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</a> <ul id="toc-Germanic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Albanian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>East Asian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Indian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Iranian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Judaic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Observation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays_celebrated_on_the_winter_solstice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays_celebrated_on_the_winter_solstice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Holidays celebrated on the winter solstice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Holidays_celebrated_on_the_winter_solstice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Holidays celebrated on the winter solstice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Holidays_celebrated_on_the_winter_solstice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_related_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_related_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Other related festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_related_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Winter solstice</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwinter" title="Midwinter – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Midwinter" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A" title="انقلاب شتوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انقلاب شتوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Зімовае сонцастаянне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зімовае сонцастаянне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="दक्षिणी संक्रान्ति – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दक्षिणी संक्रान्ति" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstici_d%27hivern" title="Solstici d'hivern – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Solstici d'hivern" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban_Arthan" title="Alban Arthan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alban Arthan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnenwende#Wintersonnenwende" title="Sonnenwende – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sonnenwende" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talvine_p%C3%B6%C3%B6rip%C3%A4ev" title="Talvine pööripäev – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Talvine pööripäev" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solsticio_de_invierno" title="Solsticio de invierno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Solsticio de invierno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintra_solstico" title="Vintra solstico – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vintra solstico" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neguko_solstizio" title="Neguko solstizio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Neguko solstizio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="انقلاب زمستانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انقلاب زمستانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstice_d%27hiver" title="Solstice d'hiver – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Solstice d'hiver" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grianstad_an_gheimhridh" title="Grianstad an gheimhridh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Grianstad an gheimhridh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solsticio_de_inverno" title="Solsticio de inverno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Solsticio de inverno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%A7%80%EC%A0%90" title="동지점 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동지점" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1" title="Ձմեռային արևադարձ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձմեռային արևադարձ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4" title="दक्षिण अयनांत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दक्षिण अयनांत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstisio_ti_panaglalam-ek" title="Solstisio ti panaglalam-ek – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Solstisio ti panaglalam-ek" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titik_balik_matahari_musim_dingin" title="Titik balik matahari musim dingin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Titik balik matahari musim dingin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA" title="נקודת ההיפוך החורפית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נקודת ההיפוך החורפית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A3" title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣಾಯಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣಾಯಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%81%D2%9B%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Қысқы күн тоқырауы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қысқы күн тоқырауы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2lstis_iv%C3%A8" title="Sòlstis ivè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sòlstis ivè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojvegera_zivistan%C3%AA" title="Rojvegera zivistanê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rojvegera zivistanê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemas_saulgrie%C5%BEi" title="Ziemas saulgrieži – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ziemas saulgrieži" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiemos_saul%C4%97gr%C4%AF%C5%BEa" title="Žiemos saulėgrįža – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žiemos saulėgrįža" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Краткодневица – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Краткодневица" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstis_musim_sejuk" title="Solstis musim sejuk – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Solstis musim sejuk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortste_dag" title="Kortste dag – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kortste dag" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%AC%E8%87%B3" title="冬至 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="冬至" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wontersankiar" title="Wontersankiar – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wontersankiar" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintersolverv" title="Vintersolverv – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vintersolverv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintersolkverv" title="Vintersolkverv – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vintersolkverv" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4" title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਆਇਨੰਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਆਇਨੰਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przesilenie_zimowe" title="Przesilenie zimowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przesilenie zimowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solst%C3%ADcio_de_inverno" title="Solstício de inverno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Solstício de inverno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solsti%C8%9Biul_de_iarn%C4%83" title="Solstițiul de iarnă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Solstițiul de iarnă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Astronomical phenomenon</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the astronomical phenomenon. