anybody. The sound reminds me...they</span><span data-contrast="none">’</span><span data-contrast="none">re bringing in the casualties.”</span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span data-contrast="none">For some nurses, Vietnam became a defining part of their identities. Jane McCarthy, who later reconnected with fellow Vietnam veterans in Colorado, found healing in shared memories. </span><span data-contrast="none">“</span><span data-contrast="none">We just talked and talked and talked about Vietnam. It was safe to talk about our experiences once we were out of Vietnam.” </span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-fixed-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-isl6amxq30p4 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="isl6amxq30p4"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-0ficte2qw9ah" data-node="0ficte2qw9ah"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-9mdg60env134 fl-col-bg-color" data-node="9mdg60env134"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-jfzepg5rh6ui" data-node="jfzepg5rh6ui"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h2 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">The Legacy of Vietnam </span> </h2> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-y6c8gfsqa2el" data-node="y6c8gfsqa2el"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px">The nurses who served in Vietnam carried their experiences with them long after the war ended.</p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px">For Sheila Long, Jane McCarthy, Barbara Goral, Bobbie Nemeskal, and others, their service was a source of pride.</p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px">“I think of the lives that came home because of the nurses that were there,” Long said. “In my career, I have never given so much and received so much in return.”</p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px">Their stories are a testament to the strength, resilience, courage and adaptability of nurses who faced unimaginable challenges. These nurses saved countless lives, comforted countless soldiers facing death, often in conditions that would have seemed unimaginable to their civilian counterparts.</p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px">Their legacy continues to inspire, reminding us of the vital role nurses play in times of conflict, and the enduring impact of their courage and care.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-fixed-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-wnbjvfhdcu37 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="wnbjvfhdcu37"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-hre8tqa4pgc5" data-node="hre8tqa4pgc5"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-qftydzrh9gva fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small" data-node="qftydzrh9gva"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-jmn18icuek5r" data-node="jmn18icuek5r"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-png"> <img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-25262 size-full" src="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/viet3.png?resize=1170%2C777&ssl=1" alt="viet3" itemprop="image" height="777" width="1170" title="viet3" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/viet3.png?w=1387&ssl=1 1387w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/viet3.png?resize=300%2C199&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/viet3.png?resize=1024%2C680&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/viet3.png?resize=768%2C510&ssl=1 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1170px) 100vw, 1170px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-fdybgk2x6h5j fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small" data-node="fdybgk2x6h5j"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-l9t1jqi2sn7u" data-node="l9t1jqi2sn7u"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-jpg"> <img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-25320 size-full" src="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Bobbie-Nemeskal-Army-002.jpg?resize=800%2C774&ssl=1" alt="Bobbie Nemeskal Army-002" itemprop="image" height="774" width="800" title="Bobbie Nemeskal Army-002" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Bobbie-Nemeskal-Army-002.jpg?w=800&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Bobbie-Nemeskal-Army-002.jpg?resize=300%2C290&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Bobbie-Nemeskal-Army-002.jpg?resize=768%2C743&ssl=1 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-qo1bl0vtcksm fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small" data-node="qo1bl0vtcksm"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-2talp9c4qbf8" data-node="2talp9c4qbf8"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-png"> <img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-25264 size-full" src="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/viet5.png?resize=1170%2C845&ssl=1" alt="viet5" itemprop="image" height="845" width="1170" title="viet5" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/viet5.png?w=1456&ssl=1 1456w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/viet5.png?resize=300%2C217&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/viet5.png?resize=1024%2C739&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/viet5.png?resize=768%2C554&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/viet5.png?resize=553%2C400&ssl=1 