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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suitability_for_use_with_low-voltage_electronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suitability_for_use_with_low-voltage_electronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Suitability for use with low-voltage electronics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suitability_for_use_with_low-voltage_electronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_single-ended_signalling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_single-ended_signalling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Comparison with single-ended signalling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_single-ended_signalling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_balanced_interfaces" class="vector-toc-list-item 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id="toc-Use_in_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-voltage_differential_signalling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-voltage_differential_signalling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>High-voltage differential signalling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-voltage_differential_signalling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polarity_switching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polarity_switching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Polarity switching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polarity_switching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyal_diferencial" title="Senyal diferencial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Senyal diferencial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diferenci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_sign%C3%A1l" title="Diferenciální signál – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Diferenciální signál" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrische_Signal%C3%BCbertragung" title="Symmetrische Signalübertragung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Symmetrische Signalübertragung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diferentsiaalne_signaaliedastus" title="Diferentsiaalne signaaliedastus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Diferentsiaalne signaaliedastus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%B1al_diferencial" title="Señal diferencial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Señal diferencial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سیگنال‌دهی تفاضلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیگنال‌دهی تفاضلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalisation_diff%C3%A9rentielle" title="Signalisation différentielle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Signalisation différentielle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EB%8F%99_%EC%8B%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%84%90%EB%A7%81" title="차동 시그널링 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="차동 시그널링" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentieel_(elektronica)" title="Differentieel (elektronica) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Differentieel (elektronica)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%AE%E5%8B%95%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7" title="差動信号 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="差動信号" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Дифференциальный сигнал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дифференциальный сигнал" data-language-autonym="Русский" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Differential_signaling&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Differential signaling">Differential signaling</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Method for electrically transmitting information</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about electric signals via wires. For an immunology concept, see <a href="/wiki/Differential_signalling_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Differential signalling hypothesis">Differential signalling hypothesis</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Differential_signalling" title="Special:EditPage/Differential signalling">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Differential+signalling%22">"Differential signalling"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Differential+signalling%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Differential+signalling%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Differential+signalling%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Differential+signalling%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Differential+signalling%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Differential_signal_transmission.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Differential_signal_transmission.svg/330px-Differential_signal_transmission.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Differential_signal_transmission.svg/495px-Differential_signal_transmission.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Differential_signal_transmission.svg/660px-Differential_signal_transmission.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>A signal transmitted differentially. Notice the increased amplitude at the receiving end.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Differential signalling</b> is a method for <a href="/wiki/Electrically" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrically">electrically</a> transmitting <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> using two complementary <a href="/wiki/Signal" title="Signal">signals</a>. The technique sends the same electrical signal as a <b>differential pair</b> of signals, each in its own <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">conductor</a>. The pair of conductors can be wires in a <a href="/wiki/Twisted-pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Twisted-pair">twisted-pair</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ribbon_cable" title="Ribbon cable">ribbon cable</a> or traces on a <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit board</a>. </p><p>Electrically, the two conductors carry <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> signals which are equal in <a href="/wiki/Absolute_value" title="Absolute value">magnitude</a>, but of opposite <a href="/wiki/Electrical_polarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical polarity">polarity</a>. The receiving circuit responds to the difference between the two signals, which results in a signal with a magnitude twice as large. