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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early modern age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_and_early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_and_early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>19th and early 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_and_early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Military history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_era,_Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_era,_Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Nazi era, Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_era,_Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fire-bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire-bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Fire-bombing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire-bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Post-war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-reunification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-reunification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Post-reunification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-reunification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Nature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flood_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flood_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Flood protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flood_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_structuring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_structuring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>City structuring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_structuring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mayor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mayor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>City council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Public institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Local affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Twin towns – sister cities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Friendly_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friendly_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Friendly cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friendly_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cityscape</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cityscape subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Royal_household" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_household"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Royal household</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_household-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacred_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacred_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Sacred buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacred_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Historicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Modernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.5</span> <span>Contemporary architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.6</span> <span>Bridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.7</span> <span>Statues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Parks and gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Main sights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Trams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enterprises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enterprises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Enterprises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enterprises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education and science</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education_and_science-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education and science subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_institutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_institutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Research institutes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_institutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Higher secondary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quality_of_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quality_of_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Quality of life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quality_of_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Public service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Academics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>The Arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Science and business</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.5</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dresden</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 150 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-150" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">150 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%A8%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%B0%E1%8A%95" title="ድረስደን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ድረስደን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%86" title="درسدن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="درسدن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresde" title="Dresde – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dresde" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresde" title="Dresde – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dresde" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drezden" title="Drezden – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Drezden" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%86" title="درسدن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="درسدن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A9sden" title="Drésden – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Drésden" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="ড্রেসডেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ড্রেসডেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дрезден – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дрезден" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Дрэздэн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дрэздэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Дрэздэн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дрэздэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дрезден – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дрезден" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresdn" title="Dresdn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Dresdn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дрезден – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дрезден" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дрезден – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Дрезден" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden_(kapital_sa_estado_pederal)" title="Dresden (kapital sa estado pederal) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dresden (kapital sa estado pederal)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A1%C5%BE%C4%8Fany" title="Drážďany – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Drážďany" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresda" title="Dresda – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Dresda" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drje%C5%BEd%C5%BAany" title="Drježdźany – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Drježdźany" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B4%CE%B7" title="Δρέσδη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δρέσδη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresde" title="Dresde – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dresde" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresdeno" title="Dresdeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dresdeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresde" title="Dresde – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Dresde" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%86" title="درسدن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درسدن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresde" title="Dresde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dresde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%9C%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4%EB%8D%B4" title="드레스덴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="드레스덴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Դրեզդեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դրեզդեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="ड्रेसडेन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ड्रेसडेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drje%C5%BEd%C5%BAany" title="Drježdźany – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Drježdźany" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дрезден – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дрезден" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresda" title="Dresda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dresda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%93%D7%9F" title="דרזדן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרזדן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="დრეზდენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დრეზდენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drezd%C3%ABno" title="Drezdëno – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Drezdëno" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дрезден – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дрезден" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дрезден – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дрезден" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresda" title="Dresda – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dresda" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C4%93zdene" title="Drēzdene – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Drēzdene" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresdenas" title="Dresdenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dresdenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresda" title="Dresda – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Dresda" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreesdje" title="Dreesdje – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Dreesdje" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresda" title="Dresda – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Dresda" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drezda" title="Drezda – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Drezda" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дрезден – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дрезден" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB" title="ഡ്രെസ്ഡെൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡ്രെസ്ഡെൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="ड्रेस्डेन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ड्रेस्डेन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="დრეზდენი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დრეზდენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%86" title="درسدن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="درسدن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%86" title="درسدن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="درسدن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дресден – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дресден" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%92%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဒရက်စဒန်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒရက်စဒန်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="ड्रेसडेन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ड्रेसडेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3" title="ドレスデン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドレスデン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дрезден – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дрезден" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A8sda" title="Drèsda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Drèsda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дрезден – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Дрезден" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drezden" title="Drezden – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Drezden" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%88%D9%86" title="ڈریسڈن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈریسڈن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%86" title="درسدن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="درسدن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresda" title="Dresda – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Dresda" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drezno" title="Drezno – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Drezno" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drezden" title="Drezden – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Drezden" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drezden" title="Drezden – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Drezden" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresda" title="Dresda – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dresda" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Дреждяны – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Дреждяны" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дрезден – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дрезден" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresdeni" title="Dresdeni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dresdeni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresda" title="Dresda – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Dresda" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%DA%8A%D9%86" title="ڊريسڊن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڊريسڊن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A1%C5%BE%C4%8Fany" title="Drážďany – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Drážďany" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8E%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%86" title="درێسدن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="درێسدن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дрезден – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дрезден" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresde" title="Dresde – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dresde" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="திரெசுடன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திரெசுடன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дрезден – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дрезден" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="เดรสเดิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เดรสเดิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дрезден – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дрезден" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drezden" title="Drezden – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Drezden" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дрезден – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Дрезден" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дрезден – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дрезден" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%88%D9%86" title="ڈریسڈن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈریسڈن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A9zd%C3%A9n" title="Drézdén – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Drézdén" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresda" title="Dresda – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Dresda" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drezden" title="Drezden – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Drezden" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E7%B4%AF%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF" title="德累斯顿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德累斯顿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%93%D7%9F" title="דרעזדן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דרעזדן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E7%B4%AF%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93" title="德累斯頓 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德累斯頓" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Dresden" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E7%B4%AF%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF" title="德累斯顿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德累斯顿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1731#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dresden&params=51_03_00_N_13_44_24_E_type:city_region:DE-SN"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°03′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°44′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.05000°N 13.74000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.05000; 13.74000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city of Saxony, Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dresden_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dresden (disambiguation)">Dresden (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Saxony, Germany</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org"><span class="wrap">Dresden </span></div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><small><span title="Upper Saxon-language text"><i lang="sxu">Dräsdn</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Saxon language">Upper Saxon</a>)</span></small> <br /> <small><span title="Upper Sorbian-language text"><i lang="hsb">Drježdźany</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a>)</span></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:102px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elberadweg-pano-DSC06346_Dresden_Altstadt_bei_Nacht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Elberadweg-pano-DSC06346_Dresden_Altstadt_bei_Nacht.jpg/268px-Elberadweg-pano-DSC06346_Dresden_Altstadt_bei_Nacht.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Elberadweg-pano-DSC06346_Dresden_Altstadt_bei_Nacht.jpg/402px-Elberadweg-pano-DSC06346_Dresden_Altstadt_bei_Nacht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Elberadweg-pano-DSC06346_Dresden_Altstadt_bei_Nacht.jpg/536px-Elberadweg-pano-DSC06346_Dresden_Altstadt_bei_Nacht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7087" data-file-height="2717" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Dresden skyline with <a href="/wiki/Elbe_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbe River">Elbe River</a> at dusk</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frauenkirche_Dresden_(bei_Nacht).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Frauenkirche_Dresden_%28bei_Nacht%29.jpg/139px-Frauenkirche_Dresden_%28bei_Nacht%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Frauenkirche_Dresden_%28bei_Nacht%29.jpg/209px-Frauenkirche_Dresden_%28bei_Nacht%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Frauenkirche_Dresden_%28bei_Nacht%29.jpg/278px-Frauenkirche_Dresden_%28bei_Nacht%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5178" data-file-height="3236" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Frauenkirche,_Dresden" title="Frauenkirche, Dresden">Frauenkirche</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden-Semperoper01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Dresden-Semperoper01.jpg/125px-Dresden-Semperoper01.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Dresden-Semperoper01.jpg/188px-Dresden-Semperoper01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Dresden-Semperoper01.jpg/250px-Dresden-Semperoper01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2293" data-file-height="1605" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Semper_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Semper Opera">Semper Opera</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden,_Frauenkirche_und_Kunstakademie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dresden%2C_Frauenkirche_und_Kunstakademie.jpg/128px-Dresden%2C_Frauenkirche_und_Kunstakademie.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dresden%2C_Frauenkirche_und_Kunstakademie.jpg/192px-Dresden%2C_Frauenkirche_und_Kunstakademie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dresden%2C_Frauenkirche_und_Kunstakademie.jpg/256px-Dresden%2C_Frauenkirche_und_Kunstakademie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4874" data-file-height="3447" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Dresden Academy of Fine Arts">Academy of Fine Arts</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20060518020DR_Dresden_Katholische_Hofkirche_nachts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/20060518020DR_Dresden_Katholische_Hofkirche_nachts.jpg/136px-20060518020DR_Dresden_Katholische_Hofkirche_nachts.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/20060518020DR_Dresden_Katholische_Hofkirche_nachts.jpg/204px-20060518020DR_Dresden_Katholische_Hofkirche_nachts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/20060518020DR_Dresden_Katholische_Hofkirche_nachts.jpg/272px-20060518020DR_Dresden_Katholische_Hofkirche_nachts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2510" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Cathedral" title="Dresden Cathedral">Dresden Cathedral</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2019082101_Yenidze_Nachtaufnahme_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/2019082101_Yenidze_Nachtaufnahme_2019.jpg/129px-2019082101_Yenidze_Nachtaufnahme_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/2019082101_Yenidze_Nachtaufnahme_2019.jpg/194px-2019082101_Yenidze_Nachtaufnahme_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/2019082101_Yenidze_Nachtaufnahme_2019.jpg/258px-2019082101_Yenidze_Nachtaufnahme_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5678" data-file-height="3785" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Yenidze" title="Yenidze">Yenidze</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2006-07-30_Zwinger_dresden2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/2006-07-30_Zwinger_dresden2.jpg/135px-2006-07-30_Zwinger_dresden2.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/2006-07-30_Zwinger_dresden2.jpg/203px-2006-07-30_Zwinger_dresden2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/2006-07-30_Zwinger_dresden2.jpg/270px-2006-07-30_Zwinger_dresden2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3364" data-file-height="2140" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Zwinger_(Dresden)" title="Zwinger (Dresden)">Zwinger</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Dresden.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Dresden"><img alt="Flag of Dresden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Dresden.svg/100px-Flag_of_Dresden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Dresden.svg/150px-Flag_of_Dresden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Dresden.svg/200px-Flag_of_Dresden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden_Stadtwappen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Dresden"><img alt="Coat of arms of Dresden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dresden_Stadtwappen.svg/77px-Dresden_Stadtwappen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dresden_Stadtwappen.svg/116px-Dresden_Stadtwappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dresden_Stadtwappen.svg/154px-Dresden_Stadtwappen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="508" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Dresden" title="Coat of arms of Dresden">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; height:5px;">Location of Dresden</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-overlays="["_84aa3afe909f69b9a7e7f059f33b2c0e5bb78365"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Dresden&revid=1259576653&groups=_84aa3afe909f69b9a7e7f059f33b2c0e5bb78365" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Dresden&revid=1259576653&groups=_84aa3afe909f69b9a7e7f059f33b2c0e5bb78365 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dresden is located in Germany"><img alt="Dresden is located in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.266%;left:82.4%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dresden"><img alt="Dresden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Dresden </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Germany</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saxony_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dresden is located in Saxony"><img alt="Dresden is located in Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Saxony_location_map.svg/250px-Saxony_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Saxony_location_map.svg/375px-Saxony_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Saxony_location_map.svg/500px-Saxony_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2068" data-file-height="1508" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.42%;left:58.808%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dresden"><img alt="Dresden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Dresden </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Saxony</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dresden&params=51_03_00_N_13_44_24_E_type:city_region:DE-SN"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°03′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°44′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.05000°N 13.74000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.05000; 13.74000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban districts of Germany">Urban district</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lord_mayor" title="Lord mayor">Lord mayor</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2022–29) </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Hilbert" title="Dirk Hilbert">Dirk Hilbert</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">328.8 km<sup>2</sup> (127.0 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">113 m (371 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022-12-31)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">563,311</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,700/km<sup>2</sup> (4,400/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">790,400<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation.de_quoting_Federal_Statistics_Office_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation.de_quoting_Federal_Statistics_Office-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,343,305<sup id="cite_ref-Eurostat_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eurostat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Germany" title="Time in Germany">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">DD</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dresden.de/index_en.php">dresden.de</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #DDD; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> Former <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Elbe_Valley" title="Dresden Elbe Valley">Dresden Elbe Valley</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">ii, iii, iv, v</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">2004 <small>(28th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1156">1156</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Europe">Europe</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Delisted</th><td class="infobox-data">2009 <small>(33rd <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden_city_center_sights.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Dresden_city_center_sights.png/295px-Dresden_city_center_sights.png" decoding="async" width="295" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Dresden_city_center_sights.png/443px-Dresden_city_center_sights.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Dresden_city_center_sights.png/590px-Dresden_city_center_sights.png 2x" data-file-width="1921" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Historic city centre with main sights</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Dresden</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈdʁeːsdn̩]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3f\/De-Dresden.oga\/De-Dresden.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Dresden.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/De-Dresden.oga/De-Dresden.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Dresden.oga" title="File:De-Dresden.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a>: <i>Dräsdn</i>; <a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a>: <i lang="hsb">Drježdźany</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hsb-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sorbian" title="Help:IPA/Sorbian">[ˈdʁʲɛʒdʒanɨ]</a></span>) is the capital city of the German <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> and its second most populous city after <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">12th most populous city</a> of Germany, the fourth largest by area (after <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>), and the third most populous city in the area of former <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, after Berlin and Leipzig. Dresden's urban area comprises the towns of <a href="/wiki/Freital" title="Freital">Freital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pirna" title="Pirna">Pirna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radebeul" title="Radebeul">Radebeul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meissen" title="Meissen">Meissen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coswig,_Saxony" title="Coswig, Saxony">Coswig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radeberg" title="Radeberg">Radeberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heidenau" title="Heidenau">Heidenau</a> and has around 790,000 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation.de_quoting_Federal_Statistics_Office_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation.de_quoting_Federal_Statistics_Office-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dresden metropolitan area has approximately 1.34 million inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-Eurostat_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eurostat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dresden is the second largest city on the <a href="/wiki/River_Elbe" class="mw-redirect" title="River Elbe">River Elbe</a> after Hamburg. Most of the city's population lives in the <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Basin" title="Dresden Basin">Elbe Valley</a>, but a large, albeit very sparsely populated, area of the city east of the Elbe lies in the <a href="/wiki/West_Lusatian_Hill_Country_and_Uplands" title="West Lusatian Hill Country and Uplands">West Lusatian Hill Country and Uplands</a> (the westernmost part of the <a href="/wiki/Sudetes" title="Sudetes">Sudetes</a>) and thus in <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a>. Many boroughs west of the Elbe lie in the <a href="/wiki/Ore_Mountain_Foreland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ore Mountain Foreland">Ore Mountain Foreland</a>, as well as in the valleys of the rivers rising there and flowing through Dresden, the longest of which are the <a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Feritz" title="Weißeritz">Weißeritz</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lockwitzbach" title="Lockwitzbach">Lockwitzbach</a>. The name of the city as well as the names of most of its boroughs and rivers are of <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a> origin. </p><p>Dresden has a long history as the capital and royal residence for the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Elector" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-Elector">Electors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kings of Saxony</a>, who for centuries furnished the city with cultural and artistic splendor, and was once by <a href="/wiki/Personal_union_of_Poland_and_Saxony" title="Personal union of Poland and Saxony">personal union</a> the family seat of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">Polish</a> monarchs. The city was known as the Jewel Box, because of its <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> city centre. The controversial American and British <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden" title="Bombing of Dresden">bombing of Dresden</a> towards the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> killed approximately 25,000 people, most of whom were civilians, and destroyed the entire city centre. After the war, restoration work has helped to reconstruct parts of the historic inner city. </p><p>Since <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> in 1990, Dresden has once again become a cultural, educational and political centre of Germany. The <a href="/wiki/TU_Dresden" title="TU Dresden">Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden)</a> is one of the 10 largest universities in Germany and part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Universities_Excellence_Initiative" title="German Universities Excellence Initiative">German Universities Excellence Initiative</a>. The economy of Dresden and its agglomeration is one of the most dynamic in Germany and ranks first in Saxony.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is dominated by <a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high-tech branches</a>, often called "<a href="/wiki/Silicon_Saxony" title="Silicon Saxony">Silicon Saxony</a>". According to the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Institute_of_International_Economics" title="Hamburg Institute of International Economics">Hamburg Institute of International Economics</a> (HWWI) and <a href="/wiki/Berenberg_Bank" title="Berenberg Bank">Berenberg Bank</a> in 2019, Dresden had the seventh best prospects for the future of all cities in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-berenberg.de_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berenberg.de-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dresden is one of the most visited cities in Germany with 4.7 million overnight stays per year.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its most prominent building is the <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Frauenkirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Dresden Frauenkirche">Frauenkirche</a> located at the <a href="/wiki/Neumarkt_(Dresden)" title="Neumarkt (Dresden)">Neumarkt</a>. Built in the 18th century, the church was destroyed during World War II. The remaining ruins were left for 50 years as a war memorial, before being rebuilt between 1994 and 2005. Other famous landmarks include the <a href="/wiki/Zwinger_(Dresden)" title="Zwinger (Dresden)">Zwinger</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Semperoper" title="Semperoper">Semperoper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Castle" title="Dresden Castle">Dresden Castle</a>. Furthermore, the city is home to the renowned <a href="/wiki/Dresden_State_Art_Collections" class="mw-redirect" title="Dresden State Art Collections">Dresden State Art Collections</a>, originating from the collections of the Saxon electors in the 16th century. Dresden's <a href="/wiki/Striezelmarkt" title="Striezelmarkt">Striezelmarkt</a> is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Christmas markets</a> in Germany and is considered the first genuine Christmas market in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-The_German_Way_&_More_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_German_Way_&_More-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearby sights include the National Park of <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Switzerland" title="Saxon Switzerland">Saxon Switzerland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ore_Mountains" title="Ore Mountains">Ore Mountains</a> and the countryside around <a href="/wiki/Elbe_Valley" title="Elbe Valley">Elbe Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moritzburg_Castle" title="Moritzburg Castle">Moritzburg Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meissen" title="Meissen">Meissen</a>, home of <a href="/wiki/Meissen_porcelain" title="Meissen porcelain">Meissen porcelain</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Dresden" title="Timeline of Dresden">Timeline of Dresden</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; font-size: 80%;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;">Timeline of Dresden <br /><small>Historical affiliations</small></div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Generieke_vlag_van_Vlaanderen.svg/23px-Generieke_vlag_van_Vlaanderen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Generieke_vlag_van_Vlaanderen.svg/35px-Generieke_vlag_van_Vlaanderen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Generieke_vlag_van_Vlaanderen.svg/45px-Generieke_vlag_van_Vlaanderen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Margravate_of_Meissen" title="Margravate of Meissen">Margravate of Meissen</a>, 1319–1423<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Electorate of Saxony</a>, 1423–1806<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a>, 1806–1848<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/German_Empire_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="German Empire (1848–1849)">German Empire</a>, 1848–1849<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a>, 1849–1918<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a>), 1867–1871<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a>), 1867–1918<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Saxony">Free State of Saxony</a>), 1918–1933<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, 1933–1945<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation zone of Germany">Soviet occupation zone of Germany</a>, 1945–1949<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, 1949–1990<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Saxony">Free State of Saxony</a>), 1990–present </p> </blockquote> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cort%C3%A8ge_des_Princes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cort%C3%A8ge_des_Princes.jpg/220px-Cort%C3%A8ge_des_Princes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cort%C3%A8ge_des_Princes.jpg/330px-Cort%C3%A8ge_des_Princes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cort%C3%A8ge_des_Princes.jpg/440px-Cort%C3%A8ge_des_Princes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenzug" title="Fürstenzug">Fürstenzug</a>—the Saxon sovereigns depicted in <a href="/wiki/Meissen_porcelain" title="Meissen porcelain">Meissen porcelain</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Although Dresden is a relatively recent city that grew from a <a href="/wiki/Polabian_Slavs" title="Polabian Slavs">Slavic</a> village after <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> came to dominate the area,<sup id="cite_ref-dresden.de-2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dresden.de-2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the area had been settled in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> era by <a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a> tribes c. <a href="/wiki/8th_millennium_BC" title="8th millennium BC">7500 BC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dresden's founding and early growth is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">eastward expansion of Germanic peoples</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-dresden.de-2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dresden.de-2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mining in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Ore_Mountains" title="Ore Mountains">Ore Mountains</a>, and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Meissen" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Meissen">Margraviate of Meissen</a>. Its name comes from <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a> <i>Drježdźany</i> (current Upper Sorbian form), meaning "people of the forest", from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> <i>*dręzga</i> ("woods, blowdowns").<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dresden later evolved into the capital of <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smac_Neolithikum_122.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Smac_Neolithikum_122.jpg/220px-Smac_Neolithikum_122.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Smac_Neolithikum_122.jpg/330px-Smac_Neolithikum_122.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Smac_Neolithikum_122.jpg/440px-Smac_Neolithikum_122.