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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Human impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Metal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ammonium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="أمونيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أمونيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="آمونیوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آمونیوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="অ্যামোনিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যামোনিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Амоній – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Амоній" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Амоний – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Амоний" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonij" title="Amonij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Amonij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoni" title="Amoni – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Amoni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonn%C3%BD_kation" title="Amonný kation – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Amonný kation" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniumion" title="Ammoniumion – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ammoniumion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ammonium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoonium" title="Ammoonium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ammoonium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%BC%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Αμμώνιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμμώνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonio" title="Amonio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amonio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonio" title="Amonio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonio" title="Amonio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Amonio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="آمونیوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمونیوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ammonium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoanium" title="Ammoanium – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ammoanium" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%B3iniam" title="Amóiniam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Amóiniam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonio" title="Amonio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Amonio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%94%EB%AA%A8%EB%8A%84_%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A8" title="암모늄 이온 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="암모늄 이온" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ամոնիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամոնիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="अमोनियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अमोनियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonij" title="Amonij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Amonij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonio" title="Amonio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Amonio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonium" title="Amonium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amonium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonio" title="Ammonio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ammonio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ამონიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამონიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Аммоний – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аммоний" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonija_jons" title="Amonija jons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Amonija jons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amm%C3%B3niumion" title="Ammóniumion – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ammóniumion" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Амониум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Амониум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Аммони – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Аммони" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ammonium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="アンモニウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンモニウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoonium" title="Amoonium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Amoonium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ammonium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ammonium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniy" title="Ammoniy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ammoniy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਅਮੋਨੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਮੋਨੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_amonowy" title="Jon amonowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jon amonowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%B3nio" title="Amónio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amónio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoniu" title="Amoniu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Amoniu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Аммоний – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аммоний" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ammonium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%B3nium" title="Amónium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Amónium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonijev_ion" title="Amonijev ion – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Amonijev ion" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ammonium" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonijum" title="Amonijum – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Amonijum" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniumioni" title="Ammoniumioni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ammoniumioni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ammonium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Аммоний – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аммоний" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonyum" title="Amonyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amonyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Амоній – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Амоній" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonium_cation&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium cation">Ammonium cation</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ammonium ion. For its neutral conjugate base, see <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the molecular ion. For the ancient city, see <a href="/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa Oasis</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Ammonium </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ammonium-2D.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="2-D skeletal version of the ammonium ion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ammonium-2D.svg/170px-Ammonium-2D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ammonium-2D.svg/255px-Ammonium-2D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ammonium-2D.svg/340px-Ammonium-2D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="447" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="borderless" style="text-align:center"> <table border="0" style="width:100%;display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-right:1px solid #aaa; width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ammonium-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ball-and-stick model of the ammonium cation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ammonium-3D-balls.png/110px-Ammonium-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ammonium-3D-balls.png/165px-Ammonium-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ammonium-3D-balls.png/220px-Ammonium-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ammonium-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Space-filling model of the ammonium cation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ammonium-3D-vdW.png/110px-Ammonium-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ammonium-3D-vdW.png/165px-Ammonium-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ammonium-3D-vdW.png/220px-Ammonium-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Ammonium ion</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature#Systematic_name" title="Chemical nomenclature">Systematic IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; max-width:22em;">Azanium<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=14798-03-9">14798-03-9</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BNH4%2B%5D">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=28938">CHEBI:28938</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.218.html">218</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a> </td> <td><span title="www.