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Symmetrical" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetrical">symmetrical</a> signals of differential signalling may be referred to as <i>balanced</i>, but this term is more appropriately applied to <a href="/wiki/Balanced_circuit" title="Balanced circuit">balanced circuits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balanced_line" title="Balanced line">balanced lines</a> which reject <a href="/wiki/Common-mode_interference" class="mw-redirect" title="Common-mode interference">common-mode interference</a> when fed into a differential receiver. Differential signalling does not make a line balanced, nor does <a href="/wiki/Noise_(electronics)" title="Noise (electronics)">noise</a> rejection in balanced circuits require differential signalling. </p><p>Differential signalling is to be contrasted to <a href="/wiki/Single-ended_signalling" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-ended signalling">single-ended signalling</a> which drives only one conductor with signal, while the other is connected to a fixed reference voltage. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Differential_signalling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contrary to popular belief, differential signalling does not affect noise cancellation. <a href="/wiki/Balanced_line" title="Balanced line">Balanced lines</a> with differential receivers will reject noise regardless of whether the signal is differential or single-ended,<sup id="cite_ref-Blyth_2009_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blyth_2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEC_2001_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEC_2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but since balanced line noise rejection requires a differential receiver anyway, differential signalling is often used on balanced lines. Some of the benefits of differential signalling include: </p> <ul><li>Doubled signal voltage between the differential pair (compared to a single-ended signal of the same <a href="/wiki/Nominal_level" title="Nominal level">nominal level</a>), giving 6 dB extra <a href="/wiki/Headroom_(audio_signal_processing)" title="Headroom (audio signal processing)">headroom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blyth_2009_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blyth_2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common-mode_signal" title="Common-mode signal">Common-mode</a> noise between the two amps (e.g. from imperfect <a href="/wiki/Power_supply_rejection_ratio" title="Power supply rejection ratio">power supply rejection</a>) is easily rejected by a differential receiver.</li> <li>Longer cable runs are possible due to this increased noise immunity and 6 dB extra headroom.</li> <li>At higher frequencies, the output impedance of the output amplifier can change, resulting in a small imbalance. When driven in differential mode by two identical amplifiers, this impedance change will be the same for both lines, and thus cancelled out.<sup id="cite_ref-Blyth_2009_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blyth_2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Differential signalling works for both analog signalling, as in <a href="/wiki/Balanced_audio" title="Balanced audio">balanced audio</a>, and in digital signalling, as in <a href="/wiki/RS-422" title="RS-422">RS-422</a>, <a href="/wiki/RS-485" title="RS-485">RS-485</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_over_twisted_pair" title="Ethernet over twisted pair">Ethernet over twisted pair</a>, <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a>, <a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a> and <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suitability_for_use_with_low-voltage_electronics">Suitability for use with low-voltage electronics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Differential_signalling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Suitability for use with low-voltage electronics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Differential_signal_fed_into_a_differential_amplifier.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Differential_signal_fed_into_a_differential_amplifier.svg/330px-Differential_signal_fed_into_a_differential_amplifier.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Differential_signal_fed_into_a_differential_amplifier.svg/495px-Differential_signal_fed_into_a_differential_amplifier.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Differential_signal_fed_into_a_differential_amplifier.svg/660px-Differential_signal_fed_into_a_differential_amplifier.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="219" /></a><figcaption>Differential amplifiers respond to differential signals by amplifying the difference between the voltages on the amplifier’s two inputs.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry" title="Electronics industry">electronics industry</a>, particularly in portable and mobile devices, continually strives to lower supply voltage to save power.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A low supply voltage, however, reduces noise immunity. Differential signalling helps to reduce these problems because, for a given supply voltage, it provides twice the noise immunity of a single-ended system. </p><p>To see why, consider a single-ended digital system with supply voltage <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{S}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{S}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a6923e3521be3043b801ad38387fa0e994ed76" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.648ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{S}}"></span>. The high logic level is <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{S}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{S}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/78b94cc17740bf0b82791326b651773322c23467" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.035ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{S}\,}"></span> and the low logic level is 0 V. The difference between the two levels is therefore <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{S}-0\,\mathrm {V} =V_{S}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{S}-0\,\mathrm {V} =V_{S}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a03e5ad60c7dcb257242a929daa1b88c1b129ae8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.527ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{S}-0\,\mathrm {V} =V_{S}}"></span>. Now consider a differential system with the same supply voltage. The voltage difference in the high state, where one wire is at <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{S}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{S}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/78b94cc17740bf0b82791326b651773322c23467" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.035ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{S}\,}"></span> and