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rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas rootpage-Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Pumunta sa nilalaman</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pangunahing pagpipilian" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pangunahing pagpipilian</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Pangunahing pagpipilian</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">itago</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Maglibot </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Unang_Pahina" title="Puntahan ang unang pahina [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Unang pahina</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tingnan_ang_buod" title="Mga gabay sa pagbabasa ng laktaw-laktaw sa Wikipedia"><span>Mga nilalaman</span></a></li><li id="n-Napiling-nilalaman" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mga_napiling_artikulo"><span>Napiling nilalaman</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Alin_man" title="Magpalabas ng kahit-anong artikulo [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Alinmang artikulo</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Patungkol"><span>Patungkol sa Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kasalukuyang_pangyayari" title="Hanapin ang mga impormasyon tungkol sa mga kamakailang kaganapan"><span>Mga kaganapan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Pakikihalubilo" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Pakikihalubilo" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pakikihalubilo </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Puntahan_ng_pamayanan" title="Tungkol sa proyekto, ano ang maari mong gawin, at kung saan maari maghanap ng mga bagay"><span>Pamayanan</span></a></li><li id="n-Kapihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kapihan"><span>Kapihan</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_huling_binago" title="Tala ng mga huling pagbabago sa wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Mga huling binago</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Makipag-ugnayan_sa_amin" title="Paano makokontak ang Wikipedia"><span>Makipag-ugnayan</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tulong" title="Ang lugar para maghanap ng tulong sa Wikipedia."><span>Tulong</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Unang_Pahina" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ang Malayang Ensiklopedya" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-tl.svg" width="119" height="13" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Maghanap" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Maghanap sa Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Hanapin</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Maghanap sa Wikipedia" aria-label="Maghanap sa Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Maghanap sa Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Natatangi:Maghanap"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Hanapin</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Mga pansariling kagamitan"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itsura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itsura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itsura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_tl.wikipedia.org&uselang=tl" class=""><span>Donasyon</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Likhain_ang_kuwenta&returnto=Pangulo+ng+Pilipinas" title="Mas maganda kung gagawa ka ng account at magla-login; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito" class=""><span>Gumawa ng account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Paglagda_ng_tagagamit&returnto=Pangulo+ng+Pilipinas" title="Mas maganda kung magla-login ka; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Mag-login</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Marami pang pagpipilian" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mga pansariling kagamitan" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mga pansariling kagamitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_tl.wikipedia.org&uselang=tl"><span>Donasyon</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>Mag-ambag</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Likhain_ang_kuwenta&returnto=Pangulo+ng+Pilipinas" title="Mas maganda kung gagawa ka ng account at magla-login; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Gumawa ng account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Paglagda_ng_tagagamit&returnto=Pangulo+ng+Pilipinas" title="Mas maganda kung magla-login ka; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Mag-login</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mga pahina para sa naka-logout na mga patnugot o editor <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maligayang_pagdating!" aria-label="Alamin pa ang tungkol sa pagpapatnugot"><span>alamin pa</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Usapan_ko" title="Usapang tungkol sa mga pagbabagong ginawa sa ip address na ito [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Usapan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Mga nilalaman" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mga nilalaman</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">itago</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Simula</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Kronolohiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kronolohiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Kronolohiya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kronolohiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lokal_na_pagpapangalan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lokal_na_pagpapangalan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lokal na pagpapangalan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lokal_na_pagpapangalan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kasaysayan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kasaysayan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kasaysayan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kasaysayan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Kasaysayan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kasaysayan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mga_naunang_republika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_naunang_republika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mga naunang republika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_naunang_republika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republikang_Tagalog_ni_Bonifacio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republikang_Tagalog_ni_Bonifacio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Republikang Tagalog ni Bonifacio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republikang_Tagalog_ni_Bonifacio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ang_mga_pamahalaan_ni_Aguinaldo_at_ang_Unang_Republika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ang_mga_pamahalaan_ni_Aguinaldo_at_ang_Unang_Republika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Ang mga pamahalaan ni Aguinaldo at ang Unang Republika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ang_mga_pamahalaan_ni_Aguinaldo_at_ang_Unang_Republika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_ibang_nag-aangkin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_ibang_nag-aangkin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Mga ibang nag-aangkin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_ibang_nag-aangkin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pananakop_ng_mga_Amerikano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pananakop_ng_mga_Amerikano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pananakop ng mga