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&term=D000644">D000644</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16741146">16741146</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/54S68520I4">54S68520I4</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID5043974">DTXSID5043974</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190901#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/H3N/h1H3/p+1</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O</div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1/H3N/h1H3/p+1</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-IKLDFBCSAZ</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">[NH4+]</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">[NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001180390000000000♠"></span>18.039</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup>   </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">Acidity</a> (p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub>) </td> <td>9.25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate base">Conjugate base</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Structure </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular shape</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Tetrahedral molecular geometry">Tetrahedral</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Related compounds </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">cations</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphonium" title="Phosphonium">Phosphonium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[PH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arsonium" title="Arsonium">Arsonium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[AsH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">Hydronium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfonium" title="Sulfonium">Sulfonium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>S]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fluoronium" title="Fluoronium">Fluoronium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>F]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chloronium" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloronium">Chloronium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Cl]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bromonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromonium">Bromonium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Br]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iodonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodonium">Iodonium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>I]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonium">Carbonium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related compounds</div> </td> <td>Ammonium radical •NH4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>Ammonium</b> is a modified form of <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> that has an extra hydrogen atom. It is a positively charged (<a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cationic</a>) <a href="/wiki/Polyatomic_ion" title="Polyatomic ion">molecular ion</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>+</span><span>4</span></span></span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>. It is formed by the <a href="/wiki/Protonation" title="Protonation">addition of a proton</a> (a hydrogen nucleus) to ammonia (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>). Ammonium is also a general name for positively charged (protonated) substituted <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_cation" title="Quaternary ammonium cation">quaternary ammonium cations</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[NR<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>), where one or more <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Atoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Atoms">atoms</a> are replaced by <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a> or other groups (indicated by R). Not only is ammonium a source of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and a key <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolite</a> for many living organisms, but it is an integral part of the global <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, human impact in recent years could have an effect on the biological communities that depend on it. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acid–base_properties"><span id="Acid.E2.80.93base_properties"></span>Acid–base properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Acid–base properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrochloric_acid_ammonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hydrochloric_acid_ammonia.jpg/220px-Hydrochloric_acid_ammonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Hydrochloric_acid_ammonia.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>Fumes from <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> and ammonia forming a white cloud of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The ammonium ion is generated when ammonia, a weak base, reacts with <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B8nsted%E2%80%93Lowry_acid-base_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Brønsted–Lowry acid-base theory">Brønsted acids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> donors): </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup> + NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> → [NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span></dd></dl> <p>The ammonium ion is mildly acidic, reacting with Brønsted bases to return to the uncharged ammonia molecule: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup> + B<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup> → HB + NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>Thus, the treatment of concentrated solutions of ammonium salts with a strong base gives ammonia. When ammonia is dissolved in water, a tiny amount of it converts to ammonium ions: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O + NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> ⇌ OH<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup> + [NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span></dd></dl> <p>The degree to which ammonia forms the ammonium ion depends on the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of the solution. If the pH is low, the equilibrium shifts to the right: more ammonia molecules are converted into ammonium ions. If the pH is high (the concentration of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_ion" title="Hydrogen ion">hydrogen ions</a> is low and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxide ion">hydroxide ions</a> is high), the equilibrium shifts to the left: the <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a> ion abstracts a proton from the ammonium ion, generating ammonia. </p><p>Formation of ammonium compounds can also occur in the <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">vapor</a> phase; for example, when ammonia vapor comes in contact with hydrogen chloride vapor, a white cloud of ammonium chloride forms, which eventually settles out as a <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a> in a thin white layer on surfaces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Salts_and_characteristic_reactions">Salts and characteristic reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Salts and characteristic reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bildung_Ammonium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bildung_Ammonium.svg/220px-Bildung_Ammonium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bildung_Ammonium.svg/330px-Bildung_Ammonium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bildung_Ammonium.svg/440px-Bildung_Ammonium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="186" /></a><figcaption>Formation of ammonium</figcaption></figure> <p>Ammonium cation is found in a variety of <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_carbonate" title="Ammonium carbonate">ammonium carbonate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a>. Most simple ammonium salts are very <a href="/wiki/Soluble" class="mw-redirect" title="Soluble">soluble</a> in water. An exception is <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexachloroplatinate" title="Ammonium hexachloroplatinate">ammonium hexachloroplatinate</a>, the formation of which was once used as a test for ammonium. The ammonium salts of nitrate and especially <a href="/wiki/Perchlorate" title="Perchlorate">perchlorate</a> are highly explosive, in these cases, ammonium is the reducing agent. </p><p>In an unusual process, ammonium ions form an <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgam</a>. Such species are prepared by the addition of sodium amalgam to a solution of ammonium chloride.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This amalgam eventually decomposes to release ammonia and hydrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To find whether the ammonium ion is present in the salt, first, the salt is heated in presence of <a href="/wiki/Alkali_hydroxide" title="Alkali hydroxide">alkali hydroxide</a> releasing a gas with a characteristic smell, which is <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>. </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup> + OH<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span> <span class="sfrac nowrap;"><span style="display:none; display:inline-block; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:0.8em; font-size:70%;"><i>heat</i></span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em;">→</span></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd></dl> <p>To further confirm ammonia, it is passed through a glass rod dipped in an <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HCl</span> solution (<a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>), creating white dense fumes of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a>. </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>(g) + HCl(aq) → [NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]Cl(s)</span></dd></dl> <p>Ammonia, when passed through <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CuSO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span> (<a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_sulfate" title="Copper(II) sulfate">copper(II) sulfate</a>) solution, changes its color from blue to deep blue, forming <a