the other at 0 V, is <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{S}-0\,\mathrm {V} =V_{S}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{S}-0\,\mathrm {V} =V_{S}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a03e5ad60c7dcb257242a929daa1b88c1b129ae8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.527ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{S}-0\,\mathrm {V} =V_{S}}"></span>. The voltage difference in the low state, where the voltages on the wires are exchanged, is <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\,\mathrm {V} -V_{S}=-V_{S}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\,\mathrm {V} -V_{S}=-V_{S}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/614a32de9f410fb28dcd6e3759da7cf2454a4a6e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.335ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\,\mathrm {V} -V_{S}=-V_{S}}"></span>. The difference between high and low logic levels is therefore <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{S}-(-V_{S})=2V_{S}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{S}-(-V_{S})=2V_{S}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2857aa7c9ac8ea8a9a063c94b309e6f140568c12" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.049ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{S}-(-V_{S})=2V_{S}\,}"></span>. This is twice the difference of the single-ended system. If the voltage noise on one wire is uncorrelated to the noise on the other one, it takes twice as much noise to cause an error with the differential system as with the single-ended system. In other words, differential signalling doubles the noise immunity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_single-ended_signalling">Comparison with single-ended signalling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Differential_signalling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Comparison with single-ended signalling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In single-ended signalling, the transmitter generates a single voltage that the receiver compares with a fixed reference voltage, both relative to a common ground connection shared by both ends. In many instances, single-ended designs are not feasible. Another difficulty is the electromagnetic interference that can be generated by a single-ended signalling system that attempts to operate at high speed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_balanced_interfaces">Relation to balanced interfaces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Differential_signalling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relation to balanced interfaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Balanced_circuit" title="Balanced circuit">Balanced circuit</a></div> <p>When transmitting signals differentially between two pieces of equipment it is common to do so through a balanced interface. An <i>interface</i> is a subsystem containing three parts: a driver, a line, and a receiver. These three components complete a full circuit for a signal to travel through and the impedances of this circuit is what determines whether the interface as a whole is balanced or not:<sup id="cite_ref-AES_2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AES_2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "A balanced circuit is a two-conductor circuit in which both conductors and all circuits connected to them have the same impedance to ground and to all other conductors."<sup id="cite_ref-Ott_1988_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ott_1988-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balanced interfaces were developed as a protection scheme against noise. In theory, it can reject any interference so long as it is common-mode (voltages that appear with equal magnitude and the same polarity in both conductors).<sup id="cite_ref-AES_2015_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AES_2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There exists great confusion as to what constitutes a balanced interface and how it relates to differential signalling. In reality, they are two completely independent concepts: balanced interfacing concerns noise and interference rejection, while differential signalling only concerns headroom. The impedance balance of a circuit does not determine the signals it can carry and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-AES_2015_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AES_2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_of_differential_pairs">Uses of differential pairs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Differential_signalling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Uses of differential pairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The technique minimizes electronic <a href="/wiki/Crosstalk" title="Crosstalk">crosstalk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">electromagnetic interference</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Noise_(electronics)" title="Noise (electronics)">noise</a> emission and noise acceptance, and can achieve a constant or known <a href="/wiki/Characteristic_impedance" title="Characteristic impedance">characteristic impedance</a>, allowing <a href="/wiki/Impedance_matching" title="Impedance matching">impedance matching</a> techniques important in a high-speed signal <a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">transmission line</a> or high-quality balanced line and balanced circuit audio signal path. </p><p>Differential pairs include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twisted-pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Twisted-pair">Twisted-pair</a> cables, <a href="/wiki/Shielded_cable" title="Shielded cable">shielded</a> and unshielded</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microstrip" title="Microstrip">Microstrip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stripline" title="Stripline">stripline</a> differential pair routing techniques on <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit boards</a></li></ul> <p>Differential pairs generally carry differential or semi-differential signals, such as high-speed digital serial interfaces including <a href="/wiki/LVDS" class="mw-redirect" title="LVDS">LVDS</a> differential <a href="/wiki/Emitter_coupled_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Emitter coupled logic">ECL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Positive_Referenced_Emitter_Coupled_Logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive Referenced Emitter Coupled Logic">PECL</a>, <a href="/wiki/LVPECL" class="mw-redirect" title="LVPECL">LVPECL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertransport" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertransport">Hypertransport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_over_twisted_pair" title="Ethernet