553w" sizes="(max-width: 1170px) 100vw, 1170px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-fixed-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-4fy1akvq0gs3 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="4fy1akvq0gs3"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-dvy56t2m3cop" data-node="dvy56t2m3cop"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-k7zavm54w6gc fl-col-bg-color" data-node="k7zavm54w6gc"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-2o9c38ylqxza" data-node="2o9c38ylqxza"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h2 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Reflections on their MGH Nursing School education</span> </h2> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-at35f942yhl6" data-node="at35f942yhl6"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span data-contrast="none">All of the nurses expressed how the education they received at the MGH School of Nursing prepared them to care for the wounded in a war zone.</span><span data-ccp-props="{}"> </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span data-contrast="none">“</span><span data-contrast="none">Kudos to Mass General," said <strong>Sheila Long. </strong>"The training. One thing I had already learned was to emphasize, organize and prioritize [and] they were right. </span><span data-contrast="none">I am forever grateful that I had the MGH education that provided me the force to take on whatever it took to carry on.” </span><span data-ccp-props="{}"> </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span data-contrast="none">“</span><span data-contrast="none">What impresses me most is how amazing a group of women that we turned out to be! MGH certainly had something to do with that," said <strong>Barbara Goral</strong>. "I never realized how </span><span data-contrast="none">'</span><span data-contrast="none">famous' MGH was and how admired and possibly envied the nurses who trained there were.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"134245417":false}">"</span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span data-contrast="none">“</span><span data-contrast="none">It wasn’t until really I left Mass General that I realized what an education I got here, what an experience I got there," said <strong>Jane McCarthy</strong>. " I guess when we’re exposed to those experiences, we don’t really know, but we carry them with us”</span><span data-ccp-props="{}"> </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span data-contrast="none">"</span><span data-contrast="none">I never could have done the things that I did in my life without the education from the School of Nursing," said <strong>Bobbie Nemeskal</strong>. "It was a tough place to be, but you had to be pretty tough to go to MGH. And when you got out, you knew you were pretty good”. </span><span data-ccp-props="{}"> </span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-oy4f8rnw2j3g" data-node="oy4f8rnw2j3g"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-pv65cxzi9u30 fl-col-bg-color" data-node="pv65cxzi9u30"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-separator fl-node-gr67x4o3mw82" data-node="gr67x4o3mw82"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-separator"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-photo fl-node-40u6qw8p3onr fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center fl-row-bg-overlay fl-row-bg-fixed" data-node="40u6qw8p3onr"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-full-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-hb3g2vud0nw7" data-node="hb3g2vud0nw7"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-puaftb1hme5s fl-col-bg-color" data-node="puaftb1hme5s"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-cta fl-node-zl0kpanfyoqb" data-node="zl0kpanfyoqb"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-cta-wrap fl-cta-inline"> <div class="fl-cta-text"> <h1 class="fl-cta-title">Notes on Sources</h1> <div class="fl-cta-text-content"><p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span class="TextRun SCXW213178315 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW213178315 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="Default" data-ccp-parastyle-defn="{"ObjectId":"49fe6ca0-8f9d-45ed-a3eb-31226141bdbc|9","ClassId":1073872969,"Properties":[469775450,"Default",201340122,"2",134233614,"true",469778129,"Default",335572020,"1",469777841,"Helvetica Neue",469777842,"Arial Unicode MS",469777844,"Helvetica Neue",469769226,"Helvetica Neue,Arial Unicode MS",335551500,"0",268442635,"24",335559740,"288",201341983,"0",335559738,"160",469777843,"Arial Unicode MS"]}">This article was prepared to pay tribute to nurses who served in the military in honor of Veterans Day 2024. The quotes and stories throughout the article are drawn from a variety of sources, primarily oral history interviews and panel presentations conducted by the Massachusetts General Hospital Nurses</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW213178315 BCX0" lang="AR-SA" xml:lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW213178315 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="Default">’ </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW213178315 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW213178315 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="Default">Alumni Association (MGHNAA) with graduates who served during the Vietnam War. Citations will specify whether the information comes from individual oral histories or panel presentations to help distinguish the context of each source.