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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Elector of Saxony and King Designate of Poland subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Elector_of_Saxony_and_King_Designate_of_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Family background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renunciation_of_the_Polish_throne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renunciation_of_the_Polish_throne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Renunciation of the Polish throne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renunciation_of_the_Polish_throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy_up_to_the_dissolution_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy_up_to_the_dissolution_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Foreign policy up to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy_up_to_the_dissolution_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy_until_the_peace_with_Napoleon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy_until_the_peace_with_Napoleon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Foreign policy until the peace with Napoleon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy_until_the_peace_with_Napoleon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_of_Saxony_and_Grand_Duke_of_Warsaw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_of_Saxony_and_Grand_Duke_of_Warsaw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>King of Saxony and Grand Duke of Warsaw</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-King_of_Saxony_and_Grand_Duke_of_Warsaw-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle King of Saxony and Grand Duke of Warsaw subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-King_of_Saxony_and_Grand_Duke_of_Warsaw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elevation_to_Saxon-Polish_ruler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elevation_to_Saxon-Polish_ruler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Elevation to Saxon-Polish ruler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elevation_to_Saxon-Polish_ruler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events_during_the_War_of_Liberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events_during_the_War_of_Liberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Events during the War of Liberation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events_during_the_War_of_Liberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement_of_Saxon_affairs_at_the_Congress_of_Vienna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement_of_Saxon_affairs_at_the_Congress_of_Vienna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Settlement of Saxon affairs at the Congress of Vienna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement_of_Saxon_affairs_at_the_Congress_of_Vienna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acceptance_of_the_post-war_order_of_the_Congress_of_Vienna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acceptance_of_the_post-war_order_of_the_Congress_of_Vienna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Acceptance of the post-war order of the Congress of Vienna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acceptance_of_the_post-war_order_of_the_Congress_of_Vienna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_of_Saxony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_of_Saxony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>King of Saxony</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-King_of_Saxony-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle King of Saxony subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-King_of_Saxony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standing_among_the_Saxon_people_upon_his_return" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standing_among_the_Saxon_people_upon_his_return"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Standing among the Saxon people upon his return</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standing_among_the_Saxon_people_upon_his_return-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Marriage and issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ancestors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Frederick Augustus I of Saxony</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A3%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84" title="فريدريش أغسطس الأول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فريدريش أغسطس الأول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A2%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بیرینجی فردریک آقوستوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی فردریک آقوستوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%90%D1%9E%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_I_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96)" title="Фрыдрых Аўгуст I (кароль Саксоніі) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фрыдрых Аўгуст I (кароль Саксоніі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_I_(%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Фридрих Август I (Саксония) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фридрих Август I (Саксония)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_August_I_de_Sax%C3%B2nia" title="Frederic August I de Saxònia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Frederic August I de Saxònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridrich_August_I._Sask%C3%BD" title="Fridrich August I. Saský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fridrich August I. Saský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_August_1._af_Sachsen" title="Frederik August 1. af Sachsen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frederik August 1. af Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_I._(Sachsen)" title="Friedrich August I. (Sachsen) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Friedrich August I. (Sachsen)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_I" title="Friedrich August I – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Friedrich August I" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Φρειδερίκος Αύγουστος Α΄ της Σαξονίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρειδερίκος Αύγουστος Α΄ της Σαξονίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Augusto_I_de_Sajonia" title="Federico Augusto I de Sajonia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Federico Augusto I de Sajonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederiko_A%C5%ADgusto_la_1-a_(Saksio)" title="Frederiko Aŭgusto la 1-a (Saksio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Frederiko Aŭgusto la 1-a (Saksio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederiko_Augusto_I.a_Saxoniakoa" title="Frederiko Augusto I.a Saxoniakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frederiko Augusto I.a Saxoniakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%A2%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85" title="فریدریش آگوست یکم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فریدریش آگوست یکم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric-Auguste_Ier_(roi_de_Saxe)" title="Frédéric-Auguste Ier (roi de Saxe) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frédéric-Auguste Ier (roi de Saxe)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88_%EC%95%84%EC%9A%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_1%EC%84%B8_(%EC%9E%91%EC%84%BC)" title="프리드리히 아우구스트 1세 (작센) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프리드리히 아우구스트 1세 (작센)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Augustus_I_dari_Sachsen" title="Friedrich Augustus I dari Sachsen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Friedrich Augustus I dari Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Augusto_I_(re_di_Sassonia)" title="Federico Augusto I (re di Sassonia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Federico Augusto I (re di Sassonia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="פרידריך אוגוסט הראשון, מלך סקסוניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרידריך אוגוסט הראשון, מלך סקסוניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2_I_(%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="ფრიდრიხ ავგუსტ I (საქსონია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრიდრიხ ავგუსტ I (საქსონია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridericus_Augustus_I_(rex_Saxoniae)" title="Fridericus Augustus I (rex Saxoniae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fridericus Augustus I (rex Saxoniae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C4%ABdrihs_Augusts_I_Vet%C4%ABns" title="Frīdrihs Augusts I Vetīns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Frīdrihs Augusts I Vetīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Frigyes_%C3%81gost_sz%C3%A1sz_kir%C3%A1ly" title="I. Frigyes Ágost szász király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Frigyes Ágost szász király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_I_(%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Фридрих Август I (Саксонија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фридрих Август I (Саксонија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_August_I_van_Saksen" title="Frederik August I van Saksen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frederik August I van Saksen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%92%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%881%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%B6%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E7%8E%8B)" title="フリードリヒ・アウグスト1世 (ザクセン王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フリードリヒ・アウグスト1世 (ザクセン王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_August_I_av_Sachsen" title="Fredrik August I av Sachsen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fredrik August I av Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryderyk_August_I" title="Fryderyk August I – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fryderyk August I" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederico_Augusto_I_da_Sax%C3%B4nia" title="Frederico Augusto I da Saxônia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frederico Augusto I da Saxônia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Augustus_I_de_Saxonia" title="Frederic Augustus I de Saxonia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Frederic Augustus I de Saxonia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_I_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Фридрих Август I (король Саксонии) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фридрих Август I (король Саксонии)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friderik_Avgust_I._Sa%C5%A1ki" title="Friderik Avgust I. Saški – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Friderik Avgust I. Saški" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_I_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Фридрих Аугуст I од Саксоније – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фридрих Аугуст I од Саксоније" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_August_I" title="Fredrik August I – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fredrik August I" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_August_I_av_Sachsen" title="Fredrik August I av Sachsen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fredrik August I av Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Friedrich_Augustus" title="I. Friedrich Augustus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Friedrich Augustus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%86_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97)" title="Фрідріх Август І (король Саксонії) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фрідріх Август І (король Саксонії)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_I_c%E1%BB%A7a_Sachsen" title="Friedrich August I của Sachsen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Friedrich August I của Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Last Elector of Saxony (1763–1806), First King of Saxony (1806-1827)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Special:EditPage/Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Frederick+Augustus+I+of+Saxony%22">"Frederick Augustus I of Saxony"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Frederick+Augustus+I+of+Saxony%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Frederick+Augustus+I+of+Saxony%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Frederick+Augustus+I+of+Saxony%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Frederick+Augustus+I+of+Saxony%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Frederick+Augustus+I+of+Saxony%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Elector Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, see <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus II of Poland">Augustus II of Poland</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Frederick Augustus (disambiguation)">Frederick Augustus</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Frederick Augustus I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony_by_Marcello_Bacciarelli_(ca_1808-1809).