over twisted pair">Ethernet over twisted pair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serial_digital_interface" title="Serial digital interface">serial digital interface</a>, <a href="/wiki/RS-422" title="RS-422">RS-422</a>, <a href="/wiki/RS-485" title="RS-485">RS-485</a>, <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">Serial ATA</a>, <a href="/wiki/TMDS" class="mw-redirect" title="TMDS">TMDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/FireWire" class="mw-redirect" title="FireWire">FireWire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a>, etc., or else high quality and/or high frequency analog signals (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Video_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Video signal">video signals</a>, balanced audio signals, etc.). </p><p>Differential signalling often uses length-matched wires or conductors which are used in high speed <a href="/wiki/Serial_link" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial link">serial links</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_rate_examples">Data rate examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Differential_signalling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Data rate examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data rates of some interfaces implemented with differential pairs include the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">Serial ATA</a> – 1.5 Gbit/s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertransport" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertransport">Hypertransport</a> – 1.6 Gbit/s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiniband" class="mw-redirect" title="Infiniband">Infiniband</a> – 2.5 Gbit/s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> – 2.5 Gbit/s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA#2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">Serial ATA Revision 2.0</a> – 2.4 Gbit/s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAUI" title="XAUI">XAUI</a> – 3.125 Gbit/s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA#3.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">Serial ATA Revision 3.0</a> – 6 Gbit/s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="PCI Express 2.0">PCI Express 2.0</a> – 5.0 Gbit/s per lane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Gigabit_Ethernet" title="10 Gigabit Ethernet">10 Gigabit Ethernet</a> – 10 Gbit/s (four differential pairs running at 2.5 Gbit/s each)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDR_SDRAM" title="DDR SDRAM">DDR SDRAM</a> – 3.2 Gbit/s (differential strobes latch single-ended data)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transmission_lines">Transmission lines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Differential_signalling&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Transmission lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The type of <a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">transmission line</a> that connects two devices (chips, modules) often dictates the type of signalling. Single-ended signalling is typically used with <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cables</a>, in which one conductor totally screens the other from the environment. All screens (or shields) are combined into a single piece of material to form a common ground. Differential signalling, however, is typically used with a balanced pair of conductors. For short cables and low frequencies, the two methods are equivalent, so cheap single-ended circuits with a common ground can be used with cheap cables. As signalling speeds become faster, wires begin to behave as transmission lines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_computers">Use in computers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Differential_signalling&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Use in computers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Differential signalling is often used in computers to reduce <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">electromagnetic interference</a>, because complete screening is not possible with <a href="/wiki/Microstrip" title="Microstrip">microstrips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">chips</a> in computers, due to geometric constraints and the fact that screening does not work at DC. If a DC power supply line and a low-voltage signal line share the same ground, the power current returning through the ground can induce a significant voltage in it. A low-resistance ground reduces this problem to some extent. A balanced pair of microstrip lines is a convenient solution because it does not need an additional PCB layer, as a <a href="/wiki/Stripline" title="Stripline">stripline</a> does. Because each line causes a matching image current in the ground plane, which is required anyway for supplying power, the pair looks like four lines and therefore has a shorter crosstalk distance than a simple isolated pair. In fact, it behaves as well as a twisted pair. Low crosstalk is important when many lines are packed into a small space, as on a typical PCB.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="High-voltage_differential_signalling"><span class="anchor" id="HVD"></span><span class="anchor" id="HVDS"></span>High-voltage differential signalling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Differential_signalling&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: High-voltage differential signalling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>High-voltage differential (HVD) signalling</b> uses high-<a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> signals. In <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> electronics, <i>high voltage</i> normally means 5 volts or more. </p><p><a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a>-1 variations included a high voltage differential (HVD) implementation whose maximum cable length was many times that of the single-ended version. SCSI equipment, for example, allows a maximum total cable length of 25 meters using HVD, while single-ended SCSI allows a maximum cable length of 1.5 to 6 meters, depending on bus speed. LVD versions of SCSI allow less than 25 m cable length not because of the lower voltage, but because these SCSI standards allow much higher speeds than the older HVD SCSI. </p><p>The generic term <i>high-voltage differential signalling</i> describes a variety of systems. <a href="/wiki/Low-voltage_differential_signalling" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-voltage differential signalling">Low-voltage differential signalling</a> (LVDS), on the other hand, is a specific system defined by a TIA/EIA standard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polarity_switching">Polarity