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stroke-ornamented_ware_culture" title="Stroke-ornamented ware culture">Stroke-ornamented ware culture</a> settlement with <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">circular enclosures</a> in the area of today's Dresden, 4700 BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden_1521.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Dresden_1521.jpg/220px-Dresden_1521.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Dresden_1521.jpg/330px-Dresden_1521.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Dresden_1521.jpg/440px-Dresden_1521.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>Dresden in 1521</figcaption></figure> <p>Around the late 12th century, a <a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbian</a> settlement called <i>Drežďany</i><sup id="cite_ref-Fritz_Löffler_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritz_Löffler-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (meaning either "woods" or "lowland forest-dweller"<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) had developed on the southern bank. Another settlement existed on the northern bank, but its Slavic name is unknown. It was known as <i>Antiqua Dresdin</i> by 1350, and later as Altendresden,<sup id="cite_ref-Fritz_Löffler_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritz_Löffler-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both literally "old Dresden". <a href="/wiki/Dietrich,_Margrave_of_Meissen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietrich, Margrave of Meissen">Dietrich, Margrave of Meissen</a>, chose Dresden as his interim residence in 1206, as documented in a record calling the place "Civitas Dresdene". </p><p>After 1270, Dresden became the capital of the margraviate. It was given to <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Clem" class="extiw" title="de:Friedrich Clem">Friedrich Clem</a> after the death of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Margrave_of_Meissen" title="Henry III, Margrave of Meissen">Henry the Illustrious</a> in 1288. It was taken by the <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a> in 1316 and was restored to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wettin" title="House of Wettin">Wettin</a> dynasty after the death of <a href="/wiki/Waldemar,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Stendal" title="Waldemar, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal">Valdemar the Great</a> in 1319. From 1485, it was the seat of the dukes of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxony</a>, and from 1547 the <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">electors</a> as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_age">Early modern age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early modern age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZwingerZurVerm%C3%A4hlungFriedrichAugustII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/ZwingerZurVerm%C3%A4hlungFriedrichAugustII.jpg/220px-ZwingerZurVerm%C3%A4hlungFriedrichAugustII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/ZwingerZurVerm%C3%A4hlungFriedrichAugustII.jpg/330px-ZwingerZurVerm%C3%A4hlungFriedrichAugustII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/ZwingerZurVerm%C3%A4hlungFriedrichAugustII.jpg/440px-ZwingerZurVerm%C3%A4hlungFriedrichAugustII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zwinger_(Dresden)" title="Zwinger (Dresden)">Zwinger</a>, 1719, <a href="/wiki/Wedding_reception" title="Wedding reception">wedding reception</a> of <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III of Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Austria" title="Maria Josepha of Austria">Maria Josepha of Austria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rulers_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Rulers of Saxony">Elector</a> and ruler of Saxony Frederick Augustus I became King <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II the Strong</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland</a> in 1697. He gathered many of the best musicians,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> architects and painters from all over Europe to Dresden.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His reign marked the beginning of Dresden's emergence as a leading European city for technology and art. During the reign of Kings Augustus II the Strong and <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III of Poland</a> most of the city's <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">baroque</a> landmarks were built. These include the <a href="/wiki/Zwinger_(Dresden)" title="Zwinger (Dresden)">Zwinger Royal Palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Japanisches_Palais" title="Japanisches Palais">Japanese Palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Taschenbergpalais" title="Taschenbergpalais">Taschenbergpalais</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pillnitz_Castle" title="Pillnitz Castle">Pillnitz Castle</a> and the two landmark churches: the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Cathedral" title="Dresden Cathedral">Hofkirche</a> and the Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Frauenkirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Dresden Frauenkirche">Frauenkirche</a>. In addition, significant art collections and museums were founded. Notable examples include the <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Porcelain_Collection" title="Dresden Porcelain Collection">Dresden Porcelain Collection</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kupferstich-Kabinett,_Dresden" title="Kupferstich-Kabinett, Dresden">Collection of Prints, Drawings and Photographs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnes_Gew%C3%B6lbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Grünes Gewölbe">Grünes Gewölbe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mathematisch-Physikalischer_Salon" title="Mathematisch-Physikalischer Salon">Mathematisch-Physikalischer Salon</a>. Strengthening ties with Poland, postal routes to <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> were established under Augustus II the Strong.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1726 there was a riot for two days after a Protestant clergyman was killed by a soldier who had recently converted from Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1745, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dresden" title="Treaty of Dresden">Treaty of Dresden</a> between Prussia, Saxony, and Austria ended the <a href="/wiki/Second_Silesian_War" title="Second Silesian War">Second Silesian War</a>. Only a few years later, Dresden suffered heavy destruction in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–1763), following its capture by Prussian forces, its subsequent re-capture, and a failed <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dresden" title="Siege of Dresden">Prussian siege</a> in 1760. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a> completed his <i><a href="/wiki/Ode_to_Joy" title="Ode to Joy">Ode to Joy</a></i> (the literary base of the <a href="/wiki/European_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="European anthem">European anthem</a>) in Dresden in 1785.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1793, preparations for the Polish <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a> started in the city by <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko" title="Tadeusz Kościuszko">Tadeusz Kościuszko</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland" title="Second Partition of Poland">Second Partition of Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_and_early_20th_century">19th and early 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th and early 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brodowski_Napoleon_Elbe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Brodowski_Napoleon_Elbe.jpg/220px-Brodowski_Napoleon_Elbe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Brodowski_Napoleon_Elbe.jpg/330px-Brodowski_Napoleon_Elbe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Brodowski_Napoleon_Elbe.jpg/440px-Brodowski_Napoleon_Elbe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> Crossing the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Brodowski_the_Younger" title="Józef Brodowski the Younger">Józef Brodowski</a> (1895)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1806, Dresden became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a> established by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> the French Emperor made it a <a href="/wiki/Headquarters" title="Headquarters">base of operations</a>, winning there the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden" title="Battle of Dresden">Battle of Dresden</a> on 27 August 1813. As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, the Kingdom of Saxony became part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> in 1815. Following the Polish uprisings of <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">1831</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland uprising (1848)">1848</a> and <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">1863</a> many Poles fled to Dresden, including the artistic and political elite, such as composer <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a>, war hero <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Bem" title="Józef Bem">Józef Bem</a> and writer <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Adam Mickiewicz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ams_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ams-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mickiewicz wrote one of his greatest works, <a href="/wiki/Dziady_(poem)" title="Dziady (poem)"><i>Dziady</i>, Part III</a>, there.<sup id="cite_ref-ams_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ams-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dresden itself was a centre of the <a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%9349" class="mw-redirect" title="German revolutions of 1848–49">German Revolutions</a> in 1848–1849 with the <a href="/wiki/May_Uprising_in_Dresden" title="May Uprising in Dresden">May Uprising</a>, which cost human lives and damaged the historic town of Dresden.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uprising forced <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_II_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus II of Saxony">Frederick Augustus II of Saxony</a> to flee from Dresden, but he soon after regained control over the city with the help of Prussia. In 1852, the population of Dresden grew to 100,000 inhabitants, making it one of the biggest cities within the German Confederation. </p><p>As the capital of the Kingdom of Saxony, Dresden became part of the newly founded <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1871. In the following years, the city became a major centre of economy, including motor car production, food processing, banking and the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Medical_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical equipment">medical equipment</a>. In the early 20th century, Dresden was particularly well known for its camera works and its cigarette factories. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the city did not suffer any war damage, but lost many of its inhabitants. Between 1918 and 1934, Dresden was the capital of the first Free State of Saxony as well as a cultural and economic centre of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>. The city was also a centre of European <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern art</a> until 1933. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresdner_Maiaufstand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Dresdner_Maiaufstand.jpg/220px-Dresdner_Maiaufstand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Dresdner_Maiaufstand.jpg/330px-Dresdner_Maiaufstand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Dresdner_Maiaufstand.jpg/440px-Dresdner_Maiaufstand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/May_Uprising_in_Dresden" title="May Uprising in Dresden">May Uprising in Dresden</a>, 1849</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_history">Military history</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Military history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden_photochrom2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dresden_photochrom2.jpg/220px-Dresden_photochrom2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dresden_photochrom2.jpg/330px-Dresden_photochrom2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dresden_photochrom2.jpg/440px-Dresden_photochrom2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3496" data-file-height="2561" /></a><figcaption>Image of Dresden during the 1890s, before extensive World War II destruction. Landmarks include <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Frauenkirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Dresden Frauenkirche">Dresden Frauenkirche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Bridge" title="Augustus Bridge">Augustus Bridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Katholische_Hofkirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Katholische Hofkirche">Katholische Hofkirche</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the foundation of the German Empire in 1871, a large military facility called <a href="/wiki/Albertstadt" title="Albertstadt">Albertstadt</a> was built.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had a capacity of up to 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">military personnel</a> at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. The garrison saw only limited use between 1918 and 1934, but was then reactivated in preparation for the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. </p><p>Its usefulness was limited by attacks on <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Dresden in World War II">13–15 February</a> and 17 April 1945, the former of which destroyed large areas of the city. However, the garrison itself was not specifically targeted.<sup id="cite_ref-Air_Force_Historical_Studies_Office_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Air_Force_Historical_Studies_Office-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soldiers had been deployed as late as March 1945 in the Albertstadt garrison. </p><p>The Albertstadt garrison became the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_1st_Guards_Tank_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet 1st Guards Tank Army">Soviet 1st Guards Tank Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Soviet_Forces_in_Germany" title="Group of Soviet Forces in Germany">Group of Soviet Forces in Germany</a> after the war. Apart from the <a href="/wiki/German_Army" title="German Army">German army</a> officers' school (<i>Offizierschule des Heeres</i>), there have been no more <a href="/wiki/Military_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Military unit">military units</a> in Dresden since the army merger during German reunification, and the withdrawal of Soviet forces in 1992. Nowadays, the Bundeswehr operates the <a href="/wiki/Milit%C3%A4rhistorisches_Museum_der_Bundeswehr" class="mw-redirect" title="Militärhistorisches Museum der Bundeswehr">Military History Museum</a> of the Federal Republic of Germany in the former Albertstadt garrison. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_era,_Second_World_War"><span id="Nazi_era.2C_Second_World_War"></span>Nazi era, Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nazi era, Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_ps_0000010_Blick_vom_Rathausturm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Fotothek_df_ps_0000010_Blick_vom_Rathausturm.jpg/220px-Fotothek_df_ps_0000010_Blick_vom_Rathausturm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Fotothek_df_ps_0000010_Blick_vom_Rathausturm.jpg/330px-Fotothek_df_ps_0000010_Blick_vom_Rathausturm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Fotothek_df_ps_0000010_Blick_vom_Rathausturm.jpg/440px-Fotothek_df_ps_0000010_Blick_vom_Rathausturm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of Dresden in 1945. Facing south from the town hall (<i>Rathaus</i>) tower. Statue <i>Güte</i> (<i>Good</i> or <i>Kindness</i>) by August Schreitmüller, 1908–1910.</figcaption></figure> <p>Two book burnings were organised in the city in 1933, one by the <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a> on Wettiner Platz, the second one by <a href="/wiki/German_Student_Union" title="German Student Union">German Student Union</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_tower" title="Bismarck tower">Bismarck Column</a> on Räcknitzhöhe.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Nazi era from 1933 to 1945, the Jewish community of Dresden was reduced from over 6,000 (7,100 people were persecuted as Jews) to 41, mostly as a result of emigration, but later also deportation and murder.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the survivors was <a href="/wiki/Victor_Klemperer" title="Victor Klemperer">Victor Klemperer</a> with his non-Jewish wife, who believed that the bombing saved their lives. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Semper_Synagogue" title="Semper Synagogue">Semper Synagogue</a> was destroyed in November 1938 on <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of Poland">German invasion of Poland</a> at the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, in September 1939, the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> carried out mass arrests of local <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> activists.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other non-Jews were also targeted, and over 1,300 people were executed by the Nazis at the Münchner Platz, a courthouse in Dresden, including labour leaders, undesirables, resistance fighters and anyone caught listening to foreign radio broadcasts.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bombing stopped prisoners who were busy digging a large hole into which an additional 4,000 prisoners were to be disposed of.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the war, Dresden was the location of several <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a> subcamps of the <a href="/wiki/Stalag_IV-A" title="Stalag IV-A">Stalag IV-A</a> <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_II" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II">prisoner-of-war camp</a> for <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> POWs,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and seven <a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Flossenb%C3%BCrg" title="List of subcamps of Flossenbürg">subcamps</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg concentration camp</a>, in which some 3,600 men, women and children were imprisoned, mostly <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Polish</a>, Jewish and Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-gf_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gf-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1945, most surviving prisoners were sent on <a href="/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust" title="Death marches during the Holocaust">death marches</a> to various destinations in Saxony and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">German-occupied Czechoslovakia</a>, whereas some women were probably murdered and some managed to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-gf_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gf-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dresden in the 20th century was a major communications hub and manufacturing centre with 127 factories and major workshops and was designated by the German military as a defensive strongpoint, with which to hinder the Soviet advance.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being the capital of the German state of <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, Dresden not only had garrisons but a whole <i>military borough</i>, the <i>Albertstadt</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This military complex, named after <a href="/wiki/Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon">Saxon</a> King Albert, was not specifically targeted in the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Dresden in World War II">bombing of Dresden</a>. </p><p>During the final months of the Second World War, Dresden harboured some 600,000 refugees, with a total population of <span class="nowrap">1.2 million</span>. Dresden was attacked seven times between 1944 and 1945, and was <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation zone of Germany">occupied by the Red Army after the German capitulation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fire-bombing">Fire-bombing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fire-bombing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden" title="Bombing of Dresden">Bombing of Dresden</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Dresden in World War II">bombing of Dresden</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> (USAAF) between 13 and 15 February 1945 was controversial. On the night of 13–14 February 1945, 773 RAF Lancaster bombers dropped 1,181.6 tons of incendiary bombs and 1,477.7 tons of high explosive bombs, targeting the rail yards at the centre of the city. The inner city of Dresden was largely destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Widely quoted Nazi propaganda reports claimed 200,000 deaths, but the German Dresden Historians' Commission, made up of 13 prominent German historians, in an official 2010 report published after five years of research concluded that casualties numbered between 22,500 and 25,000.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The destruction of Dresden allowed <a href="/wiki/Hildebrand_Gurlitt" title="Hildebrand Gurlitt">Hildebrand Gurlitt</a>, a major Nazi museum director and art dealer, to hide <a href="/wiki/Gurlitt_Collection" title="Gurlitt Collection">a large collection of artwork</a> worth tens of millions of dollars that had been stolen during the Nazi era, as he claimed it had been destroyed along with his house which was located in Dresden.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Allies described the operation as the legitimate bombing of a military and industrial target.<sup id="cite_ref-Air_Force_Historical_Studies_Office_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Air_Force_Historical_Studies_Office-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several researchers have argued that the February attacks were <a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(law)#International_law" title="Proportionality (law)">disproportionate</a>. As a result of inadequate Nazi air raid measures for refugees, mostly women and children died.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American author <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse_Five" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaughterhouse Five">Slaughterhouse Five</a></i> is loosely based on his first-hand experience of the raid as a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In remembrance of the victims, the anniversaries of the bombing of Dresden are marked with peace demonstrations, devotions and marches.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war">Post-war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-60015-0002,_Dresden,_Denkmal_Martin_Luther,_Frauenkirche,_Ruine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-60015-0002%2C_Dresden%2C_Denkmal_Martin_Luther%2C_Frauenkirche%2C_Ruine.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-60015-0002%2C_Dresden%2C_Denkmal_Martin_Luther%2C_Frauenkirche%2C_Ruine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-60015-0002%2C_Dresden%2C_Denkmal_Martin_Luther%2C_Frauenkirche%2C_Ruine.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-60015-0002%2C_Dresden%2C_Denkmal_Martin_Luther%2C_Frauenkirche%2C_Ruine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-60015-0002%2C_Dresden%2C_Denkmal_Martin_Luther%2C_Frauenkirche%2C_Ruine.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-60015-0002%2C_Dresden%2C_Denkmal_Martin_Luther%2C_Frauenkirche%2C_Ruine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Protestant reformer <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> in the ruins after World War II</figcaption></figure> <p>Following his military service the German press photographer and photojournalist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Peter" title="Richard Peter">Richard Peter</a> returned to Dresden and began to document the ruined city. Among his best known works <i>Blick auf Dresden vom Rathausturm</i> (<i>View of Dresden from the Rathaus Tower</i>). It has become one of the best known photographs of a ruined post-war Germany following its appearance in 1949 in his book <i>Dresden, eine Kamera klagt an</i> ("Dresden, a photographic accusation", <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-930195-03-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-930195-03-8">3-930195-03-8</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Jähner-2019_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jähner-2019-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a skeleton previously used as a model for drawing art classes was found in the ruins of the Dresden Art Academy, the photographer <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kesting" title="Edmund Kesting">Edmund Kesting</a> with the assistance of Peter posed it in a number of different locations to produce a series of haunting photographic images to give the impression that Death was wandering through the city in search of the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-Jähner-2019_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jähner-2019-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kesting subsequently published them in the book <i>Dresdner Totentanz</i> (<i>Dresden's Death Dance</i>). </p><p>The damage from the Allied air raids was so extensive that following the end of the Second World War, a narrow gauge light railway system was constructed to remove the debris, though being makeshift there were frequent derailments. This railway system, which had seven lines, employed 5,000 staff and 40 locomotives, all of which bore women's names. The last train remained in service until 1958, though the last official debris clearance team was only disbanded in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-Jähner-2019_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jähner-2019-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rather than repair them, <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> (East Germany) authorities razed the ruins of many churches, royal buildings and palaces in the 1950s and 1960s, such as the Gothic <a href="/wiki/Sophienkirche" title="Sophienkirche">Sophienkirche</a>, the Alberttheater and the <a href="/wiki/Wackerbarth-Palais" title="Wackerbarth-Palais">Wackerbarth-Palais</a> as well as many historic residential buildings. The surroundings of the once lively Prager Straße resembled a wasteland before it was rebuilt in the socialist style at the beginning of the 1960s. </p><p>However, the majority of historic buildings were saved or reconstructed. Among them were the Ständehaus (1946), the Augustusbrücke (1949), the Kreuzkirche (until 1955), the Zwinger (until 1963), the Catholic Court Church (until 1965), the Semperoper (until 1985), the Japanese Palace (until 1987) and the two largest train stations. Some of this work dragged on for decades, often interrupted by the overall economic situation in the GDR. The ruins of the Frauenkirche were allowed to remain on Neumarkt as a memorial to the war. </p><p>While the Theater and Schloßplatz were rebuilt in accordance with the historical model in 1990, the Neumarkt remained completely undeveloped. On the other hand buildings of socialist classicism and spatial design and orientation according to socialist ideals (e.g. Kulturpalast) were built at the Altmarkt. </p><p>From 1955 to 1958, a large part of the art treasures looted by the Soviet Union was returned, which meant that from 1960 onwards many state art collections could be opened in reconstructed facilities or interim exhibitions. Important orchestras such as the Staatskapelle performed in alternative venues (for example in the Kulturpalast from 1969). Some cultural institutions were moved out of the city center (for example the state library in Albertstadt). The Outer Neustadt, which was almost undamaged during the war was threatened with demolition in the 1980s following years of neglect, but was preserved following public protests. </p><p>To house the homeless large prefabricated housing estates were built on previously undeveloped land In Prohlis and Gorbitz. Damaged housing in the Johannstadt and other areas in the city center were demolished and replaced with large apartment blocks. The villa districts in Blasewitz, Striesen, Kleinzschachwitz, Loschwitz and on the Weißen Hirsch were largely preserved. </p><p>Dresden became a major industrial centre of East Germany, with a great deal of research infrastructure. It was the centre of <a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Dresden" title="Bezirk Dresden">Bezirk Dresden</a> (Dresden District) between 1952 and 1990. Many of the city's important historic buildings were reconstructed, including the <a href="/wiki/Semper_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Semper Opera House">Semper Opera House</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zwinger_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwinger Palace">Zwinger Palace</a>, although the city leaders chose to rebuild large areas of the city in a "socialist modern" style, partly for economic reasons, but also to break away from the city's past as the royal capital of Saxony and a stronghold of the German bourgeoisie. </p><p>Until the end of the Cold War, the <a href="/wiki/1st_Guards_Tank_Army" title="1st Guards Tank Army">1st Guards Tank Army</a> of the Soviet Army and the 7th Panzer Division of the National People's Army were stationed in and around Dresden. Following reunification in 1989, the Soviet / Russian troops were withdrawn from Germany in the early 1990s and the NVA dissolved in accordance with the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Two-Plus-Four Treaty of 1990</a>. </p><p>From 1985 to 1990, the future President of Russia, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, was stationed in Dresden by the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>, where he worked for <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Matveev" title="Lazar Matveev">Lazar Matveev</a>, the senior <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> liaison officer there. On 3 October 1989 (the so-called "battle of Dresden"), a convoy of trains carrying East German refugees from <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> passed through Dresden on its way to the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a>. Local activists and residents joined in the growing <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> movement spreading across the German Democratic Republic, by staging demonstrations and demanding the removal of the communist government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-reunification">Post-reunification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-reunification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sonnedd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sonnedd.jpg/220px-Sonnedd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sonnedd.jpg/330px-Sonnedd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Sonnedd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>The Dresden Frauenkirche, a few years after its reconsecration</figcaption></figure> <p>Dresden has experienced dramatic changes since the reunification of Germany in the early 1990s. The city still bears many wounds from the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">bombing raids</a> of 1945, but it has undergone significant reconstruction. Restoration of the Dresden Frauenkirche, a Lutheran church, began in 1994 and was completed in 2005, a year before Dresden's 800th anniversary; this was done with the help of privately raised funds. The gold cross on the top of the church was funded officially by "the British people and the House of Windsor". The <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a> process, which includes the reconstruction of the area around the <a href="/wiki/Neumarkt_(Dresden)" title="Neumarkt (Dresden)">Neumarkt square</a> on which the Frauenkirche is situated, was expected to take decades, but numerous large projects were under way in the first part of the 21st century. </p><p>Dresden remains a major cultural centre of historical memory, owing to the city's destruction in World War II. Each year on 13 February, the anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Dresden in World War II">British and American fire-bombing raid</a> that destroyed most of the city, tens of thousands of demonstrators gather to commemorate the event. Since reunification, the ceremony has taken on a more neutral and pacifist tone (after being used more politically during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>). Beginning in 1999, right-wing <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">Neo-Nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/White_Nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="White Nationalism">white nationalist</a> groups have organised demonstrations in Dresden that have been among the largest of their type in the post-war <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">history of Germany</a>. Each year around the anniversary of the city's destruction, people convene in the memory of those who died in the fire-bombing. </p><p>The completion of the reconstructed Dresden Frauenkirche in 2005 marked the first step in rebuilding the Neumarkt area. The areas around the square were divided into eight "quarters", with each being rebuilt as a separate project, the majority of buildings to be rebuilt either to the original structure or at least with a facade similar to the original. The quarters I, II, IV, V, VI and VIII have since been completed; quarters III and quarter VII were still partly under construction in 2020. </p><p>In 2002, torrential rains caused the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> to flood 9 metres (30 ft) above its normal height, i.e., even higher than the old record height from 1845, damaging many landmarks (see <a href="/wiki/2002_European_floods" title="2002 European floods">2002 European floods</a>). The destruction from this "millennium flood" is no longer visible, due to the speed of reconstruction. </p><p>The United Nations' cultural organization <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> declared the <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Elbe_Valley" title="Dresden Elbe Valley">Dresden Elbe Valley</a> to be a World Heritage Site in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being placed on the list of endangered World Heritage Sites in 2006, the city lost the title in June 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-Dresden_loses_UNESCO_world_heritage_status_Archived_29_June_2009_at_the_Wayback_Machine_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dresden_loses_UNESCO_world_heritage_status_Archived_29_June_2009_at_the_Wayback_Machine-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Connolly-2009_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connolly-2009-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the construction of the <i><a href="/wiki/Waldschl%C3%B6%C3%9Fchenbr%C3%BCcke" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldschlößchenbrücke">Waldschlößchenbrücke</a></i>, making it only the second ever World Heritage Site to be removed from the register.<sup id="cite_ref-Dresden_loses_UNESCO_world_heritage_status_Archived_29_June_2009_at_the_Wayback_Machine_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dresden_loses_UNESCO_world_heritage_status_Archived_29_June_2009_at_the_Wayback_Machine-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Connolly-2009_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connolly-2009-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UNESCO stated in 2006 that the bridge would destroy the cultural landscape. The city council's legal moves, meant to prevent the bridge from being built, failed.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden-nightpanorama-dri.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern Dresden by night"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dresden-nightpanorama-dri.jpg/1000px-Dresden-nightpanorama-dri.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dresden-nightpanorama-dri.jpg/1500px-Dresden-nightpanorama-dri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dresden-nightpanorama-dri.jpg/2000px-Dresden-nightpanorama-dri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6132" data-file-height="1540" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden-nightpanorama-dri.jpg" title="File:Dresden-nightpanorama-dri.jpg"> </a></div>Modern Dresden by night</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DD-canaletto-blick.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dresden by day (Brühl's Terrace)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/DD-canaletto-blick.jpg/1000px-DD-canaletto-blick.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/DD-canaletto-blick.jpg/1500px-DD-canaletto-blick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/DD-canaletto-blick.jpg/2000px-DD-canaletto-blick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2098" data-file-height="677" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:DD-canaletto-blick.jpg" title="File:DD-canaletto-blick.jpg"> </a></div>Dresden by day (<a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BChl%27s_Terrace" title="Brühl's Terrace">Brühl's Terrace</a>)</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_and_urban_development_of_Dresden" title="Geography and urban development of Dresden">Geography and urban development of Dresden</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basteibr%C3%BCcke_morgens_(Zuschnitt).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Basteibr%C3%BCcke_morgens_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg/220px-Basteibr%C3%BCcke_morgens_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Basteibr%C3%BCcke_morgens_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg/330px-Basteibr%C3%BCcke_morgens_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Basteibr%C3%BCcke_morgens_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg/440px-Basteibr%C3%BCcke_morgens_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4825" data-file-height="3452" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saxon_Switzerland" title="Saxon Switzerland">Saxon Switzerland</a> a few kilometres outside of Dresden</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pillnitz_k%C3%B6niglicher_Weinberg_(04-2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pillnitz_k%C3%B6niglicher_Weinberg_%2804-2%29.jpg/220px-Pillnitz_k%C3%B6niglicher_Weinberg_%2804-2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pillnitz_k%C3%B6niglicher_Weinberg_%2804-2%29.jpg/330px-Pillnitz_k%C3%B6niglicher_Weinberg_%2804-2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pillnitz_k%C3%B6niglicher_Weinberg_%2804-2%29.jpg/440px-Pillnitz_k%C3%B6niglicher_Weinberg_%2804-2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>View over <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Basin" title="Dresden Basin">Dresden Basin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Dresden lies on both banks of the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Basin" title="Dresden Basin">Dresden Basin</a>, with the further reaches of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Ore_Mountains" title="Ore Mountains">Ore Mountains</a> to the south, the steep slope of the <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatian</a> granitic crust to the north, and the <a href="/wiki/Elbe_Sandstone_Mountains" title="Elbe Sandstone Mountains">Elbe Sandstone Mountains</a> to the east at an altitude of about 113 metres (371 feet). Triebenberg is the highest point in Dresden at 384 metres (1,260 feet).