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony_by_Marcello_Bacciarelli_%28ca_1808-1809%29.png/220px-Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony_by_Marcello_Bacciarelli_%28ca_1808-1809%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony_by_Marcello_Bacciarelli_%28ca_1808-1809%29.png/330px-Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony_by_Marcello_Bacciarelli_%28ca_1808-1809%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony_by_Marcello_Bacciarelli_%28ca_1808-1809%29.png/440px-Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony_by_Marcello_Bacciarelli_%28ca_1808-1809%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2352" data-file-height="2856" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Bacciarelli" title="Marcello Bacciarelli">Marcello Bacciarelli</a>, 1809</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saxony" title="List of rulers of Saxony">King of Saxony</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">20 December 1806 – <span class="nowrap">5 May 1827</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20 December 1806</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthony,_King_of_Saxony" title="Anthony, King of Saxony">Anthony</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duke of Warsaw</a><br />1812–1813 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs"><i>King of Poland</i></a> (disputed)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">9 June 1807 – <span class="nowrap">22 May 1815</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saxony" title="List of rulers of Saxony">Elector of Saxony</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">17 December 1763 – 20 December 1806</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Christian,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony">Frederick Christian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Co-regents</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Francis_Xavier_of_Saxony" title="Prince Francis Xavier of Saxony">Francis Xavier</a> (1763–1768)<br /><a href="/wiki/Duchess_Maria_Antonia_of_Bavaria" title="Duchess Maria Antonia of Bavaria">Maria Antonia</a> (1763–1768)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Provisional_Governing_Commission" title="Lithuanian Provisional Governing Commission">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a> (disputed)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1812 – <span class="nowrap">14 December 1812</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a> (as Emperor of Russia, titular ruler)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Alexander I</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1750-12-23</span>)</span>23 December 1750<br /><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Electorate of Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">5 May 1827<span style="display:none">(1827-05-05)</span> (aged 76)<br />Dresden, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Cathedral" title="Dresden Cathedral">Dresden Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Amalie_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken-Birkenfeld" title="Amalie of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld">Amalie of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1769)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Augusta_of_Saxony" title="Princess Maria Augusta of Saxony">Princess Maria Augusta of Saxony</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Friedrich August Joseph Maria Anton Johann Nepomuk Aloys Xaver</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Fryderyk August Józef Maria Antoni Jan Nepomucen Alojzy Ksawery</i></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wettin" title="House of Wettin">Wettin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Christian,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony">Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Antonia_Walpurgis_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Antonia Walpurgis of Bavaria">Princess Maria Antonia of Bavaria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frederick Augustus I's signature"><img alt="Frederick Augustus I's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony_signature.svg/125px-Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony_signature.svg/188px-Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony_signature.svg/250px-Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1529" data-file-height="458" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Frederick Augustus I</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Friedrich August I.</i>; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Fryderyk August I</i>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Frédéric-Auguste Ier</i>; 23 December 1750 – 5 May 1827) was a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wettin" title="House of Wettin">House of Wettin</a> who reigned as the last <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Elector of Saxony</a> from 1763 to 1806 (as <b>Frederick Augustus III</b>) and as the first King of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a> from 1806 to 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duke of Warsaw</a> from 1807 to 1815 (in 1812–1813 he was proclaimed, but unrecognized, King of Poland by the <a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland">General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland</a>), a short-lived disputed <a href="/wiki/List_of_Lithuanian_monarchs" title="List of Lithuanian monarchs">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a> in 1812, and a legitimate candidate to the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy of Poland">Polish throne</a>. </p><p>Throughout his political career Frederick Augustus tried to rehabilitate and recreate the <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish state</a> that was torn apart and ceased to exist after the final <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland</a> in 1795. However he did not succeed, for which he blamed himself for the rest of his life. Nevertheless, his efforts at reestablishing an independent Polish nation did endear him to the Polish people. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Augustusplatz" title="Augustusplatz">Augustusplatz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> is named after him. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elector_of_Saxony_and_King_Designate_of_Poland">Elector of Saxony and King Designate of Poland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Elector of Saxony and King Designate of Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_background">Family background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frederick Augustus was the second (but eldest surviving) son of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Christian,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony">Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Antonia_Walpurgis_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Antonia Walpurgis of Bavaria">Maria Antonia Walpurgis, Princess of Bavaria</a>. Because he was underage at the time of his father's death of smallpox in 1763, his mother served as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a> until 1768. His uncle, Prince <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xavier_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Xavier of Saxony">Francis Xavier</a>, functioned as his representative.<sup id="cite_ref-Flathe_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flathe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through his father's side, he was descended from two kings of Poland, and through his mother's side <a href="/wiki/Siemowit" title="Siemowit">Siemowit</a>, the first confirmed <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">duke of Poland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renunciation_of_the_Polish_throne">Renunciation of the Polish throne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Renunciation of the Polish throne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frederick Augustus' three predecessors as Elector of Saxony had been <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">kings of Poland</a>, but due to his young age he was not considered eligible during the <a href="/wiki/1764_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_royal_election" title="1764 Polish–Lithuanian royal election">1764 Polish–Lithuanian royal election</a>. However, when a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_3_May_1791" title="Constitution of 3 May 1791">constitution</a> was ratified by the <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish Sejm</a>, Frederick Augustus was named successor to King <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław II August</a>. At the same time, the head of the Saxon Royal House was established as heir to the Polish throne through Article VII of that very constitution. Frederick Augustus declined to accept the crown upon Stanisław's death in 1798 because he feared becoming entangled in disputes with <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, which had begun to <a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">partition Poland in 1772</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaefer_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaefer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, by then the title would have been in name only - a <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">full partition of Poland</a> among those neighboring powers had already <a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">taken place in 1795</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy_up_to_the_dissolution_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire">Foreign policy up to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foreign policy up to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurf%C3%BCrst_Friedrich_August_III._von_Sachsen,_genannt_der_Gerechte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kurf%C3%BCrst_Friedrich_August_III._von_Sachsen%2C_genannt_der_Gerechte.jpg/110px-Kurf%C3%BCrst_Friedrich_August_III._von_Sachsen%2C_genannt_der_Gerechte.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kurf%C3%BCrst_Friedrich_August_III._von_Sachsen%2C_genannt_der_Gerechte.jpg/165px-Kurf%C3%BCrst_Friedrich_August_III._von_Sachsen%2C_genannt_der_Gerechte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kurf%C3%BCrst_Friedrich_August_III._von_Sachsen%2C_genannt_der_Gerechte.jpg/220px-Kurf%C3%BCrst_Friedrich_August_III._von_Sachsen%2C_genannt_der_Gerechte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Frederick Augustus in 1795</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1791, Frederick Augustus arranged a meeting with <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_II_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William II of Prussia">Frederick William II</a> of Prussia at <a href="/wiki/Pillnitz_Castle" title="Pillnitz Castle">Pillnitz Castle</a>. The move was intended partly to offer support for the French monarchy in the face of <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">revolutionary agitation</a> in France.<sup id="cite_ref-Flathe_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flathe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Pillnitz" title="Declaration of Pillnitz">Declaration of Pillnitz</a> warned of the possibility of military action against the French revolutionary government, a provocation that provided the latter with grounds to declare war on Austria in April 1792. Frederick Augustus himself did not sign the Declaration. </p><p>Saxony wanted nothing to do with the defensive alliance against <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">France</a> formed between Austria and Prussia. Nonetheless, a declaration of a <a href="/wiki/Reichskrieg" title="Reichskrieg">Reichskrieg</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichstag (Holy Roman Empire)">Reichstag</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> issued in March 1793, obliged Frederick Augustus to take part. There was great concern in Saxony in April 1795 when Prussia suddenly concluded a separate peace with France in order to facilitate the <a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">Third Partition of Poland</a>. Saxony dropped out of the coalition against France in August 1796 after France had advanced east into the German lands and additional conditions for the Holy Roman Empire to conclude a separate peace were agreed. </p><p>Both the peace agreement with France and Saxony's participation in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Congress_of_Rastatt" title="Second Congress of Rastatt">Congress of Rastatt</a> in 1797 served to demonstrate Frederick Augustus' loyalty to the conventional constitutional principles of the Holy Roman Empire. The Congress of Rastatt was supposed to authorize the surrender to France of the territories on the left bank of the Rhine in return for compensation for the rulers relinquishing territory. However, at Rastatt and again in 1803 at the issuance of the <a href="/wiki/Reichsdeputationshauptschluss" title="Reichsdeputationshauptschluss">Final Report of the Empire Delegation</a>, the law of the Holy Roman Empire that laid out the new order of the Empire, Saxony refused to agree to territorial adjustments, since these were designed to benefit <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, Prussia, <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Electorate of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Baden" title="Electorate of Baden">Baden</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy_until_the_peace_with_Napoleon">Foreign