Amerikano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pananakop_ng_mga_Amerikano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panunumpa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panunumpa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Panunumpa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panunumpa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Talababa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talababa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Talababa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talababa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_sanggunian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_sanggunian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mga sanggunian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_sanggunian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mga nilalaman" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pangulo ng Pilipinas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pumunta sa isang artikulo na nakasulat sa ibang wika. Mayroon ito sa 32 (na) wika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 wika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86" title="رئيس الفلبين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رئيس الفلبين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_de_Filipines" title="Presidente de Filipines – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Presidente de Filipines" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_kan_Filipinas" title="Presidente kan Filipinas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Presidente kan Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Президент на Филипините – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Президент на Филипините" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamuno-Nasod_sa_Pilipinas" title="Pamuno-Nasod sa Pilipinas – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pamuno-Nasod sa Pilipinas" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sident_der_Philippinen" title="Präsident der Philippinen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Präsident der Philippinen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%80%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Πρόεδρος των Φιλιππίνων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόεδρος των Φιλιππίνων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="President of the Philippines" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_de_Filipinas" title="Presidente de Filipinas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Presidente de Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86" title="رئیس‌جمهور فیلیپین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رئیس‌جمهور فیلیپین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippiinien_presidentti" title="Filippiinien presidentti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Filippiinien presidentti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_des_Philippines" title="Président des Philippines – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Président des Philippines" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_de_Filipinas" title="Presidente de Filipinas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Presidente de Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Filipina" title="Presiden Filipina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Presiden Filipina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_ti_Filipinas" title="Presidente ti Filipinas – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Presidente ti Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forseti_Filippseyja" title="Forseti Filippseyja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Forseti Filippseyja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98" title="フィリピンの大統領 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィリピンの大統領" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%84%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%80%EC%9D%98_%EB%8C%80%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9" title="필리핀의 대통령 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="필리핀의 대통령" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Претседател на Филипините – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Претседател на Филипините" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Filipina" title="Presiden Filipina – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Presiden Filipina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_van_de_Filipijnen" title="President van de Filipijnen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="President van de Filipijnen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saray_pangulo_na_Filipinas" title="Saray pangulo na Filipinas – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Saray pangulo na Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamuntuk_ning_Filipinas" title="Pamuntuk ning Filipinas – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pamuntuk ning Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="د فلپين ولسمشر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د فلپين ولسمشر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C8%99edintele_Filipinelor" title="Președintele Filipinelor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Președintele Filipinelor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Президент Филиппин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Президент Филиппин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="President of the Philippines" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="ประธานาธิบดีฟิลิปปินส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประธานาธิบดีฟิลิปปินส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95ng_th%E1%BB%91ng_Philippines" title="Tổng thống Philippines – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tổng thống Philippines" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangulo_han_Pilipinas" title="Mangulo han Pilipinas – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mangulo han Pilipinas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="菲律宾总统 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="菲律宾总统" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" title="菲律賓總統 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="菲律賓總統" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1209571#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Baguhin ang link sa ibang wika" class="wbc-editpage">baguhin ang mga link</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas" title="Tingnan ang nilalaman [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Usapan:Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas" rel="discussion" title="Usapan tungkol sa nilalaman nito [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Usapan</span></a></li> </ul> 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tl" dir="ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Tungkol sa puno ng estado at pamahalaan ng Pilipinas ang artikulo na ito. Para sa kumpletong tala ng mga pangulo ng Pilipinas, tingnan ang <a href="/wiki/Talaan_ng_mga_Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas" title="Talaan ng mga Pangulo ng Pilipinas">Talaan ng mga Pangulo ng Pilipinas</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1971697">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;">Pangulo ng Pilipinas</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg/240px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Sagisag_ng_Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas" title="Sagisag ng Pangulo ng Pilipinas">Pampangulong sagisag</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg/130px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg/195px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg/260px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="651" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Watawat_ng_Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas" title="Watawat ng Pangulo ng Pilipinas">Pampangulong watawat</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Ferdinand_Marcos_Jr._Inauguration_RVTM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ferdinand_Marcos_Jr._Inauguration_RVTM.jpg/225px-Ferdinand_Marcos_Jr._Inauguration_RVTM.