href="/wiki/Schweizer%27s_reagent" title="Schweizer's reagent">Schweizer's reagent</a>. </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CuSO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>(aq) + 4 NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>(aq) + 4 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O → [Cu(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>(H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>](OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(aq) + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>(aq)</span></dd></dl> <p>Ammonia or ammonium ion when added to <a href="/wiki/Nessler%27s_reagent" class="mw-redirect" title="Nessler's reagent">Nessler's reagent</a> gives a brown color precipitate known as the iodide of Million's base in basic medium. </p><p>Ammonium ion when added to <a href="/wiki/Chloroplatinic_acid" title="Chloroplatinic acid">chloroplatinic acid</a> gives a yellow precipitate of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexachloroplatinate" title="Ammonium hexachloroplatinate">ammonium hexachloroplatinate(IV)</a>. </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>[PtCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>](aq) + [NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup>(aq) → [NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>[PtCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>](s) + 2 H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span></dd></dl> <p>Ammonium ion when added to <a href="/wiki/Sodium_cobaltinitrite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium cobaltinitrite">sodium cobaltinitrite</a> gives a yellow precipitate of ammonium cobaltinitrite. </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>[Co(NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>](aq) + 3 [NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup>(aq) → [NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>[Co(NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>](s) + 3 Na<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup>(aq)</span></dd></dl> <p>Ammonium ion gives a white precipitate of ammonium bitartrate when added to <a href="/wiki/Potassium_bitartrate" title="Potassium bitartrate">potassium bitartrate</a>. </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">KC<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>(aq) + [NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup>(aq) → [NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>(s) + K<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup>(aq)</span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_bonding">Structure and bonding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure and bonding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ammonium" title="Special:EditPage/Ammonium">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ammonium%22">"Ammonium"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ammonium%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ammonium%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ammonium%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ammonium%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ammonium%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lone_pair" title="Lone pair">lone electron pair</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> atom (N) in ammonia, represented as a line above the N, forms a <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_covalent_bond" title="Coordinate covalent bond">coordinate bond</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>). After that, all four <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">N−H</span> bonds are equivalent, being polar <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bonds</a>. The ion has a <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Tetrahedral molecular geometry">tetrahedral structure</a> and is <a href="/wiki/Isoelectronicity" title="Isoelectronicity">isoelectronic</a> with <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Borohydride" title="Borohydride">borohydride</a> anion. In terms of size, the ammonium cation (<i>r</i><sub>ionic</sub> = 175 pm)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> resembles the <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a> cation (<i>r</i><sub>ionic</sub> = 183 pm).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organic_ions">Organic ions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Organic ions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">Amine</a></div> <p>The hydrogen atoms in the ammonium ion can be substituted with an <a href="/wiki/Alkyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl">alkyl</a> group or some other organic group to form a <b>substituted ammonium ion</b> (<a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> nomenclature: <b>aminium ion</b>). Depending on the number of organic groups, the ammonium cation is called a <a href="/wiki/Primary_(chemistry)" title="Primary (chemistry)">primary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secondary_(chemistry)" title="Secondary (chemistry)">secondary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_(chemistry)" title="Tertiary (chemistry)">tertiary</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_(chemistry)" title="Quaternary (chemistry)">quaternary</a>. Except the quaternary ammonium cations, the organic ammonium cations are weak acids. </p><p>An example of a reaction forming an ammonium ion is that between <a href="/wiki/Dimethylamine" title="Dimethylamine">dimethylamine</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">(CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>NH</span>, and an acid to give the <a href="/wiki/Dimethylammonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethylammonium">dimethylammonium</a> cation, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[(CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>: </p> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dimethylammonium-formation-2D.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dimethylammonium-formation-2D.png/400px-Dimethylammonium-formation-2D.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dimethylammonium-formation-2D.png/600px-Dimethylammonium-formation-2D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dimethylammonium-formation-2D.png/800px-Dimethylammonium-formation-2D.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="330" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>Quaternary ammonium cations have four organic groups attached to the nitrogen atom, they lack a hydrogen atom bonded to the nitrogen atom. These cations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tetra-n-butylammonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetra-n-butylammonium">tetra-<i>n</i>-butylammonium</a> cation, are sometimes used to replace sodium or potassium ions to increase the <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">solubility</a> of the associated anion in organic <a href="/wiki/Solvents" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvents">solvents</a>. Primary, secondary, and tertiary ammonium salts serve the same function but are less <a href="/wiki/Lipophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipophilic">lipophilic</a>. They are also used as <a href="/wiki/Phase-transfer_catalysts" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase-transfer catalysts">phase-transfer catalysts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactants</a>. </p><p>An unusual class of organic ammonium salts is derivatives of amine <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">radical</a> cations, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[•NR<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> such as <a href="/wiki/Tris(4-bromophenyl)ammoniumyl_hexachloroantimonate" title="Tris(4-bromophenyl)ammoniumyl hexachloroantimonate">tris(4-bromophenyl)ammoniumyl hexachloroantimonate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitrogen_Cycle_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nitrogen_Cycle_2.svg/293px-Nitrogen_Cycle_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="293" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nitrogen_Cycle_2.svg/440px-Nitrogen_Cycle_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nitrogen_Cycle_2.svg/586px-Nitrogen_Cycle_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Ammonium exists as a result of ammonification and <a href="/wiki/Decomposer" title="Decomposer">decomposers</a>. Ammonium is eventually nitrified, where it contributes to the flow of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> through the ecosystem. Human impacts are not shown here, but can impact the global <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycle</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Because <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> often limits net <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">primary production</a> due to its use in <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> that mediate the biochemical reactions that are necessary for life, ammonium is utilized by some microbes and plants.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, energy is released by the <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidation</a> of ammonium in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">nitrification</a>, which produces <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process is a form of <a href="/wiki/Auxotrophy" title="Auxotrophy">autotrophy</a> that is common amongst <i><a href="/wiki/Nitrosomonas" title="Nitrosomonas">Nitrosomonas</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nitrobacter" title="Nitrobacter">Nitrobacter</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrosolobus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrosolobus (page does not exist)">Nitrosolobus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrosospira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrosospira (page does not exist)">Nitrosospira</a></i>, amongst others.