policy until the peace with Napoleon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Foreign policy until the peace with Napoleon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frederick Augustus also did not participate in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a>, which led to the final <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire">dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire</a>. With respect to the Prussian idea of a north German empire, within which Saxony was supposed to be raised to a kingdom, he appeared reserved. However, after September 1806, in response to the Berlin Ultimatum, which demanded the withdrawal of French troops from the left bank of the Rhine, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> advanced as far as <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>. At that point, Frederick Augustus joined with Prussia. However, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena-Auerstedt" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jena-Auerstedt">twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt</a> in 1806 Napoleon inflicted a crushing defeat on the Prusso–Saxon troops. The Prussian government and army then withdrew headlong to the east. Frederick Augustus, left without any information concerning Prussian intentions, and with Napoleon's troops about to occupy Saxony, was forced to conclude peace. On 11 December 1806 in <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Treaty of Poznań">treaty</a> was signed by authorized representatives of both sides. According to its terms, Saxony was forced to join the Confederation of the Rhine and to surrender parts of Thuringia to the recently organized <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Kingdom of Westphalia</a>. As compensation, Saxony was given the area around <a href="/wiki/Cottbus" title="Cottbus">Cottbus</a> and was raised to the status of a kingdom alongside the Confederation states of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="King_of_Saxony_and_Grand_Duke_of_Warsaw">King of Saxony and Grand Duke of Warsaw</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: King of Saxony and Grand Duke of Warsaw"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elevation_to_Saxon-Polish_ruler">Elevation to Saxon-Polish ruler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Elevation to Saxon-Polish ruler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_Saxe2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Armoiries_Saxe2.svg/100px-Armoiries_Saxe2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Armoiries_Saxe2.svg/150px-Armoiries_Saxe2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Armoiries_Saxe2.svg/200px-Armoiries_Saxe2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Duchy of Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Grand_Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/100px-Grand_Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Grand_Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/150px-Grand_Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Grand_Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/200px-Grand_Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="1367" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a></div></div></div></div> <p>Frederick Augustus was proclaimed King of Saxony on 20 December 1806. After the <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Treaty of Tilsit</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a> and Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a> concluded with Napoleon in July 1807, Frederick Augustus was also named Grand Duke of Warsaw. Although he had rejected the offer of the throne of Poland in 1795 by the Sejm, he could not refuse a Polish title a second time.<sup id="cite_ref-Flathe_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flathe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schaefer_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaefer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Article V of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw">Constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw</a>, which Napoleon dictated to Saxony, was linked to the Polish Constitution of 1791 and joined the Duchy of Warsaw hereditarily to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wettin" title="House of Wettin">Royal House of Saxony</a>. Geopolitically the Duchy of Warsaw comprised the areas of the 2nd and 3rd <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Prussian partitions</a> (1795), with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Danzig</a>, which was made into the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_(Napoleonic)" title="Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)">Free City of Danzig</a> under joint French and Saxon "protection", and the district around <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a>, which was given to Russia. The area under Prussian control was made up of territory from the former Prussian provinces of <a href="/wiki/New_East_Prussia" title="New East Prussia">New East Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Prussia">Southern Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Silesia" title="New Silesia">New Silesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a>. In addition, the new state was given the area along the <a href="/wiki/Note%C4%87" title="Noteć">Noteć</a> river and the "<a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_Land" title="Chełmno Land">Land of Chełmno</a>". </p><p>Altogether, the Duchy had an initial area of around 104,000 km<sup>2</sup>, with a population of approximately 2,600,000. The bulk of its inhabitants were Poles. </p><p>In 1809, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> was successfully <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">defeated</a> by Polish–Saxon troops when it attempted to take possession of the Duchy and for its part had to cede to the Duchy of Warsaw Polish regions absorbed up to 1795, among them the old Polish royal city of <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>. In July 1812 Frederick Augustus ratified a proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Sejm of the Duchy of Warsaw">Sejm of the Duchy of Warsaw</a> that restored the Kingdom of Poland. Napoleon lodged a protest against this action. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events_during_the_War_of_Liberation">Events during the War of Liberation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Events during the War of Liberation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fryderyk_August_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fryderyk_August_I.jpg/220px-Fryderyk_August_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fryderyk_August_I.jpg/330px-Fryderyk_August_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fryderyk_August_I.jpg/440px-Fryderyk_August_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>Frederick Augustus, by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Christian_Vogel_von_Vogelstein" title="Carl Christian Vogel von Vogelstein">Vogel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1813 during the <a href="/wiki/German_Campaign_of_1813" class="mw-redirect" title="German Campaign of 1813">German Campaign of 1813</a>, Saxony found itself in a more difficult situation than many other warring states. The country was still solidly in Napoleon's grip and at the same time had become the central arena of the war. In the autumn of 1813 at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a> (Battle of Nations) the local population of Saxony, which tallied about 2 million, saw almost a million soldiers brought to its territories. Napoleon openly threatened to consider Saxony as enemy territory and treat it accordingly should Frederick Augustus change sides. Frederick Augustus' room for maneuver was consequently greatly limited. He did not want to put the country's well-being into play frivolously. At the same time, he still remembered vividly the way in which Prussia had simply abandoned him in 1806. </p><p>In this difficult situation the King attempted to enter cautiously into an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a> in 1813 without risking a public break with Napoleon and a declaration of war. As the Prussian and Russian troops entered Saxony in the spring, the King first moved to the south in order to avoid a direct encounter and pursued an alliance with Austria secretly from <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>. The Saxon-Austrian Pact was concluded on 20 April and the King made the Prussian and Russian allies aware of it at the same time. Napoleon, from whom Frederick Augustus was not able to keep the diplomatic maneuvers concealed, summoned the King urgently to Saxony after he had defeated the Prusso-Russian troops at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Lützen (1813)">Lützen</a> on 2 May. Frederick Augustus decided to comply with the ultimatum presented to him. With no prospect of concrete assistance from Austria, and in view of the defeat of the Prussian – Russian coalition, which now sent peace signals to France, he felt he had no choice. </p><p>Frederick Augustus' decision brought the country scarcely any relief. Napoleon, angered at the near defection of the King and at the same time dependent upon the full mobilization of all available forces against the Coalition troops, harshly demanded the full resources of Saxony. In addition, the country suffered under the changing fortunes of war and associated movements and quartering. At the end of August the Allies failed again to defeat Napoleon at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden" title="Battle of Dresden">Battle of Dresden</a>. Meanwhile, Saxony became the principal arena of war and Dresden the midpoint of the French army movements. Not until 9 September in <a href="/wiki/Teplice" title="Teplice">Teplitz</a> did Austria conclude its alliance with Prussia and Russia. In September, as Napoleon's troops in Saxony formed up to retreat before the expanded Coalition, there came the first defections to the Allies within the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saxon_Army" title="Royal Saxon Army">Royal Saxon Army</a>. </p><p>Frederick Augustus was mistrustful of Prussia in view of the experiences of the spring and arguably disappointed as well by Austria's decision not to join the Coalition immediately, especially while the country was exposed as before to French domination. Thus he chose not to break with Napoleon. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a> [Battle of Nations] the Saxon as well as the Polish troops fought on the side of Napoleon. In view of the apparent defeat of the French, even larger Saxon troop formations went over to the Coalition during the battle, whereas the Polish troops were largely annihilated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement_of_Saxon_affairs_at_the_Congress_of_Vienna">Settlement of Saxon affairs at the Congress of Vienna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Settlement of Saxon affairs at the Congress of Vienna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the deliberations of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1814 and 1815, Frederick Augustus' position was doomed by his country's difficult geographic position, the changing fortunes of war, a lack of assistance from Austria, and his own vacillations. The <a href="/wiki/Prussian-Russian_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian-Russian alliance">Prussian-Russian alliance</a> had never had honorable intentions in bringing Saxony into the anti-Napoleon alliance in the first place. Even before Prussia declared war on France on 17 March 1813, it had agreed to an alliance with Russia to the detriment of Saxony and Poland in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kalisz_(1813)" title="Treaty of Kalisz (1813)">Treaty of Kalisz</a> on 22 February: the Duchy of Warsaw would predominantly come under Russian rule, whereas Prussia would be compensated for relinquished Polish territories with the annexation of Saxon territory. Prussia's appetite for the economically and culturally more developed territories of Saxony originated in the old dream of annexation that <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II of Prussia">Frederick II</a> had developed in his political testament of 1752 and had already tried to realize in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. It did not originate from any necessity to overcome Napoleonic rule in central Europe. </p><p>After the Battle of Leipzig the Prussian-Russian alliance showed no interest in an alliance with the Saxon king in the wider struggle against Napoleon irrespective of offers of support from Frederick Augustus. Rather, the King was made captive and taken to <a href="/wiki/Friedrichsfelde" title="Friedrichsfelde">Friedrichsfelde</a> near Berlin and placed under Russian-Prussian custody in the name of a "General Government of High Allied Powers." </p><p>It was the forceful manner of Prussian minister <a href="/wiki/Baron_von_Stein" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron von Stein">Baron von Stein</a> rather than the government administered by Russian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Repnin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prince Repnin (page does not exist)">Prince Repnin</a> until November 1814 or the subsequent Prussian force of occupation (lasting to June 1815), which were responsible for the low morale in Saxony at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. In contrast to the representatives of France, Frederick Augustus was denied participation at the Congress of Vienna as punishment for his supposed role as the quasi-deputy of his former ally Napoleon. Certainly this treatment of the Saxon king was owing to nothing other than the intention of Prussia and Russia to carry out the annexation plans agreed to in Kalisz. That Saxony was not completely abandoned can be attributed to the fear of Austria and France of an overly-strengthened Prussia. Because the Saxon question threatened to break up the Congress, the allies finally agreed to divide Saxony (7 January 1815) with the mediation of the Tsar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acceptance_of_the_post-war_order_of_the_Congress_of_Vienna">Acceptance of the post-war order of the Congress of Vienna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Acceptance of the post-war order of the Congress of Vienna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his release from a Prussian prison in February 1815, at first Frederick Augustus delayed his agreement to the division of his country. However, having no other option, he finally gave in, and on 18 May consented to the peace treaty laid before him by Prussia and Russia. With the signing of the treaty on 21 May 1815, 57% of Saxon territory and 42% of the Saxon population was turned over to Prussia. </p><p>Places and areas that had been connected to the Saxon landscape for hundreds of years became completely foreign, absorbed in part into artificially created administrative regions. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a>, the old capital of the Saxon Electoral State during the Holy Roman Empire, and seat of the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_of_Halle-Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg">National University</a> made famous by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a> (which was already done away with in 1817 by means of a merger with the Prussian University of Halle), and <a href="/wiki/Torgau" title="Torgau">Torgau</a>, birthplace and place of residence of the Elector <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Wise" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick the Wise">Frederick the Wise</a>, which was incorporated into one of the new hybrids created by Prussia under the name <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Province of Saxony</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lusatia" title="Lower Lusatia">Lower Lusatia</a>, which like <a href="/wiki/Upper_Lusatia" title="Upper Lusatia">Upper Lusatia</a> had preserved its constitutional autonomy under Saxon rule, was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Province of Brandenburg</a> and ceased to exist as a state. Upper Lusatia was arbitrarily divided: the area assigned to Prussia, including <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Görlitz">Görlitz</a>, was added to the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Province of Silesia</a>; these areas also lost their constitutional autonomy. </p><p>On 22 May 1815 Frederick Augustus abdicated as ruler of the Duchy of Warsaw, whose territory was annexed mainly to Russia, but also partly to Prussia and Austria. In the area assigned to Russia, a <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a> was created to join in a hereditary union with the Russian throne. The old royal city of Kraków no longer belonged to the new kingdom, and became a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Kraków">separate republic</a>. The internal autonomy that it enjoyed at first was abolished in 1831 after the <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">Polish Uprising</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="King_of_Saxony">King of Saxony</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: King of Saxony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standing_among_the_Saxon_people_upon_his_return">Standing among the Saxon people upon his return</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Standing among the Saxon people upon his return"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Frederick returned home to Saxony in July 1815 he was greeted enthusiastically throughout the land. Numerous expressions of loyalty also reached the king from the ceded territories, where the populace regarded the new rulers coolly; shortly thereafter the notion of being "mandatory-Prussian" began to circulate. In <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Province" title="Liège Province">Liège Province</a>, where the majority of the regiments of the Saxon Army had been stationed since the beginning of 1815, there was a revolt at the end of April. At the behest of the Prussian king, <a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a> <a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Blücher</a> was to discharge the soldiers who came from the annexed territories, but Frederick Augustus' men had not yet made their departure, and the Saxon soldiers rioted over it. Blücher had to flee the city and was able to put down the revolt only by calling up additional Prussian troops. </p><p>Public opinion in Saxony lay decisively on Frederick Augustus' side at the time of his return. There was a feeling that Prussian policies were too ruthless both against the country and the king. The avarice of special interests in Berlin came across all too clearly as the rewards of the War of Liberation were distributed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years">Final years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Final years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last twelve years of Frederick Augustus' government passed for the most part quietly.<sup id="cite_ref-Flathe_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flathe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king's conservative character, which in foreign policy up to 1806 had manifested itself in unconditional loyalty to Saxon interests, hardened even more after the experience of Napoleonic hegemony. With respect to political reform the King achieved little. Until his death in 1827, which fell on the anniversary of Napoleon's death, little was altered in the constitutional configuration of the Saxon state. Undoubtedly, the king avoided making such a move out of respect for the rights of the remaining Lusatian upper classes. Just as little came of the desire of many people to transform the existing political system to accommodate a genuine legislature. There was scarcely any lessening of admiration for the old king who had overseen the destiny of Saxony for more than half a century. During his lifetime he gained the epithet "The Just". Resentment over the delayed economic and social rebuilding of the country was to be felt by his brother, King <a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony of Saxony">Anthony</a>. </p><p>Frederick Augustus was entombed in the Roman Catholic Cathedral of Dresden.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaefer_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaefer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_issue">Marriage and issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Marriage and issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> on 17 January 1769 (by proxy) and again in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> on 29 January 1769 (in person), Frederick Augustus married the Countess Palatine (<i>Pfalzgräfin</i>) <a href="/wiki/Amalie_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken-Birkenfeld" title="Amalie of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld">Amalie of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld</a>, sister of King <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria</a>. During their marriage, Amalia gave birth to four children, but only one daughter survived to adulthood: </p> <ol><li>Stillborn child (1771)</li> <li>Stillborn child (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Augusta_of_Saxony" title="Princess Maria Augusta of Saxony">Maria Augusta Nepomucena Antonia Franziska Xaveria Aloysia</a> (b. Dresden, 21 June 1782 – d. Dresden, 14 March 1863)</li> <li>Stillborn child (1797)</li></ol> <p>Frederick Augustus had an illegitimate daughter, born out of an affair with the daughter of a Jewish court financier in Dresden. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Without surviving male issue, Frederick Augustus was succeeded as King of Saxony by his younger brother Anthony. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestors">Ancestors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ancestors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Frederick Augustus I of Saxony<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II of Poland</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III of Poland</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Christiane_Eberhardine_of_Brandenburg-Bayreuth" title="Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth">Christiane Eberhardine of Bayreuth</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Christian,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony">Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Austria" title="Maria Josepha of Austria">Maria Josepha of Austria</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine_Amalia_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Frederick Augustus I of Saxony</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II_Emanuel,_Elector_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria">Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Theresa_Kunegunda_Sobieska" title="Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska">Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Maria_Antonia_of_Bavaria" title="Duchess Maria Antonia of Bavaria">Maria Antonia of Bavaria</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor</a> (= 10)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress">Maria Amalia of Austria</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine_Amalia_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick</a> (= 11)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rue_Crown" title="Order of the Rue Crown">Order of the Rue Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saxony" title="History of Saxony">History of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rulers_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Rulers of Saxony">Rulers of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Castle" title="Dresden Castle">Dresden Castle</a> – Residence of Frederick Augustus I</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/420558/friedrich-august-i-king-of-saxony-1750-1827">"Anton Graff (1736-1813) - Friedrich August I, King of Saxony (1750-1827)"</a>. <i>www.rct.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rct.uk&rft.atitle=Anton+Graff+%281736-1813%29+-+Friedrich+August+I%2C+King+of+Saxony+%281750-1827%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rct.uk%2Fcollection%2F420558%2Ffriedrich-august-i-king-of-saxony-1750-1827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Augustus+I+of+Saxony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flathe-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flathe_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flathe_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flathe_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flathe_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinrich Theodor Flathe: <i>Friedrich August I., König von Sachsen</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie" title="Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie">Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie</a></i> (ADB). Volume 7, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1878, pp. 786–789 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaefer-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaefer_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaefer_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaefer_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dagmar Schäfer: <i>Der gefangene Sachsenkönig. Eine Erinnerung an Sachsens ersten König, Friedrich August I. (1750–1827)</i>. Tauchaer Verlag, Taucha 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-910074-52-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-910074-52-9">3-910074-52-9</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weber-gesamtausgabe.de/de/A000537/Korrespondenz">"König von Sachsen Friedrich August I. – Biographische Informationen aus der WeGA"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K%C3%B6nig+von+Sachsen+Friedrich+August+I.+%E2%80%93+Biographische+Informationen+aus+der+WeGA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weber-gesamtausgabe.de%2Fde%2FA000537%2FKorrespondenz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Augustus+I+of+Saxony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA99"><i>Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans</i></a> [<i>Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living</i>] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogie+ascendante+jusqu%27au+quatrieme+degre+inclusivement+de+tous+les+Rois+et+Princes+de+maisons+souveraines+de+l%27Europe+actuellement+vivans&rft.place=Bourdeaux&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Frederic+Guillaume+Birnstiel&rft.date=1768&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAINPAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Augustus+I+of+Saxony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I of Saxony</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHashagen1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hashagen, Justus (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Frederick Augustus I."