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ferdinand_Marcos_Jr._Inauguration_RVTM.jpg/338px-Ferdinand_Marcos_Jr._Inauguration_RVTM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ferdinand_Marcos_Jr._Inauguration_RVTM.jpg/450px-Ferdinand_Marcos_Jr._Inauguration_RVTM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="723" /></a></span></div><b>Incumbent<br /><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Ferdinand Romualdez Marcos, Jr.</a></b><br />mula Hunyo 30, 2022</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Pamahalaan_ng_Pilipinas" title="Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas">Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas</a><br />Tanggapan ng Pangulo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Istilo</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li>Ginoo/Ginang/Binibining Pangulo<br />(impormal)</li> <li>Kagalang-galang</li> <li>Kanyang Kamahalan<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(pormal, diplomatiko)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Katayuan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Puno_ng_estado" title="Puno ng estado">Puno ng estado</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Puno_ng_pamahalaan" title="Puno ng pamahalaan">Puno ng pamahalaan</a><br /> <i>Commander-in-Chief</i> (lit. Punong Kumander)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kasapi ng</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gabinete_ng_Pilipinas" title="Gabinete ng Pilipinas">Gabinete</a><br />Sanggunian sa Pambansang Seguridad</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tirahan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Palasyo_ng_Malakanyang" title="Palasyo ng Malakanyang">Palasyo ng Malacañang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Luklukan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maynila" title="Maynila">Maynila</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nagtalaga</th><td class="infobox-data">Direktang popular na boto</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Haba ng termino</th><td class="infobox-data">Anim na taon, hindi na maaring ipahaba pa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Instrumentong nagtatag</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saligang_Batas_ng_Pilipinas" title="Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas">Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas ng 1987</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hinalinhan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gobernador-Heneral_ng_Pilipinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobernador-Heneral ng Pilipinas">Gobernador-Heneral</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Punong_Ministro_ng_Pilipinas" title="Punong Ministro ng Pilipinas">Punong Ministro</a><sup id="cite_ref-fn2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nagpasimula</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nabuo</th><td class="infobox-data">Enero 23, 1899 <br /><small>(opisyal)<sup id="cite_ref-Aguinaldo_Presidency_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aguinaldo_Presidency-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small><br />Nobyembre 15, 1935<br /><small>(opisyal)</small><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unang humawak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a><br /><small>(opisyal)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a><br /><small>(opisyal)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sahod</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Piso_ng_Pilipinas" title="Piso ng Pilipinas">₱</a>365,261 kada buwan<sup id="cite_ref-fn5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Const_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Const-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Websayt</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.president.gov.ph/">president.gov.ph</a></span><br /> <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://op-proper.gov.ph/">op-proper.gov.ph</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ang <b>pangulo ng Pilipinas</b> (impormal na tinatawag din bilang presidente ng Pilipinas) ay ang <a href="/wiki/Puno_ng_estado" title="Puno ng estado">puno ng estado</a> at ang <a href="/wiki/Puno_ng_pamahalaan" title="Puno ng pamahalaan">puno ng pamahalaan</a> ng <a href="/wiki/Pilipinas" title="Pilipinas">Pilipinas</a>. Pinamumunuan ng pangulo ang <a href="/wiki/Ehekutibong_sangay" title="Ehekutibong sangay">sangay ng tagapagpaganap</a> ng <a href="/wiki/Pamahalaan_ng_Pilipinas" title="Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas">pamahalaan ng Pilipinas</a> at siya rin ang <i>commander-in-chief</i> (literal: punong-kumander) ng <a href="/wiki/Sandatahang_Lakas_ng_Pilipinas" title="Sandatahang Lakas ng Pilipinas">Sandatahang Lakas ng Pilipinas</a>. Direktang binoboto ng mga tao ang pangulo, at isa ito sa dalawang opisyal na tagapagpaganap na hinahalal ng buong bansa, at ang <a href="/wiki/Pangalawang_Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas" title="Pangalawang Pangulo ng Pilipinas">pangalawang pangulo ng Pilipinas</a> ang isa pa. Bagaman, may apat na naging pangulo ang hindi nahalal at naupo dahil namatay, nagbitiw o pwersahang pinagbitiw ang nakaupong pangulo.<sup id="cite_ref-fn6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Limitado ang pangulo sa isang termino na tatagal lamang hanggang anim na taon. Walang sinuman na nagsilbi ng higit sa apat na taon ng isang isang pampangulong termino ang pinapahintulutang tumakbo o magsilbi uli. Nagkaroon na ang Pilipinas ng labing-anim na mga pangulo. Sa kabila ng pagkakaiba sa saligang-batas at ng pamahalaan, itinuturing na walang hinto ang pagkasunod-sunod ng mga pangulo. Noong Hunyo 30, 2016, nanumpa si <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> bilang ang kasalukuyan at ika-16 na pangulo. </p><p>Habang kinikilala ng Pilipinas si Aguinaldo bilang unang pangulo, hindi siya kinilala ng ibang bansa dahil bumagsak ang <a href="/wiki/Unang_Republika_ng_Pilipinas" title="Unang Republika ng Pilipinas">Unang Republika</a> sa ilalim ng <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a> pagkatapos ng <a href="/wiki/Digmaang_Pilipino-Amerikano" class="mw-redirect" title="Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano">Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano</a>. Si <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> ang kinilala bilang unang pangulo (at ang una na nanalo sa halalan, hinirang lamang si Aguinaldo) ng Estados Unidos at pandaigdig na kapisanang pangdiplomasya at pampulitika. </p><p>Nagkaroon ng dalawang pangulo ang Pilipinas sa isang punto sa panahon ng <a href="/wiki/Ikalawang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig" title="Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig">Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig</a> na kumakatawan sa dalawang pamahalaan. Isa ay kay Quezon na kumakatawan sa <a href="/wiki/Komonwelt_ng_Pilipinas" title="Komonwelt ng Pilipinas">pamahalaang komonwelt</a> at ang isa ay kay <a href="/wiki/Jose_Laurel" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Jose Laurel">Jose Laurel</a> na kumakatawan sa <a href="/wiki/Ikalawang_Republika_ng_Pilipinas" title="Ikalawang Republika ng Pilipinas">pamahalaang itinaguyod</a> ng mga <a href="/wiki/Hapon" title="Hapon">Hapones</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kronolohiya">Kronolohiya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Kronolohiya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Kronolohiya"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_cffjn8eq10x30juvm2rj1bjwd1ecqbn"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" coords="760,170,913,193" title="Rodrigo