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With a pleasant location and a mild climate on the Elbe, as well as Baroque-style architecture and numerous world-renowned museums and art collections, Dresden has been called "Elbflorenz" (<a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> on the Elbe). The incorporation of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Types_of_rural_communities" title="Types of rural communities">rural communities</a> over the past 60 years has made Dresden the fourth largest <a href="/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban districts of Germany">urban district</a> by area in Germany after Berlin, Hamburg and <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-List_of_cities_in_Germany_with_more_than_100_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_cities_in_Germany_with_more_than_100-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nearest German cities are <a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a> 62 kilometres (39 miles)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the southwest, <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> 100 kilometres (62 miles)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the northwest and Berlin 165 kilometres (103 miles)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the north. <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> (Czech Republic) is about 150 kilometres (93 miles) to the south and <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> (Poland) 200 kilometres (120 miles) to the east. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature">Nature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dresden is one of the greenest cities in all of Europe, with 62% of the city being green areas and forests.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Heath" title="Dresden Heath">Dresden Heath</a> (<i>Dresdner Heide</i>) to the north is a forest 50 km<sup>2</sup> (19 sq mi) in size. There are four <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserves</a>. The additional Special Conservation Areas cover 18 km<sup>2</sup> (6.9 sq mi). The protected gardens, parkways, parks and old graveyards host 110 natural monuments in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Elbe_Valley" title="Dresden Elbe Valley">Dresden Elbe Valley</a> is a former world heritage site which is focused on the conservation of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">cultural landscape</a> in Dresden. One important part of that landscape is the Elbe meadows, which cross the city in a 20 kilometre swath. <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Switzerland" title="Saxon Switzerland">Saxon Switzerland</a> is located south-east of the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like most of eastern Germany, Dresden has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>Cfb</i>), with significant continental influences due to its inland location. The summers are warm, averaging 19.0 °C (66.2 °F) in July. The winters are slightly colder than the German average, with a January average temperature of 0.1 °C (32.18 °F). The driest months are February, March and April, with precipitation of around 40 mm (1.6 in). The wettest months are July and August, with more than 80 mm (3.1 in) per month. </p><p>The microclimate in the <a href="/wiki/Elbe_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbe valley">Elbe valley</a> differs from that on the slopes and in the higher areas, where the Dresden district <a href="/wiki/Klotzsche" title="Klotzsche">Klotzsche</a>, at 227 metres <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>, hosts the Dresden <a href="/wiki/Weather_station" title="Weather station">weather station</a>. The weather in Klotzsche is 1 to 3 °C (1.8 to 5.4 °F) colder than in the <a href="/wiki/Inner_city" title="Inner city">inner city</a> at 112 metres <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Dresden(1971–2000 normals) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1<br />(39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3<br />(70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2<br />(28.0) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8<br />(28.8) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6<br />(47.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8<br />(53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4<br />(43.5) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(35.4) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6<br />(30.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.3<br />(1.74) </td> <td style="background: #C5FFC5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9<br />(1.37) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.1<br />(1.70) </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.3<br />(1.86) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.0<br />(2.36) </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.5<br />(2.70) </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.0<br />(3.23) </td> <td style="background: #8AFF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.9<br />(3.07) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.6<br />(1.95) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.5<br />(1.75) </td> <td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.5<br />(2.11) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.9<br />(2.24) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">662.5<br />(26.08) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">113.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: WMO<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Dresden (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1934–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5<br />(85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.2<br />(100.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.4<br />(97.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.4<br />(99.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9<br />(93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8<br />(82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.2<br />(100.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5<br />(47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1<br />(39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br />(33.1) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(34.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br />(40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7<br />(35.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.0<br />(28.4) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.5<br />(29.3) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br />(34.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.7<br />(30.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.9<br />(42.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.3<br />(−13.5) </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−23.0<br />(−9.4) </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.5<br />(2.3) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.3<br />(20.7) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.4<br />(25.9) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br />(33.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.0<br />(21.2) </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.2<br />(8.2) </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.0<br />(−5.8) </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−25.3<br />(−13.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.1<br />(1.66) </td> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br />(1.29) </td> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.1<br />(1.66) </td> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3<br />(1.43) </td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.9<br />(2.48) </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.6<br />(2.46) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.5<br />(3.33) </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.1<br />(3.15) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.7<br />(2.04) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.9<br />(1.96) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.5<br />(1.87) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.0<br />(1.73) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">636.4<br />(25.06) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.4 </td> <td style="background: #3C3CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.4 </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.1 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.7 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.5 </td> <td style="background: #4A4AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.6 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.7 </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.0 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.7 </td> <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.1 </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">169.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 cm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000C2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000D0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000E1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000FA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000F7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000FA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000CC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000BB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000BD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000E0; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">74.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #717171; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62.0 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.1 </td> <td style="background: #B9B94C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">127.0 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">187.3 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">222.0 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">221.3 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">233.8 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">222.8 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164.2 </td> <td style="background: #B6B660; color:#000000;" class="notheme">119.9 </td> <td style="background: #808080; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.9 </td> <td style="background: #6D6D6D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.0 </td> <td style="background: #C4C40C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,770.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Data derived from <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(precipitation(Klotzsche)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flood_protection">Flood protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Flood protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of its location on the banks of the Elbe, into which some water sources from the Ore Mountains flow, flood protection is important. Large areas are kept free of buildings to provide a flood plain. Two additional trenches, about 50 metres wide, have been built to keep the inner city free of water from the Elbe, by dissipating the water downstream through the inner city's gorge portion. Flood regulation systems like <a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">detention basins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Water reservoir">water reservoirs</a> are almost all outside the <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">city area</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Feritz" title="Weißeritz">Weißeritz</a>, normally a rather small river, suddenly ran directly into the main station of Dresden during the <a href="/wiki/2002_European_floods" title="2002 European floods">2002 European floods</a>. This was largely because the river returned to its former route; it had been diverted so that a railway could run along the river bed. </p><p>Many locations and areas need to be protected by walls and sheet pilings during floods. A number of districts become waterlogged if the Elbe overflows across some of its former floodplains.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weisseritz_in_L%C3%B6btau_zur_Jahrhundertflut_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Floods in 2002"><img alt="Floods in 2002" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Weisseritz_in_L%C3%B6btau_zur_Jahrhundertflut_2002.jpg/240px-Weisseritz_in_L%C3%B6btau_zur_Jahrhundertflut_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Weisseritz_in_L%C3%B6btau_zur_Jahrhundertflut_2002.jpg/360px-Weisseritz_in_L%C3%B6btau_zur_Jahrhundertflut_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Weisseritz_in_L%C3%B6btau_zur_Jahrhundertflut_2002.jpg/480px-Weisseritz_in_L%C3%B6btau_zur_Jahrhundertflut_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Floods in 2002</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Semperoper-flood-2005-03-22.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Semperoper during 2005 floods"><img alt="Semperoper during 2005 floods" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Semperoper-flood-2005-03-22.jpg/240px-Semperoper-flood-2005-03-22.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Semperoper-flood-2005-03-22.jpg/360px-Semperoper-flood-2005-03-22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Semperoper-flood-2005-03-22.jpg/480px-Semperoper-flood-2005-03-22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Semperoper" title="Semperoper">Semperoper</a> during 2005 floods</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flood_dresden_april2006_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elbe flood in April 2006"><img alt="Elbe flood in April 2006" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flood_dresden_april2006_004.jpg/240px-Flood_dresden_april2006_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flood_dresden_april2006_004.jpg/360px-Flood_dresden_april2006_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flood_dresden_april2006_004.jpg/480px-Flood_dresden_april2006_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elbe flood in April 2006</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elbe_030406_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dresden skyline in 2006"><img alt="Dresden skyline in 2006" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Elbe_030406_2.jpg/247px-Elbe_030406_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Elbe_030406_2.jpg/370px-Elbe_030406_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Elbe_030406_2.jpg/493px-Elbe_030406_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2490" data-file-height="1818" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dresden skyline in 2006</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elbe-Hochwasser-Dresden-Juni2013-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dresden under water in June 2013"><img alt="Dresden under water in June 2013" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Elbe-Hochwasser-Dresden-Juni2013-18.jpg/271px-Elbe-Hochwasser-Dresden-Juni2013-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Elbe-Hochwasser-Dresden-Juni2013-18.jpg/407px-Elbe-Hochwasser-Dresden-Juni2013-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Elbe-Hochwasser-Dresden-Juni2013-18.jpg/542px-Elbe-Hochwasser-Dresden-Juni2013-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/2013_European_floods" title="2013 European floods">Dresden under water in June 2013</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_structuring">City structuring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: City structuring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dresden is a spacious city. Its boroughs differ in their structure and appearance. Many parts still contain an old village core, while some quarters are almost completely preserved as rural settings. Other characteristic kinds of urban areas are the historic outskirts of the city, and the former suburbs with scattered housing. During the German Democratic Republic, many apartment blocks were built. The original parts of the city are almost all in the boroughs of Altstadt (Old town) and Neustadt (New town). Growing outside the <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">city walls</a>, the historic outskirts were built in the 18th and 19th century. They were planned and constructed on the orders of the Saxon monarchs and many of them are named after Saxon sovereigns (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Friedrichstadt_(Dresden)" title="Friedrichstadt (Dresden)">Friedrichstadt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albertstadt" title="Albertstadt">Albertstadt</a>). Dresden has been divided into ten boroughs called "Stadtbezirk" and nine former municipalities ("Ortschaften") which have been incorporated since 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1501</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1603</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">14,793</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+491.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1699</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">21,298</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+44.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1727</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">46,472</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+118.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1755</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">63,209</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+36.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1772</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">44,760</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−29.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1800</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">61,794</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+38.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1813</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">51,175</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−17.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1830</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">61,886</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1840</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">82,014</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+32.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1852</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">104,199</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+27.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1861</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">128,152</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">177,089</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+38.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1880</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">220,818</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1890</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">276,522</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+25.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">396,146</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+43.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1905</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">516,996</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+30.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1910</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">548,308</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1916</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">528,732</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1920</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">540,900</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+2.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1925</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">619,157</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1930</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">633,441</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1933</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">649,252</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1935</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">637,052</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1940</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">626,900</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−1.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1944</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">566,738</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−9.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1945</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">368,519</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−35.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1946</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">467,966</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+27.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">494,187</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1955</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">496,548</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">493,603</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1965</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">508,119</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">502,432</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1975</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">509,331</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">516,225</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1985</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">519,769</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">490,571</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−5.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1995</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">469,110</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">478,631</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">512,354</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+7.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">557,782</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.9%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <br />Source for 2001–2022: <sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption>Top 10 non-German populations<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nationality</th> <th>Population (31 December 2022) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>8,961 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td> <td>2,395 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>2,342 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>2,230 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>1,943 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>1,739 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>1,549 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td> <td>1,276 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>1,126 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>1,078 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The population of Dresden grew to 100,000 inhabitants in 1852, making it one of the first German cities after <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Berlin and <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau</a> (Wrocław) to reach that number. The population peaked at 649,252 in 1933, and dropped to 368,519 in 1945 because of World War II, during which large residential areas of the city were destroyed. After large incorporations and city restoration, the population grew to 522,532 again between 1946 and 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>, demographic development has been very unsteady. The city has struggled with migration and suburbanisation. During the 1990s the population increased to 480,000 because of several incorporations, and decreased to 452,827 in 1998. Between 2000 and 2010, the population grew quickly by more than 45,000 inhabitants (about 9.5%) due to a stabilised economy and re-urbanisation. Along with <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, Dresden is one of the ten fastest-growing cities in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-List_of_cities_in_Germany_with_more_than_100_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_cities_in_Germany_with_more_than_100-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the population of the city of Dresden was 557,075,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the population of the Dresden agglomeration was 790,400 as of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation.de_quoting_Federal_Statistics_Office_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation.de_quoting_Federal_Statistics_Office-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the population of the Dresden metropolitan area, which includes the neighbouring districts of <a href="/wiki/Mei%C3%9Fen_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meißen (district)">Meißen</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Schweiz-Osterzgebirge" title="Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge">Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bautzen_(district)" title="Bautzen (district)">Bautzen</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz_(district)" title="Görlitz (district)">Görlitz</a>, was 1,343,305.<sup id="cite_ref-Eurostat_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eurostat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2018 about 50.0% of the population was female.<sup id="cite_ref-dresden.de_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dresden.de-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the mean age of the population was 43 years, which is the lowest among the urban districts in Saxony.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 31 December 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there were 67,841 people with a migration background (12.1% of the population, increased from 7.2% in 2010), and about two-thirds of these, 44,665 or about 8.0% of all Dresden citizens were foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-dresden.de_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dresden.de-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This percentage increased from 4.1% in 2010. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dresden is one of Germany's 16 political centres<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the capital of Saxony. It has institutions of democratic local self-administration that are independent from the capital functions.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dresden hosted some international summits in recent years, such as the Petersburg Dialogue between Russia and Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the European Union's <a href="/wiki/Interior_minister" title="Interior minister">Minister of the Interior</a> conference<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a> labour ministers conference.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayor">Mayor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mayor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/City_Council_of_Dresden" title="City Council of Dresden">City Council of Dresden</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">city council</a> is the legislative branch of the city government. The council gives orders to the mayor (German: <i lang="de">Bürgermeister</i>) via resolutions and decrees, and thus also has some degree of executive power.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Dresden_mayoral_election_(2nd_round).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/2022_Dresden_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg/350px-2022_Dresden_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/2022_Dresden_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg/525px-2022_Dresden_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/2022_Dresden_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg/700px-2022_Dresden_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>Results of the second round of the 2022 mayoral election</figcaption></figure> <p>The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Wagner_(politician)" title="Herbert Wagner (politician)">Herbert Wagner</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU), who served from 1990 to 2001. The mayor was originally chosen by the city council, but since 1994 has been directly elected. Ingolf Roßberg of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP) served from 2001 until 2008. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Helma_Orosz" title="Helma Orosz">Helma Orosz</a> (CDU). <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Hilbert" title="Dirk Hilbert">Dirk Hilbert</a> was elected mayor in 2015 under the banner "Independent Citizens for Dresden". He was nominated by the FDP and <a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">Free Voters</a>, and was endorsed by the CDU and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> in the runoff. The most recent mayoral election was held on 12 June 2022, with a runoff held on 10 July, and the results were as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Candidate </th> <th rowspan="2">Party </th> <th colspan="2">First round </th> <th colspan="2">Second round </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFED00"> </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Hilbert" title="Dirk Hilbert">Dirk Hilbert</a></b> </td> <td align="left">Independent Citizens for Dresden<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">FW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a>)</span> </td> <td>66,165 </td> <td>32.5 </td> <td><b>80,483</b> </td> <td><b>45.3</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td align="left">Eva Jähnigen </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(plus <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">Left</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_Germany" title="Pirate Party Germany">Pirates</a> in the runoff)</span> </td> <td>38,473 </td> <td>18.9 </td> <td>67,947 </td> <td>38.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td align="left">Albrecht Pallas </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>31,068 </td> <td>15.2 </td> <td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Withdrew</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#00A2DE"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Krah" title="Maximilian Krah">Maximilian Krah</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> </td> <td>28,971 </td> <td>14.2 </td> <td>21,741 </td> <td>12.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"> </td> <td align="left">André Schollbach </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> </td> <td>20,898 </td> <td>10.3 </td> <td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Withdrew</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC"> </td> <td align="left">Marcus Fuchs </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td>6,856 </td> <td>3.4 </td> <td>3,549 </td> <td>2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FF820A"> </td> <td align="left">Martin Schulte-Wissermann </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_Germany" title="Pirate Party Germany">Pirate Party</a> </td> <td>5,975 </td> <td>2.9 </td> <td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Withdrew</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC"> </td> <td align="left">Sascha Wolff </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td>2,695 </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Withdrew</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#B5152B"> </td> <td align="left">Jan Pöhnisch </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a> </td> <td>2,684 </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>3,824 </td> <td>2.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Valid votes </th> <th>203,785 </th> <th>99.4 </th> <th>177,544 </th> <th>99.5 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Invalid votes </th> <th>1,145 </th> <th>0.6 </th> <th>974 </th> <th>0.5 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Total </th> <th>204,930 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th>178,518 </th> <th>100.0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Electorate/voter turnout </th> <th>432,294 </th> <th>47.4 </th> <th>431,967 </th> <th>41.3 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Source: City of Dresden (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahlen.dresden.de/2022/obw/index.html">1st round</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahlen.dresden.de/2022/obwzwg/index.html">2nd round</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_council">City council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: City council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2024_Dresden_City_Council_election_-_Vote_strength.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/2024_Dresden_City_Council_election_-_Vote_strength.svg/350px-2024_Dresden_City_Council_election_-_Vote_strength.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/2024_Dresden_City_Council_election_-_Vote_strength.svg/525px-2024_Dresden_City_Council_election_-_Vote_strength.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/2024_Dresden_City_Council_election_-_Vote_strength.svg/700px-2024_Dresden_City_Council_election_-_Vote_strength.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Strongest party by locality in the 2024 City Council election</figcaption></figure> <p>The most recent city council election was held on 9 June 2024, and the results were as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>+/- </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/- </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#00A2DE"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD) </td> <td>170,346 </td> <td>19.4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.3 </td> <td>14 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#151518"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU) </td> <td>157,717 </td> <td>18.0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.3 </td> <td>13 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> (Grüne) </td> <td>128,099 </td> <td>14.6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.9 </td> <td>10 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD) </td> <td>78,652 </td> <td>9.0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.2 </td> <td>6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="ffe228"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Holger_Zastrow" title="Holger Zastrow">Team Zastrow/Alliance Saxony 24</a> </td> <td>71,163 </td> <td>8.1 </td> <td>New </td> <td>6 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (Die Linke) </td> <td>68,012 </td> <td>7.8 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8.4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#792351"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Sahra_Wagenknecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht">Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance</a> (BSW) </td> <td>63,108 </td> <td>7.2 </td> <td>New </td> <td>5 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Free Voters Dresden (WV) </td> <td>31,110 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.8 </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FF820A"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_Germany" title="Pirate Party Germany">Pirate Party Germany</a> (Piraten) </td> <td>27,736 </td> <td>3.2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.8 </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFED00"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP) </td> <td>24,464 </td> <td>2.8 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.7 </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#B5152B"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a> (PARTEI) </td> <td>16,363 </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="009332"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Freie_Sachsen" title="Freie Sachsen">Free Saxons</a> (FS) </td> <td>13,304 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>New </td> <td>1 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#502379"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Volt_Germany" title="Volt Germany">Volt Germany</a> (Volt) </td> <td>10,522 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>New </td> <td>1 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Dissidents Dresden (DissDD) </td> <td>8,365 </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td>New </td> <td>1 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Free Citizens Dresden (FBD) </td> <td>8,290 </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.6 </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Valid votes </th> <th>877,251 </th> <th>96.3 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Invalid votes </th> <th>3,802 </th> <th>1.3 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th>303,717 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th> </th> <th>70 </th> <th>±0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Electorate/voter turnout </th> <th>429,280 </th> <th>70.8 </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.9 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahlen.dresden.de/2024/srw/index.html">Wahlen in Sachsen</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_institutions">Public institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Public institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden-Kultusministerium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dresden-Kultusministerium.jpg/220px-Dresden-Kultusministerium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dresden-Kultusministerium.jpg/330px-Dresden-Kultusministerium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dresden-Kultusministerium.jpg/440px-Dresden-Kultusministerium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3650" data-file-height="1862" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Staatskanzlei" title="Sächsische Staatskanzlei">Sächsische Staatskanzlei</a> (<i>Saxon State Chancellery</i>) is an institution assisting the President of the State.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the capital of Saxony, Dresden is home to the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Saxony" title="Landtag of Saxony">Saxon state parliament</a> (<i>Landtag</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the ministries of the Saxon Government. The controlling <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Saxony" title="Constitutional Court of Saxony">Constitutional Court of Saxony</a> is in Leipzig. The highest Saxon court in civil and <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Regional_Court_of_Dresden" title="Higher Regional Court of Dresden">Higher Regional Court of Dresden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the Saxon state authorities are located in Dresden. Dresden is home to the Regional Commission of the <a href="/wiki/Dresden_(region)" title="Dresden (region)">Dresden Regierungsbezirk</a>, which is a controlling authority for the Saxon Government. </p><p>Like many cities in Germany, Dresden is also home to a local court, has a trade corporation and a Chamber of Industry and Trade and many subsidiaries of federal agencies (such as the Federal Labour Office or the <a href="/wiki/Technisches_Hilfswerk" title="Technisches Hilfswerk">Federal Agency for Technical Relief</a>). It hosts some divisions of the German Customs and <a href="/wiki/Wasser-_und_Schifffahrtsamt" title="Wasser- und Schifffahrtsamt">Waterways and Shipping Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dresden is home to a military subdistrict command, but no longer has large military units as it did in the past. Dresden is the traditional location for <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">army officer</a> schooling in Germany, today carried out in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Offizierschule_des_Heeres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Offizierschule des Heeres (page does not exist)">Offizierschule des Heeres</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offizierschule_des_Heeres" class="extiw" title="de:Offizierschule des Heeres">de</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_affairs">Local affairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Local affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euroluftbild_de00028281.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Euroluftbild_de00028281.JPG/220px-Euroluftbild_de00028281.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Euroluftbild_de00028281.JPG/330px-Euroluftbild_de00028281.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Euroluftbild_de00028281.JPG/440px-Euroluftbild_de00028281.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Waldschl%C3%B6sschen_Bridge" title="Waldschlösschen Bridge">Waldschlösschen Bridge</a> is a subject of controversy in Dresden and other parts of Germany.