><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Frederick_Augustus_I.">"Frederick Augustus I." </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 60–61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frederick+Augustus+I.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=60-61&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Hashagen&rft.aufirst=Justus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Augustus+I+of+Saxony" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Christian,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony">Frederick Christian</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Elector_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Elector of Saxony">Elector of Saxony</a> </b><br />1763–1806 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Electorate abolished</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Kingdom created</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Saxony">King of Saxony</a> </b><br />1806–1827 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony of Saxony">Anton</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princes_of_Saxony" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Princes_of_Saxony" title="Template:Princes of Saxony"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princes_of_Saxony" title="Template talk:Princes of Saxony"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princes_of_Saxony" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princes of Saxony"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princes_of_Saxony" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Princes of Saxony</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The generations are numbered from the ascension of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick I, Elector of Saxony">Frederick I</a> as <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Elector of Saxony</a> in 1423.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick II, Elector of Saxony">Frederick II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III,_Landgrave_of_Thuringia" title="William III, Landgrave of Thuringia">William III, Landgrave of Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Ernest, Elector of Saxony">Ernest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_III,_Duke_of_Saxony" title="Albert III, Duke of Saxony">Albert III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick III, Elector of Saxony">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_II_of_Saxony" title="Ernst II of Saxony">Ernest, Archbishop of Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalbert_of_Saxony" title="Adalbert of Saxony">Albert, Administrator of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John, Elector of Saxony">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George,_Duke_of_Saxony" title="George, Duke of Saxony">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Duke_of_Saxony" title="Henry IV, Duke of Saxony">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_of_Saxony_(Teutonic_Knight)" title="Frederick of Saxony (Teutonic Knight)">Prince Frederick, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxony" title="John, Hereditary Prince of Saxony">John, Hereditary Prince of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxony" title="Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Saxony">Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony">John Frederick I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Maurice, Elector of Saxony">Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severinus_of_Saxony" title="Severinus of Saxony">Severinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ernest,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg" title="John Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg">John Ernest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Augustus, Elector of Saxony">Augustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_II,_Duke_of_Saxony" title="John Frederick II, Duke of Saxony">John Frederick II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm,_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar" title="Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar">Johann Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_III,_Duke_of_Saxony" title="John Frederick III, Duke of Saxony">John Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Christian I, Elector of Saxony">Christian I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_II,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Christian II, Elector of Saxony">Christian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_George_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John George I, Elector of Saxony">John George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_of_Saxony" title="August of Saxony">August</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_George_II,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John George II, Elector of Saxony">John George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus,_Duke_of_Saxe-Weissenfels" title="Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels">Augustus of Saxe-Weissenfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Merseburg" title="Christian I, Duke of Saxe-Merseburg">Christian I of Saxe-Merseburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice,_Duke_of_Saxe-Zeitz" title="Maurice, Duke of Saxe-Zeitz">Maurice of Saxe-Zeitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_George_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John George III, Elector of Saxony">John George III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_George_IV,_Elector_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="John George IV, Elector of Saxony">John George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Frederick Augustus I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Frederick Augustus II</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Christian,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony">Frederick Christian</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Francis_Xavier_of_Saxony" title="Prince Francis Xavier of Saxony">Prince Francis Xavier</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Courland" title="Charles, Duke of Courland">Charles, Duke of Courland</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Casimir,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Albert Casimir, Duke of Teschen">Albert, Duke of Teschen</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Wenceslaus_of_Saxony" title="Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony">Clemens Wenceslaus, Archbishop of Trier</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frederick Augustus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony of Saxony">Anthony I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxony" title="Maximilian, Hereditary Prince of Saxony">Maximilian, Crown Prince</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_II_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus II of Saxony">Frederick Augustus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_Saxony" title="John, King of Saxony">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert,_King_of_Saxony" title="Albert, King of Saxony">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George,_King_of_Saxony" title="George, King of Saxony">George</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_III_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus III of Saxony">Frederick Augustus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Johann_Georg_of_Saxony" title="Prince Johann Georg of Saxony">Prince Johann Georg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Maximilian_of_Saxony_(1870%E2%80%931951)" title="Prince Maximilian of Saxony (1870–1951)">Prince Maximilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxony_(1875%E2%80%931900)" title="Prince Albert of Saxony (1875–1900)">Prince Albert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georg,_Crown_Prince_of_Saxony" title="Georg, Crown Prince of Saxony">Georg, Crown Prince of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Christian,_Margrave_of_Meissen" title="Friedrich Christian, Margrave of Meissen">Friedrich Christian, Margrave of Meissen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ernst_Heinrich_of_Saxony" title="Prince Ernst Heinrich of Saxony">Prince Ernst Heinrich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Emanuel,_Margrave_of_Meissen" title="Maria Emanuel, Margrave of Meissen">Maria Emanuel, Margrave of Meissen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_von_Sachsen_(born_1934)" title="Albert von Sachsen (born 1934)">Albert, Margrave of Meissen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_von_Sachsen" title="Rüdiger von Sachsen">Prince Rüdiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander,_Prince_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander, Prince of Saxony">Prince Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_von_Sachsen" title="Daniel von Sachsen">Prince Daniel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="font-size:85%;"><i><sup>1</sup> also <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lewicz" title="Królewicz">królewicz</a> of Poland and Lithuania</i><br /></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electors_of_Saxony" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electors_of_Saxony" title="Template:Electors of Saxony"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electors_of_Saxony" title="Template talk:Electors of Saxony"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electors_of_Saxony" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electors of Saxony"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electors_of_Saxony" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saxony" title="List of rulers of Saxony">Electors of Saxony</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Wittenberg" title="Rudolf I, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg">Rudolf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Duke_of_Saxe-Wittenberg" title="Rudolf II, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg">Rudolf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Wittenberg" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg">Wenceslaus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_III,_Duke_of_Saxe-Wittenberg" title="Rudolf III, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg">Rudolf III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_III,_Duke_of_Saxe-Wittenberg" title="Albert III, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg">Albert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick I, Elector of Saxony">Frederick I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick II, Elector of Saxony">Frederick II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Ernest, Elector of Saxony">Ernest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick III, Elector of Saxony">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John, Elector of Saxony">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony">John Frederick I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Maurice, Elector of Saxony">Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Augustus, Elector of Saxony">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Christian I, Elector of Saxony">Christian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_II,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Christian II, Elector of Saxony">Christian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_George_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John George I, Elector of Saxony">John George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_George_II,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John George II, Elector of Saxony">John George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_George_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John George III, Elector of Saxony">John George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_George_IV" title="John George IV">John George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Frederick Augustus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Frederick Augustus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Christian,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony">Frederick Christian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frederick Augustus III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kings_of_Saxony" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Saxony" title="Template:Kings of Saxony"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kings_of_Saxony" title="Template talk:Kings of Saxony"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kings_of_Saxony" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kings of Saxony"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_Saxony" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saxony" title="List of rulers of Saxony">Kings of Saxony</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frederick Augustus