Duterte" alt="Rodrigo Duterte" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" coords="710,159,875,182" title="Benigno Aquino III" alt="Benigno Aquino III" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" coords="674,148,852,170" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo" alt="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" coords="618,137,795,159" title="Joseph Estrada" alt="Joseph Estrada" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" coords="602,125,725,148" title="Fidel Ramos" alt="Fidel Ramos" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" coords="567,114,708,137" title="Corazon Aquino" alt="Corazon Aquino" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" coords="529,103,664,125" title="Ferdinand Marcos" alt="Ferdinand Marcos" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" coords="409,92,556,114" title="Diosdado Macapagal" alt="Diosdado Macapagal" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Carlos_P._Garcia" coords="385,80,520,103" title="Carlos P. Garcia" alt="Carlos P. Garcia" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay" coords="356,69,485,92" title="Ramon Magsaysay" alt="Ramon Magsaysay" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino" coords="337,58,466,80" title="Elpidio Quirino" alt="Elpidio Quirino" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" coords="303,47,414,69" title="Manuel Roxas" alt="Manuel Roxas" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" coords="292,35,415,58" title="Sergio Osmeña" alt="Sergio Osmeña" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Jose_P._Laurel" coords="287,24,410,47" title="Jose P. Laurel" alt="Jose P. Laurel" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" coords="281,13,416,35" title="Manuel L. Quezon" alt="Manuel L. Quezon" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" coords="23,2,158,24" title="Emilio Aguinaldo" alt="Emilio Aguinaldo" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_cffjn8eq10x30juvm2rj1bjwd1ecqbn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/tl/timeline/cffjn8eq10x30juvm2rj1bjwd1ecqbn.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lokal_na_pagpapangalan">Lokal na pagpapangalan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Lokal na pagpapangalan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Lokal na pagpapangalan"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sa <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Filipino" title="Wikang Filipino">Filipino</a>, isa sa dalawang <a href="/wiki/Opisyal_na_wika" title="Opisyal na wika">opisyal na wika</a> sa Pilipinas, tinatawag ang pinakamataas na posisyon sa gobyerno ng Pilipinas bilang "pangulo." Sa ibang pangunahing <a href="/wiki/Mga_wika_sa_Pilipinas" title="Mga wika sa Pilipinas">mga wika sa Pilipinas</a> tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Mga_wikang_Bisaya" title="Mga wikang Bisaya">mga wikang Bisaya</a>, "presidente" (na hango sa Kastila) ang karaniwang ginagamit gayon din sa mga Pilipino na nagpalit ng wika mula sa Ingles. <i>President</i> ang Ingles ng pangulo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kasaysayan">Kasaysayan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Kasaysayan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Kasaysayan"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/wiki/Talaan_ng_mga_Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas" title="Talaan ng mga Pangulo ng Pilipinas">Talaan ng mga Pangulo ng Pilipinas</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mga_naunang_republika">Mga naunang republika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga naunang republika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Mga naunang republika"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Republikang_Tagalog_ni_Bonifacio">Republikang Tagalog ni Bonifacio</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Republikang Tagalog ni Bonifacio" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Republikang Tagalog ni Bonifacio"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depende sa depenisyong napili para sa katawagang pangulo, ilang mga indibiduwal ang maaring alternatibong maituturing na nagsimulang humawak sa puwesto ng pagkapangulo. Maaaring ituring si <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio">Andrés Bonifacio</a> bilang ang unang pangulo ng pinagkaisang Pilipinas, yayamang, habang siya ang ikatlong Kataas-taasang Supremo (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Kastila" title="Wikang Kastila">Kastila</a>: <i>Presidente Supremo</i>) ng <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a>, isang lihim na samahang rebolusyonaryo na nagsimula sa hayag na pag-aalsa laban pamahalaang kolonya ng mga Kastila noong Agosto 1896, binago niya ang lipunan sa isang pamahalaang rebolusyonaryo na ginawa ang sarili bilang "Pangulo ng Haring Bayan".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habang nanatili ang katawagang Katipunan (at ang titulong <i>Presidente Supremo</i>), nakilala din ang pamahalaan ni Bonifacio bilang "Republika ng Katagalugan" (Kastila: <i>República Tagala</i>), at nilikha niya ang katawagang "haring bayan" o "haringbayan" bilang isang adapsyon at singkahulugan ng "republika." mula sa pinagmulan nito sa <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Latin" title="Wikang Latin">Latin</a> na <i>res publica</i>. Bagaman tinutukoy ng salitang "Tagalog" ang <a href="/wiki/Mga_Tagalog" title="Mga Tagalog">mga Tagalog</a>, isang partikular na pangkat etno-linggwistiko, ginamit ito ni Bonifacio upang ipahawatig na ito ang lahat ng di-Kastila sa Pilipinas kapalit ng katawagang <a href="/wiki/Mga_Pilipino" title="Mga Pilipino">Pilipino</a> na mayroong kolonyal na pinagmulan, na tinutukoy ang kanyang konsepto ng bansa at mamamayang Pilipino bilang "Nagsasariling Bansa/Mamamayang Tagalog" o mas tumpak "Nagsasariling Bansa ng mga Tagalog" o "Haring Bayang Katagalugan", na nagresulta bilang kasingkahulugan "Republikang Tagalog" o mas tumpak bilang "Republika ng Bansang/Mamamayang Tagalog."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guerrero2001_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerrero2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guerrero1996_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerrero1996-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>May ilang mga mananalaysay o dalubhasa sa kasaysayan ang nagsasabing kapag isasama si Bonifacio bilang isang nakaraang pangulo, ipinapahiwatig ito na dapat din na isama sina <a href="/wiki/Macario_Sakay" title="Macario Sakay">Macario Sakay</a> at <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Malvar" title="Miguel Malvar">Miguel Malvar</a>, dahil ipinagpatuloy ni Sakay ang konsepto ni Bonifacio na isang pambansang Republikang Tagalog, at ipinagpatuloy ni Malvar ang <a href="/wiki/Unang_Republika_ng_Pilipinas" title="Unang Republika ng Pilipinas">Republika ng Pilipinas</a> na kasukdulan ng ilang mga pamahalaan na pinamunuan ni <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> na pumalit kay Bonifacio. Humalili si Malvar pagkatapos mahuli si Aguinaldo.