</figcaption></figure> <p>Local affairs in Dresden often centre around the <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban development</a> of the city and its spaces. Architecture and the design of <a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">public places</a> is a controversial subject. Discussions about the <a href="/wiki/Waldschl%C3%B6%C3%9Fchenbr%C3%BCcke" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldschlößchenbrücke">Waldschlößchenbrücke</a>, a bridge under construction across the Elbe, received international attention because of its position across the <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Elbe_Valley" title="Dresden Elbe Valley">Dresden Elbe Valley</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. The city held a public referendum in 2005 on whether to build the bridge, prior to UNESCO expressing doubts about the compatibility between bridge and heritage. Its construction caused loss of World Heritage site status in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, the city of Dresden sold its publicly <a href="/wiki/Subsidized_housing" title="Subsidized housing">subsidized housing</a> organization, WOBA Dresden GmbH, to the US-based private <a href="/wiki/Investment_company" title="Investment company">investment company</a> <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Investment_Group" title="Fortress Investment Group">Fortress Investment Group</a>. The city received <span class="nowrap">987.1 million</span> euro and paid off its remaining loans, making it the first large city in Germany to become debt-free. Opponents of the sale were concerned about Dresden's loss of control over the <a href="/wiki/Subsidized_housing" title="Subsidized housing">subsidized housing market</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dresden has been the center of groups and activities of far-right movements. Politicians and politics of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD) have a strong backing.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in October 2014, <a href="/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida">PEGIDA</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nationalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalistic">nationalistic</a> political movement based in Dresden has been organizing weekly demonstrations against what it perceives as the <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> of Europe at the height of the <a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a>. As the number of demonstrators increased to 15,000 in December 2014, so has the international media coverage of it.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since 2015, the number of demonstrators has decreased significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, the Dresden City Council passed a policy statement against "anti-democratic, anti-pluralist, misanthropic and right-wing-extremist developments".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The motion was originally put forward by the satirical political party <a href="/wiki/Die_Partei" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Partei">Die Partei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_90/Die_Gr%C3%BCnen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bündnis 90/Die Grünen">Bündnis 90/Die Grünen</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">Die Linke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> and Die Partei voted in favour of the statement. The <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> voted against it. Among other things, the statement calls on strengthening democracy, protecting human rights and raising spending on (political) education.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Germany" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany">List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany</a></div> <p>Dresden and <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a> became twins after World War II in an act of <a href="/wiki/Vergangenheitsbew%C3%A4ltigung" title="Vergangenheitsbewältigung">reconciliation</a>, as both had suffered near-total destruction from <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">massive aerial bombings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar symbolism occurred in 1988, when Dresden twinned with the Dutch city of <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Blitz" title="Coventry Blitz">Coventry Blitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Blitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotterdam Blitz">Rotterdam Blitz</a> bombardments by the German <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> are also considered to be <a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(law)#International_law" title="Proportionality (law)">disproportional</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dresden has had a triangular partnership with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> since 1987. Dresden is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>, England, United Kingdom (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia (1961, suspended)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, Poland (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, North Macedonia (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrava" title="Ostrava">Ostrava</a>, Czech Republic (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a>, Congo (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Germany (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, Netherlands (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, France (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, Austria (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a>, United States (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, France (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, China (2009)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friendly_cities">Friendly cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Friendly cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dresden also has friendly relations with:<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daejeon" title="Daejeon">Daejeon</a>, South Korea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Gosty%C5%84" title="Gmina Gostyń">Gostyń</a>, Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>, Iran</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frauenkirche-dresden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Frauenkirche-dresden.jpg/220px-Frauenkirche-dresden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Frauenkirche-dresden.jpg/330px-Frauenkirche-dresden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Frauenkirche-dresden.jpg/440px-Frauenkirche-dresden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2335" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Frauenkirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Dresden Frauenkirche">Frauenkirche</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Neumarkt_(Dresden)" title="Neumarkt (Dresden)">Neumarkt</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Dresden is often said to be a <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> city, its architecture is influenced by more than one style. Other eras of importance are the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a>, as well as the contemporary styles of <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dresden has some 13,000 listed cultural monuments and eight districts under general preservation orders.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Royal_household">Royal household</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Royal household"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden-Zwinger.courtyard.04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dresden-Zwinger.courtyard.04.JPG/220px-Dresden-Zwinger.courtyard.04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dresden-Zwinger.courtyard.04.JPG/330px-Dresden-Zwinger.courtyard.04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dresden-Zwinger.courtyard.04.JPG/440px-Dresden-Zwinger.courtyard.04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zwinger_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwinger Palace">Zwinger Palace</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Castle" title="Dresden Castle">Dresden Castle</a> was the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Household" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Household">royal household</a> from 1485. The wings of the building have been renewed, built upon and restored many times. Due to this integration of styles, the castle is made up of elements of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicist</a> styles.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Zwinger_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwinger Palace">Zwinger Palace</a> is across the road from the castle. It was built on the old stronghold of the city and was converted to a centre for the royal art collections and a place to hold festivals. Its gate by the moat is surmounted by a golden crown.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other royal buildings and ensembles: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BChl%27s_Terrace" title="Brühl's Terrace">Brühl's Terrace</a> was a gift to <a href="/wiki/Heinrich,_count_von_Br%C3%BChl" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich, count von Brühl">Heinrich, count von Brühl</a>, and became an ensemble of buildings above the river Elbe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Elbe_Valley" title="Dresden Elbe Valley">Dresden Elbe Valley</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Pillnitz_Castle" title="Pillnitz Castle">Pillnitz Castle</a> and other castles</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sacred_buildings">Sacred buildings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sacred buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Dresden_seen_from_the_Right_Bank_of_the_Elbe,_beneath_the_Augusts_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Canaletto_-_Dresden_seen_from_the_Right_Bank_of_the_Elbe%2C_beneath_the_Augusts_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Canaletto_-_Dresden_seen_from_the_Right_Bank_of_the_Elbe%2C_beneath_the_Augusts_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Canaletto_-_Dresden_seen_from_the_Right_Bank_of_the_Elbe%2C_beneath_the_Augusts_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Canaletto_-_Dresden_seen_from_the_Right_Bank_of_the_Elbe%2C_beneath_the_Augusts_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Canaletto_-_Dresden_seen_from_the_Right_Bank_of_the_Elbe%2C_beneath_the_Augusts_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Canaletto_-_Dresden_seen_from_the_Right_Bank_of_the_Elbe%2C_beneath_the_Augusts_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6175" data-file-height="3486" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Bellotto" title="Bernardo Bellotto">Bernardo Bellotto</a>'s Dresden included the <a href="/wiki/Katholische_Hofkirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Katholische Hofkirche">Hofkirche</a> during construction.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Katholische_Hofkirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Katholische Hofkirche">Hofkirche</a> was the church of the royal household. <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus the Strong</a>, who desired to be <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">King of Poland</a>, converted to Catholicism, as Polish kings had to be Catholic. At that time Dresden was strictly Protestant. Augustus the Strong ordered the building of the Hofkirche, the Roman Catholic Cathedral, to establish a sign of Roman Catholic religious importance in Dresden. The church is the cathedral "Sanctissimae Trinitatis" since 1980. The crypt of the <a href="/wiki/Wettin_(dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wettin (dynasty)">Wettin Dynasty</a> is located within the church.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Augustus III of Poland is buried in the cathedral, as one of the very few Polish kings to be buried outside the <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Cathedral" title="Wawel Cathedral">Wawel Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>. </p><p>In contrast to the Hofkirche, the Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Frauenkirche,_Dresden" title="Frauenkirche, Dresden">Frauenkirche</a> located at the <a href="/wiki/Neumarkt_(Dresden)" title="Neumarkt (Dresden)">Neumarkt</a> was built almost contemporaneously by the citizens of Dresden. The city's historic Kreuzkirche was reconsecrated in 1388.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also other churches in Dresden, like the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Simeon_of_the_Wonderful_Mountain_Church" title="St. Simeon of the Wonderful Mountain Church">St. Simeon of the Wonderful Mountain Church</a> in the Südvorstadt district. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historicism">Historicism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Historicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20070110100DR_Dresden-Friedrichstadt_Yenidze_Wei%C3%9Feritzstr_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/20070110100DR_Dresden-Friedrichstadt_Yenidze_Wei%C3%9Feritzstr_3.jpg/220px-20070110100DR_Dresden-Friedrichstadt_Yenidze_Wei%C3%9Feritzstr_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/20070110100DR_Dresden-Friedrichstadt_Yenidze_Wei%C3%9Feritzstr_3.jpg/330px-20070110100DR_Dresden-Friedrichstadt_Yenidze_Wei%C3%9Feritzstr_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/20070110100DR_Dresden-Friedrichstadt_Yenidze_Wei%C3%9Feritzstr_3.jpg/440px-20070110100DR_Dresden-Friedrichstadt_Yenidze_Wei%C3%9Feritzstr_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1955" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yenidze" title="Yenidze">Yenidze</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicist</a> buildings made their presence felt on the cityscape until the 1920s. </p><p>Notable examples of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Revival">Renaissance Revival</a> architecture in Dresden include the <a href="/wiki/Albertinum" title="Albertinum">Albertinum</a> located at Brühl's Terrace as well as the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_State_Chancellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon State Chancellery">Saxon State Chancellery</a> and the Saxon State Ministry of Finance located on the northern Elbe river banks. The <a href="/wiki/Ehrlichsche_Gestiftskirche" title="Ehrlichsche Gestiftskirche">Ehrlichsche Gestiftskirche</a>, constructed in 1907, was a historicist church building that was demolished in August 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Villa_Rosa_(Dresden)" title="Villa Rosa (Dresden)">Villa Rosa</a> was built in 1839 and was considered one of the most important villa buildings in Dresden, due to its <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance Revival architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yenidze" title="Yenidze">Yenidze</a> is a former cigarette factory building built in the style of a mosque between 1907 and 1909. </p><p>The most recent historicist buildings in Dresden date from the short era of <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a> in the 1950s, e.g. at the Altmarkt.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20121011070DR_Dresden_Altmarkt_Haus_Altmarkt_%2B_Wasserspiele.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/20121011070DR_Dresden_Altmarkt_Haus_Altmarkt_%2B_Wasserspiele.jpg/220px-20121011070DR_Dresden_Altmarkt_Haus_Altmarkt_%2B_Wasserspiele.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/20121011070DR_Dresden_Altmarkt_Haus_Altmarkt_%2B_Wasserspiele.jpg/330px-20121011070DR_Dresden_Altmarkt_Haus_Altmarkt_%2B_Wasserspiele.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/20121011070DR_Dresden_Altmarkt_Haus_Altmarkt_%2B_Wasserspiele.jpg/440px-20121011070DR_Dresden_Altmarkt_Haus_Altmarkt_%2B_Wasserspiele.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2907" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Stalinist architecture at the Altmarkt</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modernism">Modernism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Modernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Garden City of <a href="/wiki/Hellerau" title="Hellerau">Hellerau</a></i>, at that time a suburb of Dresden, was founded in 1909. It was Germany's first <a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">garden city</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1911, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Tessenow" title="Heinrich Tessenow">Heinrich Tessenow</a> built the <a href="/wiki/Festspielhaus_Hellerau" title="Festspielhaus Hellerau">Hellerau Festspielhaus</a> (festival theatre). Until the outbreak of World War I, Hellerau was a centre for European <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> with international standing.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950, Hellerau was incorporated into the city of Dresden. Today, the Hellerau reform architecture is recognized as exemplary. In the 1990s, the garden city of Hellerau became a <a href="/wiki/Conservation_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation area">conservation area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/German_Hygiene_Museum" title="German Hygiene Museum">German Hygiene Museum</a> (built 1928–1930) is a signal example of <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern architecture</a> in Dresden in the interwar period. The building is designed in an impressively monumental style, but employs plain façades and simple structures. </p><p>Important modernist buildings erected between 1945 and 1990 are the Centrum-Warenhaus (a large <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department store</a>), representing the <a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">international Style</a>, and the multi-purpose hall <a href="/wiki/Kulturpalast_(Dresden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulturpalast (Dresden)">Kulturpalast</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_architecture">Contemporary architecture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Contemporary architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden-Kristallpalast-nigh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dresden-Kristallpalast-nigh.jpg/220px-Dresden-Kristallpalast-nigh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dresden-Kristallpalast-nigh.jpg/330px-Dresden-Kristallpalast-nigh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dresden-Kristallpalast-nigh.jpg/440px-Dresden-Kristallpalast-nigh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3276" data-file-height="2244" /></a><figcaption>The locally controversial UFA-Palast</figcaption></figure> <p>After 1990 and German reunification, new styles emerged. Important contemporary buildings include the <a href="/wiki/New_Synagogue,_Dresden" class="mw-redirect" title="New Synagogue, Dresden">New Synagogue</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">postmodern</a> building with few windows, the <a href="/wiki/Transparent_Factory" title="Transparent Factory">Transparent Factory</a>, the Saxon State Parliament and the New Terrace, the UFA-Kristallpalast cinema by <a href="/wiki/Coop_Himmelb(l)au" title="Coop Himmelb(l)au">Coop Himmelb(l)au</a> (one of the biggest buildings of <a href="/wiki/Deconstructivism" title="Deconstructivism">Deconstructivism</a> in Germany), and the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_State_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon State Library">Saxon State Library</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Libeskind" title="Daniel Libeskind">Daniel Libeskind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster,_Baron_Foster_of_Thames_Bank" title="Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank">Norman Foster</a> both modified existing buildings. Foster roofed the main railway station with translucent Teflon-coated synthetics. Libeskind changed the whole structure of the <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr_Military_History_Museum" title="Bundeswehr Military History Museum">Bundeswehr Military History Museum</a> by placing a wedge through the historical arsenal building. According to Libeskind's studio, "[t]he façade's openness and transparency is intended to contrast with the opacity and rigidity of the existing building."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bridges">Bridges</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Important bridges crossing the Elbe river are the <a href="/wiki/Blaues_Wunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Blaues Wunder">Blaues Wunder</a> bridge and the <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Bridge" title="Augustus Bridge">Augustus Bridge</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Statues">Statues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Statues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph_Vinache" title="Jean-Joseph Vinache">Jean-Joseph Vinache</a>'s golden <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue" title="Equestrian statue">equestrian statue</a> of August the Strong, the <i>Goldener Reiter</i> (Golden Cavalier), is on the Neustädter Markt square. It shows August at the beginning of the Hauptstraße (Main street) on his way to Warsaw, where he was King of Poland in personal union. Another statue is the memorial of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> in front of the Frauenkirche.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_gardens">Parks and gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Parks and gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Garten" title="Großer Garten">Großer Garten</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Baroque_garden" title="Baroque garden">Baroque garden</a> in central Dresden. It includes the <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Zoo" title="Dresden Zoo">Dresden Zoo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Botanischer_Garten_der_Technischen_Universit%C3%A4t_Dresden" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanischer Garten der Technischen Universität Dresden">Dresden Botanical Garden</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Heath" title="Dresden Heath">Dresden Heath</a> is a large forest located in the northeast of Dresden and one of the city's most important recreation areas. </p><p>The park of <a href="/wiki/Pillnitz_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillnitz Palace">Pillnitz Palace</a> is famous for its botanical treasures, including a more than 230-year-old <a href="/wiki/Japanese_camellia" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese camellia">Japanese camellia</a> and about 400 potted plants.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Main sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed-hover"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 72px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 70px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden-Frauenkirche-night.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dresden Frauenkirche"><img alt="Dresden Frauenkirche" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Dresden-Frauenkirche-night.jpg/105px-Dresden-Frauenkirche-night.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Dresden-Frauenkirche-night.jpg/157px-Dresden-Frauenkirche-night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Dresden-Frauenkirche-night.jpg/210px-Dresden-Frauenkirche-night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="2547" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 50px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Frauenkirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Dresden Frauenkirche">Dresden Frauenkirche</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden-Zwinger.courtyard.07.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Zwinger Palace"><img alt="Zwinger Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Dresden-Zwinger.courtyard.07.JPG/200px-Dresden-Zwinger.courtyard.07.JPG" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Dresden-Zwinger.courtyard.07.JPG/300px-Dresden-Zwinger.courtyard.07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Dresden-Zwinger.courtyard.07.JPG/400px-Dresden-Zwinger.courtyard.07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 114px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Zwinger_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwinger Palace">Zwinger Palace</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 201.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 199.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden_Germany_Exterior-of-Semperoper-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Semperoper"><img alt="Semperoper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dresden_Germany_Exterior-of-Semperoper-01.jpg/299px-Dresden_Germany_Exterior-of-Semperoper-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dresden_Germany_Exterior-of-Semperoper-01.jpg/448px-Dresden_Germany_Exterior-of-Semperoper-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dresden_Germany_Exterior-of-Semperoper-01.jpg/597px-Dresden_Germany_Exterior-of-Semperoper-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3890" data-file-height="1958" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 180px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Semperoper" title="Semperoper">Semperoper</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden_-_Blick_auf_die_Altstadt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dresden New Town Hall"><img alt="Dresden New Town Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dresden_-_Blick_auf_die_Altstadt.jpg/267px-Dresden_-_Blick_auf_die_Altstadt.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dresden_-_Blick_auf_die_Altstadt.jpg/400px-Dresden_-_Blick_auf_die_Altstadt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dresden_-_Blick_auf_die_Altstadt.jpg/534px-Dresden_-_Blick_auf_die_Altstadt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 158px"><div class="gallerytext">Dresden New Town Hall</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akademie._Dresden.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dresden Academy of Fine Arts"><img alt="Dresden Academy of Fine Arts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Akademie._Dresden.jpg/200px-Akademie._Dresden.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Akademie._Dresden.jpg/300px-Akademie._Dresden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Akademie._Dresden.jpg/400px-Akademie._Dresden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 114px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Dresden Academy of Fine Arts">Dresden Academy of Fine Arts</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 76px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 74px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden_Kreuzkirche_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kreuzkirche, Dresden"><img alt="Kreuzkirche, Dresden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dresden_Kreuzkirche_2008.jpg/111px-Dresden_Kreuzkirche_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dresden_Kreuzkirche_2008.jpg/166px-Dresden_Kreuzkirche_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dresden_Kreuzkirche_2008.jpg/221px-Dresden_Kreuzkirche_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2391" data-file-height="3237" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 54px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kreuzkirche,_Dresden" title="Kreuzkirche, Dresden">Kreuzkirche, Dresden</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden_F%C3%BCrstenzug_065.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fürstenzug"><img alt="Fürstenzug" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Dresden_F%C3%BCrstenzug_065.JPG/187px-Dresden_F%C3%BCrstenzug_065.JPG" decoding="async" width="125" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Dresden_F%C3%BCrstenzug_065.JPG/280px-Dresden_F%C3%BCrstenzug_065.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Dresden_F%C3%BCrstenzug_065.JPG/373px-Dresden_F%C3%BCrstenzug_065.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2838" data-file-height="2283" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 105px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenzug" title="Fürstenzug">Fürstenzug</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 77.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 75.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden-Muenzgasse1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Münzgasse at Neumarkt"><img alt="Münzgasse at Neumarkt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Dresden-Muenzgasse1.jpg/113px-Dresden-Muenzgasse1.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Dresden-Muenzgasse1.jpg/170px-Dresden-Muenzgasse1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Dresden-Muenzgasse1.jpg/227px-Dresden-Muenzgasse1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2885" data-file-height="3819" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 56px"><div class="gallerytext">Münzgasse at <a href="/wiki/Neumarkt_(Dresden)" title="Neumarkt (Dresden)">Neumarkt</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DD-Schloss-gp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dresden Castle"><img alt="Dresden Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/DD-Schloss-gp.jpg/253px-DD-Schloss-gp.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/DD-Schloss-gp.jpg/379px-DD-Schloss-gp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/DD-Schloss-gp.jpg/506px-DD-Schloss-gp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7231" data-file-height="4294" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 149px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Castle" title="Dresden Castle">Dresden Castle</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden-Hofkirche.04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Katholische Hofkirche"><img alt="Katholische Hofkirche" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dresden-Hofkirche.04.jpg/184px-Dresden-Hofkirche.04.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dresden-Hofkirche.04.jpg/276px-Dresden-Hofkirche.04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dresden-Hofkirche.04.jpg/368px-Dresden-Hofkirche.04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1962" data-file-height="1599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 103px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Katholische_Hofkirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Katholische Hofkirche">Katholische Hofkirche</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden-Yenidze-night.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yenidze at night"><img alt="Yenidze at night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Dresden-Yenidze-night.jpg/190px-Dresden-Yenidze-night.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Dresden-Yenidze-night.jpg/284px-Dresden-Yenidze-night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Dresden-Yenidze-night.jpg/379px-Dresden-Yenidze-night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1586" data-file-height="1255" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 107px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Yenidze" title="Yenidze">Yenidze</a> at night</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden_Aeussere_Neustadt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dresden-Neustadt"><img alt="Dresden-Neustadt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Dresden_Aeussere_Neustadt.jpg/222px-Dresden_Aeussere_Neustadt.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Dresden_Aeussere_Neustadt.jpg/333px-Dresden_Aeussere_Neustadt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Dresden_Aeussere_Neustadt.jpg/443px-Dresden_Aeussere_Neustadt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 128px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%C3%84u%C3%9Fere_Neustadt" title="Äußere Neustadt">Dresden-Neustadt</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pillnitz13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pillnitz Castle"><img alt="Pillnitz Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pillnitz13.jpg/214px-Pillnitz13.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pillnitz13.jpg/322px-Pillnitz13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pillnitz13.jpg/429px-Pillnitz13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1588" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 123px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pillnitz_Castle" title="Pillnitz Castle">Pillnitz Castle</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hygienemuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German Hygiene Museum"><img alt="German Hygiene Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hygienemuseum.jpg/200px-Hygienemuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hygienemuseum.jpg/300px-Hygienemuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hygienemuseum.jpg/400px-Hygienemuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 114px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/German_Hygiene_Museum" title="German Hygiene Museum">German Hygiene Museum</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milit%C3%A4rhistorisches_Museum_der_Bundeswehr_October_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bundeswehr Military History Museum"><img alt="Bundeswehr Military History Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Milit%C3%A4rhistorisches_Museum_der_Bundeswehr_October_2011.jpg/200px-Milit%C3%A4rhistorisches_Museum_der_Bundeswehr_October_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Milit%C3%A4rhistorisches_Museum_der_Bundeswehr_October_2011.jpg/300px-Milit%C3%A4rhistorisches_Museum_der_Bundeswehr_October_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Milit%C3%A4rhistorisches_Museum_der_Bundeswehr_October_2011.jpg/400px-Milit%C3%A4rhistorisches_Museum_der_Bundeswehr_October_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 114px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr_Military_History_Museum" title="Bundeswehr Military History Museum">Bundeswehr Military History Museum</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blaueswunder01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blue Wonder"><img alt="Blue Wonder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Blaueswunder01.jpg/214px-Blaueswunder01.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Blaueswunder01.jpg/322px-Blaueswunder01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Blaueswunder01.jpg/429px-Blaueswunder01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2277" data-file-height="1594" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 123px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Blue_Wonder" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Wonder">Blue Wonder</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nymphenbad_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Nymphenbad"><img alt="Nymphenbad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nymphenbad_1.JPG/200px-Nymphenbad_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nymphenbad_1.JPG/300px-Nymphenbad_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nymphenbad_1.JPG/400px-Nymphenbad_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 114px"><div class="gallerytext"><i>Nymphenbad</i></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luftbildaufnahme_des_Gro%C3%9Fen_Gartens_in_Dresden.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Großer Garten"><img alt="Großer Garten" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Luftbildaufnahme_des_Gro%C3%9Fen_Gartens_in_Dresden.jpg/267px-Luftbildaufnahme_des_Gro%C3%9Fen_Gartens_in_Dresden.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Luftbildaufnahme_des_Gro%C3%9Fen_Gartens_in_Dresden.jpg/400px-Luftbildaufnahme_des_Gro%C3%9Fen_Gartens_in_Dresden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Luftbildaufnahme_des_Gro%C3%9Fen_Gartens_in_Dresden.jpg/534px-Luftbildaufnahme_des_Gro%C3%9Fen_Gartens_in_Dresden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 158px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Garten" title="Großer Garten">Großer Garten</a></div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_in_Dresden" title="Culture in Dresden">Culture in Dresden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden_Semperoper_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Dresden_Semperoper_2012.jpg/220px-Dresden_Semperoper_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Dresden_Semperoper_2012.jpg/330px-Dresden_Semperoper_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Dresden_Semperoper_2012.jpg/440px-Dresden_Semperoper_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4116" data-file-height="2730" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Semperoper" title="Semperoper">Semperoper</a>, completely rebuilt and reopened in 1985</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Carl Maria von Weber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> had a number of their works performed for the first time in Dresden.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Ernst Ludwig Kirchner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Otto Dix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Oskar Kokoschka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Semper" title="Gottfried Semper">Gottfried Semper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gret_Palucca" title="Gret Palucca">Gret Palucca</a>, were also active in the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Dresden is also home to several art collections and musical ensembles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Striezelmarkt_2009_00950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Striezelmarkt_2009_00950.jpg/220px-Striezelmarkt_2009_00950.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Striezelmarkt_2009_00950.jpg/330px-Striezelmarkt_2009_00950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Striezelmarkt_2009_00950.jpg/440px-Striezelmarkt_2009_00950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption>View over Altmarkt (Old market) during <a href="/wiki/Striezelmarkt" title="Striezelmarkt">Striezelmarkt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Saxon State Opera descends from the opera company of the former electors and Kings of Saxony. Their first opera house was the <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Opernhaus_am_Taschenberg" title="Opernhaus am Taschenberg">Opernhaus am Taschenberg</a></span></span>, opened in 1667. The <a href="/wiki/Opernhaus_am_Zwinger" title="Opernhaus am Zwinger">Opernhaus am Zwinger</a> presented opera from 1719 to 1756, when the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> began. The later <a href="/wiki/Semperoper" title="Semperoper">Semperoper</a> was completely destroyed during the bombing of Dresden during the second world war. The opera's reconstruction was completed exactly 40 years later, on 13 February 1985. Its musical ensemble is the <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Staatskapelle_Dresden" class="mw-redirect" title="Sächsische Staatskapelle Dresden">Sächsische Staatskapelle Dresden</a></i>, founded in 1548.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Staatsschauspiel_Dresden" title="Staatsschauspiel Dresden">Dresden State Theatre</a> runs a number of smaller theatres. The Dresden State Operetta is the only independent <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operetta</a> in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Herkuleskeule</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> <a href="/wiki/Club_(weapon)" title="Club (weapon)">club</a>) is an important site in <a href="/wiki/Kabarett" title="Kabarett">German-speaking political cabaret</a>. </p><p>There are several choirs in Dresden, the best-known of which is the <a href="/wiki/Dresdner_Kreuzchor" title="Dresdner Kreuzchor">Dresdner Kreuzchor</a> (Choir of <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">The Holy Cross</a>). It is a boys' choir drawn from pupils of the <a href="/wiki/Kreuzschule" title="Kreuzschule">Kreuzschule</a>, and was founded in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Dresdner Kapellknaben</i> are not related to the <i>Staatskapelle</i>, but to the former <i>Hofkapelle</i>, the Catholic cathedral, since 1980. The <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Philharmonic_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dresden Philharmonic Orchestra">Dresden Philharmonic Orchestra</a> is the orchestra of the city of Dresden. </p><p>Throughout the summer, the outdoor concert series "Zwingerkonzerte und Mehr" is held in the <a href="/wiki/Zwinger_(Dresden)" title="Zwinger (Dresden)"><i>Zwingerhof</i></a>. Performances include dance and music.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several small cinemas presenting <a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">cult films</a> and low-budget or low-profile films chosen for their cultural value. Dresden also has a few multiplex cinemas, of which the Rundkino is one the known. </p><p>Dresden's <a href="/wiki/Striezelmarkt" title="Striezelmarkt">Striezelmarkt</a> is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Christmas markets</a> in Germany. Founded as a one-day market in 1434, it is considered the first genuine Christmas market in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-The_German_Way_&_More_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_German_Way_&_More-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A big event each year in June is the <a href="/wiki/Bunte_Republik_Neustadt" title="Bunte Republik Neustadt">Bunte Republik Neustadt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a culture festival lasting three days in the city district of <a href="/wiki/Innere_Neustadt_(Dresden)" title="Innere Neustadt (Dresden)">Dresden-Neustadt</a>. Bands play live concerts for free in the streets and there are refreshments and food. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAFAEL_-_Madonna_Sixtina_(Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alter_Meister,_Dresden,_1513-14._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo,_265_x_196_cm).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/RAFAEL_-_Madonna_Sixtina_%28Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alter_Meister%2C_Dresden%2C_1513-14._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo%2C_265_x_196_cm%29.jpg/170px-RAFAEL_-_Madonna_Sixtina_%28Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alter_Meister%2C_Dresden%2C_1513-14._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo%2C_265_x_196_cm%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/RAFAEL_-_Madonna_Sixtina_%28Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alter_Meister%2C_Dresden%2C_1513-14._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo%2C_265_x_196_cm%29.jpg/255px-RAFAEL_-_Madonna_Sixtina_%28Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alter_Meister%2C_Dresden%2C_1513-14._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo%2C_265_x_196_cm%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/RAFAEL_-_Madonna_Sixtina_%28Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alter_Meister%2C_Dresden%2C_1513-14._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo%2C_265_x_196_cm%29.jpg/340px-RAFAEL_-_Madonna_Sixtina_%28Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alter_Meister%2C_Dresden%2C_1513-14._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo%2C_265_x_196_cm%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3028" data-file-height="4151" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Madonna" title="Sistine Madonna">Sistine Madonna</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alte_Meister" title="Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister">Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Dresden hosts the <i><a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Kunstsammlungen_Dresden" title="Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden">Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden</a></i> (Dresden State Art Collections) which, according to the institution's own statements, place it among the most important museums presently in existence. The art collections consist of twelve museums, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alte_Meister" title="Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister">Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister</a></i> (Old Masters Gallery) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnes_Gew%C3%B6lbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Grünes Gewölbe">Grünes Gewölbe</a></i> (Green Vault) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Palace">Japanese Palace</a></i> (Japanisches Palais).<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also known are <i><a href="/wiki/Galerie_Neue_Meister" title="Galerie Neue Meister">Galerie Neue Meister</a></i> (New Masters Gallery), <i><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Armory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dresden Armory">Rüstkammer</a></i> (Armoury) with the <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Armory#Turkish_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Dresden Armory">Turkish Chamber</a>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Museum_of_Ethnology" title="Dresden Museum of Ethnology">Museum für Völkerkunde Dresden</a></i> (Museum of Ethnology). Other museums and collections owned by the Free State of Saxony in Dresden are: </p> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/German_Hygiene_Museum" title="German Hygiene Museum">Deutsche Hygiene-Museum</a></i>, founded for <a href="/wiki/Mass_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass education">mass education</a> in hygiene, health, <a href="/wiki/Human_biology" title="Human biology">human biology</a> and medicine<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte</i> (State Museum of Prehistory)<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden</i> (Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden)<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Universitätssammlung Kunst + Technik</i> (Collection of Art and Technology of the Dresden University of Technology)<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Transport_Museum" title="Dresden Transport Museum">Verkehrsmuseum Dresden</a></i> (Transport Museum)</li> <li><i>Festung Dresden</i> (Dresden Fortress)<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Panometer Dresden (<a href="/wiki/Dresden_Panometer" title="Dresden Panometer">Dresden Panometer</a>)</i> (Panorama museum)<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dresden_City_Museum" title="Dresden City Museum">Dresden City Museum</a> is run by the city of Dresden and focused on the city's history. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr_Military_History_Museum" title="Bundeswehr Military History Museum">Bundeswehr Military History Museum</a> is placed in the former garrison in the Albertstadt. </p><p>The book museum of the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_State_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon State Library">Saxon State Library</a> presents the <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex">Dresden Codex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kraszewski Museum is a museum dedicated to the most prolific <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> writer <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a>, who lived in Dresden from 1863 to 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Dresden" title="Transport in Dresden">Transport in Dresden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NGTD12DD_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/NGTD12DD_front.jpg/220px-NGTD12DD_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/NGTD12DD_front.jpg/330px-NGTD12DD_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/NGTD12DD_front.jpg/440px-NGTD12DD_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The longest trams in Dresden set a record in length.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus">Bus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Bus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dresdner_Verkehrsbetriebe" title="Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe">DVB</a> is the municipal company in charge of <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport in the city of Dresden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DVB provides a <a href="/wiki/Night_service_(public_transport)" title="Night service (public transport)">night service</a> named <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">GuteNachtLinie</i></span> ('goodnight lines'), which operates Monday-Sunday, although the frequency of the buses is greater on Friday, Saturday and before holidays when the routes run every 30 minutes between 22:45 and 04:45.<sup id="cite_ref-Dresdner_Verkehrsbetriebe_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dresdner_Verkehrsbetriebe-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Postplatz_(Dresden)" title="Postplatz (Dresden)">Postplatz</a> is the most important hub for night-time travel in Dresden. Most GuteNachtLinie routes meet here at the same time to allow people to switch routes.<sup id="cite_ref-Dresdner_Verkehrsbetriebe_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dresdner_Verkehrsbetriebe-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_4" title="Bundesautobahn 4">Bundesautobahn 4</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_route_E40" title="European route E40">European route E40</a>) crosses Dresden in the northwest from west to east. The <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_17" title="Bundesautobahn 17">Bundesautobahn 17</a> leaves the A4 in a south-eastern direction. In Dresden it begins to cross the Ore Mountains towards Prague. The <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_13" title="Bundesautobahn 13">Bundesautobahn 13</a> leaves from the three-point interchange "Dresden-Nord" and goes to Berlin. The A13 and the A17 are on the <a href="/wiki/European_route_E55" title="European route E55">European route E55</a>. In addition, several <a href="/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe" title="Bundesstraße">Bundesstraßen</a> (federal highways) run through Dresden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden_Mainstation_2007_04_23.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dresden_Mainstation_2007_04_23.JPG/220px-Dresden_Mainstation_2007_04_23.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dresden_Mainstation_2007_04_23.JPG/330px-Dresden_Mainstation_2007_04_23.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dresden_Mainstation_2007_04_23.JPG/440px-Dresden_Mainstation_2007_04_23.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="1193" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Hauptbahnhof" title="Dresden Hauptbahnhof">Dresden Central Station</a> is the main inter-city transport hub.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two main inter-city transit hubs in the railway network in Dresden: <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Hauptbahnhof" title="Dresden Hauptbahnhof">Dresden Hauptbahnhof</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dresden-Neustadt_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Dresden-Neustadt railway station">Dresden-Neustadt railway station</a>. The most important railway lines run to Berlin, Prague, Leipzig and Chemnitz. A <a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">commuter train</a> system (<a href="/wiki/Dresden_S-Bahn" title="Dresden S-Bahn">Dresden S-Bahn</a>) operates on three lines alongside the long-distance routes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Airport" title="Dresden Airport">Dresden Airport</a> is the city's <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">international airport</a>, located at the north-western outskirts of the city. After German reunification the airport's infrastructure has been considerably improved. In 1998, a motorway access route was opened.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2001, a new terminal building was opened along with the underground <a href="/wiki/Dresden_S-Bahn" title="Dresden S-Bahn">S-Bahn station</a> <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Flughafen_station" title="Dresden Flughafen station">Dresden Flughafen</a>, a multi-storey car park and a new aircraft handling ramp.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dresden is also directly connected to <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Brandenburg_Airport" title="Berlin Brandenburg Airport">Berlin Brandenburg Airport</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Intercity_(Deutsche_Bahn)" title="Intercity (Deutsche Bahn)">IC 17</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trams">Trams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Trams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dresden has a <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Dresden" title="Trams in Dresden">large tramway network</a> operated by <a href="/wiki/Dresdner_Verkehrsbetriebe" title="Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe">Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe</a>, the municipal transport company. The Transport Authority operates twelve lines on a 200 km (124 mi) network.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the new <a href="/wiki/Low_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Low floor">low-floor</a> vehicles are up to 45 metres long and produced by <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation" title="Bombardier Transportation">Bombardier Transportation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bautzen" title="Bautzen">Bautzen</a>. While about 30% of the system's lines are on <a href="/wiki/Reserved_track" title="Reserved track">reserved track</a> (often sown with grass to avoid noise), many tracks still run on the streets, especially in the inner city.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/CarGoTram" title="CarGoTram">CarGoTram</a> was a tram that supplied Volkswagen's <a href="/wiki/Transparent_Factory" title="Transparent Factory">Transparent Factory</a>, crossing the city. The transparent factory is located not far from the city centre next to the city's largest park.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The districts of Loschwitz and Weisser Hirsch are connected by the <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Funicular_Railway" title="Dresden Funicular Railway">Dresden Funicular Railway</a>, which has been carrying passengers back and forth since 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dresden" title="Economy of Dresden">Economy of Dresden</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dresden" title="Special:EditPage/Dresden">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luftbild_AMD_Dresden_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Luftbild_AMD_Dresden_2005.jpg/220px-Luftbild_AMD_Dresden_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Luftbild_AMD_Dresden_2005.jpg/330px-Luftbild_AMD_Dresden_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Luftbild_AMD_Dresden_2005.jpg/440px-Luftbild_AMD_Dresden_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/GlobalFoundries" title="GlobalFoundries">GlobalFoundries</a> semiconductor factory</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glaeserne_Manufaktur_Dresden.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Glaeserne_Manufaktur_Dresden.JPG/220px-Glaeserne_Manufaktur_Dresden.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Glaeserne_Manufaktur_Dresden.JPG/330px-Glaeserne_Manufaktur_Dresden.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Glaeserne_Manufaktur_Dresden.JPG/440px-Glaeserne_Manufaktur_Dresden.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Transparent_Factory" title="Transparent Factory">Transparent Factory</a> owned by <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Until enterprises like <a href="/wiki/Dresdner_Bank" title="Dresdner Bank">Dresdner Bank</a> left Dresden in the communist era to avoid <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a>, Dresden was one of the most important German cities, an important industrial centre of the German Democratic Republic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The period of the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">GDR</a> until 1990 was characterized by low economic growth in comparison to western German cities.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990 Dresden had to struggle with the <a href="/wiki/Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">economic collapse</a> of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">the Soviet Union</a> and the other export markets in Eastern Europe. After reunification enterprises and production sites broke down almost completely as they entered the <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a>, facing competition from the Federal Republic of Germany. After 1990 a completely new <a href="/wiki/Legal_system" title="Legal system">legal system</a> and currency system was introduced and infrastructure was largely rebuilt with funds from the Federal Republic of Germany. Dresden as a major urban centre has developed much faster and more consistently than most other regions in the former German Democratic Republic. </p><p>Between 1990 and 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment rate</a> fluctuated between 13% and 15%, but has decreased significantly ever since. In December 2019 the unemployment rate was 5.3%, the fourth lowest among the 15 largest cities of Germany (after <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP per capita</a> of Dresden was 39,134 euros, the highest in Saxony.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thanks to the presence of public administration centres, a high density of semi-public research institutes and an extension of publicly funded high technology sectors, the proportion of highly qualified workers Dresden is again among the highest in Germany and by European criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, Dresden had the seventh-best future prospects of all cities in Germany, after being ranked fourth in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-berenberg.de_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berenberg.de-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 2019 study by Forschungsinstitut Prognos, Dresden is one of the most dynamic regions in Germany. It ranks at number 41 of all 401 German regions and second of all regions in former East Germany (only surpassed by <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enterprises">Enterprises</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Enterprises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three major sectors dominate Dresden's economy: </p><p><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Saxony" title="Silicon Saxony">Silicon Saxony</a> Saxony's semiconductor industry was built up in 1969. Major enterprises today include <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Micro Devices">AMD</a>'s semiconductor fabrication spin-off <a href="/wiki/GlobalFoundries" title="GlobalFoundries">GlobalFoundries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infineon_Technologies" title="Infineon Technologies">Infineon Technologies</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZMDI" title="ZMDI">ZMDI</a> and Toppan Photomasks. Their factories attract many suppliers of material and cleanroom technology enterprises to Dresden. </p><p>The pharmaceutical sector developed at the end of the 19th century. The 'Sächsisches Serumwerk Dresden' (Saxon Serum Plant, Dresden), owned by <a href="/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline" class="mw-redirect" title="GlaxoSmithKline">GlaxoSmithKline</a>, is a global leader in <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a> production.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another traditional pharmaceuticals producer is Arzneimittelwerke Dresden (Pharmaceutical Works, Dresden).<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third traditional branch is that of mechanical and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a>. Major employers are the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> <a href="/wiki/Transparent_Factory" title="Transparent Factory">Transparent Factory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbe_Flugzeugwerke" title="Elbe Flugzeugwerke">Elbe Flugzeugwerke</a> (Elbe Aircraft Works), <a href="/wiki/Siemens_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens AG">Siemens</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Linde_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="The Linde Group">Linde-KCA-Dresden</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The tourism industry enjoys high revenue and supports many employees. There are around one hundred bigger hotels in Dresden, many of which cater in the upscale range.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The media in Dresden include two major newspapers of regional record: the <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Zeitung" title="Sächsische Zeitung">Sächsische Zeitung</a></i> (<i>Saxon Newspaper</i>, circulation around 228,000) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Dresdner_Neueste_Nachrichten" title="Dresdner Neueste Nachrichten">Dresdner Neueste Nachrichten</a></i> (<i>Dresden's Latest News</i>, circulation around 50,000). Dresden has a broadcasting centre belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk">Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk</a>. The <i>Dresdner Druck- und Verlagshaus</i> (Dresden printing plant and publishing house) produces part of <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Spiegel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Print_run" class="mw-redirect" title="Print run">print run</a>, amongst other newspapers and magazines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_science">Education and science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Education and science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TU-Dresden-Georg-Schumann-Bau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/TU-Dresden-Georg-Schumann-Bau.jpg/220px-TU-Dresden-Georg-Schumann-Bau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/TU-Dresden-Georg-Schumann-Bau.jpg/330px-TU-Dresden-Georg-Schumann-Bau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/TU-Dresden-Georg-Schumann-Bau.jpg/440px-TU-Dresden-Georg-Schumann-Bau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/TU_Dresden" title="TU Dresden">TU Dresden</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden_Germany_City-views-from-tower-of-Frauenkirche-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dresden_Germany_City-views-from-tower-of-Frauenkirche-01.jpg/220px-Dresden_Germany_City-views-from-tower-of-Frauenkirche-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dresden_Germany_City-views-from-tower-of-Frauenkirche-01.jpg/330px-Dresden_Germany_City-views-from-tower-of-Frauenkirche-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dresden_Germany_City-views-from-tower-of-Frauenkirche-01.jpg/440px-Dresden_Germany_City-views-from-tower-of-Frauenkirche-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3890" data-file-height="3006" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Dresden Academy of Fine Arts">Dresden Academy of Fine Arts</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities">Universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dresden is home to a number of renowned universities, but among German cities it is a more recent location for academic education. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Dresden_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dresden University of Technology">Dresden University of Technology</a> (Technische Universität Dresden, abbreviated as TU Dresden or TUD) with more than 36,000 students (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was founded in 1828 and is among the oldest and largest <a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Technology">Universities of Technology</a> in Germany. It is currently the university of technology in Germany with the largest number of students but also has many courses in <a href="/wiki/Social_studies" title="Social studies">social studies</a>, economics and other non-technical sciences. It offers 126 courses. In 2006, the TU Dresden was successful in the <a href="/wiki/German_Universities_Excellence_Initiative" title="German Universities Excellence Initiative">German Universities Excellence Initiative</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Education_and_Research_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany)">Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany)</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dresden_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Dresden University of Applied Sciences">Dresden University of Applied Sciences</a> (Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Dresden) was founded in 1992 and had about 5,300 students in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Dresden Academy of Fine Arts">Dresden Academy of Fine Arts</a> (Hochschule für Bildende Künste Dresden) was founded in 1764 and is known for its former professors and artists such as <a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">George Grosz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sascha_Schneider" title="Sascha Schneider">Sascha Schneider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Otto Dix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Oskar Kokoschka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Bellotto" title="Bernardo Bellotto">Bernardo Bellotto</a>, Carl-Gustav Carus, <a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Caspar David Friedrich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Richter" title="Gerhard Richter">Gerhard Richter</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Palucca_School_of_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Palucca School of Dance">Palucca School of Dance</a> (Palucca Hochschule für Tanz)<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Gret_Palucca" title="Gret Palucca">Gret Palucca</a> in 1925 and is a major European school of <a href="/wiki/Free_dance" title="Free dance">free dance</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_Carl_Maria_von_Weber_Dresden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hochschule für Musik Carl Maria von Weber Dresden">Carl Maria von Weber College of Music</a> was founded in 1856.</li></ul> <p>Other universities include the <i>Hochschule für Kirchenmusik</i>, a school specialising in <a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">church music</a>, and the <i>Evangelische Hochschule für Sozialarbeit</i>, an education institution for social work.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <i>Dresden International University</i> is a private postgraduate university, founded in 2003 in cooperation with the Dresden University of Technology.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_institutes">Research institutes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Research institutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dresden hosts many <a href="/wiki/Research_institute" title="Research institute">research institutes</a>, some of which have gained an international standing. The domains of most importance are micro- and nanoelectronics, transport and infrastructure systems, material and photonic technology, and bio-engineering. The institutes are well connected among one other as well as with the academic education institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Helmholtz-Zentrum_Dresden-Rossendorf" title="Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf">Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf</a> is the largest complex of research facilities in Dresden, a short distance outside the urban areas. It focuses on <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">nuclear medicine</a> and physics. As part of the <a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_Association_of_German_Research_Centres" class="mw-redirect" title="Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres">Helmholtz Association</a> it is one of the German <a href="/wiki/Big_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Science">Big Science</a> research centres. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a> focuses on <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">fundamental research</a>. There are three Max Planck Institutes (MPI) in Dresden: the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Molecular_Cell_Biology_and_Genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics">MPI of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Chemical_Physics_of_Solids" title="Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids">MPI for Chemical Physics of Solids</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_the_Physics_of_Complex_Systems" title="Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems">MPI for the Physics of Complex Systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society" title="Fraunhofer Society">Fraunhofer Society</a> hosts institutes of applied research that also offer mission-oriented research to enterprises. With eleven institutions or parts of institutes, Dresden is the largest location of the Fraunhofer Society worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fraunhofer Society has become an important factor in location decisions and is seen as a useful part of the "knowledge infrastructure".<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz_Scientific_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Scientific Community">Leibniz Community</a> is a union of institutes with science covering fundamental research and applied research. In Dresden there are three Leibniz Institutes. The <a href="/wiki/Leibniz_Institute_for_Polymer_Research" title="Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research">Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research</a><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Leibniz_Institute_for_Solid_State_and_Materials_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research">Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research</a><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are both in the material and <a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high-technology</a> domain, while the Leibniz Institute for Ecological Urban and Regional Development is focused on more fundamental research into urban planning.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf was member of the Leibniz Community until the end of 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_secondary_education">Higher secondary education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Higher secondary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dresden has more than 20 <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)" title="Gymnasium (Germany)">gymnasia</a> which prepare for a tertiary education, five of which are private.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Sächsisches Landesgymnasium für Musik</i> with a focus on music is supported, as its name implies by the State of Saxony, rather than by the city.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are some <i>Berufliche Gymnasien</i> which combine <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational education</a> and secondary education and an <i>Abendgymnasium</i> which prepares higher education of adults avocational.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden,_Lenn%C3%A9stra%C3%9Fe_12,_Rudolf-Harbig-Stadion,_17.6.2.40-060751.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Dresden%2C_Lenn%C3%A9stra%C3%9Fe_12%2C_Rudolf-Harbig-Stadion%2C_17.6.2.40-060751.jpg/250px-Dresden%2C_Lenn%C3%A9stra%C3%9Fe_12%2C_Rudolf-Harbig-Stadion%2C_17.6.2.40-060751.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Dresden%2C_Lenn%C3%A9stra%C3%9Fe_12%2C_Rudolf-Harbig-Stadion%2C_17.6.2.40-060751.jpg/375px-Dresden%2C_Lenn%C3%A9stra%C3%9Fe_12%2C_Rudolf-Harbig-Stadion%2C_17.6.2.40-060751.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Dresden%2C_Lenn%C3%A9stra%C3%9Fe_12%2C_Rudolf-Harbig-Stadion%2C_17.6.2.40-060751.jpg/500px-Dresden%2C_Lenn%C3%A9stra%C3%9Fe_12%2C_Rudolf-Harbig-Stadion%2C_17.6.2.40-060751.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rudolf-Harbig-Stadion" title="Rudolf-Harbig-Stadion">Rudolf-Harbig-Stadion</a>, the current home of Dynamo Dresden</figcaption></figure> <p>Dresden is home to <a href="/wiki/Dynamo_Dresden" title="Dynamo Dresden">Dynamo Dresden</a>, which had a tradition in <a href="/wiki/European_Cup_and_Champions_League_history" class="mw-redirect" title="European Cup and Champions League history">UEFA club competitions</a> up to the early 1990s. Dynamo Dresden won eight titles in the <a href="/wiki/DDR-Oberliga" title="DDR-Oberliga">DDR-Oberliga</a>. Currently, the club is a member of the <a href="/wiki/3._Liga" title="3. Liga">3. Liga</a> after some seasons in the <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga" title="Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a> and <a href="/wiki/2._Bundesliga" title="2. Bundesliga">2. Bundesliga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 20th century, the city was represented by <a href="/wiki/Dresdner_SC" title="Dresdner SC">Dresdner SC</a>, who were one of Germany's most successful clubs in football. Their best performances came during World War II, when they were twice German <a href="/wiki/German_football_champions" class="mw-redirect" title="German football champions">champions</a>, and twice <a href="/wiki/DFB_Pokal" class="mw-redirect" title="DFB Pokal">Cup</a> winners. Dresdner SC is a multisport club. While its <a href="/wiki/Football_team" title="Football team">football team</a> plays in the sixth-tier <a href="/wiki/Landesliga_Sachsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Landesliga Sachsen">Landesliga Sachsen</a>, its volleyball section has a team in the women's <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga_(volleyball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesliga (volleyball)">Bundesliga</a>. Dresden has a third <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> team <a href="/wiki/SC_Borea_Dresden" title="SC Borea Dresden">SC Borea Dresden</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dresdner_Eisl%C3%B6wen" title="Dresdner Eislöwen">ESC Dresdner Eislöwen</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> club playing in the second-tier ice hockey league <a href="/wiki/DEL2" title="DEL2">DEL2</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Monarchs" title="Dresden Monarchs">Dresden Monarchs</a> are an <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> team in the <a href="/wiki/German_Football_League" title="German Football League">German Football League</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Titans" title="Dresden Titans">Dresden Titans</a> are the city's top basketball team. Due to good performances, they have moved up several divisions and currently play in Germany's second division <a href="/wiki/ProA" title="ProA">ProA</a>. The Titans' home arena is the Margon Arena. </p><p>Since 1890, <a href="/wiki/Horse_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse race">horse races</a> have taken place and the Dresdener Rennverein 1890 e.V. are active and one of the big sporting events in Dresden.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major sporting facilities in Dresden are the <a href="/wiki/Rudolf-Harbig-Stadion" title="Rudolf-Harbig-Stadion">Rudolf-Harbig-Stadion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Heinz-Steyer-Stadion" title="Heinz-Steyer-Stadion">Heinz-Steyer-Stadion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/EnergieVerbund_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="EnergieVerbund Arena">EnergieVerbund Arena</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quality_of_life">Quality of life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Quality of life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the 2017 Global Least & Most Stressful Cities Ranking, Dresden was one of the least stressful cities in the world. It was ranked 15th out of 150 cities worldwide and above Düsseldorf, Leipzig, Dortmund, Cologne, Frankfurt, and Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_service">Public service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Public service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II the Strong</a> (1670–1733), Elector of Saxony and King of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III of Poland</a> (1696–1763), Elector of Saxony and King of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I of Saxony</a> (1750–1827), King of Saxony.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony of Saxony">Anthony of Saxony</a> (1755–1836), King of Saxony</li> <li>Count <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Bellegarde" title="Heinrich von Bellegarde">Heinrich von Bellegarde</a> (1756–1845), <i><a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a></i> and statesman.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Thielmann" title="Johann von Thielmann">Johann Adolf, Freiherr von Thielmann</a> (1765–1824), Prussian cavalry soldier.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Adolf_Becker" title="Wilhelm Adolf Becker">Wilhelm Adolf Becker</a> (1796–1846), classical scholar.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_II_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus II of Saxony">Frederick Augustus II of Saxony</a> (1797–1854), King of Saxony.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_Saxony" title="John, King of Saxony">John, King of Saxony</a> (1801–1873), King of Saxony.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Freiherr_von_Manteuffel" title="Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel">Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel</a> (1809–1885), Prussian general field marshal.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert,_King_of_Saxony" title="Albert, King of Saxony">Albert, King of Saxony</a> (1828–1902), King of Saxony.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George,_King_of_Saxony" title="George, King of Saxony">George, King of Saxony</a> (1832–1904), King of Saxony.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">Heinrich Gotthard Freiherr von Treitschke</a> (1834–1896), historian, political writer and nationalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Brandes_(politician)" title="Ernst Brandes (politician)">Ernst Brandes</a> (1862–1935), German lawyer, estate manager and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_III_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus III of Saxony">Frederick Augustus III of Saxony</a> (1865–1932), King of Saxony</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelie_Beese" title="Amelie Beese">Amelie Beese</a> (1886–1925), aviator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Immelmann" title="Max Immelmann">Max Immelmann</a> (1890–1916), WWI fighter pilot, first pilot awarded the <a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a>, known as the "Blue Max"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Wehner" title="Herbert Wehner">Herbert Wehner</a> (1906–1990), politician (SPD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Bergold" title="Wolfgang Bergold">Wolfgang Bergold</a> (1913–1987), East German politician and diplomat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick" title="Wolfgang Mischnick">Wolfgang Mischnick</a> (1921–2002), politician (FDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hoffmann_(historian)" title="Peter Hoffmann (historian)">Peter Hoffmann</a> (1930–2023), historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Baum" title="Gerhart Baum">Gerhart Baum</a> (born 1932), politician (FDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Andreas von Bülow">Andreas von Bülow</a> (born 1937), politician and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Bergmann" title="Christine Bergmann">Christine Bergmann</a> (born 1939), politician (SPD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katja_Kipping" title="Katja Kipping">Katja Kipping</a> (born 1978), politician (The Left)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academics">Academics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Academics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ehrenfried_Walther_von_Tschirnhaus" title="Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus">Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus</a> (1651–1708), German mathematician, physicist, physician, and philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_M._Kimmich" title="Christoph M. Kimmich">Christoph M. Kimmich</a> (born 1939), German-American historian and eighth President of <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_College" title="Brooklyn College">Brooklyn College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gert_J%C3%A4ger" title="Gert Jäger">Gert Jäger</a> (born 1935), translation scholar</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Arts">The Arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: The Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_Buchner" title="August Buchner">August Buchner</a> (1591–1661), influential Baroque poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Joseph_Pechwell" title="August Joseph Pechwell">August Joseph Pechwell</a> (1757–1811), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_K%C3%B6rner_(author)" title="Theodor Körner (author)">Theodor Körner</a> (1791–1813), poet and soldier.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Hauptmann" title="Moritz Hauptmann">Moritz Hauptmann</a> (1792–1868), music theorist, teacher and composer.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Richter" title="Ludwig Richter">Ludwig Richter</a> (1803–1884), painter.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Hans von Bülow">Hans von Bülow</a> (1830–1894), conductor, virtuoso pianist and composer.