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW213178315 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559738":0,"335559739":240,"335559740":240}"> </span></span></p> </div> </div> <div class="fl-cta-button"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-full"> <a href="https://www.mghnaa.org/" target="_blank" class="fl-button" rel="noopener" > <span class="fl-button-text">MGH NAA Website</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-fixed-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-0iqv4d25aegp fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="0iqv4d25aegp"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-y09dt4qrn6co" data-node="y09dt4qrn6co"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-gc8t175fr0ma fl-col-bg-color" data-node="gc8t175fr0ma"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-separator fl-node-08x72ndy6e3f" data-node="08x72ndy6e3f"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-separator"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-fixed-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-qi67z8k2fd50 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="qi67z8k2fd50"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-shtf3d4z9o7e" data-node="shtf3d4z9o7e"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-u3axnfy8976b fl-col-bg-color" data-node="u3axnfy8976b"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-h7pmrd9q1g83" data-node="h7pmrd9q1g83"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p><span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong>Authorship:</strong></span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px">Andrew Glyman, Intern, Mass General Research Institute<br /> Christine Rich, MS, RN, MGH Nurses’ Alumni Association<br /> Susan Fisher, RN, MGH Nurses’ Alumni Association<br /> Mary Larkin, MS, RN, MGH Nurses’ Alumni Association<br /> Nicoletta Valenzano, MPH, Senior Communications Specialist, Mass General Brigham<br /> Brian Burns, Director of Research Communications, Mass General Brigham</p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><b>Works Cited:</b> </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Goral, Barbara, MGH School of Nursing 1967. <i>Oral History Transcript.</i> Massachusetts General Hospital Nurses’ Alumni Association, 2015. </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Long, Sheila, MGH School of Nursing 1965. <i>Oral History Transcript.</i> Massachusetts General Hospital Nurses’ Alumni Association, 2014. </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span style="font-size: 16px;">McCarthy, Jane. "My Reflections on Serving as an Army Nurse in Vietnam." <i>AANA Journal</i>, 8 Apr. 2020, pp. 1-14. </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span style="font-size: 16px;">McCarthy, Jane, MGH School of Nursing 1969. <i>Oral History Transcript.</i> Massachusetts General Hospital Nurses’ Alumni Association, 2014. </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Nemeskal, Roberta “Bobbie” , MGH School of Nursing 1969. <i>Oral History Transcript.</i> Massachusetts General Hospital Nurses’ Alumni Association, 2015. </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span style="font-size: 16px;">"Panel Presentation with Graduate Nurses." Massachusetts General Hospital Nurses’ Alumni Association Panel Presentation, September 2015. </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Norton, F.T. "Army Nurse Remembers Vietnam." <i>Reno Gazette Journal</i>, [Day] [Month] [Year]. </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Sarnecky, Mary T. "Field Expediency: The 85th Evacuation Hospital." <i>Journal of Military Medicine</i>, 1985. </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span style="font-size: 16px;" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559738":0,"335559740":240}"> </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><b>Acknowledgement Section:</b> </span></p> <p data-ccp-border-bottom="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-bottom="0px" data-ccp-border-between="0px none #000000" data-ccp-padding-between="0px"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Massachusetts General Hospital Nurses’ Alumni Association Archival Collections. Special thanks to the graduates who shared their stories. We would be interested in hearing from other nurses who served. Please contact Andrew Glyman at <a href="mailto:AGLYMAN@mgh.harvard.edu">AGLYMAN@mgh.harvard.edu</a> </span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id='jp-relatedposts' class='jp-relatedposts' > </div> </div>  </div> </div>   <div class="tags_container"><div class="tags_icon"></div><div class="single_post_tags"><a href="https://mgriblog.org/tag/nursing/" rel="tag">nursing</a></div></div> <div class="share_icons_container"><div class="shareicons_icon"></div><div class="single_post_share_icon"> <div class="share-box"> <ul> <li id="facebook"> <a target="_blank" onClick="popup = window.open('http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://mgriblog.org/2024/11/11/the-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war/&t=The