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ang_mga_pamahalaan_ni_Aguinaldo_at_ang_Unang_Republika">Ang mga pamahalaan ni Aguinaldo at ang Unang Republika</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Ang mga pamahalaan ni Aguinaldo at ang Unang Republika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Ang mga pamahalaan ni Aguinaldo at ang Unang Republika"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Emilio_Aguinaldo_delegates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Emilio_Aguinaldo_delegates.jpg/220px-Emilio_Aguinaldo_delegates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Emilio_Aguinaldo_delegates.jpg/330px-Emilio_Aguinaldo_delegates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Emilio_Aguinaldo_delegates.jpg/440px-Emilio_Aguinaldo_delegates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption>Si <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> at sampu sa mga delegado ng <a href="/wiki/Kongreso_ng_Malolos" title="Kongreso ng Malolos">Kongreso ng Malolos</a> na pinasa ang <i><a href="/wiki/Konstitusyon_ng_Malolos" title="Konstitusyon ng Malolos">Constitución Política de la República Filipina</a></i> noong 1899</figcaption></figure> <p>Noong Marso 1897, noong panahon ng <a href="/wiki/Himagsikang_Pilipino" title="Himagsikang Pilipino">Himagsikang Pilipino</a> laban sa <a href="/wiki/Espanya" title="Espanya">Espanya</a>, nahalal si <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> bilang bagong pangulo ng rebolusyonaryong pamahalaan sa <a href="/wiki/Kapulungan_sa_Tejeros" title="Kapulungan sa Tejeros">Kapulungan sa Tejeros</a> sa Tejeros, <a href="/wiki/Cavite" class="mw-disambig" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inilaan ang bagong pamahalaan upang palitan ang Katipunan, bagaman, hindi pormal nabuwag ang Katipunan hanggang noong 1899. Tinatawag nito ang sarili sa iba't ibang pangalan at ang mga ito ay "Republika Pilipinas" (Kastila: <i>Republica Filipina</i>), "Republika ng Pilipinas" (Kastila: <i>Republica de Filipinas</i>) at "Pamahalaan ng Lahat ng mga Tagalog" o "Pamahalaan ng Sangkatagalugan." </p><p>Pagkalipas ng mga buwan, nahalal uli si Aguinaldo bilang pangulo sa <a href="/wiki/Republika_ng_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republika ng Biak-na-Bato">Biak-na-Bato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a> noong Nobyembre, na nagdulot sa muling pag-organisa ng <i>Republica de Filipinas</i>, karaniwang tinatawag ngayon bilang <a href="/wiki/Republika_ng_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republika ng Biak-na-Bato">Republika ng Biak-na-Bato</a>. Kaya, pinirmahan ni Aguinaldo ang <a href="/wiki/Kasunduan_sa_Biak-na-Bato" title="Kasunduan sa Biak-na-Bato">Kasunduan sa Biak-na-Bato</a> at nagpatapon sa <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> noong katapusan ng 1897. </p><p>Noong Abril 1898, sumiklab ang <a href="/wiki/Digmaang_Kastila-Amerikano" class="mw-redirect" title="Digmaang Kastila-Amerikano">Digmaang Kastila-Amerikano</a>, at naglayag sa Pilipinas ang Asyatikong Ekuwadron ng Hukbong-dagat ng <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a>. Sa <a href="/wiki/Labanan_sa_Look_ng_Maynila" title="Labanan sa Look ng Maynila">Labanan sa Look ng Maynila</a> noong Mayo 1, 1898, mapagpasyang tinalo ng Amerikanong Hukbong-dagat ang Kastilang Hukbong-dagat.<sup id="cite_ref-Regalado_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regalado-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sa dakong huli, bumalik si Aquinaldo sa Pilipinas sakay ng isang saksakyang-pandagat ng Amerikanong Hukbong-dagat at pinanumbalik ang rebolusyon. Binuo niya ang diktaduryang pamahalaan noong Mayo 24, 1898, at <a href="/wiki/Pagpapahayag_ng_Kalayaan_ng_Pilipinas" title="Pagpapahayag ng Kalayaan ng Pilipinas">ipinahayag ang kalayaan ng Pilipinas</a> noong Hunyo 12, 1898. Sa maikling panahon na ito, kinuha niya ang titulong "Diktador" at tumutukoy ang Deklarasyon ng Kalayaan sa kanya. </p><p>Noong Hunyo 23, 1898, binago ni Aguinaldo ang kanyang diktaduryang pamahalaan sa isang rebolusyonaryong pamahalaan at naging "Pangulo" muli.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noong Enero 23, 1899, nahalal si Aguinaldo bilang Pangulo ng <a href="/wiki/Unang_Republika_ng_Pilipinas" title="Unang Republika ng Pilipinas"><i>Republica Filipina</i></a>, isang bagong pamahalaan na nabuo sa pamamagitan ng isang rebolusyonaryong <a href="/wiki/Kongreso_ng_Malolos" title="Kongreso ng Malolos">Kongreso</a> sa ilalim ng katulad na rebolusyonaryong <a href="/wiki/Konstitusyon_ng_Malolos" title="Konstitusyon ng Malolos">Saligang Batas</a>. Dahil dito, tinuturing ang gobyernong ito ngayon bilang ang nararapat na Unang Republika at tinatawag din bilang Republika ng Malolos, na ipinangalan sa kabisera ng <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a>, ang <a href="/wiki/Malolos" title="Malolos">Malolos</a>; karaniwang tinatawag din ang Kongreso ("Pambansang Kapulungan" sa pormal) at Konstitusyon nito bilang Kongreso ng Malolos at Konstitusyon ng Malolos. </p><p>Tulad ng lahat ng mga hinalinhan at mga hahali dito hanggang sa <a href="/wiki/Komonwelt_ng_Pilipinas" title="Komonwelt ng Pilipinas">Komonwelt ng Pilipinas</a> noong 1935, hindi tumagal ang Unang Repulika ng Pilipinas at hindi kailanmang kinilala sa internasyunal na larangan, at hindi kailanman nakontrol at/o pangkalahatang kinilala sa buong lugar na sinakop ng kasalukuyang Republika, bagaman, sinasabi ng mga nagtatag nito na kinakatawan at pinamamahalaan nito ang buong kapuluan ng Pilipinas at ang mamamayan nito. Nailipat ang pamamahala ng Pilipinas mula sa mga Kastila tungo sa mga Amerikano sa pamamagitan ng <a href="/wiki/Kasunduan_sa_Paris_(1898)" title="Kasunduan sa Paris (1898)">Kasunduan ng Paris noong 1898</a>, na pinirmahan noong Disyembre ng taon na yaon.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sumiklab ang <a href="/wiki/Digmaang_Pilipino-Amerikano" class="mw-redirect" title="Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano">Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano</a> sa pagitan ng Estados Unidos at ang pamahalaan ni Aguinaldo. Epektibong nawala ang kanyang pamahalaan noong Abril 1, 1901, pagkatapos nanumpa ng katapatan sa Estados Unidos kasunod ng pagkakahuli sa kanya ng mga puwesang Amerikano noong Marso. </p><p>Tinuturing ng kasalukuyang pamahalaan ng <a href="/wiki/Republika_ng_Pilipinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Republika ng Pilipinas">Republika ng Pilipinas</a> si Emilio Aguinaldo bilang unang pangulo ng Pilipinas partikular na batay sa kanyang pagkapangulo sa Republika ng Malolos, at hindi sa kahit anumang iba't ibang mga pamahalaan bago dito.<sup id="cite_ref-tucker2009p8_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tucker2009p8-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mga_ibang_nag-aangkin">Mga ibang nag-aangkin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga ibang nag-aangkin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Mga ibang nag-aangkin"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pagkatapos mahuli ni Aguinaldo, ipinagpatuloy ni <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Malvar" title="Miguel Malvar">Miguel Malvar</a> ang pamunuan ni Aguinaldo sa <i>Republica Filipina</i> hanggang nahuli din siya noong 1902, habang binuhay muli ni <a href="/wiki/Macario_Sakay" title="Macario Sakay">Macario Sakay</a> ang Republikang Tagalog bilang isang pagpapatuloy ng estado ng Katipunan ni Bonifacio. Pareho silang tinuturing ng ilang iskolar bilang "di-opiyal na mga pangulo," at kasama ni Bonifacio, ay hindi tinuturing bilang mga pangulo ng pamahalaan.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sakay1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sakay1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pananakop_ng_mga_Amerikano">Pananakop ng mga Amerikano</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Pananakop ng mga Amerikano" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Pananakop ng mga Amerikano"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sa pagitan ng 1898 at 1935, isinagawa ang kapangyarihang tagapagpaganap sa Pilipinas ng sunud-sunod na apat na Amerikanong militar na Gobernador-Heneral at labing-isa na sibil na <a href="/wiki/Mga_Gobernador-Heneral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Mga Gobernador-Heneral ng Pilipinas">mga Gobernador-Heneral</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Panunumpa">Panunumpa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Panunumpa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Panunumpa"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sa ilalim ng Artikulo VII, Seksiyon 5 ng Saligang Batas, bago makapagsimula ang Pangulo sa pagtupad ng kanyang katungkulan ng kanyang tanggapan, dapat magsagawa ng Pangulo ang sumusunod na panunumpa o pagpapatotoo: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2106284">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>"Ako si __, ay taimtim na nanunumpa (o pinatotohanan) na tutuparin ko nang buong katapatan at sigasig ang aking mga tungkulin bilang Pangulo (o Pangalawang Pangulo o Nanunungkulang Pangulo) ng Pilipinas, pangangalagaan at ipagtatanggol ang kanyang konstitusyon, ipatutupad ang mga batas nito, magiging makatarungan sa bawat tao, at itatalaga ang aking sarili sa paglilingkod sa Bansa. Kasihan nawa ako ng Diyos."