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Winter solstice (disambiguation)">Winter solstice (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: transparent">Winter Solstice</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehege_(2148722919)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehege_%282148722919%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Stonehege_%282148722919%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehege_%282148722919%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Stonehege_%282148722919%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Stonehege_%282148722919%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="263" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption">Sunset at <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> in England during the winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Midwinter" title="Midwinter">Midwinter</a>; the Shortest Day; the Longest Night</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data">Various cultures</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural, astronomical</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significance</th><td class="infobox-data summary">Beginning of lengthening days and shortening nights</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Celebrations</th><td class="infobox-data">Feasting</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">December 21, December 22, or December 23 <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>) <br /> and June 20, June 21, or June 22 <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_winter_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of winter festivals">Winter festivals</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_season.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/North_season.jpg/260px-North_season.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/North_season.jpg/390px-North_season.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/North_season.jpg/520px-North_season.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2563" data-file-height="1382" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Seasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasons">seasons</a> with the transition points of the <a href="/wiki/June_solstice" title="June solstice">June solstice</a>, <a href="/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox">September equinox</a>, <a href="/wiki/December_solstice" title="December solstice">December solstice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">March equinox</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>winter solstice</b>, also called the <b>hibernal solstice</b>, occurs when either of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">poles</a> reaches its maximum <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">tilt</a> away from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. This happens twice yearly, once in each hemisphere (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern</a>). For that hemisphere, the winter <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a> is the day with the shortest <a href="/wiki/Daytime" title="Daytime">period of daylight</a> and longest night of the year, and when the Sun is at its lowest <a href="/wiki/Culmination" title="Culmination">daily maximum elevation</a> in the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each <a href="/wiki/Polar_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar Circle">polar region</a> experiences <a href="/wiki/Polar_night" title="Polar night">continuous darkness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Twilight" title="Twilight">twilight</a> around its winter solstice. The opposite event is the <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a>. </p><p>The winter solstice occurs during the hemisphere's <a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">winter</a>. In the Northern Hemisphere, this is the <a href="/wiki/December_solstice" title="December solstice">December solstice</a> (December 21, December 22, or December 23) and in the Southern Hemisphere, this is the <a href="/wiki/June_solstice" title="June solstice">June solstice</a> (June 20, June 21, or June 22). Although the winter solstice itself lasts only a moment, the term also refers to the day on which it occurs. The term <a href="/wiki/Midwinter" title="Midwinter">midwinter</a> is also used synonymously with the winter solstice, although it carries other meanings as well. Traditionally, in many <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a> regions, the winter solstice is seen as the middle of winter; although today in some countries and calendars it is seen as the beginning of winter. Other names are the "extreme of winter" (<a href="/wiki/Dongzhi_(solar_term)" title="Dongzhi (solar term)"><i>Dongzhi</i></a>), or the "shortest day". </p><p>Since prehistory, the winter solstice has been a significant time of year in many cultures and has been marked by <a href="/wiki/Festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivals">festivals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It marked the symbolic death and rebirth of the Sun; the gradual waning of daylight hours is reversed and begins to grow again. Some ancient monuments such as <a href="/wiki/Newgrange" title="Newgrange">Newgrange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cahokia_Woodhenge" title="Cahokia Woodhenge">Cahokia Woodhenge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ahu_Tongariki" title="Ahu Tongariki">Ahu Tongariki</a> are aligned with the sunrise or sunset on the winter solstice. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_cultural_significance">History and cultural significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_solstice&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and cultural significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is evidence that the winter solstice was deemed an important moment of the annual cycle for some cultures as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> (New Stone Age). Astronomical events were often used to guide farming activities, such as the mating of animals, the sowing of crops and the monitoring of winter reserves of food. The winter solstice was important because the people were economically dependent on monitoring the progress of the seasons. Starvation was common during the first months of the winter, January to April (northern hemisphere) or July to October (southern hemisphere). Livestock were <a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">slaughtered</a> so they would not have to be fed during the winter, so it was almost the only time of year when a plentiful supply of fresh meat was available.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the winter solstice is the reversal of the Sun's apparent ebbing in the sky, in ancient times it was seen as the symbolic death and rebirth of the Sun or of a <a href="/wiki/Sun_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun god">Sun god</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cultures which used cyclic calendars based on the winter solstice, the "year as reborn" was celebrated with reference to <a href="/wiki/Life-death-rebirth_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Life-death-rebirth deity">life-death-rebirth deities</a> or "new beginnings" (such as <a href="/wiki/Hogmanay" title="Hogmanay">Hogmanay</a>'s <i>redding</i>, a <a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a> cleaning tradition), and "reversal" (as in <a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a>'s slave and master reversals).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neolithic_Europe">Neolithic Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_solstice&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Neolithic Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_Solstice_Newgrange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/2013_Solstice_Newgrange.jpg/170px-2013_Solstice_Newgrange.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/2013_Solstice_Newgrange.jpg/255px-2013_Solstice_Newgrange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/2013_Solstice_Newgrange.jpg/340px-2013_Solstice_Newgrange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Sunlight entering the passage of <a href="/wiki/Newgrange" title="Newgrange">Newgrange</a> in Ireland on the winter solstice</figcaption></figure> <p>Some important <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> archaeological sites in Europe are associated with the winter solstice, such as <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> in England and <a href="/wiki/Newgrange" title="Newgrange">Newgrange</a> in Ireland. The primary <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/axis" class="extiw" title="wikt:axis">axes</a> of both of these monuments seem to have been carefully aligned on a sight-line pointing to the winter solstice sunrise (Newgrange) and the winter solstice sunset (Stonehenge). It is significant that at Stonehenge the Great <a href="/wiki/Trilithon" title="Trilithon">Trilithon</a> was oriented outwards from the middle of the monument, i.e. its smooth flat face was turned towards the midwinter Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Roman">Ancient Roman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_solstice&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient Roman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the ancient Roman calendar, December 25 was the date of the winter solstice.