Legacy, Courage, and Adaptability of Mass General Nurses who Served during the Vietnam War', 'PopupPage', 'height=450,width=500,scrollbars=yes,resizable=yes'); return false" href="#"><i class="fa fa-facebook"></i></a> </li> <li id="twitter"> <a target="_blank" onClick="popup = window.open('http://twitter.com/home?status=The Legacy, Courage, and Adaptability of Mass General Nurses who Served during the Vietnam War https://mgriblog.org/2024/11/11/the-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war/', 'PopupPage', 'height=450,width=500,scrollbars=yes,resizable=yes'); return false" href="#"><i class="fa fa-twitter"></i></a> </li> <li id="lin"> <a target="_blank" onClick="popup = window.open('http://linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://mgriblog.org/2024/11/11/the-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war/&title=The Legacy, Courage, and Adaptability of Mass General Nurses who Served during the Vietnam War', 'PopupPage', 'height=450,width=500,scrollbars=yes,resizable=yes'); return false" href="#"><i class="fa fa-linkedin"></i></a> </li> <li id="reddit"> <a target="_blank" onClick="popup = window.open('http://reddit.com/submit?url=https://mgriblog.org/2024/11/11/the-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war/&title=The Legacy, Courage, and Adaptability of Mass General Nurses who Served during the Vietnam War', 'PopupPage', 'height=450,width=500,scrollbars=yes,resizable=yes'); return false" href="#"><i class="fa fa-reddit"></i></a> </li> <li id="tumblr"> <a target="_blank" onClick="popup = window.open('http://www.tumblr.com/share/link?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmgriblog.org%2F2024%2F11%2F11%2Fthe-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war%2F&name=The Legacy, Courage, and Adaptability of Mass General Nurses who Served during the Vietnam War&description=The+Vietnam+War+was+a+transformative+period+for+American+society%2C+including+the+young+nurses+who+found+themselves+on+the+front+lines+of+care.+Among+these+nurses+were+several+graduates+of+the+Massachusetts+General+Hospital+%28MGH%29+School+of+Nursing%2C+whose+commitment+to+serve+brought+them+to+the+heart+of+the+war+effort.+From+evacuation+hospitals+in%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22https%3A%2F%2Fmgriblog.org%2F2024%2F11%2F11%2Fthe-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war%2F%22+class%3D%22more%22%3ERead+more%3C%2Fa%3E', 'PopupPage', 'height=450,width=500,scrollbars=yes,resizable=yes'); return false" href="#"><i class="fa fa-tumblr"></i></a> </li> <li id="gplus"> <a target="_blank" onClick="popup = window.open('https://plus.google.com/share?url=https://mgriblog.org/2024/11/11/the-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war/&title=The Legacy, Courage, and Adaptability of Mass General Nurses who Served during the Vietnam War', 'PopupPage', 'height=450,width=500,scrollbars=yes,resizable=yes'); return false" href="#"><i class="fa fa-google-plus"></i></a> </li> <li id="member_email"> <a target="_blank" onClick="popup = window.open('mailto:?subject=The Legacy, Courage, and Adaptability of Mass General Nurses who Served during the Vietnam War&body=https://mgriblog.org/2024/11/11/the-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war/', 'PopupPage', 'height=450,width=500,scrollbars=yes,resizable=yes'); return false" href="#"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div></div> <div class="single_post_related_carousel"><script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"> var j$ = jQuery; j$.noConflict(); "use strict"; //setup up Carousel j$(window).load(function() { j$(".rp_sc ul").carouFredSel({ responsive: true, width: "100%", scroll: 1, prev: ".related_left", next: ".related_right", auto: false, items: { width: 310, height: "variable", // height: "30%", // optionally resize item-height visible: { min: 1, max: 4 } } }); }); </script> <h2 class="single_related">Related Post</h2> <div class="related_nav"> <p class="related_left"></p> <p class="related_right"></p> </div> <div class="rp_sc"> <ul>  <li class="blog_related_post brsc"> <div class="post"> <div class='post-attachement'><img width="600" height="300" src="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Scovil-header.png?fit=600%2C300&ssl=1" class="attachment-600x490 size-600x490 wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Scovil-header.png?w=1200&ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Scovil-header.png?resize=300%2C150&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Scovil-header.png?resize=1024%2C512&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Scovil-header.png?resize=768%2C384&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Scovil-header.png?resize=18%2C9&ssl=1 18w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></div><div class='sep_25'></div> <div class="post_ctn">  <div class="post-title"> <h2><a href="https://mgriblog.org/2022/05/20/remembering-elizabeth-robinson-scovil-a-pioneering-nurse-health-communicator-and-womens-advocate/" title="Remembering Elizabeth Robinson Scovil, a Pioneering Nurse, Health Communicator and Women’s Advocate"> Remembering Elizabeth Robinson Scovil, a Pioneering Nurse, Health Communicator and Women’s Advocate </a></h2> </div>   <div class="post-info">By <a href="https://mgriblog.org/author/andrew-glyman/" title="Posts by Andrew Glyman" rel="author">Andrew Glyman</a> | <a href="https://mgriblog.org/2022/05/20/remembering-elizabeth-robinson-scovil-a-pioneering-nurse-health-communicator-and-womens-advocate/#comments" class="comments-link" >1 comment</a></div>   <div class="entry"> <p>Scovil was one of the first nurses to be formally trained at Mass General and was a prolific author and advice columnist for women.