</i><br />[Kapag pagpapatotoo, ang huling pangungusap ay kakaltasin.]</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Talababa">Talababa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Talababa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Talababa"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2121818">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fn2_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bilang <a href="/wiki/Puno_ng_pamahalaan" title="Puno ng pamahalaan">puno ng pamahalaan</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fn5_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ipinahiwatig ng Kagawaran ng Badyet at Pamamahala na ang grado ng sahod ng pangulo ay ika-33. Nakasaad sa websayt ng Komisyon ng Halalan na ang ika-33 grado ng sahod ay ₱ 395,858.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn6-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fn6_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ang apat na pangulo na humalili sa pagkapangulo nang namatay o nagbitiw ang kanilang hinalinhan at tinapos ang natitirang termino ay sina <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> (1944), <a href="/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino" title="Elpidio Quirino">Elpidio Quirino</a> (1948), <a href="/wiki/Carlos_P._Garcia" title="Carlos P. Garcia">Carlos P. Garcia</a> (1957), at <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> (2001).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mga_sanggunian">Mga sanggunian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga sanggunian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Mga sanggunian"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2121818"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2132731">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFQuezon1939" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-local-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Quezon, Manuel Luis</a> (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=PNc3pIV-jpYC&q=%22kanyang+kamahalan%22+pangulong&dq=%22kanyang+kamahalan%22+pangulong&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjMq-rUrMvyAhWUAN4KHaj6C6MQ6AEwAXoECAYQAg"><i>Talumpating binigkas ng kanyang kamahalan Manuel L. Quezon, pangulo ng sa harap ng mga magbubukid sa Kabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, noong ika-16 ng Hulyo, 1939</i></a>. Bureau of Printing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talumpating+binigkas+ng+kanyang+kamahalan+Manuel+L.+Quezon%2C+pangulo+ng+sa+harap+ng+mga+magbubukid+sa+Kabanatuan%2C+Nueva+Ecija%2C+noong+ika-16+ng+Hulyo%2C+1939&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Printing&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Quezon&rft.aufirst=Manuel+Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.ph%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPNc3pIV-jpYC%26q%3D%2522kanyang%2Bkamahalan%2522%2Bpangulong%26dq%3D%2522kanyang%2Bkamahalan%2522%2Bpangulong%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjMq-rUrMvyAhWUAN4KHaj6C6MQ6AEwAXoECAYQAg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3APangulo+ng+Pilipinas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aguinaldo_Presidency-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Aguinaldo_Presidency_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207123451/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2011/03/22/emilio-aguinaldo/">"Emilio Aguinaldo"</a>. <i>Official Gazette of the Philippine Government</i> (sa wikang Ingles). Marso 22, 2011. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2011/03/22/emilio-aguinaldo/">orihinal</a> noong Pebrero 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">Agosto 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette+of+the+Philippine+Government&rft.atitle=Emilio+Aguinaldo&rft.date=2011-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F2011%2F03%2F22%2Femilio-aguinaldo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3APangulo+ng+Pilipinas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFGuevara2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guevara, Sulpico, pat. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=philamer;iel=1;view=toc;idno=aab1246.0001.001"><i>The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899</i></a> (sa wikang Ingles). Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library (nilathala 1972)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">Enero 10,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+laws+of+the+first+Philippine+Republic+%28the+laws+of+Malolos%29+1898%E2%80%931899.&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Library&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Ftext-idx%3Fc%3Dphilamer%3Biel%3D1%3Bview%3Dtoc%3Bidno%3Daab1246.0001.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3APangulo+ng+Pilipinas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbm.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Manual-on-PCC-Chapter-5.pdf">Salary Grades of Positions of Constitutional and Other Officials and Their Equivalents</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Const-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Const_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chanrobles.com/article7.htm">"1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines"</a>. Chan Robles Virtual Law Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">Enero 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1987+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chanrobles.com%2Farticle7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3APangulo+ng+Pilipinas" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_journal" title="Padron:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200601151522/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2007/03/14/executive-order-no-611-s-2007/">"Salary Grade Table"</a>. <i>COMELEC</i> (sa wikang Ingles). Government of the Philippines. Enero 1, 2020. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2007/03/14/executive-order-no-611-s-2007/">orihinal</a> noong Hunyo 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">Agosto 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=COMELEC&rft.atitle=Salary+Grade+Table&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F2007%2F03%2F14%2Fexecutive-order-no-611-s-2007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3APangulo+ng+Pilipinas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFPedrosa2018" class="citation web cs1">Pedrosa, Carmen N. (2018-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2018/12/01/1873117/was-andres-bonifacio-first-philippine-president">"Was Andres Bonifacio the first Philippine president?"</a>. <i>Philstar.com</i>. The Philippine Star<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2021-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philstar.com&rft.atitle=Was+Andres+Bonifacio+the+first+Philippine+president%3F&rft.date=2018-12-01&rft.aulast=Pedrosa&rft.aufirst=Carmen+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fopinion%2F2018%2F12%2F01%2F1873117%2Fwas-andres-bonifacio-first-philippine-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3APangulo+ng+Pilipinas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>) CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorromeoBorromeo-Buehler1998">Borromeo & Borromeo-Buehler 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C&pg=PA25#PPA25,M1">25</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFBorromeoBorromeo-Buehler1998 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> (Aytem 3 sa tala, na tinutukoy sa Tanda 41 sa p.