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Miersch" title="Paul Miersch">Paul Miersch</a> (1868–1956), composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsa_Laura_Wolzogen" title="Elsa Laura Wolzogen">Elsa Laura Wolzogen</a> (1876–1945), composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Klemperer" title="Victor Klemperer">Victor Klemperer</a> (1881–1960), Jewish author of <i>I Will Bear Witness</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_K%C3%A4stner" title="Erich Kästner">Erich Kästner</a> (1899–1974), author of books</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carle_Hessay" title="Carle Hessay">Carle Hessay</a> (1911–1978), Canadian painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Gei%C3%9Fler" title="Siegfried Geißler">Siegfried Geißler</a> (1929–2014), composer, conductor, hornist and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Richter" title="Gerhard Richter">Gerhard Richter</a> (born 1932), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gernot_Roll" title="Gernot Roll">Gernot Roll</a> (1939–2020), cinematographer, film director and script writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalie_Scholl" title="Amalie Scholl">Amalie Scholl</a> (1823–1879), German composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgina_Schubert" title="Georgina Schubert">Georgina Schubert</a> (1840–1878), composer and singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fritsch" title="Thomas Fritsch">Thomas Fritsch</a> (1944–2021), film, television and dubbing actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ihle" title="Andrea Ihle">Andrea Ihle</a> (born 1953), operatic soprano</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Jahns" title="Annette Jahns">Annette Jahns</a> (1958–2020), operatic mezzo-soprano and contralto, and opera director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siarhei_Mikhalok" title="Siarhei Mikhalok">Siarhei Mikhalok</a> (born 1972), Belarusian rock musician and actor</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_business">Science and business</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Science and business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Bartisch" title="Georg Bartisch">Georg Bartisch</a> (ca.1535 – 1607), eye surgeon and author of first German-language textbook of <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Wenzel" title="Carl Friedrich Wenzel">Carl Friedrich Wenzel</a> (ca.1740 – 1793), chemist and metallurgist.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Amadeus_Carl_Friedrich_Naumann" title="Georg Amadeus Carl Friedrich Naumann">Georg Amadeus Carl Friedrich Naumann</a> (1797–1873), mineralogist and geologist.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Linn%C3%A9_Erdmann" title="Otto Linné Erdmann">Otto Linné Erdmann</a> (1804–1869), chemist, introduced vaccination into Saxony.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Lange_%26_S%C3%B6hne" title="A. Lange & Söhne">Ferdinand A. Lange</a> (1815–1875), watchmaker, founder of <a href="/wiki/A._Lange_%26_S%C3%B6hne" title="A. Lange & Söhne">A. Lange & Söhne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Hermann_Moritz_Busch" title="Julius Hermann Moritz Busch">Julius Hermann Moritz Busch</a> (1821–1899), publicist; <i>"Bismarck's Boswell"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Engel" title="Ernst Engel">Ernst Engel</a> (1821–1896), statistician and economist; <i><a href="/wiki/Engel_curve" title="Engel curve">Engel curve</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Engel%27s_law" title="Engel's law">Engel's law</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Reinisch" title="Karl Reinisch">Karl Reinisch</a> (1921–2007), engineer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Sch%C3%B6nert-Gei%C3%9F" title="Edith Schönert-Geiß">Edith Schönert-Geiß</a> (1933–2012), numismatist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Simon" title="Marie Simon">Marie Simon</a> (1824–1877), nurse<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Heinrich" title="Reinhart Heinrich">Reinhart Heinrich</a> (1946–2006), biophysicist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport_2">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Hitke" title="Kurt Hitke">Kurt Hitke</a> (1889–1979), American racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Melkus" title="Heinz Melkus">Heinz Melkus</a> (1928–2005), racing driver and founder of <a href="/wiki/Melkus" title="Melkus">Melkus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curt_Rottman" title="Curt Rottman">Curt Rottman</a> (1886–1928), Olympic gymnast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Sammer" title="Matthias Sammer">Matthias Sammer</a> (born 1967), footballer and football coach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Santel" title="Ad Santel">Ad Santel</a> (1887–1966), professional wrestler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Sch%C3%B6n" title="Helmut Schön">Helmut Schön</a> (1915–1996), football coach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Seidel" title="Wolfgang Seidel">Wolfgang Seidel</a> (1926–1987), racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Wiessner" title="Fritz Wiessner">Fritz Wiessner</a> (1900–1988), pioneer of free climbing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wolfe_(wrestler)" title="Alexander Wolfe (wrestler)">Axel Tischer</a> (born 1986), professional wrestler</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahlen.sachsen.de/download/Buergermeister/statistik-sachsen_wahlen_buergermeister_uebersicht_aktuell.xlsx">Gewählte Bürgermeisterinnen und Bürgermeister im Freistaat Sachsen, Stand: 17. Juli 2022</a>, Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eurostat-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eurostat_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurostat_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurostat_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en">"Population on 1 January by broad age group, sex and metropolitan regions"</a>. Eurostat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181203055500/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+on+1+January+by+broad+age+group%2C+sex+and+metropolitan+regions&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fappsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Fnui%2Fshow.do%3Fdataset%3Dmet_pjanaggr3%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-citypopulation.de_quoting_Federal_Statistics_Office-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-citypopulation.de_quoting_Federal_Statistics_Office_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-citypopulation.de_quoting_Federal_Statistics_Office_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-citypopulation.de_quoting_Federal_Statistics_Office_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcitypopulation.de_quoting_Federal_Statistics_Office" class="citation web cs1">citypopulation.de quoting Federal Statistics Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citypopulation.de/en/germany/urbanareas/">"Germany: Urban Areas"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603133151/http://citypopulation.de/en/germany/urbanareas/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany%3A+Urban+Areas&rft.au=citypopulation.de+quoting+Federal+Statistics+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcitypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fgermany%2Furbanareas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik.sachsen.de/download/aktuelle-zahlen/statistik-sachsen_aI1_einwohnerzahlen-monat.xlsx">"Einwohnerzahlen nach Gemeinden als Excel-Arbeitsmappe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Statistisches_Landesamt_des_Freistaates_Sachsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen">Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen</a>. 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einwohnerzahlen+nach+Gemeinden+als+Excel-Arbeitsmappe&rft.pub=Statistisches+Landesamt+des+Freistaates+Sachsen&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik.sachsen.de%2Fdownload%2Faktuelle-zahlen%2Fstatistik-sachsen_aI1_einwohnerzahlen-monat.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDresden" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dresden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206045800/https://www.dresden.de/de/wirtschaft/wirtschaftsstandort-dresden.php">"Wirtschaftsstandort"</a>. <i>www.dresden.de</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dresden.de/de/wirtschaft/wirtschaftsstandort-dresden.php">the original</a> on 6 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dresden.de&rft.atitle=Wirtschaftsstandort&rft.au=Dresden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dresden.de%2Fde%2Fwirtschaft%2Fwirtschaftsstandort-dresden.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berenberg.de-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berenberg.de_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-berenberg.de_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berenberg.de/files/HWWI_Berenberg_Staedteranking_2019.pdf">"HWWI/Berenberg-Städteranking 2019"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>berenberg.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730021540/https://www.berenberg.de/files/HWWI_Berenberg_Staedteranking_2019.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=berenberg.de&rft.atitle=HWWI%2FBerenberg-St%C3%A4dteranking+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berenberg.de%2Ffiles%2FHWWI_Berenberg_Staedteranking_2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920115733/https://www.xn--stdteranking-hcb.de/deutschland_dresden.php">"Städteranking – Dresden Information und Lebensqualität"</a>. <i>www.xn—stdteranking-hcb.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xn--stdteranking-hcb.de/deutschland_dresden.php">the original</a> on 20 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.xn%E2%80%94stdteranking-hcb.de&rft.atitle=St%C3%A4dteranking+%E2%80%93+Dresden+Information+und+Lebensqualit%C3%A4t&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xn--stdteranking-hcb.de%2Fdeutschland_dresden.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDresden" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dresden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dresden.de/de/leben/stadtportrait/statistik/wirtschaft-finanzen/tourismus.php">"Tourismus"</a>. <i>www.dresden.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529210613/https://www.dresden.de/de/leben/stadtportrait/statistik/wirtschaft-finanzen/tourismus.php">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dresden.de&rft.atitle=Tourismus&rft.au=Dresden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dresden.de%2Fde%2Fleben%2Fstadtportrait%2Fstatistik%2Fwirtschaft-finanzen%2Ftourismus.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_German_Way_&_More-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_German_Way_&_More_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_German_Way_&_More_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191030102250/https://www.german-way.com/history-and-culture/holidays-and-celebrations/christmas/christmas-markets-in-germany/">"Christmas Markets in Germany and Europe"</a>. <i>The German Way & More</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.german-way.com/history-and-culture/holidays-and-celebrations/christmas/christmas-markets-in-germany/">the original</a> on 30 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+German+Way+%26+More&rft.atitle=Christmas+Markets+in+Germany+and+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.german-way.com%2Fhistory-and-culture%2Fholidays-and-celebrations%2Fchristmas%2Fchristmas-markets-in-germany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dresden.de-2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dresden.de-2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dresden.de-2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070819200908/http://www.dresden.de/en/02/07/01/c_01.php">"City of Dresden – Prehistoric times"</a>. <i>dresden.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dresden.de/en/02/07/01/c_01.php">the original</a> on 19 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dresden.de&rft.atitle=City+of+Dresden+%E2%80%93+Prehistoric+times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dresden.de%2Fen%2F02%2F07%2F01%2Fc_01.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span>. Retrieved 24 April 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rengert Elburg: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1160390/Man-animal_relationships_in_the_Early_Neolithic_of_Dresden_Saxony_Germany_">Man-animal relationships in the Early Neolithic of Dresden (Saxony, Germany)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102022744/http://www.academia.edu/1160390/Man-animal_relationships_in_the_Early_Neolithic_of_Dresden_Saxony_Germany_">Archived</a> 2 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/response.cgi?basename=%5Cdata%5Cie%5Cvasmer&text_word=%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B3">"Vasmer's dictionary : Query result"</a>. <i>starlingdb.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=starlingdb.org&rft.atitle=Vasmer%27s+dictionary+%3A+Query+result&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstarlingdb.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fresponse.cgi%3Fbasename%3D%255Cdata%255Cie%255Cvasmer%26text_word%3D%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D1%258F%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fritz_Löffler-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fritz_Löffler_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fritz_Löffler_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fritz Löffler, <i>Das alte Dresden</i>, Leipzig 1982, p.20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Eichler_(Linguist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Eichler (Linguist) (page does not exist)">Ernst Eichler</a> und <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Walther_(Onomastiker)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Walther (Onomastiker) (page does not exist)">Hans Walther</a>: <i>Sachsen. Alle Städtenamen und deren Geschichte.</i> Faber und Faber Verlag, Leipzig 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86730-038-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86730-038-4">978-3-86730-038-4</a>, S. 54 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313054253/http://www.dresden.de/media/pdf/infoblaetter/historie_altendresden.pdf">"Geschichtlicher Hintergrund des Jubiläums – 600 Jahre Stadtrecht Altendresden"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>dresden.de</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dresden.de/media/pdf/infoblaetter/historie_altendresden.pdf?PHPSESSID=3b1a560f5b42d55b28790331bf486b97">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dresden.de&rft.atitle=Geschichtlicher+Hintergrund+des+Jubil%C3%A4ums+%E2%80%93+600+Jahre+Stadtrecht+Altendresden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dresden.de%2Fmedia%2Fpdf%2Finfoblaetter%2Fhistorie_altendresden.pdf%3FPHPSESSID%3D3b1a560f5b42d55b28790331bf486b97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710163436/http://earlymusicworld.com/id16.html">"Dresden in the Time of Zelenka and Hasse"</a>. <i>earlymusicworld.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earlymusicworld.com/id16.html">the original</a> on 10 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=earlymusicworld.com&rft.atitle=Dresden+in+the+Time+of+Zelenka+and+Hasse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearlymusicworld.com%2Fid16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160328155417/http://www.sachsen-tourismus.de/pl/regiony/regiony-i-miasta/drezno/">"Drezno"</a> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sachsen-tourismus.de/pl/regiony/regiony-i-miasta/drezno/">the original</a> on 28 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drezno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sachsen-tourismus.de%2Fpl%2Fregiony%2Fregiony-i-miasta%2Fdrezno%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafał_Zgorzelski" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rafał Zgorzelski. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160531022507/http://www.pocztowokurierski.pl/uslugi-pocztowe/szkice-z-historii-poczty/art,13,polska-poczta-w-dobie-saskiej-panowanie-augusta-ii-mocnego.html">"Polska Poczta w dobie saskiej – panowanie Augusta II Mocnego"</a> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pocztowokurierski.pl/uslugi-pocztowe/szkice-z-historii-poczty/art,13,polska-poczta-w-dobie-saskiej-panowanie-augusta-ii-mocnego.html">the original</a> on 31 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polska+Poczta+w+dobie+saskiej+%E2%80%93+panowanie+Augusta+II+Mocnego&rft.au=Rafa%C5%82+Zgorzelski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pocztowokurierski.pl%2Fuslugi-pocztowe%2Fszkice-z-historii-poczty%2Fart%2C13%2Cpolska-poczta-w-dobie-saskiej-panowanie-augusta-ii-mocnego.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeal2017" class="citation book cs1">Heal, Bridget (4 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hl4vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT366"><i>A Magnificent Faith: Art and Identity in Lutheran German</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192522405" title="Special:BookSources/9780192522405"><bdi>9780192522405</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717010202/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hl4vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT366">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Magnificent+Faith%3A+Art+and+Identity+in+Lutheran+German&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017-08-04&rft.isbn=9780192522405&rft.aulast=Heal&rft.aufirst=Bridget&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHl4vDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friedrich-schiller-archiv.de/briefe-schillers/an-georg-goeschen/schiller-an-georg-goeschen-29-november-1785/">"Schiller an Georg Göschen, 29. November 1785"</a> [Schiller to Georg Göschen, 29 November 1785]. <i>Friedrich Schiller Archiv</i> (in German). 20 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803115920/https://www.friedrich-schiller-archiv.de/briefe-schillers/an-georg-goeschen/schiller-an-georg-goeschen-29-november-1785/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Friedrich+Schiller+Archiv&rft.atitle=Schiller+an+Georg+G%C3%B6schen%2C+29.+November+1785&rft.date=2013-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friedrich-schiller-archiv.de%2Fbriefe-schillers%2Fan-georg-goeschen%2Fschiller-an-georg-goeschen-29-november-1785%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/rocznica-insurekcji-kosciuszkowskiej">"Insurekcja Kościuszkowska - ostatnia próba ratowania Rzeczpospolitej"</a>. <i>Dzieje.pl</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dzieje.pl&rft.atitle=Insurekcja+Ko%C5%9Bciuszkowska+-+ostatnia+pr%C3%B3ba+ratowania+Rzeczpospolitej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdzieje.pl%2Faktualnosci%2Frocznica-insurekcji-kosciuszkowskiej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ams-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ams_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ams_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadowski2022" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sadowski, Aleksander Marek (2022). "Sachsen und Polen – Tausend Jahre Nachbarschaft / Polska i Saksonia – tysiąc lat sąsiedztwa". <i>Polonus</i> (in German and Polish). No. 5. Ostritz. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2701-6285">2701-6285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polonus&rft.atitle=Sachsen+und+Polen+%E2%80%93+Tausend+Jahre+Nachbarschaft+%2F+Polska+i+Saksonia+%E2%80%93+tysi%C4%85c+lat+s%C4%85siedztwa&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=39&rft.date=2022&rft.issn=2701-6285&rft.aulast=Sadowski&rft.aufirst=Aleksander+Marek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.demokratie-geschichte.de/karte/2397">"Dresdner Maiaufstand"</a>. <i>AG Orte der Demokratiegeschichte</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231018140919/https://www.demokratie-geschichte.de/karte/2397">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AG+Orte+der+Demokratiegeschichte&rft.atitle=Dresdner+Maiaufstand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.demokratie-geschichte.de%2Fkarte%2F2397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rüdiger Nern, Erich Sachße, Bert Wawrzinek. <i>Die Dresdner Albertstadt</i>. Dresden, 1994; <i>Albertstadt – sämtliche Militärbauten in Dresden</i>. Dresden, 1880</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Air_Force_Historical_Studies_Office-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Air_Force_Historical_Studies_Office_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Air_Force_Historical_Studies_Office_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100817084455/http://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/PopTopics/dresden.htm">"Historical Analysis of the 14–15 February 1945 Bombings of Dresden"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force Historical Studies Office</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/PopTopics/dresden.htm">the original</a> on 17 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Analysis+of+the+14%E2%80%9315+February+1945+Bombings+of+Dresden&rft.pub=Air+Force+Historical+Studies+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil%2FPopTopics%2Fdresden.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span> including a list of all bombings on the railway network (especially towards Bohemia).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergander, Götz. <i>Dresden im Luftkrieg</i>: Vorgeschichte-Zerstörung-Folgen, p. 251 ff. Verlag Böhlau 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-412-10193-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-412-10193-1">3-412-10193-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tu-dresden.de/gsw/phil/ige/das-institut/news/gedenken-10-mai?set_language=en">TU Dresden reflects on its history: Critical campus tour to commemorate the book burning 90 years ago</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.stsg.de/cms/names-jewish-victims-dresden-1933-1945">"Names of Jewish victims of National Socialism in Dresden between 1933 and 1945"</a>. <i>Stiftung Sächsische Gedenkstätten</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150416025207/https://en.stsg.de/cms/names-jewish-victims-dresden-1933-1945">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2015</span>. <q>Nearly two thirds of the Dresden Jews succeeded to emigrate before the extermination apparatus started to work.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stiftung+S%C3%A4chsische+Gedenkst%C3%A4tten&rft.atitle=Names+of+Jewish+victims+of+National+Socialism+in+Dresden+between+1933+and+1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.stsg.de%2Fcms%2Fnames-jewish-victims-dresden-1933-1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0006_0_05398.html">"Dresden"</a>. <i>Jewish Virtual Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151126063618/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0006_0_05398.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=Dresden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fjudaica%2Fejud_0002_0006_0_05398.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bridgemanimages.com/en/noartistknown/kristallnacht-9th-november-1938-smashing-windows-dresden-s-semper-synagogue-is-destroyed/footage/asset/1274772">"Image of Kristallnacht, 9th November 1938 - smashing windows, Dresden's Semper Synagogue"</a>. <i>Bridgeman Images</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bridgeman+Images&rft.atitle=Image+of+Kristallnacht%2C+9th+November+1938+-+smashing+windows%2C+Dresden%27s+Semper+Synagogue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bridgemanimages.com%2Fen%2Fnoartistknown%2Fkristallnacht-9th-november-1938-smashing-windows-dresden-s-semper-synagogue-is-destroyed%2Ffootage%2Fasset%2F1274772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCygański1984" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cygański, Mirosław (1984). "Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939–1945". <i>Przegląd Zachodni</i> (in Polish) (4): 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Przegl%C4%85d+Zachodni&rft.atitle=Hitlerowskie+prze%C5%9Bladowania+przyw%C3%B3dc%C3%B3w+i+aktywu+Zwi%C4%85zk%C3%B3w+Polak%C3%B3w+w+Niemczech+w+latach+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=54&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Cyga%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Miros%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.stsg.de/cms/node/775">"Victims of the National Socialist judiciary | Gedenkstätte Münchner Platz Dresden | Stiftung Sächsische Gedenkstätten"</a>. <i>en.stsg.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150416025426/https://en.stsg.de/cms/node/775">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.stsg.de&rft.atitle=Victims+of+the+National+Socialist+judiciary+%7C+Gedenkst%C3%A4tte+M%C3%BCnchner+Platz+Dresden+%7C+Stiftung+S%C3%A4chsische+Gedenkst%C3%A4tten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.stsg.de%2Fcms%2Fnode%2F775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichol2015" class="citation web cs1">Nichol, John (13 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/dresden-ww2-bombing-raids-killed-5159536">"Dresden WW2 bombing raids killed 25,000 people – but it WASN'T a war crime"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180623112955/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/dresden-ww2-bombing-raids-killed-5159536">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mirror&rft.atitle=Dresden+WW2+bombing+raids+killed+25%2C000+people+%E2%80%93+but+it+WASN%27T+a+war+crime&rft.date=2015-02-13&rft.aulast=Nichol&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-news%2Fdresden-ww2-bombing-raids-killed-5159536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMegargeeOvermansVogt2022" class="citation book cs1">Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022). <i>The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV</i>. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 413. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-06089-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-06089-1"><bdi>978-0-253-06089-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos+1933%E2%80%931945.+Volume+IV&rft.pages=413&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press%2C+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-253-06089-1&rft.aulast=Megargee&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+P.&rft.au=Overmans%2C+R%C3%BCdiger&rft.au=Vogt%2C+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gf-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gf_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gf_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gedenkstaette-flossenbuerg.de/en/history/subcamps">"Subcamps"</a>. <i>KZ-Gedenkstätte Flossenbürg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KZ-Gedenkst%C3%A4tte+Flossenb%C3%BCrg&rft.atitle=Subcamps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gedenkstaette-flossenbuerg.de%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Fsubcamps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichol2015" class="citation web cs1">Nichol, John (13 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/dresden-ww2-bombing-raids-killed-5159536">"Dresden WW2 bombing raids killed 25,000 people – but it WASN'T a war crime"</a>. <i>mirror</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413040408/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/dresden-ww2-bombing-raids-killed-5159536">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mirror&rft.atitle=Dresden+WW2+bombing+raids+killed+25%2C000+people+%E2%80%93+but+it+WASN%27T+a+war+crime&rft.date=2015-02-13&rft.aulast=Nichol&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-news%2Fdresden-ww2-bombing-raids-killed-5159536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngell1953" class="citation book cs1">Angell, Joseph W. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218171142/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110208-030.pdf"><i>Historical Analysis of the 14–15 February 1945 Bombings of Dresden</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (1962 ed.). USAF Historical Division Research Studies Institute, <a href="/wiki/Air_University_(United_States_Air_Force)" title="Air University (United States Air Force)">Air University</a>, hq.af.mil. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/878696404">878696404</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110208-030.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Analysis+of+the+14%E2%80%9315+February+1945+Bombings+of+Dresden&rft.edition=1962&rft.pub=USAF+Historical+Division+Research+Studies+Institute%2C+Air+University%2C+hq.af.mil&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F878696404&rft.aulast=Angell&rft.aufirst=Joseph+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afhso.af.mil%2Fshared%2Fmedia%2Fdocument%2FAFD-110208-030.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span>: Cites "Interpretation Report No. K. 4171, Dresden, 22 March 1945", Supporting Document No. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/14/newsid_3549000/3549905.stm">"1945: Thousands of bombs destroy Dresden"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 14 February 1945. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100811071519/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/14/newsid_3549000/3549905.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1945%3A+Thousands+of+bombs+destroy+Dresden&rft.date=1945-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Ffebruary%2F14%2Fnewsid_3549000%2F3549905.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/feb45.html">RAF Bomber Command 60th Anniversary – Campaign Diary February 1945</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607042346/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/feb45.html">Archived</a> 7 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8574157.stm">"Up to 25,000 died in Dresden's WWII bombing"</a>. BBC. 18 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Up+to+25%2C000+died+in+Dresden%27s+WWII+bombing&rft.date=2010-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F8574157.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoumatoff2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Shoumatoff, Alex (19 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2014/04/degenerate-art-cornelius-gurlitt-munich-apartment">"How 1,280 Artworks Stolen by the Nazis were Hidden in a Munich Apartment Until 2012"</a>. <i>Vanity Fair</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528133457/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2014/04/degenerate-art-cornelius-gurlitt-munich-apartment">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=How+1%2C280+Artworks+Stolen+by+the+Nazis+were+Hidden+in+a+Munich+Apartment+Until+2012&rft.date=2014-03-19&rft.aulast=Shoumatoff&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2F04%2Fdegenerate-art-cornelius-gurlitt-munich-apartment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Addison, Paul and Crang, Jeremy A. (eds.). Firestorm: The Bombing of Dresden. Pimlico, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84413-928-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-84413-928-X">1-84413-928-X</a>. Chapter 9 p.194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lettersofnote.com/2009/11/slaughterhouse-five.html">"Slaughterhouse Five"</a>. 18 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161219032831/http://www.lettersofnote.com/2009/11/slaughterhouse-five.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slaughterhouse+Five&rft.date=2009-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lettersofnote.com%2F2009%2F11%2Fslaughterhouse-five.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4030017,00.html?maca=en-DKpartner_yg_infomix_en-2315-xml-mrss">"On Dresden Anniversary, Massive Protest Against Neo-Nazi March | Germany | Deutsche Welle | 14.02.2009"</a>. Dw-world.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528133457/https://www.dw.com/en/on-dresden-anniversary-massive-protest-against-neo-nazi-march/a-4030017">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Dresden+Anniversary%2C+Massive+Protest+Against+Neo-Nazi+March+%26%23124%3B+Germany+%26%23124%3B+Deutsche+Welle+%26%23124%3B+14.02.2009&rft.pub=Dw-world.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw-world.de%2Fdw%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C4030017%2C00.html%3Fmaca%3Den-DKpartner_yg_infomix_en-2315-xml-mrss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429005712/http://www.geh-denken.de/joomla/">"Geh Denken – Startseite"</a>. Geh-denken.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geh-denken.de/joomla/">the original</a> on 29 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geh+Denken+%E2%80%93+Startseite&rft.pub=Geh-denken.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geh-denken.de%2Fjoomla%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jähner-2019-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jähner-2019_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jähner-2019_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jähner-2019_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJähner2019" class="citation book cs1">Jähner, Harald (2019). <i>Aftermath: Life in the Fallout of the Third Reich 1945–1955</i> (Paperback). London: W H Allen. pp. 23, 28, 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780753557877" title="Special:BookSources/9780753557877"><bdi>9780753557877</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aftermath%3A+Life+in+the+Fallout+of+the+Third+Reich+1945%E2%80%931955&rft.place=London&rft.pages=23%2C+28%2C+29&rft.pub=W+H+Allen&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780753557877&rft.aulast=J%C3%A4hner&rft.aufirst=Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1156">Dresden Elbe Valley</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191206155054/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1156">Archived</a> 6 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, UNESCO World Heritage Register. Retrieved 27 June 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dresden_loses_UNESCO_world_heritage_status_Archived_29_June_2009_at_the_Wayback_Machine-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dresden_loses_UNESCO_world_heritage_status_Archived_29_June_2009_at_the_Wayback_Machine_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dresden_loses_UNESCO_world_heritage_status_Archived_29_June_2009_at_the_Wayback_Machine_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4415238,00.html">Dresden loses UNESCO world heritage status</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629055947/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4415238,00.html">Archived</a> 29 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i>, 25 June 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connolly-2009-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Connolly-2009_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connolly-2009_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2009" class="citation web cs1">Connolly, Kate (25 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/25/dresden-bridge-unesco-heritage-status">"Bridge takes Dresden off Unesco world heritage list"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130304132042/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jun/25/dresden-bridge-unesco-heritage-status">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bridge+takes+Dresden+off+Unesco+world+heritage+list&rft.date=2009-06-25&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fjun%2F25%2Fdresden-bridge-unesco-heritage-status&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.focus.de/kultur/leben/weltkulturerbe_aid_50621.html">Weltkulturerbe: Unesco-Titel in Gefahr</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120517215033/http://www.focus.de/kultur/leben/weltkulturerbe_aid_50621.html">Archived</a> 17 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Focus_(German_magazine)" title="Focus (German magazine)">Focus</a></i>, 14 March 2007; accessed 15 May 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/522?svc_mode=P&g=260060136539&svc_campaign=information-200906-june&svc_partner=whc.unesco.org&estat_url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/522">Dresden is deleted from UNESCO's World Heritage List</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730011810/https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/522?svc_mode=P&g=260060136539&svc_campaign=information-200906-june&svc_partner=whc.unesco.org&estat_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F522">Archived</a> 30 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Centre">UNESCO World Heritage Centre</a></i>, 25 June 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dresden.de: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dresden.de/en/02/06/c_01.php">Location, area, geographical data</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080506182506/http://www.dresden.de/en/02/06/c_01.php">Archived</a> 6 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-List_of_cities_in_Germany_with_more_than_100-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-List_of_cities_in_Germany_with_more_than_100_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-List_of_cities_in_Germany_with_more_than_100_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_with_more_than_100,000_inhabitants" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Germany with more than 100,000 inhabitants">List of cities in Germany with more than 100,000 inhabitants</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://entfernungkm.com/route/dresden/chemnitz">"Entfernung zwischen Dresden und Chemnitz"</a>. <i>entfernungkm.com</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181218193551/https://entfernungkm.com/route/dresden/chemnitz">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=entfernungkm.com&rft.atitle=Entfernung+zwischen+Dresden+und+Chemnitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fentfernungkm.com%2Froute%2Fdresden%2Fchemnitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://entfernungkm.com/route/dresden/leipzig">"Entfernung zwischen Dresden und Leipzig"</a>. <i>entfernungkm.com</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181219000825/https://entfernungkm.com/route/dresden/leipzig">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=entfernungkm.com&rft.atitle=Entfernung+zwischen+Dresden+und+Leipzig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fentfernungkm.com%2Froute%2Fdresden%2Fleipzig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://entfernungkm.com/route/dresden/berlin">"Entfernung zwischen Dresden und Berlin"</a>. <i>entfernungkm.com</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181218195200/https://entfernungkm.com/route/dresden/berlin">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=entfernungkm.com&rft.atitle=Entfernung+zwischen+Dresden+und+Berlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fentfernungkm.com%2Froute%2Fdresden%2Fberlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dresden.de/de/stadtraum/umwelt/gruenes-dresden.php">"Grünes Dresden"</a>. <i>dresden.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603142509/https://www.dresden.de/de/stadtraum/umwelt/gruenes-dresden.php">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dresden.de&rft.atitle=Gr%C3%BCnes+Dresden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dresden.de%2Fde%2Fstadtraum%2Fumwelt%2Fgruenes-dresden.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dresden: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041022094550/http://www.dresden.de/index.html?node=6943">"Dresden—a Green city"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dresden.de/index.html?node=6943">the original</a> on 22 October 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dresden%E2%80%94a+Green+city&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dresden.de%2Findex.html%3Fnode%3D6943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1343">"World Weather Information Service-Dresden"</a>. <i>worldweather</i>. WMO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldweather&rft.atitle=World+Weather+Information+Service-Dresden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldweather.wmo.int%2Fen%2Fcity.html%3FcityId%3D1343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230916125836/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Dresden-Klotzsche_10488.csv">"Dresden-Klotzsche Climate Normals 1991–2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Dresden-Klotzsche_10488.csv">the original</a> on 16 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dresden-Klotzsche+Climate+Normals+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F1.1%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FGermany%2FCSV%2FDresden-Klotzsche_10488.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue">"Ausgabe der Klimadaten: Monatswerte"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140612043121/http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ausgabe+der+Klimadaten%3A+Monatswerte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2Fbvbw%2Fappmanager%2Fbvbw%2FdwdwwwDesktop%3F_nfpb%3Dtrue%26_pageLabel%3D_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland%26T82002gsbDocumentPath%3DNavigation%252FOeffentlichkeit%252FKlima__Umwelt%252FKlimadaten%252Fkldaten__kostenfrei%252Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%253F__nnn%253Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wetterzentrale.de/extremes_mon.php?station=1048&maand=1&country=1&order=1&extreem=X_TX">"Extremwertanalyse der DWD-Stationen, Tagesmaxima, Dekadenrekorde, usw"</a> (in German). DWD<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extremwertanalyse+der+DWD-Stationen%2C+Tagesmaxima%2C+Dekadenrekorde%2C+usw.