</p> <p></p> </div>  </div> </div>   </li>  <li class="blog_related_post brsc"> <div class="post"> <div class='post-attachement'><img width="600" height="398" src="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/homelessness-blog-header.jpg?fit=600%2C398&ssl=1" class="attachment-600x490 size-600x490 wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/homelessness-blog-header.jpg?w=1200&ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/homelessness-blog-header.jpg?resize=300%2C199&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/homelessness-blog-header.jpg?resize=1024%2C678&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/homelessness-blog-header.jpg?resize=768%2C509&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/homelessness-blog-header.jpg?resize=18%2C12&ssl=1 18w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></div><div class='sep_25'></div> <div class="post_ctn">  <div class="post-title"> <h2><a href="https://mgriblog.org/2020/05/06/a-nurses-perspective-covid-19-and-homeless-populations/" title="A Nurse’s Perspective: COVID-19 and Homeless Populations"> A Nurse’s Perspective: COVID-19 and Homeless Populations </a></h2> </div>   <div class="post-info">By <a href="https://mgriblog.org/author/gir0/" title="Posts by Gloria Rosado" rel="author">Gloria Rosado</a> | <a href="https://mgriblog.org/2020/05/06/a-nurses-perspective-covid-19-and-homeless-populations/#respond" class="comments-link" >0 comment</a></div>   <div class="entry"> <p>Kirsten Dickins, PhD, AM, MSN, FNP-C, a nursing research fellow at Mass General’s Munn Center for Nursing Research shares her perspective on the impact of COVID-19 on homeless individuals.</p> <p></p> </div>  </div> </div>   </li>  <li class="blog_related_post brsc"> <div class="post"> <div class='post-attachement'><img width="600" height="237" src="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/bottleeeding-banner.jpg?fit=600%2C237&ssl=1" class="attachment-600x490 size-600x490 wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/bottleeeding-banner.jpg?w=738&ssl=1 738w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/bottleeeding-banner.jpg?resize=300%2C119&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/bottleeeding-banner.jpg?resize=18%2C7&ssl=1 18w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></div><div class='sep_25'></div> <div class="post_ctn">  <div class="post-title"> <h2><a href="https://mgriblog.org/2018/08/02/neonatal-feeding/" title="Research Study Helps Improve Feeding Strategies in the Mass General NICU"> Research Study Helps Improve Feeding Strategies in the Mass General NICU </a></h2> </div>   <div class="post-info">By <a href="https://mgriblog.org/author/mghresearch/" title="Posts by mghresearch" rel="author">mghresearch</a> | <a href="https://mgriblog.org/2018/08/02/neonatal-feeding/#respond" class="comments-link" >0 comment</a></div>   <div class="entry"> <p>Up until recently, deciding when a baby was ready to transition from tube feedings to bottle feedings posed a challenge for nurses and physicians at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at the Mass General Hospital for Children (MGHfC). Thanks to recent research, the team now has a streamlined and objective process that improves care for babies born prematurely.</p> <p></p> </div>  </div> </div>   </li>  <li class="blog_related_post brsc"> <div class="post"> <div class='post-attachement'><img width="600" height="480" src="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/posters-3.jpg?fit=600%2C480&ssl=1" class="attachment-600x490 size-600x490 wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/posters-3.jpg?w=616&ssl=1 616w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/posters-3.jpg?resize=300%2C240&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/posters-3.jpg?resize=15%2C12&ssl=1 15w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></div><div class='sep_25'></div> <div class="post_ctn">  <div class="post-title"> <h2><a href="https://mgriblog.org/2018/06/22/nursing-research-day/" title="Nursing Research Day Celebrates Advances in Clinical Research and Care"> Nursing Research Day Celebrates Advances in Clinical Research and Care </a></h2> </div>   <div class="post-info">By <a href="https://mgriblog.org/author/mghresearch/" title="Posts by mghresearch" rel="author">mghresearch</a> | <a href="https://mgriblog.org/2018/06/22/nursing-research-day/#respond" class="comments-link" >0 comment</a></div>   <div class="entry"> <p>Every year, Nursing Research Day – hosted by the Yvonne L. Munn Center for Nursing Research at Massachusetts General Hospital -provides an opportunity to showcase and celebrate the inspiring and impactful research being conducted by Mass General nurses.