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The amount of ammonium in soil that is available for <a href="/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">nitrification</a> by microbes varies depending on environmental conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, ammonium is deposited as a waste product from some animals, although it is converted into <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> in mammals, sharks, and amphibians, and into <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a> in birds, reptiles, and terrestrial snails.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its availability in soils is also influenced by <a href="/wiki/Mineralization_(soil_science)" title="Mineralization (soil science)">mineralization</a>, which makes more ammonium available from organic <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> sources, and <a href="/wiki/Immobilization_(soil_science)" title="Immobilization (soil science)">immobilization</a>, which sequesters ammonium into organic <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> sources, both of which are mitigated by biological factors.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrite</a> can be reduced to ammonium as a way for living organisms to access <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> for growth in a process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once assimilated, it can be incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ammonium can accumulate in soils where <a href="/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">nitrification</a> is slow or inhibited, which is common in hypoxic soils.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, ammonium mobilization is one of the key factors for the <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic</a> association between plants and fungi, called <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhiza" title="Mycorrhiza">mycorrhizae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, plants that consistently utilize ammonium as a <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> source often must invest into more extensive root systems due to ammonium's limited mobility in soils compared to other <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> sources.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_impact">Human impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Human impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ammonium deposition from the atmosphere has increased in recent years due to volatilization from livestock waste and increased fertilizer use.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because net <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">primary production</a> is often limited by <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, increased ammonium levels could impact the biological communities that rely on it. For example, increasing <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> content has been shown to increase plant growth, but aggravate soil phosphorus levels, which can impact microbial communities.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metal">Metal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Metal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ammonium cation has very similar properties to the heavier <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metal</a> cations and is often considered a close equivalent.<sup id="cite_ref-Holleman&Wiberg_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holleman&Wiberg-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bernal&Massey_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernal&Massey-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ammonium is expected to behave as a <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> ions in a sea of <a href="/wiki/Electrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrons">electrons</a>) at very high pressures, such as inside <a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">giant planets</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bernal&Massey_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernal&Massey-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under normal conditions, ammonium does not exist as a pure metal but does as an <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgam</a> (alloy with <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onium_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Onium compounds">Onium compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoronium" title="Fluoronium">Fluoronium</a>, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>F]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> and substituted derivatives)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxonium_ion" title="Oxonium ion">Oxonium</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[R<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>, where R is typically <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Organyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Organyl">organyl</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">Hydronium</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>, the simplest oxonium ion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_cation" title="Quaternary ammonium cation">Quaternary ammonium cation</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[NR<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>, where R is organyl)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoroammonium" title="Tetrafluoroammonium">Tetrafluoroammonium</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[NF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrazinium" title="Hydrazinium">Hydrazinium</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>N−NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> and substituted derivatives)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrazinium" title="Hydrazinium">Hydrazinediium</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>N−NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>]<sup>2+</sup></span> and substituted derivatives)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iminium" title="Iminium">Iminium</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>C=NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> and substituted derivatives)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazonium_compound" title="Diazonium compound">Diazonium</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[H−N≡N]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> and substituted derivatives)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diimide#Related" title="Diimide">Diazynediium</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[H−N≡N−H]<sup>2+</sup></span> and substituted derivatives)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrazoic_acid#Reactions" title="Hydrazoic acid">Aminodiazonium</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>N=N=N]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup> ⇌ [H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>N−N≡N]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> and substituted derivatives)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxylamine" title="Hydroxylamine">Hydroxylammonium</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[HO−NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> and substituted derivatives)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_transporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium transporter">Ammonium transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-ratio_(oceanography)" title="F-ratio (oceanography)">f-ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">Nitrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magnificent_Possession" title="The Magnificent Possession">The Magnificent Possession</a> (Isaac Asimov short story)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia_solution" title="Ammonia solution">Ammonium hydroxide</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Inorganic_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry">Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry</a></i> (IUPAC Recommendations 2005). Cambridge (UK): <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">RSC</a>–<a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85404-438-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85404-438-8">0-85404-438-8</a>. pp. 71,105,314. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf">Electronic version.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesingerBernhardt2020" class="citation cs2">Schlesinger, William H.; Bernhardt, Emily S. (2020-01-01), Schlesinger, William H.; Bernhardt, Emily S. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128146088000128">"Chapter 12 - The Global Cycles of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium"</a>, <i>Biogeochemistry (Fourth Edition)</i>, Academic Press, pp. 483–508, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-814608-8.00012-8">10.1016/b978-0-12-814608-8.00012-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-814608-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-814608-8"><bdi>978-0-12-814608-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-08</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biogeochemistry+%28Fourth+Edition%29&rft.atitle=Chapter+12+-+The+Global+Cycles+of+Nitrogen%2C+Phosphorus+and+Potassium&rft.pages=483-508&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-814608-8.00012-8&rft.isbn=978-0-12-814608-8&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.au=Bernhardt%2C+Emily+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FB9780128146088000128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727215402/https://www.hull.ac.uk/chemistry/intro_inorganic/Chap9.htm">"Pseudo-binary compounds"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hull.ac.uk/chemistry/intro_inorganic/Chap9.htm">the original</a> on 2020-07-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pseudo-binary+compounds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hull.ac.uk%2Fchemistry%2Fintro_inorganic%2FChap9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vias.org/encyclopedia/chem_ammonia_salts.html">"Ammonium Salts"</a>. <i>VIAS Encyclopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ammonium+Salts&rft.btitle=VIAS+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vias.