&rft.pub=DWD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wetterzentrale.de%2Fextremes_mon.php%3Fstation%3D1048%26maand%3D1%26country%3D1%26order%3D1%26extreem%3DX_TX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/klimadatendeutschland/mittelwerte/nieder_9120_SV_html.html?view=nasPublication&nn=771428">"Niederschlag: vieljährige Mittelwerte 1991 - 2020"</a>. <i>dwd</i>. Deutscher Wetterdinest<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dwd&rft.atitle=Niederschlag%3A+vielj%C3%A4hrige+Mittelwerte+1991+-+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2FDE%2Fleistungen%2Fklimadatendeutschland%2Fmittelwerte%2Fnieder_9120_SV_html.html%3Fview%3DnasPublication%26nn%3D771428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dresden.de/de/stadtraum/umwelt/umwelt/hochwasser/vergangenheit.php">"Hochwasser in der Vergangenheit"</a>. <i>www.dresden.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dresden.de&rft.atitle=Hochwasser+in+der+Vergangenheit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dresden.de%2Fde%2Fstadtraum%2Fumwelt%2Fumwelt%2Fhochwasser%2Fvergangenheit.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dresden.de/media/pdf/amtsblatt/dresdner-amtsblatt-2018-37.pdf#page=29">"Satzung zur Änderung der Hauptsatzung der Landeshauptstadt Dresden vom 4. September 2014"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 29–32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.dresden.de/media/pdf/amtsblatt/dresdner-amtsblatt-2018-37.pdf#page=29">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Satzung+zur+%C3%84nderung+der+Hauptsatzung+der+Landeshauptstadt+Dresden+vom+4.+September+2014&rft.pages=29-32&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dresden.de%2Fmedia%2Fpdf%2Famtsblatt%2Fdresdner-amtsblatt-2018-37.pdf%23page%3D29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citypopulation.de/en/germany/cities/">"Germany: States and Major Cities"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany%3A+States+and+Major+Cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcitypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fgermany%2Fcities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dresden.de/media/pdf/onlineshop/statistikstelle/Broschuere_Bevoelkerung_und_Haushalte_2016.pdf">"Bevölkerung und Haushalte 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619163605/https://www.dresden.de/media/pdf/onlineshop/statistikstelle/Broschuere_Bevoelkerung_und_Haushalte_2016.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+und+Haushalte+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dresden.de%2Fmedia%2Fpdf%2Fonlineshop%2Fstatistikstelle%2FBroschuere_Bevoelkerung_und_Haushalte_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dresden: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dresden.de/de/02/06/c_020_Einwohnerzahl.php">Einwohnerzahl</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080912224206/http://dresden.de/de/02/06/c_020_Einwohnerzahl.php">Archived</a> 12 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik.sachsen.de/download/bevoelkerung/aktuell_statistik-sachsen_a-I-1_einwohnerzahlen-monat.pdf">"Bevölkerung des Freistaates Sachsen jeweils am Monatsende ausgewählter Berichtsmonate nach Gemeinden"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>statistik.sachsen.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603134947/https://www.statistik.sachsen.de/download/bevoelkerung/aktuell_statistik-sachsen_a-I-1_einwohnerzahlen-monat.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statistik.sachsen.de&rft.atitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+des+Freistaates+Sachsen+jeweils+am+Monatsende+ausgew%C3%A4hlter+Berichtsmonate+nach+Gemeinden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik.sachsen.de%2Fdownload%2Fbevoelkerung%2Faktuell_statistik-sachsen_a-I-1_einwohnerzahlen-monat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dresden.de-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dresden.de_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dresden.de_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dresden.de/de/leben/stadtportrait/statistik/bevoelkerung-gebiet/Bevoelkerungsbestand.php">"Dresden – Bevölkerungsbestand"</a>. <i>dresden.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527151719/https://www.dresden.de/de/leben/stadtportrait/statistik/bevoelkerung-gebiet/Bevoelkerungsbestand.php">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dresden.de&rft.atitle=Dresden+%E2%80%93+Bev%C3%B6lkerungsbestand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dresden.de%2Fde%2Fleben%2Fstadtportrait%2Fstatistik%2Fbevoelkerung-gebiet%2FBevoelkerungsbestand.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistical office of the Free State of Saxony: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik.sachsen.de/12/pressearchiv/archiv2007/pm15907.htm">"Sachsen sind im Durchschnitt 45 Jahre alt – Dresdner am jüngsten, Hoyerswerdaer am ältesten"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411203814/http://www.statistik.sachsen.de/12/pressearchiv/archiv2007/pm15907.htm">Archived</a> 11 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (German: "Saxons are on average 45 years old – those from Dresden the youngest, those from Hoyerswerda the oldest)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312043329/http://www.jura.uos.de/institut/jkr/gosachse.htm">"Gemeindeordnung für den Freistaat Sachsen (SächsGemO), §2"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jura.uos.de/institut/jkr/gosachse.htm">the original</a> on 12 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gemeindeordnung+f%C3%BCr+den+Freistaat+Sachsen+%28S%C3%A4chsGemO%29%2C+%C2%A72&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jura.uos.de%2Finstitut%2Fjkr%2Fgosachse.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://petersburger-dialog.de/russland-in-dresden/">"Russland in Dresden"</a>. <i>petersburger-dialog.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730011729/https://petersburger-dialog.de/russland-in-dresden/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=petersburger-dialog.de&rft.atitle=Russland+in+Dresden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpetersburger-dialog.de%2Frussland-in-dresden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statewatch.org/news/2007/jan/dresden-future-jha.pdf">"Informal Meeting of Justice and Home Affairs Ministers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>statewatch.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121220075317/http://www.statewatch.org/news/2007/jan/dresden-future-jha.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statewatch.org&rft.atitle=Informal+Meeting+of+Justice+and+Home+Affairs+Ministers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statewatch.org%2Fnews%2F2007%2Fjan%2Fdresden-future-jha.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/g8-labor-ministers-call-for-more-social-engagement-by-business/a-2480945">"G8 Labor Ministers Call for More Social Engagement by Business"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i>. 7 May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730004437/https://www.dw.com/en/g8-labor-ministers-call-for-more-social-engagement-by-business/a-2480945">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=G8+Labor+Ministers+Call+for+More+Social+Engagement+by+Business&rft.date=2007-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fg8-labor-ministers-call-for-more-social-engagement-by-business%2Fa-2480945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dresden.de: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080205031703/http://www.dresden.de/en/02/c_04.php">"City Council"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dresden.de/en/02/c_04.php">the original</a> on 5 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dresden.de%2Fen%2F02%2Fc_04.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080205031638/http://www.dresden.de/en/02/c_01.php">"Dresden.de"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dresden.de/en/02/c_01.php">the original</a> on 5 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dresden.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dresden.de%2Fen%2F02%2Fc_01.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080315111458/http://www.landtag.sachsen.de/slt_online/start_eng.asp">"Sächsischer Landtag"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.landtag.sachsen.de/slt_online/start_eng.asp">the original</a> on 15 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%C3%A4chsischer+Landtag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.landtag.sachsen.de%2Fslt_online%2Fstart_eng.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080102044810/http://www.justiz.sachsen.de/olg/content/47.htm">"Oberlandesgericht Dresden"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justiz.sachsen.de/olg/content/47.htm">the original</a> on 2 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oberlandesgericht+Dresden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justiz.sachsen.de%2Folg%2Fcontent%2F47.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118155633/https://www.wsa-elbe.wsv.de/Webs/WSA/Elbe/DE/WSA-Elbe/05_AnfahrtAdressen/01_WSAElbe/Elbe.html">"Wasserstraßen- und Schifffahrtsamt Elbe"</a>. <i>wsa-elbe.wsv.de</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsa-elbe.wsv.de/Webs/WSA/Elbe/DE/WSA-Elbe/05_AnfahrtAdressen/01_WSAElbe/Elbe.html">the original</a> on 18 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wsa-elbe.wsv.de&rft.atitle=Wasserstra%C3%9Fen-+und+Schifffahrtsamt+Elbe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsa-elbe.wsv.de%2FWebs%2FWSA%2FElbe%2FDE%2FWSA-Elbe%2F05_AnfahrtAdressen%2F01_WSAElbe%2FElbe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundeswehr.de/de/organisation/heer/organisation/ausbildungskommando/offizierschule-des-heeres">"Offizierschule des Heeres"</a>. <i>bundeswehr.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529101934/https://www.bundeswehr.de/de/organisation/heer/organisation/ausbildungskommando/offizierschule-des-heeres">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bundeswehr.de&rft.atitle=Offizierschule+des+Heeres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundeswehr.de%2Fde%2Forganisation%2Fheer%2Forganisation%2Fausbildungskommando%2Foffizierschule-des-heeres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/265">World Heritage Committee threatens to remove Dresden Elbe Valley (Germany) from World Heritage List</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730232811/https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/265">Archived</a> 30 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dresden: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312023055/http://www.dresden.de/index.html?node=33040">"Saleof the WOBA Dresden GmbH"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dresden.de/index.html?node=33040">the original</a> on 12 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saleof+the+WOBA+Dresden+GmbH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dresden.de%2Findex.html%3Fnode%3D33040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLühmann2014" class="citation news cs1">Lühmann, Michael (16 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2014-12/pegida-dresden-politische-tradition">"Pegida suits Saxony (Pegida passt nach Sachsen)"</a>. <i>Die Zeit</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190921204231/https://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2014-12/pegida-dresden-politische-tradition">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Pegida+suits+Saxony+%28Pegida+passt+nach+Sachsen%29&rft.date=2014-12-16&rft.aulast=L%C3%BChmann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2F2014-12%2Fpegida-dresden-politische-tradition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirschbaum2014" class="citation news cs1">Kirschbaum, Erik (16 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/world/patriotic-europeans-against-the-islamisation-of-the-west-quickly-gathering-support-in-germany-20141216-128105.html">"Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamisation of the West quickly gathering support in Germany"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216050101/http://www.smh.com.au/world/patriotic-europeans-against-the-islamisation-of-the-west-quickly-gathering-support-in-germany-20141216-128105.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Patriotic+Europeans+Against+the+Islamisation+of+the+West+quickly+gathering+support+in+Germany&rft.date=2014-12-16&rft.aulast=Kirschbaum&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fworld%2Fpatriotic-europeans-against-the-islamisation-of-the-west-quickly-gathering-support-in-germany-20141216-128105.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/pegida-in-dresden-demonstrieren-tausende-gegen-auslaenderfeindliche-bewegung-a-1292451.html">"Kundgebung von Pegida – Tausende Gegendemonstranten"</a>. <i>Spiegel Online</i> (in German). 20 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730040733/https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/pegida-in-dresden-demonstrieren-tausende-gegen-auslaenderfeindliche-bewegung-a-1292451.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=Kundgebung+von+Pegida+%E2%80%93+Tausende+Gegendemonstranten&rft.date=2019-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2Fpegida-in-dresden-demonstrieren-tausende-gegen-auslaenderfeindliche-bewegung-a-1292451.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spd-fraktion-dresden.de/2019/10/22/nazinotstand-grundsatzerklaerung-zum-gegenwirken-antidemokratischer-antipluralistischer-menschenfeindlicher-und-rechtsextremistischer-entwicklungen-in-der-dresdner-stadtgesellschaft-staerkung-d/">"Nazinotstand? – Grundsatzerklärung zum Gegenwirken antidemokratischer, antipluralistischer, menschenfeindlicher und rechtsextremistischer Entwicklungen in der Dresdner Stadtgesellschaft – Stärkung der Zivilgesellschaft"</a>. <i>spd-fraktion-dresden.de</i> (in German). 22 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730032931/http://spd-fraktion-dresden.de/2019/10/22/nazinotstand-grundsatzerklaerung-zum-gegenwirken-antidemokratischer-antipluralistischer-menschenfeindlicher-und-rechtsextremistischer-entwicklungen-in-der-dresdner-stadtgesellschaft-staerkung-d/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spd-fraktion-dresden.de&rft.atitle=Nazinotstand%3F+%E2%80%93+Grundsatzerkl%C3%A4rung+zum+Gegenwirken+antidemokratischer%2C+antipluralistischer%2C+menschenfeindlicher+und+rechtsextremistischer+Entwicklungen+in+der+Dresdner+Stadtgesellschaft+%E2%80%93+St%C3%A4rkung+der+Zivilgesellschaft&rft.date=2019-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspd-fraktion-dresden.de%2F2019%2F10%2F22%2Fnazinotstand-grundsatzerklaerung-zum-gegenwirken-antidemokratischer-antipluralistischer-menschenfeindlicher-und-rechtsextremistischer-entwicklungen-in-der-dresdner-stadtgesellschaft-staerkung-d%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdr.de/sachsen/dresden/dresden-radebeul/dresden-ruft-nazinotstand-aus-100.html">"Debatte über "Nazinotstand": Dresden verabschiedet Grundsatzerklärung gegen Rechts"</a>. <i>mdr.de</i> (in German). 31 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200512081830/https://www.mdr.de/sachsen/dresden/dresden-radebeul/dresden-ruft-nazinotstand-aus-100.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mdr.de&rft.atitle=Debatte+%C3%BCber+%22Nazinotstand%22%3A+Dresden+verabschiedet+Grundsatzerkl%C3%A4rung+gegen+Rechts&rft.date=2019-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdr.de%2Fsachsen%2Fdresden%2Fdresden-radebeul%2Fdresden-ruft-nazinotstand-aus-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.br.de/nachrichten/deutschland-welt/nazinotstand-dresden-fasst-beschluss-gegen-rechtsextremismus,RgaXyqG">"Dresden ruft "Nazinotstand" aus"</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102102428/https://www.br.de/nachrichten/deutschland-welt/nazinotstand-dresden-fasst-beschluss-gegen-rechtsextremismus,RgaXyqG">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dresden+ruft+%22Nazinotstand%22+aus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.br.de%2Fnachrichten%2Fdeutschland-welt%2Fnazinotstand-dresden-fasst-beschluss-gegen-rechtsextremismus%2CRgaXyqG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coventry.gov.uk/directory_record/6210/dresden_germany">"Coventry's twin towns and cities – Dresden, Germany"</a>. <i>coventry.gov.uk/</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612225052/https://www.coventry.gov.uk/directory_record/6210/dresden_germany">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=coventry.gov.uk%2F&rft.atitle=Coventry%27s+twin+towns+and+cities+%E2%80%93+Dresden%2C+Germany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coventry.gov.uk%2Fdirectory_record%2F6210%2Fdresden_germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier2005" class="citation journal cs1">Maier, Charles S. (September 2005). "Targeting the city: Debates and silences about the aerial bombing of World War II". <i>International Review of the Red Cross</i>. <b>87</b> (859): 429–444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1816383100184322">10.1017/S1816383100184322</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145528839">145528839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+the+Red+Cross&rft.atitle=Targeting+the+city%3A+Debates+and+silences+about+the+aerial+bombing+of+World+War+II&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=859&rft.pages=429-444&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1816383100184322&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145528839%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Charles+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dresden.de/de/leben/stadtportrait/europa/partnerstaedte-und-befreundete-staedte.php">"Partnerstädte und befreundete Städte"</a>. <i>dresden.de</i> (in German). Dresden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302195301/https://www.dresden.de/de/leben/stadtportrait/europa/partnerstaedte-und-befreundete-staedte.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dresden.de&rft.atitle=Partnerst%C3%A4dte+und+befreundete+St%C3%A4dte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dresden.de%2Fde%2Fleben%2Fstadtportrait%2Feuropa%2Fpartnerstaedte-und-befreundete-staedte.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dresden.de/de/leben/stadtportrait/europa/partnerstaedte-und-befreundete-staedte.php">"Befreundete Städte"</a>. <i>dresden.de</i> (in German). Dresden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302195301/https://www.dresden.de/de/leben/stadtportrait/europa/partnerstaedte-und-befreundete-staedte.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dresden.de&rft.atitle=Befreundete+St%C3%A4dte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dresden.de%2Fde%2Fleben%2Fstadtportrait%2Feuropa%2Fpartnerstaedte-und-befreundete-staedte.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sidetracksgermany.wordpress.com/2013/05/04/dresden-architecture/">"Dresden – Architecture"</a>. <i>Sidetracks Germany</i>. 4 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191117190740/https://sidetracksgermany.wordpress.com/2013/05/04/dresden-architecture/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sidetracks+Germany&rft.atitle=Dresden+%E2%80%93+Architecture&rft.date=2013-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsidetracksgermany.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F05%2F04%2Fdresden-architecture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dresden: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dresden.de/en/05/040_Monument_preservation.php">Monument preservation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080129204608/http://www.dresden.de/en/05/040_Monument_preservation.php">Archived</a> 29 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skd-dresden.de/en/gebaeude/residenzschloss/geschichte.html">The History of the Royal Palace</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060323094325/http://www.skd-dresden.de/en/gebaeude/residenzschloss/geschichte.html">Archived</a> 23 March 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skd-dresden.de/en/gebaeude/zwinger_mit_semperbau/geschichte.html">History of the Zwinger and Semperbau</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927012157/http://www.skd-dresden.de/en/gebaeude/zwinger_mit_semperbau/geschichte.html">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306221223/http://www.bistum-dresden-meissen.de/32/40/43/index.php">"Bistum Dresden-Meißen – katholische Kirche"</a>. <i>bistum-dresden-meissen.de</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bistum-dresden-meissen.de/32/40/43/index.php">the original</a> on 6 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bistum-dresden-meissen.de&rft.atitle=Bistum+Dresden-Mei%C3%9Fen+%E2%80%93+katholische+Kirche&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bistum-dresden-meissen.de%2F32%2F40%2F43%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evangelisch-Lutherische Kreuzkirchgemeinde Dresden: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dresdner-kreuzkirche.de/index_e.html">History of the Church of the Holy Cross</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080429044130/http://www.dresdner-kreuzkirche.de/index_e.html">Archived</a> 29 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlaschkeJohnStarke2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Blaschke, K.; John, U.; Starke, H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S_PiAAAAMAAJ"><i>Geschichte der Stadt Dresden</i></a> (in German). Theiss. p. 626. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8062-1928-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8062-1928-9"><bdi>978-3-8062-1928-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Stadt+Dresden&rft.pages=626&rft.pub=Theiss&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-8062-1928-9&rft.aulast=Blaschke&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=John%2C+U.&rft.au=Starke%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS_PiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelas2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Helas, Volker (1 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DsDQBgAAQBAJ"><i>Architektur in Dresden 1800 – 1900</i></a> (in German). Springer-Verlag. pp. 27–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-322-84117-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-322-84117-9"><bdi>978-3-322-84117-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architektur+in+Dresden+1800+%E2%80%93+1900&rft.pages=27-29&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2013-12-01&rft.isbn=978-3-322-84117-9&rft.aulast=Helas&rft.aufirst=Volker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDsDQBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/berlin-dresden-leipzig-stalin-architektur-in-der-ddr-a-1221495.html">"Moskaus kleine Schwestern: Stalins Städte in der DDR"</a>. <i>DER SPIEGEL</i> (in German). 31 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730031050/https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/berlin-dresden-leipzig-stalin-architektur-in-der-ddr-a-1221495.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DER+SPIEGEL&rft.atitle=Moskaus+kleine+Schwestern%3A+Stalins+St%C3%A4dte+in+der+DDR&rft.date=2018-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fgeschichte%2Fberlin-dresden-leipzig-stalin-architektur-in-der-ddr-a-1221495.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rem.routledge.com/articles/hellerau">"Hellerau"</a>. <i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604013034/https://www.rem.routledge.com/articles/hellerau">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Modernism&rft.atitle=Hellerau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rem.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fhellerau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hellerau.org/en/history/">"History"</a>. <i>hellerau.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604013033/https://www.hellerau.org/en/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hellerau.org&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hellerau.org%2Fen%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wmf.org/project/festspielhaus-hellerau">"Festspielhaus Hellerau"</a>. <i>World Monuments Fund</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604013041/https://www.wmf.org/project/festspielhaus-hellerau">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Monuments+Fund&rft.atitle=Festspielhaus+Hellerau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wmf.org%2Fproject%2Ffestspielhaus-hellerau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Entwurf zur Moderne : Hellerau: Stand Ort Bestimmung ; [Dokumentation der Fachtagung in Hellerau 1995]</i>. Durth, Werner., Bracher, Erich., Wüstenrot-Stiftung. Stuttgart: Dt. Verl.-Anst. 1996. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-421-03217-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-421-03217-3"><bdi>3-421-03217-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/312519193">312519193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entwurf+zur+Moderne+%3A+Hellerau%3A+Stand+Ort+Bestimmung+%3B+%5BDokumentation+der+Fachtagung+in+Hellerau+1995%5D&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Dt.+Verl.-Anst&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F312519193&rft.isbn=3-421-03217-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibeskind2014" class="citation web cs1">Libeskind, Daniel (12 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daniel-libeskind.com/projects/military-history-museum">"Military History Museum: Dresden, Germany"</a>. <i>Studio Daniel Libeskind</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141201231527/http://daniel-libeskind.com/projects/military-history-museum">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Studio+Daniel+Libeskind&rft.atitle=Military+History+Museum%3A+Dresden%2C+Germany&rft.date=2014-03-12&rft.aulast=Libeskind&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaniel-libeskind.com%2Fprojects%2Fmilitary-history-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Attraction_Review-g187399-d9984802-Reviews-Martin_Luther_Monument-Dresden_Saxony.html">"Martin Luther Monument (Dresden) – 2019 All You Need to Know Before You Go (with Photos) – Dresden, Germany"</a>. <i>TripAdvisor</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130161903/https://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Attraction_Review-g187399-d9984802-Reviews-Martin_Luther_Monument-Dresden_Saxony.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TripAdvisor&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther+Monument+%28Dresden%29+%E2%80%93+2019+All+You+Need+to+Know+Before+You+Go+%28with+Photos%29+%E2%80%93+Dresden%2C+Germany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tripadvisor.co.uk%2FAttraction_Review-g187399-d9984802-Reviews-Martin_Luther_Monument-Dresden_Saxony.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schlosspillnitz.de/en/pillnitz-palace-park/">"Pillnitz Palace & Park"</a>. <i>schlosspillnitz.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200703130207/https://www.schlosspillnitz.de/en/pillnitz-palace-park/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=schlosspillnitz.de&rft.atitle=Pillnitz+Palace+%26+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schlosspillnitz.de%2Fen%2Fpillnitz-palace-park%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semperoper.de/en/about/semperoper-dresden/history-of-the-semperoper.html">"History of the Semperoper"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Semperoper" title="Semperoper">Semperoper</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Semperoper&rft.pub=Semperoper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semperoper.de%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fsemperoper-dresden%2Fhistory-of-the-semperoper.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Semperoper: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.semperoper.de/en/staatskapelle/history.html">History of the Sächsische Staatskapelle</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080405053819/http://www.semperoper.de/en/staatskapelle/history.html">Archived</a> 5 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216030656/http://www.staatsoperette-dresden.de/en">"Startseite | Staatsoperette Dresden"</a>. <i>www.staatsoperette-dresden.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.staatsoperette-dresden.de/">the original</a> on 16 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.staatsoperette-dresden.de&rft.atitle=Startseite+%26%23124%3B+Staatsoperette+Dresden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.staatsoperette-dresden.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160522173242/http://www.kreuzchor.de/english/chor.php">"Kreuzchor"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kreuzchor.de/english/chor.php">the original</a> on 22 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kreuzchor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kreuzchor.de%2Fenglish%2Fchor.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920161550/https://www.concerts-dresden.com/en/enjoy-classical-concerts-in-dresden-at-dresden-zwinger-palace.html">"Enjoy Classical Concerts in Dresden, at Dresden Zwinger Palace"</a>. <i>concerts-dresden.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.concerts-dresden.com/en/enjoy-classical-concerts-in-dresden-at-dresden-zwinger-palace.html">the original</a> on 20 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=concerts-dresden.com&rft.atitle=Enjoy+Classical+Concerts+in+Dresden%2C+at+Dresden+Zwinger+Palace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.concerts-dresden.com%2Fen%2Fenjoy-classical-concerts-in-dresden-at-dresden-zwinger-palace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130828092608/http://www.brn-dresden.de/index.html">"Bunte Republik Neustadt"</a>. <i>brn-dresden.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brn-dresden.de/index.html">the original</a> on 28 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=brn-dresden.de&rft.atitle=Bunte+Republik+Neustadt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brn-dresden.de%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skd-dresden.de/en/museen.html">Museums</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071019130620/http://www.skd-dresden.de/en/museen.html">Archived</a> 19 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deutsches Hygiene-Museum: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhmd.de/neu/index.php?id=923">Deutsches Hygiene-Museum – The Museum of Man</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110102042550/http://www.dhmd.de/neu/index.php?id=923">Archived</a> 2 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archsax.sachsen.de/lmv/content/288_DEU_Screen.htm">State Museum of Prehistory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080303010447/http://www.archsax.sachsen.de/lmv/content/288_DEU_Screen.htm">Archived</a> 3 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senckenberg.de/en/institutes/senckenberg-naturhistorische-sammlung-dresden/">"Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden"</a>. <i>senckenberg.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610210231/https://www.senckenberg.de/en/institutes/senckenberg-naturhistorische-sammlung-dresden/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=senckenberg.de&rft.atitle=Senckenberg+Natural+History+Collections+Dresden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senckenberg.de%2Fen%2Finstitutes%2Fsenckenberg-naturhistorische-sammlung-dresden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tu-dresden.de/kustodie/sammlungen-kunstbesitz">"Collections & Art"</a>. <i>TU Dresden</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200416203148/https://tu-dresden.de/kustodie/sammlungen-kunstbesitz">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TU+Dresden&rft.atitle=Collections+%26+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftu-dresden.de%2Fkustodie%2Fsammlungen-kunstbesitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920161547/https://www.festung-dresden.de/en/home/">"Festung Dresden"</a>. <i>festung-dresden.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.festung-dresden.de/en/home/">the original</a> on 20 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=festung-dresden.de&rft.atitle=Festung+Dresden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.festung-dresden.de%2Fen%2Fhome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722005520/http://www.dresdner-verein-bruehlsche-terrasse.de/seiten/frameset.htm">"Dresdner Verein Brühlsche Terrasse"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dresdner-verein-bruehlsche-terrasse.de/seiten/frameset.htm">the original</a> on 22 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dresdner+Verein+Br%C3%BChlsche+Terrasse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dresdner-verein-bruehlsche-terrasse.de%2Fseiten%2Fframeset.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803194758/http://www.panometer.de/dresden/panometer-dresden/">"Das Panometer – Ein ungewöhnliches Museum in Dresden"</a>. <i>panometer.de</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panometer.de/dresden/panometer-dresden/">the original</a> on 3 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stadtrundfahrt.com/dresden/eintritt-asisi-panometer/">the original</a> on 4 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stadtrundfahrt.com&rft.atitle=Panometer+Dresden+%E2%80%93+Eintritt+ohne+Wartezeit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadtrundfahrt.com%2Fdresden%2Feintritt-asisi-panometer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/pt/item/11621/">"O Códice de Dresden"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a></i>. 1200–1250. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191119/http://www.wdl.org/pt/item/11621/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=O+C%C3%B3dice+de+Dresden&rft.date=1200&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fpt%2Fitem%2F11621%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museen-dresden.de/index.php?lang=en&node=kraszewskimuseum">"Kraszewski Museum"</a>. <i>museen-dresden.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730024743/https://museen-dresden.de/index.php?lang=en&node=kraszewskimuseum">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=museen-dresden.de&rft.atitle=Kraszewski+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseen-dresden.de%2Findex.php%3Flang%3Den%26node%3Dkraszewskimuseum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dvb.de/en-GB/">"DVB Homepage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dresdner_Verkehrsbetriebe" title="Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe">Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DVB+Homepage&rft.pub=Dresdner+Verkehrsbetriebe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dvb.de%2Fen-GB%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dresdner_Verkehrsbetriebe-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dresdner_Verkehrsbetriebe_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dresdner_Verkehrsbetriebe_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dvb.de/en-gb/timetable/night-time-travel">"Night-time travel on the GuteNachtLinie routes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dresdner_Verkehrsbetriebe" title="Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe">Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Night-time+travel+on+the+GuteNachtLinie+routes&rft.pub=Dresdner+Verkehrsbetriebe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dvb.de%2Fen-gb%2Ftimetable%2Fnight-time-travel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dvb.de/-/media/files/liniennetz/gnl_bau_grossenhainer_310122_pdf.pdf">"GuteNachtLinie network Map (Valid from 2022-01-31)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Dresdner_Verkehrsbetriebe" title="Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe">Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.dvb.de/-/media/files/liniennetz/gnl_bau_grossenhainer_310122_pdf.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GuteNachtLinie+network+Map+%28Valid+from+2022-01-31%29&rft.pub=Dresdner+Verkehrsbetriebe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dvb.de%2F-%2Fmedia%2Ffiles%2Fliniennetz%2Fgnl_bau_grossenhainer_310122_pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130210175236/http://www.dresden-airport.de/homepage/company/structure-facts-staff/history/1989-to-2000.html">"1989 to 2000"</a>. <i>dresden-airport.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dresden-airport.de/homepage/company/structure-facts-staff/history/1989-to-2000.html">the original</a> on 10 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dresden-airport.de&rft.atitle=1989+to+2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dresden-airport.de%2Fhomepage%2Fcompany%2Fstructure-facts-staff%2Fhistory%2F1989-to-2000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dresden-airport.de/company/structure-facts-staff/history/2001-to-the-present-day.html">"2001 to the present day"</a>. <i>dresden-airport.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200320221514/https://www.dresden-airport.de/company/structure-facts-staff/history/2001-to-the-present-day.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dresden-airport.de&rft.atitle=2001+to+the+present+day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dresden-airport.de%2Fcompany%2Fstructure-facts-staff%2Fhistory%2F2001-to-the-present-day.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080128233503/http://dvb.de/untnehm/unnehm.htm">"Profile"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dvb.de/untnehm/unnehm.htm">the original</a> on 28 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdvb.de%2Funtnehm%2Funnehm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dvb.de/de-de/die-dvb/technik/gleise-haltestellen/">Gleise und Haltestellen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170826071514/https://www.dvb.de/de-de/die-dvb/technik/gleise-haltestellen/">Archived</a> 26 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216101751/http://www.dvb.de/untnehm/gbahn.htm">"CarGoTram"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dvb.de/untnehm/gbahn.htm">the original</a> on 16 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CarGoTram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dvb.de%2Funtnehm%2Fgbahn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dvb.de/de-de/entdecken/bergbahnen/standseilbahn/">"Standseilbahn: Von Loschwitz zum Weißen Hirsch"</a>. <i>Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730040631/https://www.dvb.de/de-de/entdecken/bergbahnen/standseilbahn/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dresdner+Verkehrsbetriebe&rft.atitle=Standseilbahn%3A+Von+Loschwitz+zum+Wei%C3%9Fen+Hirsch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dvb.de%2Fde-de%2Fentdecken%2Fbergbahnen%2Fstandseilbahn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/Economic-unification-and-beyond">"The East German system: Economic unification and beyond"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+East+German+system%3A+Economic+unification+and+beyond&rft.pub=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FGermany%2FEconomic-unification-and-beyond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de/Navigation/Statistik/Statistik-nach-Regionen/BA-Gebietsstruktur/Sachsen/Dresden-Nav.html?year_month=201912">"Arbeitsmarkt im Überblick – Berichtsmonat Dezember 2019 – Dresden, Agentur für Arbeit"</a>. <i>Agentur für Arbeit</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730024804/https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de/Navigation/Statistik/Statistik-nach-Regionen/BA-Gebietsstruktur/Sachsen/Dresden-Nav.html?year_month=201912">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agentur+f%C3%BCr+Arbeit&rft.atitle=Arbeitsmarkt+im+%C3%9Cberblick+%E2%80%93+Berichtsmonat+Dezember+2019+%E2%80%93+Dresden%2C+Agentur+f%C3%BCr+Arbeit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatistik.arbeitsagentur.de%2FNavigation%2FStatistik%2FStatistik-nach-Regionen%2FBA-Gebietsstruktur%2FSachsen%2FDresden-Nav.html%3Fyear_month%3D201912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.l-iz.de/wirtschaft/metropolregion/2019/08/Auch-beim-BIP-wird-das-Erstarken-der-Dienstleistungs-Leuchttuerme-Leipzig-und-Dresden-sichtbar-291889">"Auch beim BIP wird das Erstarken der Dienstleistungs-Leuchttürme Leipzig und Dresden sichtbar"</a>. <i>Leipziger Internet Zeitung</i> (in German). 