switching</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Differential_signalling&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Polarity switching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Reversed_polarity"></span>Some integrated circuits dealing with differential signals provide a hardware option (via <a href="/wiki/Strapping_option" class="mw-redirect" title="Strapping option">strapping options</a>, under firmware control, or even automatic) to swap the polarity of the two differential signals, called <i>differential pair swapping</i>, <i>polarity reversion</i>, <i>differential pair inversion</i>, <i>polarity inversion</i>, or <i>lane inversion</i>. This can be utilized to simplify or improve the <a href="/wiki/Routing_(electronic_design_automation)" title="Routing (electronic design automation)">routing</a> of high-speed differential pairs of traces on <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit boards</a> in hardware development, to help to cope with common cabling errors through swapped wires, or easily fix common design errors under firmware control.<sup id="cite_ref-Intel_2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intel_2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Teledyne_2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teledyne_2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TI_2016_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TI_2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Altium_2020_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altium_2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Microchip_2020_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microchip_2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="anchor" id="Auto_polarity"></span>Many <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> <a href="/wiki/PHY" class="mw-redirect" title="PHY">PHY</a> <a href="/wiki/Transceiver" title="Transceiver">transceivers</a> support this as <i>auto polarity detection and correction</i> (not to be confused with a similar <i><a href="/wiki/Auto_crossover" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto crossover">auto crossover</a></i> feature).<sup id="cite_ref-Micrel_2005_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Micrel_2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/PCIe" class="mw-redirect" title="PCIe">PCIe</a> and <a href="/wiki/USB_SuperSpeed" class="mw-redirect" title="USB SuperSpeed">USB SuperSpeed</a> also support lane polarity inversion. </p><p>Another way to deal with polarity errors is to use <a href="/wiki/Line_code#Polarity" title="Line code"> polarity-insensitive line codes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Differential_signalling&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backplane" title="Backplane">Backplanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common-mode_signal" title="Common-mode signal">Common-mode signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_loop" title="Current loop">Current loop</a> signalling</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current-mode_logic" title="Current-mode logic">Current-mode logic</a> (CML)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDR_SDRAM" title="DDR SDRAM">DDR SDRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_amplifier" title="Differential amplifier">Differential amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_TTL" title="Differential TTL">Differential TTL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humbucker" title="Humbucker">Humbucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_integrity" title="Signal integrity">Signal integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-ended_signaling" title="Single-ended signaling">Single-ended signaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition-minimized_differential_signaling" title="Transition-minimized differential signaling">Transition-minimized differential signaling</a> (TMDS)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Differential_signalling&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Blyth_2009-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blyth_2009_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blyth_2009_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blyth_2009_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlyth2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Blyth" title="Graham Blyth">Blyth, Graham</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100731162356/http://www.soundcraft.com/support/fetchpalz.aspx?cat_id=white_papers&id=2">"Audio Balancing Issues"</a>. <i>White Papers</i>. <a href="/wiki/Soundcraft" title="Soundcraft">Soundcraft</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundcraft.com/support/fetchpalz.aspx?cat_id=white_papers&id=2">the original</a> on 2010-07-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-30</span></span>. <q>Let's be clear from the start here: if the source impedance of each of these signals was not identical i.e. balanced, the method would fail completely, the matching of the differential audio signals being irrelevant, though desirable for headroom considerations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=White+Papers&rft.atitle=Audio+Balancing+Issues&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Blyth&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundcraft.com%2Fsupport%2Ffetchpalz.aspx%3Fcat_id%3Dwhite_papers%26id%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADifferential+signalling" class="Z3988"></span> (3 pages)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEC_2001-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IEC_2001_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Part 3: Amplifiers". <i>Sound system equipment</i> (Third ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a>. 2000. pp. 111–. IEC 602689-3:2001. <q>Only the common-mode impedance balance of the driver, line, and receiver play a role in noise or interference rejection. This noise or interference rejection property is independent of the presence of a desired differential signal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+3%3A+Amplifiers&rft.btitle=Sound+system+equipment&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=111-&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=International+Electrotechnical+Commission&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADifferential+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AES_2015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AES_2015_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AES_2015_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AES_2015_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallou2015" class="citation book cs1">Ballou, Glenn M. 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