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fchem_ammonia_salts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:03_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesingerBernhardt2020" class="citation cs2">Schlesinger, William H.; Bernhardt, Emily S. 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monatomic_anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monatomic anion">monatomic anions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_fluoride" title="Ammonium fluoride">NH<sub>4</sub>F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide#"Ammonium_sulfide"" title="Ammonium hydrosulfide">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">NH<sub>4</sub>Cl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_selenide" title="Ammonium selenide">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Se</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_bromide" title="Ammonium bromide">NH<sub>4</sub>Br</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_iodide" title="Ammonium iodide">NH<sub>4</sub>I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxyanions" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyanions">oxyanions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrite" title="Ammonium nitrite">NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_carbonate" title="Ammonium carbonate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_uranyl_carbonate" title="Ammonium uranyl carbonate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>4</sub>UO<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_bicarbonate" title="Ammonium bicarbonate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)HCO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_dihydrogen_arsenate" title="Ammonium dihydrogen arsenate"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>AsO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_cyanate" title="Ammonium cyanate">NH<sub>4</sub>OCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_phosphate" title="Ammonium phosphate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diammonium_phosphate" title="Diammonium phosphate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_dihydrogen_phosphate" title="Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_polyphosphate" title="Ammonium polyphosphate">(NH<sub>4</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub><i>n</i></sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcosmic_salt" title="Microcosmic salt">NH<sub>4</sub>NaHPO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_sulfite" title="Ammonium sulfite">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_sulfate" title="Ammonium sulfate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_alum" title="Ammonium alum">(NH<sub>4</sub>)Al(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·12H<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_iron(II)_sulfate" title="Ammonium iron(II) sulfate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Fe(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_iron(III)_sulfate" title="Ammonium iron(III) sulfate">NH<sub>4</sub>Fe(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·12H<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_sulfamate" title="Ammonium sulfamate">NH<sub>4</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_bisulfate" title="Ammonium bisulfate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)HSO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_persulfate" title="Ammonium persulfate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_thiosulfate" title="Ammonium thiosulfate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chlorate" title="Ammonium chlorate">NH<sub>4</sub>ClO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_perchlorate" title="Ammonium perchlorate">NH<sub>4</sub>ClO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_metavanadate" title="Ammonium metavanadate">NH<sub>4</sub>VO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chromate" title="Ammonium chromate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_dichromate" title="Ammonium dichromate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_permanganate" title="Ammonium permanganate">NH<sub>4</sub>MnO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_arsenate" title="Ammonium arsenate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>AsO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_perbromate" title="Ammonium perbromate">NH<sub>4</sub>BrO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_orthomolybdate" title="Ammonium orthomolybdate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_heptamolybdate" title="Ammonium heptamolybdate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>6</sub>Mo<sub>7</sub>O<sub>24</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_phosphomolybdate" title="Ammonium phosphomolybdate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>Mo<sub>12</sub>PO<sub>40</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_iodate" title="Ammonium iodate">NH<sub>4</sub>IO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceric_ammonium_nitrate" title="Ceric ammonium nitrate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Ce(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_cerium(IV)_sulfate" title="Ammonium cerium(IV) sulfate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>8</sub>Ce<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>8</sub>·4H<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_paratungstate" title="Ammonium paratungstate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>10</sub>H<sub>2</sub>W<sub>12</sub>O<sub>42</sub>·4H<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_perrhenate" title="Ammonium perrhenate">NH<sub>4</sub>ReO<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other anions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_tetrafluoroborate" title="Ammonium tetrafluoroborate">NH<sub>4</sub>BF<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_azide" title="Ammonium azide">NH<sub>4</sub>N<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_cyanide" title="Ammonium cyanide">NH<sub>4</sub>CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_bifluoride" title="Ammonium bifluoride">(NH<sub>4</sub>)HF<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexabromoselenate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium hexabromoselenate"><span class="chemf nowrap">(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SeBr<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexafluoroaluminate" title="Ammonium hexafluoroaluminate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>AlF<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexafluoroantimonate" title="Ammonium hexafluoroantimonate"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>SbF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexafluoroarsenate" title="Ammonium hexafluoroarsenate"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>AsF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexafluorochromate" title="Ammonium hexafluorochromate"><span class="chemf nowrap">(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>CrF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexafluoroferrate" title="Ammonium hexafluoroferrate"><span class="chemf nowrap">(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>FeF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexafluorogallate" title="Ammonium hexafluorogallate"><span class="chemf nowrap">(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>GaF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexafluorogermanate" title="Ammonium hexafluorogermanate"><span class="chemf nowrap">(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>GeF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexafluoroindate" title="Ammonium hexafluoroindate"><span class="chemf nowrap">(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>InF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexafluoroniobate" title="Ammonium hexafluoroniobate"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>NbF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexafluoroplatinate" title="Ammonium hexafluoroplatinate"><span class="chemf nowrap">(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>PtF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexafluororhenate" title="Ammonium hexafluororhenate"><span class="chemf nowrap">(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>ReF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexafluorostannate" title="Ammonium hexafluorostannate"><span class="chemf nowrap">(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SnF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexafluorotantalate" title="Ammonium hexafluorotantalate"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>TaF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexafluorouranate" title="Ammonium hexafluorouranate"><span class="chemf nowrap">(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>UF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexafluorovanadate" title="Ammonium hexafluorovanadate"><span class="chemf nowrap">(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>VF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_fluorosilicate" title="Ammonium fluorosilicate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)SiF<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide" title="Ammonium