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forsythe_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsythe-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In AD 274, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> made this the date of the festival <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Dies Natalis Solis Invicti</i></span>, the birthday of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a></i></span> or the 'Invincible Sun'.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsythe_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsythe-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bradshaw_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gary Forsythe, Professor of Ancient History, says "This celebration would have formed a welcome addition to the seven-day period of the <i><a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a></i> (December 17–23), Rome's most joyous holiday season since Republican times, characterized by parties, banquets, and exchanges of gifts".<sup id="cite_ref-Forsythe_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsythe-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A widely-held theory is that the Church chose December 25 as Christ's birthday (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Dies Natalis Christi</i></span>) to appropriate the Roman winter solstice festival marking the sun god's birthday (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Dies Natalis Solis Invicti</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Bradshaw_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forsythe_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsythe-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to C. Philipp E. Nothaft, a professor at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>, though this theory "is nowadays used as the default explanation for the choice of 25 December as Christ's birthday, few advocates of this theory seem to be aware of how paltry the available evidence actually is."<sup id="cite_ref-Nothaft2013_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nothaft2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic">Germanic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_solstice&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Germanic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Midwinter" title="Midwinter">Midwinter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goseck-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Goseck-2.jpg/170px-Goseck-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Goseck-2.jpg/255px-Goseck-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Goseck-2.jpg/340px-Goseck-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> site of <a href="/wiki/Goseck_circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Goseck circle">Goseck circle</a> in Germany. The yellow lines indicate the directions in which sunrise and sunset are seen on the day of the winter solstice.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a> the winter solstice was generally deemed to be December 25, and in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Midwinter" title="Midwinter">midwinter</a></i> could mean both the winter solstice and <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Menologium_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menologium-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">North Germanic peoples</a> celebrated a winter holiday called <a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla">Heimskringla</a></i>, written in the 13th century by the Icelander <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>, describes a Yule feast hosted by the Norwegian king <a href="/wiki/Haakon_the_Good" title="Haakon the Good">Haakon the Good</a> (c. 920–961). According to Snorri, the Christian Haakon had moved Yule from "midwinter" and aligned it with the Christian Christmas celebration. Historically, this has made some scholars believe that Yule originally was a sun festival on the winter solstice. Modern scholars generally do not believe this, as midwinter in medieval Iceland was a date about four weeks after the solstice.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianisation of the Germanic peoples</a>, Yule was incorporated into the Christmas celebrations and the term and its cognates remain used to refer to Christmas in modern Northern European languages such as English and Swedish.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albanian">Albanian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_solstice&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Albanian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian traditional festivities</a> around the winter solstice celebrate the return of the Sun (<a href="/wiki/Dielli_(Albanian_paganism)" title="Dielli (Albanian paganism)">Dielli</a>) for summer and the lengthening of the days.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Albanian traditional rites during the winter solstice period are pagan, and very ancient. Albanologist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_von_Hahn" title="Johann Georg von Hahn">Johann Georg von Hahn</a> (1811 – 1869) reported that Christian clergy, during his time and before, have vigorously fought the pagan rites that were practiced by Albanians to celebrate this festivity, but without success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta2004250_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETirta2004250-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The old rites of this festivity were accompanied by collective fires (<a href="/wiki/Zjarri_(Albanian_paganism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zjarri (Albanian paganism)">zjarre</a>) based on the house, kinship or neighborhood, a practice performed in order to give strength to the Sun according to the old beliefs. The rites related to the cult of vegetation, which expressed the desire for increased production in agriculture and animal husbandry, were accompanied by animal sacrifices to the fire, lighting pine trees at night, luck <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> tests with crackling in the fire or with coins in ritual bread, making and consuming ritual foods, performing various magical ritualistic actions in livestock, fields, vineyards and orchards, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta2004250_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETirta2004250-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXhemaj1983104–121_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXhemaj1983104–121-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQafleshi201143–71_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafleshi201143–71-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nata e Buzmit, "<a href="/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">Yule log</a>'s night", is celebrated between December 22 and January 6.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta2004249–251_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETirta2004249–251-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buzmi is a ritualistic piece of wood (or several pieces of wood) that is put to burn in the fire (<a href="/wiki/Zjarri_(Albanian_paganism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zjarri (Albanian paganism)">zjarri</a>) of the hearth (<a href="/wiki/Vat%C3%ABr" title="Vatër">vatër</a>) on the night of a winter celebration that falls after the return of the Sun for summer (after the winter solstice), sometimes on the night of <i>Kërshëndella</i> on December 24 (<a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a>), sometimes on the night of <i>kolendra</i>, or sometimes on <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a> or on any other occasion aound the same period, a tradition that is originally related to the cult of the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta2004282_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETirta2004282-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXhemaj1983104–121_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXhemaj1983104–121-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQafleshi201143–71_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafleshi201143–71-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asian">East Asian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_solstice&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: East Asian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dongzhi_(solar_term)" title="Dongzhi (solar term)">Dongzhi (solar term)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Origin_of_Iwato_Kagura_Dance_Amaterasu_by_Toyokuni_III_(Kunisada)_1856.