25 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730030956/https://www.l-iz.de/wirtschaft/metropolregion/2019/08/Auch-beim-BIP-wird-das-Erstarken-der-Dienstleistungs-Leuchttuerme-Leipzig-und-Dresden-sichtbar-291889">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Leipziger+Internet+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Auch+beim+BIP+wird+das+Erstarken+der+Dienstleistungs-Leuchtt%C3%BCrme+Leipzig+und+Dresden+sichtbar&rft.date=2019-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.l-iz.de%2Fwirtschaft%2Fmetropolregion%2F2019%2F08%2FAuch-beim-BIP-wird-das-Erstarken-der-Dienstleistungs-Leuchttuerme-Leipzig-und-Dresden-sichtbar-291889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dresden-convention.com/en/dresden/destination-dresden/business-and-science">"Future made in Dresden"</a>. Dresden Convention<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Future+made+in+Dresden&rft.pub=Dresden+Convention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dresden-convention.com%2Fen%2Fdresden%2Fdestination-dresden%2Fbusiness-and-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lvz.de/Region/Mitteldeutschland/Zukunftsatlas-Leipzig-ist-dynamischste-Region-Deutschlands">"Zukunftsatlas: Leipzig ist dynamischste Region Deutschlands"</a>. <i>LVZ – Leipziger Volkszeitung</i> (in German). 5 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705183234/https://www.lvz.de/Region/Mitteldeutschland/Zukunftsatlas-Leipzig-ist-dynamischste-Region-Deutschlands">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LVZ+%E2%80%93+Leipziger+Volkszeitung&rft.atitle=Zukunftsatlas%3A+Leipzig+ist+dynamischste+Region+Deutschlands&rft.date=2019-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lvz.de%2FRegion%2FMitteldeutschland%2FZukunftsatlas-Leipzig-ist-dynamischste-Region-Deutschlands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/zukunftsatlas-2019-das-sind-die-deutschen-regionen-mit-den-besten-zukunftsaussichten/24521120.html">"Zukunftsatlas 2019: Das sind die deutschen Regionen mit den besten Zukunftsaussichten"</a>. <i>www.handelsblatt.com</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705183309/https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/zukunftsatlas-2019-das-sind-die-deutschen-regionen-mit-den-besten-zukunftsaussichten/24521120.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.handelsblatt.com&rft.atitle=Zukunftsatlas+2019%3A+Das+sind+die+deutschen+Regionen+mit+den+besten+Zukunftsaussichten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.handelsblatt.com%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2Fzukunftsatlas-2019-das-sind-die-deutschen-regionen-mit-den-besten-zukunftsaussichten%2F24521120.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190723194149/https://standort-sachsen.de/de/gruender/info-center/nachrichten/76377-zukunftsatlas-deutschland-2019-leipzig-ist-dynamiksieger">"Zukunftsatlas Deutschland 2019: Leipzig ist Dynamiksieger"</a>. <i>standort-sachsen.de</i> (in German). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Impressum%2FDisclaimer+%E2%80%93+Schultr%C3%A4ger+Freistaat+Sachsen&rft.pub=cms.sachsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcms.sachsen.schule%2Fmusikgym%2Fwillkommen%2Fimpressumdisclaimer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608075529/https://www.dresden.de/en/03/03/Schools-in-figures.php">"Schools in Figures | Landeshauptstadt Dresden"</a>. <i>dresden.de</i> (in German). 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V. :: DFB – Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V."</a> <i>datencenter.dfb.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528133454/https://www.dfb.de/en/data-center/clubs/sg-dynamo-dresden-e-v?action=show&controller=clubs&id=40&locale=en">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drv1890.de">the original</a> on 17 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=drv1890.de&rft.atitle=Dresdener+Rennverein+1890+e.V.+%E2%80%93+Pferderennsport+in+Dresden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrv1890.de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803020244/https://www.zipjet.co.uk/2017-stressful-cities-ranking">"2017 Stressful Cities Ranking | Zipjet"</a>. <i>www.zipjet.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zipjet.co.uk/2017-stressful-cities-ranking">the original</a> on 3 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.zipjet.co.uk&rft.atitle=2017+Stressful+Cities+Ranking+%7C+Zipjet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zipjet.co.uk%2F2017-stressful-cities-ranking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Augustus II."><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Augustus_II.">"Augustus II." </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 915–916.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Augustus+II.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=915-916&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Augustus III."><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Augustus_III.">"Augustus III." </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 916.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Augustus+III.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=916&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHashagen1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hashagen, Justus (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Frederick Augustus I."><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Frederick_Augustus_I.">"Frederick Augustus I." </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 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Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 697.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bellegarde%2C+Heinrich+Joseph+Johannes&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=697&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thielmann, Johann Adolf"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Thielmann,_Johann_Adolf">"Thielmann, Johann Adolf" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 847.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thielmann%2C+Johann+Adolf&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=847&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Becker, Wilhelm Adolf"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Becker,_Wilhelm_Adolf">"Becker, Wilhelm Adolf" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 608.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Becker%2C+Wilhelm+Adolf&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=608&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHashagen1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hashagen, Justus (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Frederick Augustus II."><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Frederick_Augustus_II.">"Frederick Augustus II." </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frederick+Augustus+II.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=61&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Hashagen&rft.aufirst=Justus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHashagen1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hashagen, Justus (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/John, King of Saxony"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/John,_King_of_Saxony">"John, King of Saxony" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 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Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=K%C3%B6rner%2C+Karl+Theodor&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=913&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hauptmann, Moritz"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hauptmann,_Moritz">"Hauptmann, Moritz" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 68–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hauptmann%2C+Moritz&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=68-69&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Richter, Adrian"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Richter,_Adrian">"Richter, Adrian" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 312.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richter%2C+Adrian&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=312&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bülow, Hans Guido von"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/B%C3%BClow,_Hans_Guido_von">"Bülow, Hans Guido von" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 795.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=B%C3%BClow%2C+Hans+Guido+von&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=795&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wenzel, Karl Friedrich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Wenzel,_Karl_Friedrich">"Wenzel, Karl Friedrich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 521–522.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wenzel%2C+Karl+Friedrich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=521-522&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Naumann, Georg Amadeus Carl Friedrich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Naumann,_Georg_Amadeus_Carl_Friedrich">"Naumann, Georg Amadeus Carl Friedrich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 278.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Naumann%2C+Georg+Amadeus+Carl+Friedrich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=278&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Erdmann, Otto Linné"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Erdmann,_Otto_Linn%C3%A9">"Erdmann, Otto Linné" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 734.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Erdmann%2C+Otto+Linn%C3%A9&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=734&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Busch, Julius Hermann Moritz"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Busch,_Julius_Hermann_Moritz">"Busch, Julius Hermann Moritz" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 869.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Busch%2C+Julius+Hermann+Moritz&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=869&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Engel, Ernst"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Engel,_Ernst">"Engel, Ernst" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 405.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Engel%2C+Ernst&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=405&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenske2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Venske, Ruth (25 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saebi.isgv.de/biografie/Marie_Simon_(1824-1877)">"Biografie von Marie Simon (1824–1877)"</a> [Biography of Marie Simon (1824–1877)]. <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Biografie" title="Sächsische Biografie">Sächsische Biografie</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S%C3%A4chsische+Biografie&rft.atitle=Biografie+von+Marie+Simon+%281824%E2%80%931877%29&rft.date=2009-08-25&rft.aulast=Venske&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsaebi.isgv.de%2Fbiografie%2FMarie_Simon_%281824-1877%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><i>Dresden: Tuesday, 13 February 1945</i> by Frederick Taylor, 2005; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7475-7084-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7475-7084-1">0-7475-7084-1</a></li> <li><i>Dresden and the Heavy Bombers: An RAF Navigator's Perspective</i> by Frank Musgrove, 2005; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84415-194-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84415-194-8">1-84415-194-8</a></li> <li><i>Return to Dresden</i> by Maria Ritter, 2004; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57806-596-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57806-596-8">1-57806-596-8</a></li> <li><i>Dresden: Heute/Today</i> by Dieter Zumpe, 2003; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7913-2860-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-7913-2860-3">3-7913-2860-3</a></li> <li><i>Destruction of Dresden</i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Irving" title="David Irving">David Irving</a>, 1972; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-23032-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-23032-9">0-345-23032-9</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse-Five" title="Slaughterhouse-Five">Slaughterhouse-Five</a></i> by Kurt Vonnegut, 1970; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-586-03328-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-586-03328-9">0-586-03328-9</a></li> <li><i>Disguised Visibilities: Dresden</i> by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Jarzombek" title="Mark Jarzombek">Mark Jarzombek</a> in <i>Memory and Architecture</i>, Ed. By Eleni Bastea, (University of Mexico Press, 2004).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2017" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Michael (2017). <i>Gauleiter</i>. Vol. 2. California: R James Bender Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932970-32-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932970-32-6"><bdi>978-1-932970-32-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gauleiter&rft.place=California&rft.pub=R+James+Bender+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-932970-32-6&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADresden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Preserve and Rebuild: Dresden during the Transformations of 1989–1990. Architecture, Citizens Initiatives and Local Identities</i> by Victoria Knebel, 2007; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-55954-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-55954-3">978-3-631-55954-3</a></li> <li><i>La tutela del patrimonio culturale in caso di conflitto</i> by Fabio Maniscalco (editor), 2002; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-87835-18-7" title="Special:BookSources/88-87835-18-7">88-87835-18-7</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Dresden#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Dresden">Timeline of Dresden § Bibliography</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dresden" class="extiw" title="commons:Dresden"><span style="font-style:italic; 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Dresden</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dessau" title="Dessau">Dessau</a></td> <td>Berlin</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cottbus" title="Cottbus">Cottbus</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Dresden</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Görlitz">Görlitz</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem" title="Ústí nad Labem">Ústí nad Labem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>)</td> <td></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitals_of_the_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template:Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitals_of_the_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals_of_the_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states of the Federal Republic of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capitals of area states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dresden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">City of Bremen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">State of Bremen</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capitals of former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">South Baden</a>, 1949–1952)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a>, 1949–1952)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a>, 1949–1952)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Unlike the mono-city states Berlin and Hamburg, the State of Bremen consists of two cities, thus state and capital are not identical.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of European states and territories</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states whose sovereignty is disputed</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></b>, Netherlands<sup>1</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a></b>, Andorra</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></b>, Turkey<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b>, Kazakhstan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></b>, Greece</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></b>, Azerbaijan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a></b>, Serbia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b>, Germany</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a></b>, Switzerland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a></b>, Slovakia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></b>, Belgium<sup>3</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></b>, Romania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></b>, Hungary</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a></b>, Moldova</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></b>, Denmark</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></b>, Ireland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></b>, Finland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></b>, Ukraine</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></b>, Portugal</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a></b>, Slovenia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b>, United Kingdom</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a></b>, Luxembourg</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b>, Spain</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></b>, Belarus</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></b><sup>5</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b>, Russia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></b>, Cyprus<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></b>, Norway</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></b>, France</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a></b>, Montenegro</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></b>, Czech Republic</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></b>, Iceland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></b>, Latvia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></b>, Italy</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">San Marino</a></b>, San Marino</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a></b>, North Macedonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></b>, Bulgaria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></b>, Sweden</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></b>, Estonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b>, Georgia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></b>, Albania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a></b>, Liechtenstein</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></b>, Malta</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></b><sup>4</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b>, Austria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></b>, Lithuania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></b>, Poland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b>, Armenia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a></b>, Croatia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with<br />limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a></b>, Northern Cyprus</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a></b>, Kosovo</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a></b>, Abkhazia</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a></b>, Transnistria</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></b>, South Ossetia</i><sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b></i>, England</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></b></i>, Scotland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></b></i>, Wales</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></b></i>, Northern Ireland</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></b></i>, Isle of Man</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a></b></i>, Akrotiri and Dhekelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b></i>, Gibraltar</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a></b></i>, Jersey</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a></b></i>, Guernsey</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a></b>, Svalbard (Norway)</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a></b>, Faroe Islands (Denmark)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a></b></i>, Vorarlberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a></b></i>, Burgenland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></b></i>, Styria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a></b></i>, Tyrol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a></b></i>, Carinthia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></b></i>, Upper Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a></b></i>, Salzburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%B6lten" title="Sankt Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a></b></i>, Lower Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b></i>, Vienna</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Flemish Community and French Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a></b></i>, German-speaking Community</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a></b></i>, Wallonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a></b></i> (de facto), Republika Srpska</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko" title="Brčko">Brčko</a></b></i>, Brčko District</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b></i>, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b></i>, Berlin</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></b></i>, Bremen</li> <li><i><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dresden</a></b></i>, Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></b></i>, North Rhine-Westphalia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></b></i>, Thuringia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></b></i>, Hamburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></b></i>, Lower Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></b></i>, Schleswig-Holstein</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></b></i>, Saxony-Anhalt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></b></i>, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></b></i>, Bavaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></b></i>, Brandenburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></b></i>, Saarland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></b></i>, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></b></i>, Baden-Württemberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></b></i>, Hesse</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a></b></i>, Chuvashia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a></b></i>, Karachay-Cherkessia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a></b></i>, Kalmykia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a></b></i>, Chechnya</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a></b></i>, Udmurtia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></b></i>, Tatarstan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magas" title="Magas">Magas</a></b></i>, Ingushetia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a></b></i>, Dagestan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a></b></i>, Adygea</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a></b></i>, Kabardino-Balkaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a></b></i>, Karelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a></b></i>, Mordovia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a></b></i>, Komi</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a></b></i>, Bashkortostan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a></b></i>, North Ossetia–Alania</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a></b></i>, Mari El</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Naryan-Mar" title="Naryan-Mar">Naryan-Mar</a></b></i>, Nenets</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a></b></i>, Krasnodar Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a></b></i>, Perm Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a></b></i>, Stavropol Krai</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">Oblasts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a></b></i>, Arkhangelsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></b></i>, Astrakhan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a></b></i>, Belgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a></b></i>, Bryansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a></b></i>, Ivanovo Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a></b></i>, Kaliningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a></b></i>, Kaluga Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a></b></i>, Kirov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a></b></i>, Kostroma Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnogorsk,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast">Krasnogorsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i>, Moscow Oblast (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a></b></i>, Kursk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a></b></i>, Lipetsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a></b></i>, Murmansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a></b></i>, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a></b></i>, Orenburg Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a></b></i>, Oryol Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a></b></i>, Penza Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a></b></i>, Pskov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a></b></i>, Rostov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a></b></i>, Ryazan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a></b></i>, Leningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a></b></i>, Samara Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a></b></i>, Saratov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a></b></i>, Smolensk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a></b></i>, Tambov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a></b></i>, Tula Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a></b></i>, Tver Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a></b></i>, Ulyanovsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a></b></i>, Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a></b></i>, Vladimir Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a></b></i>, Volgograd Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a></b></i>, Vologda Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a></b></i>, Voronezh Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a></b></i>, Yaroslavl Oblast</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a></b></i>, Aargau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf</a></b></i>, Uri</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_(village)" title="Appenzell (village)">Appenzell</a></b></i>, Appenzell Innerrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a></b></i>, Basel-Stadt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a></b></i>, Ticino</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a></b></i>, Grisons</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont</a></b></i>, Jura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a></b></i>, Thurgau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a></b></i>, Canton of Fribourg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a></b></i>, Canton of Geneva</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a></b></i>, Appenzell Ausserrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a></b></i>, Vaud</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal</a></b></i>, Basel-Landschaft</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a></b></i>, Canton of Lucerne</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></b></i>, Canton of Neuchâtel</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen</a></b></i>, Obwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></b></i>, Canton of Schaffhausen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a></b></i>, Canton of Schwyz</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a></b></i>, Valais</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a></b></i>, Canton of Solothurn</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stans" title="Stans">Stans</a></b></i>, Nidwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a></b></i>, Canton of St. Gallen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a></b></i>, Canton of Glarus</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a></b></i>, Canton of Zug</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a></b></i>, Canton of Zürich</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous<br />entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a></b></i>, Sardinia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></b></i>, Sicily</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a></b></i>, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a></b></i>, Aosta Valley</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></b></i>, Friuli Venezia Giulia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions of Portugal">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ponta_Delgada" title="Ponta Delgada">Ponta Delgada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" title="Angra do Heroísmo">Angra do Heroísmo</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Horta,_Azores" title="Horta, Azores">Horta</a></b></i>, Azores</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a></b></i>, Madeira</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></b></i>, Catalonia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a></b></i> & <i><b><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a></b></i>, Canary Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a></b></i>, La Rioja</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b></i>, Community of Madrid</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a></b></i>, Extremadura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a></b></i>, Region of Murcia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a></b></i>, Asturias</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a></b></i>, Balearic Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a></b></i>, Navarre</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a></b></i>, Cantabria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></b></i>, Galicia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></b></i>, Andalusia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a></b></i>, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></b></i>, Valencian Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a></b></i>, Castile and León (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a></b></i>, Basque Country (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a></b></i>, Aragon</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a></b></i>, Corsica Collectivité (France)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a></b></i>, Adjara (Georgia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a></b></i>, Gagauzia (Moldova)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Karyes,_Mount_Athos" title="Karyes, Mount Athos">Karyes</a></b></i>, Mount Athos (Greece)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a></b></i>, Åland Islands (Finland)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a></b></i>, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></b></i>, Vojvodina (Serbia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (Ukraine)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> Continental placement may vary <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Asia_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">depending on geographic convention</a> being followed</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> Also the seat of the European Union, see <a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">Brussels and the European Union</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>4</sup></span> A city-state</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Urban_and_rural_districts_in_Saxony,_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_districts_Saxony" title="Template talk:Germany districts Saxony"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany districts Saxony"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Urban_and_rural_districts_in_Saxony,_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> Urban and rural districts in <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, Germany</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bautzen_(district)" title="Bautzen (district)">Bautzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgskreis" title="Erzgebirgskreis">Erzgebirgskreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz_(district)" title="Görlitz (district)">Görlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_(district)" title="Leipzig (district)">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meissen_(district)" title="Meissen (district)">Meißen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelsachsen" title="Mittelsachsen">Mittelsachsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordsachsen" title="Nordsachsen">Nordsachsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Schweiz-Osterzgebirge" title="Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge">Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandkreis" title="Vogtlandkreis">Vogtlandkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwickau_(district)" title="Zwickau (district)">Zwickau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former urban districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Görlitz">Görlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoyerswerda" title="Hoyerswerda">Hoyerswerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plauen" title="Plauen">Plauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwickau" title="Zwickau">Zwickau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former rural districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annaberg_(district)" title="Annaberg (district)">Annaberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aue-Schwarzenberg" title="Aue-Schwarzenberg">Aue-Schwarzenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitzer_Land" title="Chemnitzer Land">Chemnitzer Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delitzsch_(district)" title="Delitzsch (district)">Delitzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6beln_(district)" title="Döbeln (district)">Döbeln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiberg_(district)" title="Freiberg (district)">Freiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamenz_(district)" title="Kamenz (district)">Kamenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipziger_Land" title="Leipziger Land">Leipziger Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6bau-Zittau" title="Löbau-Zittau">Löbau-Zittau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittlerer_Erzgebirgskreis" title="Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis">Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittweida_(district)" title="Mittweida (district)">Mittweida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muldentalkreis" title="Muldentalkreis">Muldentalkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niederschlesischer_Oberlausitzkreis" title="Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis">Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesa-Gro%C3%9Fenhain" title="Riesa-Großenhain">Riesa-Großenhain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Schweiz_(district)" title="Sächsische Schweiz (district)">Sächsische Schweiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stollberg_(district)" title="Stollberg (district)">Stollberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torgau-Oschatz" title="Torgau-Oschatz">Torgau-Oschatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Feritzkreis" title="Weißeritzkreis">Weißeritzkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwickauer_Land" title="Zwickauer Land">Zwickauer Land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a> of German states</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Germany" title="List of districts of Germany">Full list</a>) <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Template:Germany districts Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bavaria" title="Template:Germany districts Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Brandenburg" title="Template:Germany districts Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bremen" title="Template:Germany districts Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Hesse" title="Template:Germany districts Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Lower_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Template:Districts of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Template:Germany districts North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Template:Germany districts Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saarland" title="Template:Germany districts Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Template:Germany districts Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Thuringia" title="Template:Germany districts Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_Germany_by_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_Germany_by_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities in Germany by population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000–999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000–499,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle (Saale)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach" title="Mönchengladbach">Mönchengladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberhausen" title="Oberhausen">Oberhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000–199,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergisch_Gladbach" title="Bergisch Gladbach">Bergisch Gladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottrop" title="Bottrop">Bottrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlangen" title="Erlangen">Erlangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth" title="Fürth">Fürth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCtersloh" title="Gütersloh">Gütersloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagen" title="Hagen">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia">Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herne,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia">Herne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moers" title="Moers">Moers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim" title="Mülheim">Mülheim an der Ruhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuss" title="Neuss">Neuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main" title="Offenbach am Main">Offenbach am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recklinghausen" title="Recklinghausen">Recklinghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remscheid" title="Remscheid">Remscheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solingen" title="Solingen">Solingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Germany" title="List of municipalities in Germany">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_regions_in_Germany" title="Metropolitan regions in Germany">Metropolitan regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_the_East_German_Bezirke" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bezirke_DDR_Seats" title="Template:Bezirke DDR Seats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bezirke_DDR_Seats" title="Template talk:Bezirke DDR Seats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bezirke_DDR_Seats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bezirke DDR Seats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_the_East_German_Bezirke" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East German</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_East_Germany#Division_into_Bezirke" title="Administrative divisions of East Germany">Bezirke</a></i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottbus" title="Cottbus">Cottbus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt (Oder)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Karl-Marx-Stadt (Chemnitz)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neubrandenburg" title="Neubrandenburg">Neubrandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhl" title="Suhl">Suhl</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_East_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of East Germany"><img alt="Flag of East Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/45px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/60px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:East_Germany" title="Portal:East Germany">East Germany portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 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