</p> <p></p> </div>  </div> </div>   </li>  <li class="blog_related_post brsc"> <div class="post"> <div class='post-attachement'><img width="600" height="388" src="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/AIDS-Ribbon-Hands.jpg?fit=600%2C388&ssl=1" class="attachment-600x490 size-600x490 wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/AIDS-Ribbon-Hands.jpg?w=1005&ssl=1 1005w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/AIDS-Ribbon-Hands.jpg?resize=300%2C194&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/AIDS-Ribbon-Hands.jpg?resize=768%2C497&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/AIDS-Ribbon-Hands.jpg?resize=18%2C12&ssl=1 18w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></div><div class='sep_25'></div> <div class="post_ctn">  <div class="post-title"> <h2><a href="https://mgriblog.org/2017/12/01/world-aids-day-2017/" title="World AIDS Day 2017"> World AIDS Day 2017 </a></h2> </div>   <div class="post-info">By <a href="https://mgriblog.org/author/mghresearch/" title="Posts by mghresearch" rel="author">mghresearch</a> | <a href="https://mgriblog.org/2017/12/01/world-aids-day-2017/#respond" class="comments-link" >0 comment</a></div>   <div class="entry"> <p>World AIDS Day takes place on the 1st of December each year. It’s an opportunity to highlight the success of worldwide efforts to combat HIV/AIDS, as well as the importance of continued support for these efforts.</p> <p></p> </div>  </div> </div>   </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div class="clearfix"></div> <div id="comments"> <div> <div class="clearfix"></div> <div id="add-comment"> <h4>Leave a Comment</h4> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title"> <small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/2024/11/11/the-legacy-of-mass-general-nurses-who-served-during-the-vietnam-war/#respond" style="display:none;">Cancel reply</a></small></h3><form action="https://mgriblog.org/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form"><p class="comment-notes"><span id="email-notes">Your email address will not be published.</span> <span class="required-field-message">Required fields are marked <span class="required">*</span></span></p><p><textarea id="comment" name="comment" class="single_post_comment" placeholder="Message*" aria-required="true"></textarea></p><p><input id="author" class="single_post_author" name="author" type="text" value="" placeholder="Name*" aria-required='true' /></p> <p><input id="email" class="single_post_email" name="email" type="text" value="" placeholder="Email*" aria-required='true' /></p> <p><input id="url" class="single_post_url" name="url" type="text" value="" placeholder="Website" /></p> <p class="comment-form-cookies-consent"><input id="wp-comment-cookies-consent" name="wp-comment-cookies-consent" type="checkbox" value="yes" /> <label for="wp-comment-cookies-consent">Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.</label></p> <p class="comment-subscription-form"><input type="checkbox" name="subscribe_comments" id="subscribe_comments" value="subscribe" style="width: auto; -moz-appearance: checkbox; -webkit-appearance: checkbox;" /> <label class="subscribe-label" id="subscribe-label" for="subscribe_comments">Notify me of follow-up comments by email.</label></p><p class="comment-subscription-form"><input type="checkbox" name="subscribe_blog" id="subscribe_blog" value="subscribe" style="width: auto; -moz-appearance: checkbox; -webkit-appearance: checkbox;" /> <label class="subscribe-label" id="subscribe-blog-label" for="subscribe_blog">Notify me of new posts by email.</label></p><p class="form-submit"><input name="submit" type="submit" id="submit" class="submit" value="Post Comment" /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_post_ID' value='25254' id='comment_post_ID' /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_parent' id='comment_parent' value='0' /> </p><p style="display: none;"><input type="hidden" id="akismet_comment_nonce" name="akismet_comment_nonce" value="ad844b2105" /></p><p style="display: none !important;" class="akismet-fields-container" data-prefix="ak_"><label>Δ<textarea name="ak_hp_textarea" cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="100"></textarea></label><input type="hidden" id="ak_js_1" name="ak_js" value="43"/><script>document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() );</script></p></form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div>  </div> <div id="footer_bg" class="footer_3_col footer_type_4"> <div class="wrapper"> <div id="footer"> <div class="widget_wrap"> </div> <div class="widget_wrap"> </div> <div class="widget_wrap"> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer_coms"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="f_menu_right m_normal"> </div> <div class="footer_si_ctn f_si_left f_si_type1" > <div id="f_social_icons"> <div id="facebook"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/MassGeneralRI/" target="_blank" ><i class="fa fa-facebook"></i></a></div> <div id="twitter"> <a href="https://twitter.com/MGH_RI" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-twitter"></i></a></div> <div id="yt"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@massgeneralresearchinstitu8999" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-youtube"></i></a></div> <div id="lin"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/mass-general-research-institute/" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-linkedin"></i></a></div> <div id="instagram"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/massgeneral_ri/" target="_blank" ><i