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Origin_of_Iwato_Kagura_Dance_Amaterasu_by_Toyokuni_III_%28Kunisada%29_1856.png/220px-Origin_of_Iwato_Kagura_Dance_Amaterasu_by_Toyokuni_III_%28Kunisada%29_1856.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Origin_of_Iwato_Kagura_Dance_Amaterasu_by_Toyokuni_III_%28Kunisada%29_1856.png/330px-Origin_of_Iwato_Kagura_Dance_Amaterasu_by_Toyokuni_III_%28Kunisada%29_1856.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Origin_of_Iwato_Kagura_Dance_Amaterasu_by_Toyokuni_III_%28Kunisada%29_1856.png/440px-Origin_of_Iwato_Kagura_Dance_Amaterasu_by_Toyokuni_III_%28Kunisada%29_1856.png 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="1574" /></a><figcaption>Japanese Sun goddess <a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a> emerging from a cave (by <a href="/wiki/Kunisada" title="Kunisada">Kunisada</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seventeen_Arch_Bridge_at_winter_solstice_sunset_(20201222160213).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Seventeen_Arch_Bridge_at_winter_solstice_sunset_%2820201222160213%29.jpg/220px-Seventeen_Arch_Bridge_at_winter_solstice_sunset_%2820201222160213%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Seventeen_Arch_Bridge_at_winter_solstice_sunset_%2820201222160213%29.jpg/330px-Seventeen_Arch_Bridge_at_winter_solstice_sunset_%2820201222160213%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Seventeen_Arch_Bridge_at_winter_solstice_sunset_%2820201222160213%29.jpg/440px-Seventeen_Arch_Bridge_at_winter_solstice_sunset_%2820201222160213%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6595" data-file-height="4397" /></a><figcaption>Sunlight directed through the 17 arches of Seventeen Arch Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> around winter solstice</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, the winter solstice has been celebrated as one of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">Twenty-four Solar Terms</a>, called <i><a href="/wiki/Dongzhi_(solar_term)" title="Dongzhi (solar term)">Dongzhi</a></i> (冬至) in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, in order not to catch <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">cold</a> in the winter, there is a custom to soak oneself in a <a href="/wiki/Yuzu" title="Yuzu">yuzu</a> hot bath (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">柚子湯</span> = Yuzuyu).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian">Indian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_solstice&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></div> <p>Makara Sankranti, also known as Makara Sankrānti (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: मकर संक्रांति) or Maghi, is a festival day in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a>, in reference to deity <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> (sun). It is observed each year in January.<sup id="cite_ref-Tumuluru2015p30_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tumuluru2015p30-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It marks the first day of Sun's transit into <a href="/wiki/Capricorn_(astrology)" title="Capricorn (astrology)">Makara (Capricorn)</a>, marking the end of the month with the winter solstice and the start of longer days.<sup id="cite_ref-Tumuluru2015p30_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tumuluru2015p30-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p411_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p411-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iranian">Iranian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_solstice&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Iranian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yald%C4%81_Night" title="Yaldā Night">Yaldā Night</a></div> <p>Iranian people celebrate the night of the Northern Hemisphere's winter solstice as, "<a href="/wiki/Yald%C4%81_Night" title="Yaldā Night">Yalda night</a>", which is known to be the "longest and darkest night of the year". <a href="/wiki/Yald%C4%81_Night" title="Yaldā Night">Yalda night</a> celebration, or as some call it "Shabe Chelleh" ("the 40th night"), is one of the oldest Iranian traditions that has been present in Persian culture from ancient times. In this night all the family gather together, usually at the house of the eldest, and celebrate it by eating, drinking and reciting poetry (esp. Hafez). Nuts, pomegranates and watermelons are particularly served during this festival. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaic">Judaic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_solstice&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Judaic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Aggada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggada">Aggadic</a> legend found in tractate <a href="/wiki/Avodah_Zarah" title="Avodah Zarah">Avodah Zarah</a> 8a puts forth the <a href="/wiki/Christmas#Talmudic_hypothesis" title="Christmas">talmudic hypothesis</a> that <a href="/wiki/Adam#Adam_and_the_winter_solstice" title="Adam">Adam</a> first established the tradition of fasting before the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Judaic">winter solstice</a>, and rejoicing afterward, which festival later developed into the Roman <a href="/wiki/Saturnalia#Jewish" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calends" title="Calends">Kalendae</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">First Man</a> saw that the day was continuously shortening, he said, "Woe is me! Because I have sinned, the world darkens around me, and returns to formlessless and void. This is the death to which Heaven has sentenced me!" He decided to spend eight days in fasting and prayer. When he saw the winter solstice, and he saw that the day was continuously lengthening, he said, "It is the order of the world!" He went and feasted for eight days. The following year, he feasted for both. He established them in Heaven's name, but they established them in the name of idolatry<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observation">Observation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_solstice&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Observation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center; float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <caption><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a> date and time of <br /><a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstices</a> on Earth<sup id="cite_ref-USNO_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNO-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row">event </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">equinox</a> </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/June_solstice" title="June solstice">solstice</a> </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox">equinox</a> </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/December_solstice" title="December solstice">solstice</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">month </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2">March<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2">June<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2">September<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2">December<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">year </th> <th scope="col">day</th> <th scope="col">time </th> <th scope="col">day</th> <th scope="col">time </th> <th scope="col">day</th> <th scope="col">time </th> <th scope="col">day</th> <th scope="col">time </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2019 </th> <td>20</td> <td>21:58</td> <td>21</td> <td>15:54</td> <td>23</td> <td>07:50</td> <td>22</td> <td>04:19 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2020 </th> <td>20</td> <td>03:50</td> <td>20</td> <td>21:43</td> <td>22</td> <td>13:31</td> <td>21</td> <td>10:03 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2021 </th> <td>20</td> <td>09:37</td> <td>21</td> <td>03:32</td> <td>22</td> <td>19:21</td> <td>21</td> <td>15:59 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2022 </th> <td>20</td> <td>15:33</td> <td>21</td> <td>09:14</td> <td>23</td> <td>01:04</td> <td>21</td> <td>21:48 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2023 </th> <td>20</td> <td>21:25</td> <td>21</td> <td>14:58</td> <td>23</td> <td>06:50</td> <td>22</td> <td>03:28 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:gold;"> <th scope="row" style="background-color:gold;">2024 </th> <td>20</td> <td>03:07</td> <td>20</td> <td>20:51</td> <td>22</td> <td>12:44</td> <td>21</td> <td>09:20 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2025 </th> <td>20</td> <td>09:02</td> <td>21</td> <td>02:42</td> <td>22</td> <td>18:20</td> <td>21</td> <td>15:03 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2026 </th> <td>20</td> <td>14:46</td> <td>21</td> <td>08:25</td> <td>23</td> <td>00:06</td> <td>21</td> <td>20:50 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2027 </th> <td>20</td> <td>20:25</td> <td>21</td> <td>14:11</td> <td>23</td> <td>06:02</td> <td>22</td> <td>02:43 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2028 </th> <td>20</td> <td>02:17</td> <td>20</td> <td>20:02</td> <td>22</td> <td>11:45</td> <td>21</td> <td>08:20 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2029 </th> <td>20</td> <td>08:01</td> <td>21</td> <td>01:48</td> <td>22</td> <td>17:37</td> <td>21</td> <td>14:14 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Although the instant of the solstice can be calculated,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> direct observation of the moment by <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">visual perception</a> is elusive. The Sun moves too slowly or appears to stand still (the meaning of "solstice"). However, by use of <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomical data tracking</a>, the precise timing of its occurrence is now public knowledge. The precise instant of the solstice cannot be directly detected (by definition, people cannot observe that an object has stopped moving until it is later observed that it has not moved further from the preceding spot, or that it has moved in the opposite direction). To be precise to a single day, observers must be able to view a change in <a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">azimuth</a> or elevation less than or equal to about 1/60 of the angular diameter of the Sun. Observing that it occurred within a two-day period is easier, requiring an observation precision of only about 1/16 of the angular diameter of the Sun. Thus, many observations are of the day of the solstice rather than the instant. This is often done by observing sunrise and sunset or using an <a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">astronomically aligned instrument</a> that allows a ray of light to be cast on a certain point around that time. The earliest sunset and latest sunrise dates differ from winter solstice, however, and these depend on latitude, due to the variation in the solar day throughout the year caused by the Earth's elliptical orbit (see <a href="/wiki/Analemma#Earliest_and_latest_sunrise_and_sunset" title="Analemma">earliest and latest sunrise and sunset</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holidays_celebrated_on_the_winter_solstice">Holidays celebrated on the winter solstice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_solstice&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Holidays celebrated on the winter solstice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Arthan" title="Alban Arthan">Alban Arthan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Christmas_(holiday)" title="Blue Christmas (holiday)">Blue Christmas (holiday)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Christian">Western Christian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brumalia" title="Brumalia">Brumalia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongzhi_Festival" title="Dongzhi Festival">Dongzhi Festival</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inti_Raymi" title="Inti Raymi">Inti Raymi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliada" title="Koliada">Koliada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korochun" title="Korochun">Korochun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slavic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic people">Slavic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwinter_Day" title="Midwinter Day">Midwinter Day</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangamitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangamitta">Sanghamitta Day</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabe_Yalda" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabe Yalda">Shabe Yalda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalako" title="Shalako">Shalako</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarayana" title="Uttarayana">Uttarayana</a> (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Tripantu" title="We Tripantu">We Tripantu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willkakuti" title="Willkakuti">Willkakuti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yald%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaldā">Yaldā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a> in the Northern Hemisphere (<a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziemassv%C4%93tki" title="Ziemassvētki">Ziemassvētki</a> (ancient <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_related_festivals">Other related festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_solstice&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other related festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Ezid" title="Feast of Ezid">Cejna Êzî/Êzîd</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidi</a>): Feast of Êzîd – Celebrated on the last Friday before winter solstice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>): Celebrated shortly before winter solstice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy%27s_Day" title="Saint Lucy's Day">Saint Lucy's Day</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>): Used to coincide with the winter solstice day, now celebrated on December 13</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Food_Festival" title="Cold Food Festival">Cold Food Festival</a> (<a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a>): 105 days after winter solstice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a> (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>): Harvest Festival – Marks the end of the cold months and start of the new month with longer days.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_at_Tantora_Festival" title="Winter at Tantora Festival">Winter at Tantora Festival</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>): Cultural festival marking the beginning of the winter harvest season.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Eve" title="Saint John's Eve">Saint John's Eve</a>, in southern hemisphere</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_solstice&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_the_Clocks" title="Burning the Clocks">Burning the Clocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_July" title="Christmas in July">Christmas in July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_Sun_angle_on_climate" title="Effect of Sun angle on climate">Effect of Sun angle on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Lights_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Festival of Lights (disambiguation)">Festival of Lights (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festive_ecology" title="Festive ecology">Festive ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivus" title="Festivus">Festivus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcyone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcyone">Halcyon days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HumanLight" title="HumanLight">HumanLight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joss_paper" title="Joss paper">Joss paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliada" title="Koliada">Koliada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohri" title="Lohri">Lohri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">Summer solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Pongal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Pongal">Thai Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekufah" title="Tekufah">Tekufah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirgan" title="Tirgan">Tirgan</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_solstice&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShipmanWilsonTodd2007" class="citation book cs1">Shipman, James; Wilson, Jerry D.; Todd, Aaron (2007). "Section 15.5". <i>An Introduction to Physical Science</i> (12th ed.). Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. p. 423. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-92696-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-92696-1"><bdi>978-0-618-92696-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+15.5&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Physical+Science&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=423&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-618-92696-1&rft.aulast=Shipman&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Jerry+D.&rft.au=Todd%2C+Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/winter_solstice.htm">"Winter Solstice celebrations: a.k.a. Christmas, Saturnalia, Yule, the Long Night, the start of Winter, etc"</a>. Religious Tolerance.org. August 5, 2015 [December 3, 1999].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Winter+Solstice+celebrations%3A+a.k.a.+Christmas%2C+Saturnalia%2C+Yule%2C+the+Long+Night%2C+the+start+of+Winter%2C+etc.&rft.pub=Religious+Tolerance.org&rft.date=2015-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religioustolerance.org%2Fwinter_solstice.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/christmas/history-of-christmas">"History of Christmas"</a>. History.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Christmas&rft.pub=History.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fchristmas%2Fhistory-of-christmas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krupp, E C. <i>Echoes of the Ancient Skies: The Astronomy of Lost Civilizations</i>. Courier Corporation, 2012. pp. 119, 125, 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">North, John. <i>Stonehenge</i>. The Free Press, 1996. p. 530</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadingham, Evan. <i>Early Man and the Cosmos</i>. University of Oklahoma Press, 1985. p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2008" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Anthony (2008). <i>Solving Stonehenge: The New Key to an Ancient Enigma</i>. <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. pp. 252–253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500051559" title="Special:BookSources/978-0500051559"><bdi>978-0500051559</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solving+Stonehenge%3A+The+New+Key+to+an+Ancient+Enigma&rft.pages=252-253&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0500051559&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill1976" class="citation book cs1">O'Neill, William Matthew (1976). <i>Time and the Calendars</i>. Manchester University Press. p. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+and+the+Calendars&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=William+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forsythe-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forsythe_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsythe_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsythe_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsythe_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsythe2012" class="citation book cs1">Forsythe, Gary (2012). <i>Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History</i>. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 4–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dating+of+Christmas&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Christmas&rft.pages=4-10&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNothaft2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nothaft, C. P. E. (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/church-history/article/abs/origins-of-the-christmas-date-some-recent-trends-in-historical-research/3767138672A4C2DFBED6BD1B004FB78A">"The Origins of the Christmas Date: Some Recent Trends in Historical Research"</a>. <i>Church History</i>. <b>81</b> (4): 903–911. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009640712001941">10.1017/S0009640712001941</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-6407">0009-6407</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145151430">145151430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Christmas+Date%3A+Some+Recent+Trends+in+Historical+Research&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=903-911&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145151430%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0009-6407&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009640712001941&rft.aulast=Nothaft&rft.aufirst=C.+P.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fchurch-history%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Forigins-of-the-christmas-date-some-recent-trends-in-historical-research%2F3767138672A4C2DFBED6BD1B004FB78A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nothaft2013-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nothaft2013_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNothaft2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nothaft, C. Philipp E. (2013). "Early Christian Chronology and the Origins of the Christmas Date". <i>Questions Liturgiques/Studies in Liturgy</i>. <b>94</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Peeters_Publishers" title="Peeters Publishers">Peeters</a>: 248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FQL.94.3.3007366">10.2143/QL.94.3.3007366</a>. <q>Although HRT is nowadays used as the default explanation for the choice of 25 December as Christ's birthday, few advocates of this theory seem to be aware of how paltry the available evidence actually is.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Questions+Liturgiques%2FStudies+in+Liturgy&rft.atitle=Early+Christian+Chronology+and+the+Origins+of+the+Christmas+Date&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=248&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FQL.94.3.3007366&rft.aulast=Nothaft&rft.aufirst=C.+Philipp+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menologium-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Menologium_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarasawa2015" class="citation book cs1">Karasawa, Kazutomo (2015). <i>The Old English Metrical Calendar (Menologium)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">Boydell & Brewer</a>. pp. 36–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+English+Metrical+Calendar+%28Menologium%29&rft.pages=36-37&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Karasawa&rft.aufirst=Kazutomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2023" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Eleanor (2023). <i>Winters in the World: A Journey through the Anglo-Saxon Year</i>. Reaktion Books. pp. 70–71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winters+in+the+World%3A+A+Journey+through+the+Anglo-Saxon+Year&rft.pages=70-71&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordberg2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nordberg, Andreas (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1366945"><i>Jul, disting och förkyrklig tideräkning: Kalendrar och kalendariska riter i det förkristna Norden</i></a>. Acta Academiae Regiae Gustavi Adolphi (in Swedish). Vol. 91. Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien för svensk folkkultur. pp. 120–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-85352-62-4" title="Special:BookSources/91-85352-62-4"><bdi>91-85352-62-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-0897">0065-0897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jul%2C+disting+och+f%C3%B6rkyrklig+tider%C3%A4kning%3A+Kalendrar+och+kalendariska+riter+i+det+f%C3%B6rkristna+Norden&rft.series=Acta+Academiae+Regiae+Gustavi+Adolphi&rft.pages=120-121&rft.pub=Kungl.