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C&pg=PA61#PPA61,M1">61</a>, binabanggit na <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"This article underscores the existence of a de facto revolutionary government (with Bonifacio as its president) that antedated the revolutionary government in Cavite based upon the controversial Tejeros Convention. An attempt to change the official date of the <i>Cry</i> [see Cry of Pugad Lawin] from 23 to 24 August 1896 during a committee hearing on Senate Bill No. 336, held on 17 August 1993, apparently failed.". <i>Sulyap Kultura</i>. National Commission of Culture and the Arts, Philippines. <b>1</b> (2). 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sulyap+Kultura&rft.atitle=This+article+underscores+the+existence+of+a+de+facto+revolutionary+government+%28with+Bonifacio+as+its+president%29+that+antedated+the+revolutionary+government+in+Cavite+based+upon+the+controversial+Tejeros+Convention.+An+attempt+to+change+the+official+date+of+the+Cry+%5Bsee+Cry+of+Pugad+Lawin%5D+from+23+to+24+August+1896+during+a+committee+hearing+on+Senate+Bill+No.+336%2C+held+on+17+August+1993%2C+apparently+failed.&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3APangulo+ng+Pilipinas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_journal" title="Padron:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span>);<br /> ^ <a href="#CITEREFBorromeoBorromeo-Buehler1998">Borromeo & Borromeo-Buehler 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C&pg=PA26">26</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFBorromeoBorromeo-Buehler1998 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>, "Formation of a revolutionary government";<br /> ^ <a href="#CITEREFBorromeoBorromeo-Buehler1998">Borromeo & Borromeo-Buehler 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C&pg=PA135#PPA135,M1">135</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFBorromeoBorromeo-Buehler1998 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> (sa "Document G", <i>Account of Mr. Bricco Brigado Pantos</i>). (lahat sa Ingles)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaliliHalili2004">Halili & Halili 2004</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA138#PPA138">138–139</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFHaliliHalili2004 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> (sa Ingles).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFSeverino2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Severino, Howie (Nobyembre 27, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090903173515/http://blogs.gmanews.tv/sidetrip/blog/?%2Farchives%2F301-Bonifacio-for-first-president.html">"Bonifacio for (first) president"</a> (sa wikang Ingles). GMA News. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.gmanews.tv/sidetrip/blog/?/archives/301-Bonifacio-for-first-president.html">orihinal</a> noong 2009-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2022-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bonifacio+for+%28first%29+president&rft.date=2007-11-27&rft.aulast=Severino&rft.aufirst=Howie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.gmanews.tv%2Fsidetrip%2Fblog%2F%3F%2Farchives%2F301-Bonifacio-for-first-president.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3APangulo+ng+Pilipinas" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_journal" title="Padron:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090903173515/http://blogs.gmanews.tv/sidetrip/blog/?%2Farchives%2F301-Bonifacio-for-first-president.html">Naka-arkibo</a> 2009-09-03 sa <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guerrero2001-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-guerrero2001_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFGuerreroSchumacher,_S.J.1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guerrero, Milagros; Schumacher, S.J., John (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?as_isbn=9622582281"><i>Reform and Revolution</i></a>. Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People (sa wikang Ingles). Bol. 5. Asia Publishing Company Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/962-258-228-1" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/962-258-228-1"><bdi>962-258-228-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reform+and+Revolution&rft.series=Kasaysayan%3A+The+History+of+the+Filipino+People&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+Company+Limited&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=962-258-228-1&rft.aulast=Guerrero&rft.aufirst=Milagros&rft.au=Schumacher%2C+S.J.%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fas_isbn%3D9622582281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3APangulo+ng+Pilipinas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guerrero1996-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-guerrero1996_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="guerrero1996a" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guerrero, Milagros; Encarnación, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramón (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143743/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1">"Andrés Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution"</a>. <i>Sulyap Kultura</i> (sa wikang Ingles). National Commission for Culture and the Arts. <b>1</b> (2): 3–12. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1">orihinal</a> noong Abril 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">Agosto 2,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sulyap+Kultura&rft.atitle=Andr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio+and+the+1896+Revolution&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3-12&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Guerrero&rft.aufirst=Milagros&rft.au=Encarnaci%C3%B3n%2C+Emmanuel&rft.au=Villegas%2C+Ram%C3%B3n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncca.gov.ph%2Fabout-culture-and-arts%2Farticles-on-c-n-a%2Farticle.php%3Fi%3D5%26subcat%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3APangulo+ng+Pilipinas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_journal" title="Padron:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFAmbeth_Ocampo2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ambeth Ocampo (Mayo 11, 2010). "Bonifacio, First President of the Philippines?". <i>Philippine Daily Inquirer</i> (sa wikang Ingles).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Bonifacio%2C+First+President+of+the+Philippines%3F&rft.date=2010-05-11&rft.au=Ambeth+Ocampo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3APangulo+ng+Pilipinas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_news" title="Padron:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFAmbeth_Ocampo2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ambeth Ocampo (Mayo 11, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100630164701/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20070511-65258/Election_fraud_at_the_Tejeros_Convention">"Looking Back: Election fraud at the Tejeros Convention"</a> (sa wikang Ingles). Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20070511-65258/Election_fraud_at_the_Tejeros_Convention">orihinal</a> noong Hunyo 30, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Looking+Back%3A+Election+fraud+at+the+Tejeros+Convention&rft.date=2007-05-11&rft.au=Ambeth+Ocampo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2Finquireropinion%2Fcolumns%2Fview%2F20070511-65258%2FElection_fraud_at_the_Tejeros_Convention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3APangulo+ng+Pilipinas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100630164701/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20070511-65258/Election_fraud_at_the_Tejeros_Convention">Naka-arkibo</a> June 30, 2010<span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><sup>[Date mismatch]</sup></span>, sa <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Regalado-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Regalado_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFRegalado1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Regalado, Felix B., and Quintin B. Franco (1973). <i>History of Panay</i> (sa wikang Ingles). Jaro, Iloilo City: Central Philippine University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Panay&rft.place=Jaro%2C+Iloilo+City&rft.pub=Central+Philippine+University&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Regalado&rft.aufirst=Felix+B.%2C+and+Quintin+B.+Franco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3APangulo+ng+Pilipinas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_mga_may-akda" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFDuka2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Duka, Cecilio D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC"><i>Struggle for Freedom' 2008 Ed</i></a> (sa wikang Ingles). Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-971-23-5045-0" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-971-23-5045-0"><bdi>978-971-23-5045-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggle+for+Freedom%27+2008+Ed.&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-971-23-5045-0&rft.aulast=Duka&rft.aufirst=Cecilio+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.ph%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4wk8yqCEmJUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3APangulo+ng+Pilipinas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFSaulo1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Saulo, Alfredo B. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=4wYhAAAAMAAJ"><i>Emilio Aguinaldo: Generalissimo and President of the First Philippine Republic--first Republic in Asia</i></a> (sa wikang Ingles). Phoenix Publishing House. pp. 255, 513. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-971-06-0720-4" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-971-06-0720-4"><bdi>978-971-06-0720-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emilio+Aguinaldo%3A+Generalissimo+and+President+of+the+First+Philippine+Republic--first+Republic+in+Asia&rft.pages=255%2C+513&rft.pub=Phoenix+Publishing+House&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-971-06-0720-4&rft.aulast=Saulo&rft.aufirst=Alfredo+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.ph%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4wYhAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3APangulo+ng+Pilipinas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216095105/http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/2010/usoccupy.htm">"The U.S. Occupation of the Philippines"</a> (sa wikang Ingles). University of Colorado American Studies. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/2010/usoccupy.htm">orihinal</a> noong Pebrero 16, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">Pebrero 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Occupation+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=University+of+Colorado+American+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colorado.edu%2FAmStudies%2Flewis%2F2010%2Fusoccupy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3APangulo+ng+Pilipinas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216095105/http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/2010/usoccupy.htm">Naka-arkibo</a> February 16, 2015<span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><sup>[Date mismatch]</sup></span>, sa <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tucker2009p8-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-tucker2009p8_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC"><i>The encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American wars: a political, social, and military history</i></a> (sa wikang Ingles). ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&pg=PA8">8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-1-85109-951-1" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-1-85109-951-1"><bdi>978-1-85109-951-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+the+Spanish-American+and+Philippine-American+wars%3A+a+political%2C+social%2C+and+military+history&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-951-1&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8V3vZxOmHssC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3APangulo+ng+Pilipinas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211205431/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2008/jan/02/yehey/top_stories/20080102top6.html">"The Manila Times – Trusted Since 1898"</a> (sa wikang Ingles). Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2008/jan/02/yehey/top_stories/20080102top6.html">orihinal</a> noong Disyembre 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">Pebrero 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Manila+Times+%E2%80%93+Trusted+Since+1898&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilatimes.net%2Fnational%2F2008%2Fjan%2F02%2Fyehey%2Ftop_stories%2F20080102top6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3APangulo+ng+Pilipinas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080406082026/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2008/jan/02/yehey/top_stories/20080102top6.html">Naka-arkibo</a> April 6, 2008<span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><sup>[Date mismatch]</sup></span>, sa <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sakay1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sakay1_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFFlores1995" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Flores, Paul (Agosto 12, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609060908/http://www.bibingka.com/phg/sakay/default.htm">"Macario Sakay: Tulisán or Patriot?"</a> (sa wikang Ingles). Philippine History Group of Los Ángeles. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibingka.com/phg/sakay/default.htm">orihinal</a> noong Hunyo 9, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">Abril 8,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Macario+Sakay%3A+Tulis%C3%A1n+or+Patriot%3F&rft.date=1995-08-12&rft.aulast=Flores&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibingka.com%2Fphg%2Fsakay%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3APangulo+ng+Pilipinas" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_journal" title="Padron:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 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Laurel</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Komonwelt_ng_Pilipinas" title="Komonwelt ng Pilipinas">Pinanumbalik na Komonwelt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas">Manuel Roxas</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ikatlong_Republika_ng_Pilipinas" title="Ikatlong Republika ng Pilipinas">Ikatlong Republika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas">Manuel Roxas</a> <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino" title="Elpidio Quirino">Elpidio Quirino</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay" title="Ramon Magsaysay">Ramon Magsaysay</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_P._Garcia" title="Carlos P. Garcia">Carlos P. Garcia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand E. Marcos</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagong_Lipunan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagong Lipunan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Bagong Lipunan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand E. 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