I</a> <i>(1806–1827)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony of Saxony">Anthony</a> <i>(1827–1836)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_II_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus II of Saxony">Frederick Augustus II</a> <i>(1836–1854)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_Saxony" title="John, King of Saxony">John</a> <i>(1854–1873)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert,_King_of_Saxony" title="Albert, King of Saxony">Albert</a> <i>(1873–1902)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George,_King_of_Saxony" title="George, King of Saxony">George</a> <i>(1902–1904)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_III_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus III of Saxony">Frederick Augustus III</a> <i>(1904–1918)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Poland" title="Template:Monarchs of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">Monarchs of Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs#Legendary_rulers" title="List of Polish monarchs">Legendary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lech,_Czech,_and_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Lech, Czech, and Rus'">Lech I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Krakus" title="Krakus">Krakus I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Krakus_II" title="Krakus II">Krakus II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lech_II" title="Lech II">Lech II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Wanda" title="Princess Wanda">Wanda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leszko_I" title="Leszko I">Leszko I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leszko_II" title="Leszko II">Leszko II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leszko_III" title="Leszko III">Leszko III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popiel_I" title="Popiel I">Popiel I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popiel" title="Popiel">Popiel II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cho%C5%9Bcisko" title="Chościsko">Chościsko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piast_the_Wheelwright" title="Piast the Wheelwright">Piast the Wheelwright</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs#Semi-legendary_dukes_of_the_Polans_in_Greater_Poland" title="List of Polish monarchs">Proto-historic</a> (before 966)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siemowit" title="Siemowit">Siemowit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lestek" title="Lestek">Lestek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemomys%C5%82" title="Siemomysł">Siemomysł</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a> (966–1138)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I" title="Mieszko I">Mieszko I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Bolesław I the Brave">Bolesław I the Brave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezprym" title="Bezprym">Bezprym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_II_Lambert" title="Mieszko II Lambert">Mieszko II Lambert</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_the_Forgotten" title="Bolesław the Forgotten">Bolesław the Forgotten</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_I_the_Restorer" title="Casimir I the Restorer">Casimir I the Restorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_the_Bold" title="Bolesław II the Bold">Bolesław II the Bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_Herman" title="Władysław I Herman">Władysław I Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_of_Poland" title="Zbigniew of Poland">Zbigniew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_III_Wrymouth" title="Bolesław III Wrymouth">Bolesław III Wrymouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty#Fragmentation_of_the_realm_(1138–1320)" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">Fragmentation<br />period</a> (1138–1320)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Seniorate_Province" title="Seniorate Province">Senior or Supreme Princes</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_the_Exile" title="Władysław II the Exile">Władysław II the Exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_IV_the_Curly" title="Bolesław IV the Curly">Bolesław IV the Curly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_III_of_Poland" title="Mieszko III of Poland">Mieszko III the Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_II_the_Just" title="Casimir II the Just">Casimir II the Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_the_White" title="Leszek the White">Leszek the White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_Spindleshanks" title="Władysław III Spindleshanks">Władysław III Spindleshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Odonic" title="Władysław Odonic">Władysław Odonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_IV_Tanglefoot" title="Mieszko IV Tanglefoot">Mieszko IV Tanglefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_I_of_Masovia" title="Konrad I of Masovia">Konrad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Bearded" title="Henry the Bearded">Henry the Bearded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_the_Pious" title="Henry II the Pious">Henry II the Pious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_the_Horned" title="Bolesław II the Horned">Bolesław the Horned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_V_the_Chaste" title="Bolesław V the Chaste">Bolesław V the Chaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_II_the_Black" title="Leszek II the Black">Leszek II the Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_IV_Probus" class="mw-redirect" title="Henryk IV Probus">Henryk IV Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_II" title="Przemysł II">Przemysł II</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Silesia" title="Duke of Silesia">Dukes of Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Greater_Poland#Dukes_of_Greater_Poland" title="Duchy of Greater Poland">Dukes of Greater Poland</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ta_sandomierscy" class="extiw" title="pl:Książęta sandomierscy">Dukes of Little Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Masovia" title="Duke of Masovia">Dukes of Masovia</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adcy_Kujaw" class="extiw" title="pl:Władcy Kujaw">Dukes of Kuyavia</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ta_%C5%82%C4%99czyccy" class="extiw" title="pl:Książęta łęczyccy">Dukes of Sieradz-Łęczyca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes#Duchy_of_Pomerelia" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">Dukes of Gdańsk Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes#Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">Dukes of Pomerania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">Přemyslid dynasty</a> (1296–1306)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_II_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus II of Bohemia">Wenceslaus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_III_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus III of Bohemia">Wenceslaus III</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Restored <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a> (1320–1370)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_%C5%81okietek" title="Władysław I Łokietek">Władysław I Łokietek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great" title="Casimir III the Great">Casimir III the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Capet-Anjou dynasty</a> (1370-1399)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I the Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland" title="Jadwiga of Poland">Jadwiga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellonian dynasty</a> (1386–1572)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Władysław II Jagiełło">Władysław II Jagiełło</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland" title="Władysław III of Poland">Władysław III of Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Albert" title="John I Albert">John I Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jagiellon" title="Alexander Jagiellon">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I the Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Royal_elections_in_Poland" title="Royal elections in Poland">Elective monarchy</a> (1572–1795)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Jagiellon" title="Anna Jagiellon">Anna Jagiellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Władysław IV Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">John II Casimir Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Korybut_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki" title="Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki">Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Leszczyński">Stanisław I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a> (1807–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frederick Augustus I</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanov_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov dynasty">Romanov dynasty</a> (1815–1917)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.4em 0.2em 0.2em; line-height:1.3em;"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicates monarch of questioned historicity</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Napoleonic_Wars" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template talk:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Napoleonic_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Fourth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">Fifth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French Invasion of Russia</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Seventh Coalition</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Belli-<br />gerents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">France,<br /><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">client states</a><br />and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_(Napoleonic_period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)">Polish Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era#Act_of_Mediation" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Swiss Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony#The_Napoleonic_Era_and_the_German_Confederation" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_forces_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Coalition forces of the Napoleonic Wars">Coalition<br />forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden#Swedish_Empire" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau#Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">French Royalists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major<br />battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">18 Brumaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">Planned invasion of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Duc d'Enghien Execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">Coronation of Napoleon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1805</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diamond_Rock" title="Battle of Diamond Rock">Diamond Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1805)" title="Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)">Cape Finisterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wertingen" title="Battle of Wertingen">Wertingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_G%C3%BCnzburg" title="Battle of Günzburg">Günzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haslach-Jungingen" title="Battle of Haslach-Jungingen">Haslach-Jungingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elchingen" title="Battle of Elchingen">Elchingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulm" title="Battle of Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(1805)" title="Battle of Verona (1805)">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caldiero_(1805)" title="Battle of Caldiero (1805)">Caldiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ortegal" title="Battle of Cape Ortegal">Cape Ortegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amstetten" title="Battle of Amstetten">Amstetten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_D%C3%BCrenstein" title="Battle of Dürenstein">Dürenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Battle of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1806</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1806)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1806)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Tenese" title="Battle of Campo Tenese">Campo Tenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maida" title="Battle of Maida">Maida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schleiz" title="Battle of Schleiz">Schleiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saalfeld" title="Battle of Saalfeld">Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Jena–Auerstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Erfurt" title="Capitulation of Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halle" title="Battle of Halle">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Magdeburg_(1806)" title="Siege of Magdeburg (1806)">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prenzlau" title="Battle of Prenzlau">Prenzlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Pasewalk" title="Capitulation