hydrosulfide">(NH<sub>4</sub>)HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_thiocyanate" title="Ammonium thiocyanate">NH<sub>4</sub>SCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_ammonium_chloride" title="Zinc ammonium chloride">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>ZnCl<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_tetrathiomolybdate" title="Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>MoS<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_triiodide" title="Ammonium triiodide">NH<sub>4</sub>I<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexabromoplatinate" title="Ammonium hexabromoplatinate"><span class="chemf nowrap">(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>PtBr<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexabromostannate(IV)" title="Ammonium hexabromostannate(IV)"><span class="chemf nowrap">(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SnBr<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexachlorotellurate" title="Ammonium hexachlorotellurate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>TeCl<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexachloroiridate(IV)" title="Ammonium hexachloroiridate(IV)">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>IrCl<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexachloroosmate(IV)" title="Ammonium hexachloroosmate(IV)"><span class="chemf nowrap">(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>OsCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexachloroplatinate" title="Ammonium hexachloroplatinate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>PtCl<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexachlororhenate" title="Ammonium hexachlororhenate"><span class="chemf nowrap">(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>ReCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexachloropalladate" title="Ammonium hexachloropalladate"><span class="chemf nowrap">(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>PdCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexachloroplumbate" title="Ammonium hexachloroplumbate"><span class="chemf nowrap">(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>PbCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexachlororhodate(III)" title="Ammonium hexachlororhodate(III)"><span class="chemf nowrap">(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>RhCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexachloroselenate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium hexachloroselenate"><span class="chemf nowrap">(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SeCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexachlorostannate" title="Ammonium hexachlorostannate"><span class="chemf nowrap">(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SnCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexacyanoferrate(II)" title="Ammonium hexacyanoferrate(II)"><span class="chemf nowrap">(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>[Fe(CN)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>]</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic salts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminon" title="Aluminon">Aluminon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_acetate" title="Ammonium acetate">Ammonium acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_adipate" title="Ammonium adipate">Ammonium adipate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_benzoate" title="Ammonium benzoate">Ammonium benzoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_bituminosulfonate" title="Ammonium bituminosulfonate">Ammonium bituminosulfonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_carbamate" title="Ammonium carbamate">Ammonium carbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triammonium_citrate" title="Triammonium citrate">Ammonium citrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_diethyl_dithiophosphate" title="Ammonium diethyl dithiophosphate">Ammonium diethyl dithiophosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_ferric_citrate" title="Ammonium ferric citrate">Ammonium ferric citrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_formate" title="Ammonium formate">Ammonium formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_fumarate" title="Ammonium fumarate">Ammonium fumarate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoammonium_glutamate" title="Monoammonium glutamate">Ammonium glutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_lactate" title="Ammonium lactate">Ammonium lactate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_lauryl_sulfate" title="Ammonium lauryl sulfate">Ammonium lauryl sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_malate" title="Ammonium malate">Ammonium malate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nonanoate" title="Ammonium nonanoate">Ammonium nonanoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_oxalate" title="Ammonium oxalate">Ammonium oxalate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunnite" title="Dunnite">Ammonium picrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_perfluorononanoate" title="Ammonium perfluorononanoate">Ammonium perfluorononanoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_propionate" title="Ammonium propionate">Ammonium propionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_thioglycolate" title="Ammonium thioglycolate">Ammonium thioglycolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupferron" title="Cupferron">Cupferron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferric_ammonium_oxalate" title="Ferric ammonium oxalate">Ferric ammonium oxalate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murexide" title="Murexide">Murexide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template talk:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Molecules detected in outer space</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">Diatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride" title="Aluminium monochloride">Aluminium monochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride" title="Aluminium monofluoride">Aluminium monofluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonium" title="Argonium">Argonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon cation">Carbon cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monophosphide" title="Carbon monophosphide">Carbon monophosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">Carbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyano_radical" title="Cyano radical">Cyano radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">Diatomic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoromethylidynium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoromethylidynium (page does not exist)">Fluoromethylidynium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_hydride_ion" title="Helium hydride ion">Helium hydride ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">Hydroxyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_monohydride" title="Magnesium monohydride">Magnesium monohydride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">Methylidyne radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidogen" title="Imidogen">Imidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mononitride" title="Sulfur mononitride">Sulfur mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_mononitride" title="Phosphorus mononitride">Phosphorus mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">Silicon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">Sodium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">Sulfanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/60px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/90px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/120px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="441" /></a></span> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/60px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/90px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/120px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="754" /></a></span> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/60px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/90px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/120px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triatomic_molecule" title="Triatomic molecule">Triatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium(I) hydroxide">Aluminium(I) hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Aluminium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_radical" title="Amino radical">Amino radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CCP_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CCP radical (page does not exist)">CCP radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halonium_ion" title="Halonium ion">Chloronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">Diazenylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disilicon_carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disilicon carbide (page does not exist)">Disilicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">Ethynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formyl radical (page does not exist)">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> (HCN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a> (HNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">Hydroperoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_cyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iron cyanide (page does not exist)">Iron cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoformyl (page does not exist)">Isoformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_cyanide" title="Magnesium