+Gustav+Adolfs+Akademien+f%C3%B6r+svensk+folkkultur&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0065-0897&rft.isbn=91-85352-62-4&rft.aulast=Nordberg&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1366945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Yule">"Yule"</a>. <i>Wiktionary</i>. March 17, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary&rft.atitle=Yule&rft.date=2023-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2FYule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jul#Swedish">"jul"</a>. <i>Wiktionary</i>. March 17, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary&rft.atitle=jul&rft.date=2023-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Fjul%23Swedish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXhemaj1983" class="citation book cs1">Xhemaj, Ukë (1983). "Zjarri në besimet popullore shqiptare" [The Fire in Albanian Folk Beliefs]. In Mark Krasniqi, Ukë Xhemaj (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lGgKAQAAIAAJ"><i>Trashëgimia dhe tranformimi i kulturës popullore: materiala nga sesioni shkencor, mbajtur në Prishtinë më 7-8 shtator 1979</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Albanological_Institute_of_Prishtina" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanological Institute of Prishtina">Albanological Institute of Prishtina</a>. pp. 104–121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zjarri+n%C3%AB+besimet+popullore+shqiptare&rft.btitle=Trash%C3%ABgimia+dhe+tranformimi+i+kultur%C3%ABs+popullore%3A+materiala+nga+sesioni+shkencor%2C+mbajtur+n%C3%AB+Prishtin%C3%AB+m%C3%AB+7-8+shtator+1979&rft.pages=104-121&rft.pub=Albanological+Institute+of+Prishtina&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Xhemaj&rft.aufirst=Uk%C3%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlGgKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQafleshi2011" class="citation book cs1">Qafleshi, Muharrem (2011). <i>Opoja dhe Gora ndër shekuj</i> [<i>Opoja and Gora During Centuries</i>]. <a href="/wiki/Albanological_Institute_of_Pristina" title="Albanological Institute of Pristina">Albanological Institute of Pristina</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9951-596-51-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9951-596-51-0"><bdi>978-9951-596-51-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opoja+dhe+Gora+nd%C3%ABr+shekuj&rft.pub=Albanological+Institute+of+Pristina&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9951-596-51-0&rft.aulast=Qafleshi&rft.aufirst=Muharrem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 43–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTirta2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tirta, Mark (2004). Petrit Bezhani (ed.). <i>Mitologjia ndër shqiptarë</i> (in Albanian). Tirana: Mësonjëtorja. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99927-938-9-9" title="Special:BookSources/99927-938-9-9"><bdi>99927-938-9-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mitologjia+nd%C3%ABr+shqiptar%C3%AB&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=M%C3%ABsonj%C3%ABtorja&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=99927-938-9-9&rft.aulast=Tirta&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 249–251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoghirc1987" class="citation book cs1">Poghirc, Cicerone (1987). "Albanian Religion". 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goinjapanesque.com/06216/">the original</a> on August 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Goin%27+Japanesque%21%3A+Japanese+Winter+Solstice+Traditions%3B+A+Day+for+Kabocha+and+Yuzuyu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoinjapanesque.com%2F06216%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tumuluru2015p30-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tumuluru2015p30_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tumuluru2015p30_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamal_Kumar_Tumuluru2015" class="citation book cs1">Kamal Kumar Tumuluru (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b2iyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT30"><i>Hindu Prayers, Gods and Festivals</i></a>. Partridge. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-4707-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-4707-9"><bdi>978-1-4828-4707-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Prayers%2C+Gods+and+Festivals&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Partridge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4828-4707-9&rft.au=Kamal+Kumar+Tumuluru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db2iyCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p411-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p411_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">James G. 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Rosen Publishing Group. p. 411. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-2287-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-2287-1"><bdi>978-0-8239-2287-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+A+-+M&rft.pages=411&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-2287-1&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVNzLMgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Avodah_Zarah.8a.7">"Avodah Zarah 8a:7"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Avodah+Zarah+8a%3A7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FAvodah_Zarah.8a.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USNO-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USNO_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstronomical_Applications_Department_of_USNO" class="citation web cs1">Astronomical Applications Department of <a href="/wiki/USNO" class="mw-redirect" title="USNO">USNO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/Earth_Seasons">"Earth's Seasons - Equinoxes, Solstices, Perihelion, and Aphelion"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Earth%27s+Seasons+-+Equinoxes%2C+Solstices%2C+Perihelion%2C+and+Aphelion&rft.au=Astronomical+Applications+Department+of+USNO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faa.usno.navy.mil%2Fdata%2FEarth_Seasons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astropixels.com/ephemeris/soleq2001.html">"Solstices and Equinoxes: 2001 to 2100"</a>. <i>AstroPixels.com</i>. February 20, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AstroPixels.com&rft.atitle=Solstices+and+Equinoxes%3A+2001+to+2100&rft.date=2018-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astropixels.com%2Fephemeris%2Fsoleq2001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imcce.fr/newsletter/docs/Equinoxe_printemps_1583_2999.pdf">Équinoxe de printemps entre 1583 et 2999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imcce.fr/newsletter/docs/Solstice_ete_1583_2999.pdf">Solstice d’été de 1583 à 2999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imcce.fr/newsletter/docs/Equinoxe_automne_1583_2999.pdf">Équinoxe d’automne de 1583 à 2999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imcce.fr/newsletter/docs/Solstice_hiver_1583_2999.pdf">Solstice d’hiver</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeeus2009" class="citation book cs1">Meeus, Jean (2009). <i>Astronomical Algorithms</i> (2nd English Edition with corrections as of August 10, 2009 ed.). Richmond, Virginia: Willmann-Bell, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-943396-61-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-943396-61-3"><bdi>978-0-943396-61-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomical+Algorithms&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Virginia&rft.edition=2nd+English+Edition+with+corrections+as+of+August+10%2C+2009&rft.pub=Willmann-Bell%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-943396-61-3&rft.aulast=Meeus&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_solstice&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacphail2015" class="citation web cs1">Macphail, Cameron (December 20, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151218184326/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/12058397/When-is-the-winter-solstice-2015-the-shortest-day-of-the-year.html">"Winter solstice 2015: Everything you need to know about the shortest day of the year"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/12058397/When-is-the-winter-solstice-2015-the-shortest-day-of-the-year.html">the original</a> on December 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Winter+solstice+2015%3A+Everything+you+need+to+know+about+the+shortest+day+of+the+year&rft.date=2015-12-20&rft.aulast=Macphail&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2F12058397%2FWhen-is-the-winter-solstice-2015-the-shortest-day-of-the-year.