of Pasewalk">Pasewalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Stettin" title="Capitulation of Stettin">Stettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waren-Nossentin" title="Battle of Waren-Nossentin">Waren-Nossentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Battle of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1806)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1806)">Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hamelin" title="Siege of Hamelin">Hamelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Czarnowo" title="Battle of Czarnowo">Czarnowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Golymin" title="Battle of Golymin">Golymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pu%C5%82tusk_(1806)" title="Battle of Pułtusk (1806)">Pułtusk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1807</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mohrungen" title="Battle of Mohrungen">Mohrungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Eylau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka_(1807)" title="Battle of Ostrołęka (1807)">Ostrołęka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(1807)" title="Siege of Kolberg (1807)">Kolberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1807)" title="Siege of Danzig (1807)">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sortie_of_Stralsund" title="Great Sortie of Stralsund">Stralsund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mileto" title="Battle of Mileto">Mileto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guttstadt-Deppen" title="Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen">Guttstadt-Deppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heilsberg" title="Battle of Heilsberg">Heilsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Friedland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1807)" title="Siege of Stralsund (1807)">Stralsund II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Portugal_(1807)" title="Invasion of Portugal (1807)">Invasion of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1808</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dos_de_Mayo_Uprising" title="Dos de Mayo Uprising">Dos de Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_El_Bruch" title="Battles of El Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Rosily_Squadron" title="Capture of the Rosily Squadron">Rosily Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Cabezón">Cabezón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1808)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1808)">1st Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valencia_(1808)" title="Battle of Valencia (1808)">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medina_de_Rioseco" title="Battle of Medina de Rioseco">Medina de Rioseco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roli%C3%A7a" title="Battle of Roliça">Roliça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro" title="Battle of Vimeiro">Vimeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zornoza" title="Battle of Zornoza">Zornoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmaseda" title="Battle of Valmaseda">Valmaseda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Espinosa_de_los_Monteros" title="Battle of Espinosa de los Monteros">Espinosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tudela" title="Battle of Tudela">Tudela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1809)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1809)">2nd Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Battle of Sahagún">Sahagún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benavente" title="Battle of Benavente">Benavente</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1809</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castell%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Castellón">Castellón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ucl%C3%A9s_(1809)" title="Battle of Uclés (1809)">Uclés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corunna" title="Battle of Corunna">Corunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valls" title="Battle of Valls">Valls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_Rebellion" title="Tyrolean Rebellion">Tyrolean Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villafranca_(1809)" title="Battle of Villafranca (1809)">Villafranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Y%C3%A9benes" title="Battle of Los Yébenes">Yevenes/Yébenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ciudad_Real" title="Battle of Ciudad Real">Ciudad Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Porto" title="First Battle of Porto">1st Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medell%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Medellín">Medellín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Bergisel" title="Battles of Bergisel">Bergisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sacile" title="Battle of Sacile">Sacile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teugen-Hausen" title="Battle of Teugen-Hausen">Teugen-Hausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raszyn_(1809)" title="Battle of Raszyn (1809)">Raszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abensberg" title="Battle of Abensberg">Abensberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landshut_(1809)" title="Battle of Landshut (1809)">Landshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl" title="Battle of Eckmühl">Eckmühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ratisbon" title="Battle of Ratisbon">Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neumarkt-Sankt_Veit" title="Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit">Neumarkt-Sankt Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Campaign_(1809)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalmatian Campaign (1809)">Dalmatian Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ebelsberg" title="Battle of Ebelsberg">Ebelsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_siege_of_Girona" title="Third siege of Girona">Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piave_River_(1809)" title="Battle of Piave River (1809)">Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grij%C3%B3" title="Battle of Grijó">Grijó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Porto" title="Second Battle of Porto">2nd Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%B6rgl" title="Battle of Wörgl">Wörgl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarvis_(1809)" title="Battle of Tarvis (1809)">Tarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Aspern-Essling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alca%C3%B1iz" title="Battle of Alcañiz">Alcañiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sankt_Michael" title="Battle of Sankt Michael">Sankt Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stralsund_(1809)" title="Battle of Stralsund (1809)">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raab_(1809)" title="Battle of Raab (1809)">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Battle of María">María</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Graz" title="Battle of Graz">Graz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Korneuburg" title="Combat of Korneuburg">Korneuburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Stockerau" title="Combat of Stockerau">Stockerau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gefrees" title="Battle of Gefrees">Gefrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hollabrunn_(1809)" title="Battle of Hollabrunn (1809)">Hollabrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Combat of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Znaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice of Znaim">Armistice of Znaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera" title="Battle of Talavera">Talavera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">Walcheren Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%96lper_(1809)" title="Battle of Ölper (1809)">Ölper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almonacid" title="Battle of Almonacid">Almonacid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tamames" title="Battle of Tamames">Tamames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oca%C3%B1a" title="Battle of Ocaña">Ocaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alba_de_Tormes" title="Battle of Alba de Tormes">Alba de Tormes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1810</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Siege of Cádiz">Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Astorga" title="Siege of Astorga">Astorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1810)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1810)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Barquilla_(1810)" title="Combat of Barquilla (1810)">Barquilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_the_C%C3%B4a" title="Combat of the Côa">Côa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almeida_(1810)" title="Siege of Almeida (1810)">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bussaco" title="Battle of Bussaco">Bussaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1811</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gebora" title="Battle of the Gebora">Gebora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barrosa" title="Battle of Barrosa">Barrosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pombal" title="Battle of Pombal">Pombal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Redinha" title="Battle of Redinha">Redinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casal_Novo" title="Battle of Casal Novo">Casal Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Maior" title="Battle of Campo Maior">Campo Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabugal" title="Battle of Sabugal">Sabugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Almeida" title="Blockade of Almeida">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro" title="Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro">Fuentes de Oñoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1811)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1811)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albuera" title="Battle of Albuera">Albuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Usagre" title="Battle of Usagre">Usagre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saguntum" title="Battle of Saguntum">Saguntum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arroyo_dos_Molinos" title="Battle of Arroyo dos Molinos">Arroyo dos Molinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Valencia_(1812)" title="Siege of Valencia (1812)">Valencia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1812</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1812)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_(1812)" title="Siege of Badajoz (1812)">Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villagarcia" title="Battle of Villagarcia">Villagarcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almaraz" title="Battle of Almaraz">Almaraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguilla" title="Battle of Maguilla">Maguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mir_(1812)" title="Battle of Mir (1812)">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ekau" title="Battle of Ekau">Ekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca" title="Battle of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garc%C3%ADa_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Battle of García Hernández">García Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saltanovka" title="Battle of Saltanovka">Saltanovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrovno" title="Battle of Ostrovno">Ostrovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitebsk_(1812)" title="Battle of Vitebsk (1812)">Vitebsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kobrin" title="Battle of Kobrin">Kobryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klyastitsy" title="Battle of Klyastitsy">Klyastitsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majadahonda" title="Battle of Majadahonda">Majadahonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorodechno" title="Battle of Gorodechno">Gorodechno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="First Battle of Polotsk">1st Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valutino" title="Battle of Valutino">Valutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mesoten" title="Battle of Mesoten">Mesoten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Borodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Burgos" title="Siege of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarutino" title="Battle of Tarutino">Tarutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="Second Battle of Polotsk">2nd Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Venta_del_Pozo" title="Battle of Venta del Pozo">Venta del Pozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets">Maloyaroslavets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chashniki" title="Battle of Chashniki">Chashniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vyazma" title="Battle of Vyazma">Vyazma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smoliani" title="Battle of Smoliani">Smoliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="Battle of