cyanide">Magnesium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Magnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">Methylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>H<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">Nitroxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidynephosphane" title="Methylidynephosphane">Methylidynephosphane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">Potassium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">Sodium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbonitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon carbonitride (page does not exist)">Silicon carbonitride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-Silicon_dicarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-Silicon dicarbide (page does not exist)">c-Silicon dicarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SiNC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SiNC (page does not exist)">SiNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thioformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thioformyl (page does not exist)">Thioformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioxoethenylidene" title="Thioxoethenylidene">Thioxoethenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon">Tricarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Four<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">Acetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanoethynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Fulminic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HCCN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HCCN (page does not exist)">HCCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydromagnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydromagnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Hydromagnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Isothiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketenyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketenyl (page does not exist)">Ketenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylene_amidogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylene amidogen (page does not exist)">Methylene amidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl cation">Methyl cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">Methyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynylidyne" title="Propynylidyne">Propynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_carbon_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated carbon dioxide (page does not exist)">Protonated carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonated_hydrogen_cyanide" title="Protonated hydrogen cyanide">Protonated hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_tricarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon tricarbide (page does not exist)">Silicon tricarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioformaldehyde" title="Thioformaldehyde">Thioformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monoxide" title="Tricarbon monoxide">Tricarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monosulfide" title="Tricarbon monosulfide">Tricarbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Thiocyanic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Five<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Butadiynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbodiimide" title="Carbodiimide">Carbodiimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">Cyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoformaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoformaldehyde (page does not exist)">Cyanoformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanomethyl" title="Cyanomethyl">Cyanomethyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenylidene" title="Cyclopropenylidene">Cyclopropenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">Formic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Isocyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketene" title="Ketene">Ketene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Methoxy">Methoxy radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylenimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylenimine (page does not exist)">Methylenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propadienylidene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propadienylidene (page does not exist)">Propadienylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_formaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated formaldehyde (page does not exist)">Protonated formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">Silane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon-carbide_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon-carbide cluster (page does not exist)">Silicon-carbide cluster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Six<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanobutadiynyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanobutadiynyl radical (page does not exist)">Cyanobutadiynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-Cyanomethanimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-Cyanomethanimine (page does not exist)">E-Cyanomethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenone" title="Cyclopropenone">Cyclopropenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylene" title="Diacetylene">Diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">Formamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HC4N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HC4N (page does not exist)">HC<sub>4</sub>N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketenimine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketenimine">Ketenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanethiol" title="Methanethiol">Methanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanide" title="Methyl isocyanide">Methyl isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Pentynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynal" class="mw-redirect" title="Propynal">Propynal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_cyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated cyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Protonated cyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Seven<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl cyanide">Vinyl cyanide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">Ethylene oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolonitrile" title="Glycolonitrile">Glycolonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexatriynyl_radical" title="Hexatriynyl radical">Hexatriynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">Methylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_alcohol" title="Vinyl alcohol">Vinyl alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Eight<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoacetonitrile" title="Aminoacetonitrile">Aminoacetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoallene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoallene (page does not exist)">Cyanoallene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanimine" title="Ethanimine">Ethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Hexapentaenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methylcyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_formate" title="Methyl formate">Methyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Nine<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">Acetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanohexatriyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">Dimethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyldiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octatetraynyl_radical" title="Octatetraynyl radical">Octatetraynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">Propene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanethiol" title="Ethanethiol">Ethanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionitrile" title="Propionitrile">Propionitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylformamide" title="N-Methylformamide">N-Methylformamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Ten<br />atoms<br />or more</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzonitrile" title="Benzonitrile">Benzonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">Buckminsterfullerene</a> (C<sub>60</sub>, C<sub>60</sub><sup>+</sup>, fullerene, buckyball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C<sub>70</sub> fullerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodecapentayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_formate" title="Ethyl formate">Ethyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_acetate" title="Methyl acetate">Methyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Methyl-cyano-diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyltriacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">Propionaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyronitrile" title="Butyronitrile">Butyronitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">Pyrimidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptatrienyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptatrienyl radical (page does not exist)">Heptatrienyl radical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterated</a><br />molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde#Interstellar_reactions" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">Hydrogen deuteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>D<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Unconfirmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">Anthracene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyethane" title="Methoxyethane">Methoxyethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H2NCO%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H2NCO+ (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>NCO<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Linear C<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">Naphthalene cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrene" title="Pyrene">Pyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silylidyne" title="Silylidyne">Silylidyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#See_also" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular_astrophysics" title="Atomic and molecular astrophysics">Atomic and molecular astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_interstellar_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse interstellar band">Diffuse interstellar band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_mechanism" title="Forbidden mechanism">Forbidden mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homochirality" title="Homochirality">Homochirality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_dust" title="Intergalactic dust">Intergalactic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodissociation_region" title="Photodissociation region">Photodissociation region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_world_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron–sulfur world theory">Iron–sulfur world theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecules_in_stars" title="Molecules in stars">Molecules in stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAH_world_hypothesis" title="PAH world hypothesis">PAH world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-panspermia" title="Pseudo-panspermia">Pseudo-panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a> (PAH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA world hypothesis">RNA world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Astrochemistry" title="Category:Astrochemistry">Category:Astrochemistry</a></b></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/16px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/24px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/16px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/24px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/32px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/16px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/24px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/32px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nitrogen_species" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nitrogen_compounds" title="Template:Nitrogen compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nitrogen_compounds" title="Template talk:Nitrogen compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nitrogen_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nitrogen compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nitrogen_species" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> species</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hydrides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">NH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>+</span><span>4</span></span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_amides#Alkali_metal_amides" title="Metal amides"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>2</span></span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitride" title="Nitride">N<sup>3−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxylamine" title="Hydroxylamine">NH<sub>2</sub>OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrazoic_acid" title="Hydrazoic acid">HN<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azide" title="Azide"><span class="chemf nowrap">N<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_pentahydride" title="Nitrogen pentahydride"><i>NH<sub>5</sub></i></a> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">NR<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imine" title="Imine">>C=NR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">−CONR<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrile" title="Nitrile">−CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">HCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">CN<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanogen" title="Cyanogen">(CN)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">H<sub>2</sub>NCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanate" title="Cyanate">HOCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanate" title="Isocyanate">HNCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isothiocyanate" title="Isothiocyanate">HNCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazomethane" title="Diazomethane">CH<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroso" title="Nitroso">−NO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitro_compound" title="Nitro compound">−NO<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">Oxides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">NO</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_dioxide" title="Dinitrogen dioxide">(NO)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_trioxide" title="Dinitrogen trioxide">N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_acid" title="Nitrous acid">HNO<sub>2</sub></a> / <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>2</span></span></span></a> / <a href="/wiki/Nitrosonium" title="Nitrosonium">NO<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">NO<sub>2</sub></a> / <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">(NO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoxide" title="Dinitrogen pentoxide">N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">HNO<sub>3</sub></a> / <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span></a> / <a href="/wiki/Nitronium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitronium"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>+</span><span>2</span></span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrate_radical" title="Nitrate radical">NO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">HNO</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hyponitrous_acid" title="Hyponitrous acid">(HON)<sub>2</sub></a> / <a href="/wiki/Hyponitrite" title="Hyponitrite"><span class="chemf nowrap">N<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>2</span></span></span></a> / <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">N<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitramide" title="Nitramide">H<sub>2</sub>NNO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxynitrous_acid" title="Peroxynitrous acid">HO<sub>2</sub>NO</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peroxynitrite" title="Peroxynitrite">ONOO<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxynitric_acid" title="Peroxynitric acid">HO<sub>2</sub>NO<sub>2</sub></a> / <a href="/wiki/Peroxynitrate" title="Peroxynitrate">O<sub>2</sub>NOO<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthonitrate" title="Orthonitrate"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>4</span></span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxylic_acid" title="Nitroxylic acid">H<sub>4</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a> / <a href="/wiki/Angeli%27s_salt" title="Angeli's salt"><span class="chemf nowrap">N<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>3</span></span></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Halides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_monofluoride" title="Nitrogen monofluoride">NF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_difluoride" title="Nitrogen difluoride">NF<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trifluoride" title="Nitrogen trifluoride">NF<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_pentafluoride" title="Nitrogen pentafluoride"><i>NF<sub>5</sub></i></a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trichloride" title="Nitrogen trichloride">NCl<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_tribromide" title="Nitrogen tribromide">NBr<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_triiodide" title="Nitrogen triiodide">NI<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_azide" title="Fluorine azide">FN<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_azide" title="Chlorine azide">ClN<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_azide" title="Bromine azide">BrN<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_azide" title="Iodine azide">IN<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroamine" title="Fluoroamine">NH<sub>2</sub>F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_difluoride" title="Dinitrogen difluoride">N<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochloramine" title="Monochloramine">NH<sub>2</sub>Cl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Difluoramine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Difluoramine (page does not exist)">NHF<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichloramine" title="Dichloramine">NHCl<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dibromamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dibromamine (page does not exist)">NHBr<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diiodoamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diiodoamine (page does not exist)">NHI<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="font-size:112%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Nitride" title="Nitride">−3</a></b></span>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">−2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxylamine" title="Hydroxylamine">−1</a>, 0, <a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">+1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">+2</a>, <span style="font-size:112%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">+3</a></b></span>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">+4</a>, <span style="font-size:112%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">+5</a></b></span> (a strongly <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidic</a> oxide)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control 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