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandwerk2015" class="citation web cs1">Handwerk, Brian (December 21, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223235820/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/12/151221-winter-solstice-explained-pagans/">"Everything You Need to Know About the Winter Solstice"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/12/151221-winter-solstice-explained-pagans">the original</a> on December 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Everything+You+Need+to+Know+About+the+Winter+Solstice&rft.date=2015-12-21&rft.aulast=Handwerk&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2015%2F12%2F151221-winter-solstice-explained-pagans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeravian2021" class="citation web cs1">Deravian, Naz (December 6, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220103170951/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/06/dining/yalda-winter-solstice-pomegranate.html?unlocked_article_code=AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACEIPuonUktbfqohlSlUbBSbZXN4mqBLBlPHLzLV5mX74MCWPDC1Fy_8JAoONvl_KYKdsfdI11iiWAt9dNbtlDNpD8thiBW0_AQ-5vsnD350fPyQ-rY_0UG871MvGBup9rW67MyzkIb4lge3u4k7Da2XrWqSM2Xx2J1kxsoIlIQ_xoQEAxqnFGu5w2NN0zK1hUsg8HWFcEXHM6_r4CBx-O8GEbgXe6GQ1XeJbUTLRlb2M-u5KMVUSWR-dEiQJsStr48hcOdgXIK_8MxYlHcL7irwaAWRqR5y7GaIqSwhVVkVeS9ChMTOMFA&smid=url-share">"Welcoming Brighter Days on Yalda With Pomegranates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/06/dining/yalda-winter-solstice-pomegranate.html">the original</a> on January 3, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Welcoming+Brighter+Days+on+Yalda+With+Pomegranates&rft.date=2021-12-06&rft.aulast=Deravian&rft.aufirst=Naz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F12%2F06%2Fdining%2Fyalda-winter-solstice-pomegranate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+solstice" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_solstice&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neoprogrammics.com/sun/Northern_Winter_Dates_and_Times.html">Table of times/dates from 1600–2400</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winter_solstice_and_midwinter_festivals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winter_solstice" title="Template:Winter solstice"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winter_solstice" title="Template talk:Winter solstice"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winter_solstice" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winter solstice"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winter_solstice_and_midwinter_festivals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Winter solstice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midwinter" title="Midwinter">midwinter</a> festivals</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goru" class="mw-redirect" title="Goru">Goru</a>: Mali (<a href="/wiki/Dogon_people" title="Dogon people">Dogon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonkonnu_parades" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonkonnu parades">Dzon'ku Nu</a><sup>†</sup>: West Africa (<a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Papaws</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inti_Raymi" title="Inti Raymi">Inti Raymi</a>°: Peru (<a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a><sup>†</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonkonnu_parades" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonkonnu parades">Jonkonnu</a>°: <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Carnival">Caribbean</a>° (African American)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyal" title="Soyal">Soyal</a>: US (<a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">We Tripantu</a>: Chile (<a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a><sup>†</sup>: Japan</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Choimus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deygān, Maidyarem</a>°: (<a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongzhi_Festival" title="Dongzhi Festival">Dōngzhì, Tōji</a>: (<a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Cultural_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian Cultural Sphere">East Asian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohri" title="Lohri">Lohri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a>°: <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghamitta" title="Sanghamitta">Sanghamitta Day</a>: Sri Lanka (<a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eeva_Zistan%C3%AA" title="Şeva Zistanê">Şeva Zistanê</a>: (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yald%C4%81_Night" title="Yaldā Night">Yalda</a>: Iran (<a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beiwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Beiwe">Beiwe</a>: (<a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Saami</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brumalia" title="Brumalia">Brumalia</a><sup>†</sup>: Ancient Greece</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>: Roman Empire° (<a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Dies Natalis Solis Invicti</a><sup>†</sup>: Roman Empire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogmanay" title="Hogmanay">Hogmanay</a>°: Scotland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korochun" title="Korochun">Korochun</a>°: (<a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C5%8Ddraniht" title="Mōdraniht">Mōdraniht</a><sup>†</sup>: England (<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_heathenry" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon heathenry">Anglo-Saxon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montol_Festival" title="Montol Festival">Montol Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mummer%27s_Day" title="Mummer's Day">Mummer's Day</a>°: Cornwall (<a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a><sup>†</sup>: Rome</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren's Day</a>°: Ireland, Isle of Man, Wales (<a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a>°: (<a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziemassv%C4%93tki" title="Ziemassvētki">Ziemassvētki</a>: Baltic (<a href="/wiki/Romuva_(temple)" title="Romuva (temple)">Romuva</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matariki" title="Matariki">Matariki</a>°: New Zealand (<a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>† dagger indicates extinction. ° degree symbol indicates changes in date, name or location. ( ) indicate demographic</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wheel_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Template:Wheel of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Wheel of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wheel of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wheel_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wheel of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Midwinter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">Vernal equinox</a>/<span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh"><a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ostara</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">Summer solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Lammas" title="Lammas">Calan Awst</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox">Autumnal equinox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mabon_(Wicca)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mabon (Wicca)">Mabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calendar_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/15px-Calendar_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" 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