Krasnoi">Krasnoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">Berezina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1813</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castalla" title="Battle of Castalla">Castalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Lützen (1813)">Lützen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Bautzen (1813)">Bautzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1813)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1813)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luckau" title="Battle of Luckau">Luckau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="Siege of San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Battle of the Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorauren" title="Battle of Sorauren">Sorauren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gro%C3%9Fbeeren" title="Battle of Großbeeren">Großbeeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Katzbach" title="Battle of the Katzbach">Katzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden" title="Battle of Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulm" title="Battle of Kulm">1st Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marcial" title="Battle of San Marcial">San Marcial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dennewitz" title="Battle of Dennewitz">Dennewitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kulm" title="Second Battle of Kulm">2nd Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_G%C3%B6hrde" title="Battle of the Göhrde">Göhrde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Ro%C3%9Flau" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat of Roßlau">Roßlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wartenburg" title="Battle of Wartenburg">Wartenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bidassoa" title="Battle of the Bidassoa">Bidassoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanau" title="Battle of Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nivelle" title="Battle of Nivelle">Nivelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bornh%C3%B6ved_(1813)" title="Battle of Bornhöved (1813)">Bornhöved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sehested" title="Battle of Sehested">Sehested</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1814</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brienne" title="Battle of Brienne">Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rothi%C3%A8re" title="Battle of La Rothière">La Rothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mincio_River_(1814)" title="Battle of the Mincio River (1814)">Mincio River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Champaubert" title="Battle of Champaubert">Champaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montmirail" title="Battle of Montmirail">Montmirail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry_(1814)" title="Battle of Château-Thierry (1814)">Château-Thierry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vauchamps" title="Battle of Vauchamps">Vauchamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garris" title="Battle of Garris">Garris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mormant" title="Battle of Mormant">Mormant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montereau" title="Battle of Montereau">Montereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orthez" title="Battle of Orthez">Orthez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bar-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Bar-sur-Aube">Bar-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laon" title="Battle of Laon">Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reims_(1814)" title="Battle of Reims (1814)">Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craonne" title="Battle of Craonne">Craonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube">Arcis-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%A8re-Champenoise" title="Battle of Fère-Champenoise">Fère-Champenoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Dizier" title="Battle of Saint-Dizier">Saint-Dizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(1814)" title="Battle of Toulouse (1814)">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayonne" title="Battle of Bayonne">Bayonne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1815</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Panaro" title="Battle of the Panaro">Panaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Occhiobello" title="Battle of Occhiobello">Occhiobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carpi_(1815)" title="Battle of Carpi (1815)">Carpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casaglia" title="Battle of Casaglia">Casaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ronco" title="Battle of Ronco">Ronco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cesenatico" title="Battle of Cesenatico">Cesenatico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pesaro" title="Battle of Pesaro">Pesaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Scapezzano" title="Battle of Scapezzano">Scapezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tolentino" title="Battle of Tolentino">Tolentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ancona" title="Siege of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castel_di_Sangro" title="Battle of Castel di Sangro">Castel di Sangro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Germano" title="Battle of San Germano">San Germano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1815)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1815)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Quatre Bras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Ligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Wavre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocheserviere" title="Battle of Rocheserviere">Rocheserviere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Suffel" title="Battle of La Suffel">La Suffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocquencourt" title="Battle of Rocquencourt">Rocquencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issy" title="Battle of Issy">Issy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Info</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French and ally<br />military and<br />political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Victor-Perrin,_Duc_de_Belluno" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno">Marshal Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Charles_Villeneuve" title="Pierre-Charles Villeneuve">Pierre-Charles Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Prince Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Prince Eugène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frederick Augustus I of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Frederick VI of Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Coalition<br />military and<br />political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">Rowland Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Moore (British Army officer)">John Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Thomas Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lape%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Lapeña">Manuel Lapeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Prince von Schwarzenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levin_August_von_Bennigsen" title="Levin August von Bennigsen">Count Bennigsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wittgenstein" title="Peter Wittgenstein">Peter Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard von Blücher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Prince of Hohenlohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Ricardo_de_%C3%81lava" title="Miguel Ricardo de Álava">Miguel de Álava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">Prince Regent John of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Pereira_Forjaz,_Count_of_Feira" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Pereira Forjaz, Count of Feira">Count of Feira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William, Prince of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Prince Charles John of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Anglo-Spanish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Swedish_War_(1810%E2%80%931812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812)">Anglo-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_War_(1807%E2%80%931809)" title="Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)">Anglo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Wars_(Scandinavia)" title="English Wars (Scandinavia)">Anglo-Danish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_War" title="Gunboat War">Gunboat War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_of_1808%E2%80%931809" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809">Dano-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Swedish_War" title="Franco-Swedish War">Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)">Swedish–Norwegian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Campo Formio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Lunéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Artlenburg" title="Convention of Artlenburg">Artlenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Pressburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Finckenstein" title="Treaty of Finckenstein">Finckenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Tilsit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Cintra" title="Convention of Cintra">Cintra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" title="Treaty of Schönbrunn">Schönbrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1810)" title="Treaty of Paris (1810)">Paris (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(24_February_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (24 February 1812)">Paris (February 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(14_March_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (14 March 1812)">Paris (March 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Paris (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tauroggen" title="Convention of Tauroggen">Tauroggen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ried" title="Treaty of Ried">Ried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont" title="Treaty of Chaumont">Chaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Mantua" title="Convention of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Casalanza" title="Treaty of Casalanza">Casalanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Fontainebleau (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Paris (1815)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="List of books about the Napoleonic Wars">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars_casualties" title="Napoleonic Wars casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Erfurt" title="Congress of Erfurt">Congress of Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Dresden_(1812)" title="Conference of Dresden (1812)">Conference of Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_expects_that_every_man_will_do_his_duty" title="England expects that every man will do his duty">England expects that every man will do his duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Napoleonic_Wars_films" title="List of Napoleonic Wars films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_La_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Uniforms of La Grande Armée">Uniforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_House" title="Longwood House">Longwood House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_military_forces_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Types of military forces in the Napoleonic Wars">Types of military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53444#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53444#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53444#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120226603">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/25406634">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/357258/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrrBtVKQdygyvGqjcGWDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119165198">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no95028703">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb148500302">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb148500302">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Friedrich August I <re di Sassonia>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MUSV027796">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20110603004&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070271798">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz29mg5173skdg">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810545342805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261454205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14420143">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/491459">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/b0d3f7d7-b858-4a6d-a05f-99b2e408d9bc">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119165198.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119165198">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/075971569">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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