class="fa fa-instagram"></i></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a id="to_top"><i class="fa-angle-up"></i></a> </div> <div id="mobile-menu"> <ul id="tf_mb_menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-11030" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11030"><a href="https://mgriblog.org/bench-press-mass-general-research-institute/">Home</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11031" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11031"><a href="https://mgriblog.org/about/">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11037" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-11037"><a href="https://mgriblog.org/research/">Research</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-11032" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11032"><a href="https://mgriblog.org/brain/">Brain</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11033" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11033"><a href="https://mgriblog.org/cancer/">Cancer</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11036" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11036"><a href="https://mgriblog.org/heart/">Heart</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11038" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11038"><a href="https://mgriblog.org/research/">More…</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-11034" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-11034"><a href="https://mgriblog.org/communicating-science/">Communicating Science</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-16733" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16733"><a href="https://mgriblog.org/image-awards/">MGRI Image Awards</a></li> <li id="menu-item-15514" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15514"><a href="https://mgriblog.org/science-slam-tips/">Science Slam Tips and Tricks</a></li> <li id="menu-item-15366" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15366"><a href="https://mgriblog.org/2021-cambridge-science-festival/">2021 Cambridge Science Festival</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-15501" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15501"><a href="https://mgriblog.org/subscribe/">Subscribe</a></li> </ul> <div id="mobile_menu_search"> <div id="search"> <form method="get" action="https://mgriblog.org/"><input type="text" name="s" placeholder="Search" class="search" value=""/><input type="submit" id="searchsubmit" value=""></form> </div></div> </div> <div class="menu_slide mt_menu sticky_header" > <div class="wrapper tf_o_visible"> <div id="logo_img"><a href="https://mgriblog.org"><img class="dark_logo mobile_logo" src="https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Bench-press-final-no-tag.png" alt="Bench Press" title="Bench Press"/></a></div> <div id="nav_button_alt"></div> </div> </div>  <script type="text/javascript"> var sbiajaxurl = "https://mgriblog.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php"; </script> <style type="text/css" media="screen"></style><link rel='stylesheet' id='redux-custom-fonts-css-css' href='//mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/redux/custom-fonts/fonts.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/themes/thefox/js/scrollmagic.js" id="scrollmagic-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="customjs-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var zilla_likes = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/mgriblog.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; var zilla_likes = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/mgriblog.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/themes/thefox/js/customjs.js" id="customjs-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/themes/thefox/js/custom_woo_js.js" id="rd_woocommerce-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/25254-layout.js" id="fl-builder-layout-25254-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/plugins/constant-contact-forms/assets/js/ctct-plugin-recaptcha-v2.min.js" id="recaptcha-v2-js"></script> <script async="async" defer type="text/javascript" src="//www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?onload=renderReCaptcha&render=explicit&ver=2.7.0" id="recaptcha-lib-v2-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/plugins/constant-contact-forms/assets/js/ctct-plugin-frontend.min.js" id="ctct_frontend_forms-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/plugins/library-bookshelves/slick/slick.min.js" id="library_bookshelves-slick-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js" id="comment-reply-js" async="async" data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/plugins/text-hover/assets/jquery.qtip.min.js" id="qtip2-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/plugins/text-hover/assets/text-hover.js" id="text-hover-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202448.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"177048158\",\"post\":\"25254\",\"tz\":\"-5\",\"srv\":\"mgriblog.org\",\"j\":\"1:14.0\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "177048158", "25254" ]); /* ]]> */ </script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://mgriblog.org/wp-content/plugins/akismet/_inc/akismet-frontend.js" id="akismet-frontend-js"></script> <script></script> </body></html>