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<button aria-controls="toc-Religious_observance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious observance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_observance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Christian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neopagan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neopagan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Neopagan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neopagan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observance_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observance_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Observance by country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Observance_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Observance by country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Observance_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Albania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Estonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faroe_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faroe_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Faroe Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faroe_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jersey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jersey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>Jersey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jersey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latvia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latvia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17</span> <span>Latvia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latvia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18</span> <span>Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.19</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.20</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.21</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.22</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.23</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.24</span> <span>Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.25</span> <span>Slovenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.26</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.27</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.28</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.29</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.29.1</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.29.2</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.29.3</span> <span>Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.30</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alaska" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alaska"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.30.1</span> <span>Alaska</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alaska-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.30.2</span> <span>California</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illinois" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illinois"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.30.3</span> <span>Illinois</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illinois-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kansas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kansas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.30.4</span> <span>Kansas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kansas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.30.5</span> <span>Maine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Michigan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Michigan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.30.6</span> <span>Michigan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Michigan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oregon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oregon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.30.7</span> <span>Oregon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oregon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.30.8</span> <span>New York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Washington" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Washington"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.30.9</span> <span>Washington</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Washington-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wyoming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wyoming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.30.10</span> <span>Wyoming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wyoming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_folk_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_folk_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In folk music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_folk_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Midsummer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsomerfees" title="Midsomerfees – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Midsomerfees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsumor" title="Midsumor – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Midsumor" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81" title="عيد منتصف الصيف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عيد منتصف الصيف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Празник на лятното слънцестоене – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Празник на лятното слънцестоене" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsumma" title="Midsumma – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Midsumma" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Midsummer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban_Hefin" title="Alban Hefin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alban Hefin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsommer" title="Midsommer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Midsommer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittsommerfest" title="Mittsommerfest – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mittsommerfest" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaanip%C3%A4ev" title="Jaanipäev – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jaanipäev" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiestas_Juninas" title="Fiestas Juninas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fiestas Juninas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somermeza_festo" title="Somermeza festo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Somermeza festo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Midsummer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Midsummer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsimmerfeest" title="Midsimmerfeest – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Midsimmerfeest" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%A7%80%EC%A0%9C" title="하지제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하지제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertengahan_musim_panas" title="Pertengahan musim panas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertengahan musim panas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezza_estate" title="Mezza estate – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mezza estate" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A2_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A5" title="אמצע הקיץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמצע הקיץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ზაფხულის ნაბუნიაობის ზეიმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზაფხულის ნაბუნიაობის ზეიმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Тајане – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тајане" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BC" title="മിഡ്‌സമ്മർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിഡ്‌സമ്മർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midzomerfeest" title="Midzomerfeest – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Midzomerfeest" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsummerfeest" title="Midsummerfeest – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Midsummerfeest" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E8%87%B3%E7%A5%AD" title="夏至祭 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="夏至祭" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsommar" title="Midsommar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Midsommar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midds%C3%BCmmer" title="Middsümmer – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Middsümmer" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsommar" title="Midsommar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Midsommar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festa_junina" title="Festa junina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Festa junina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Праздник летнего солнцестояния – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Праздник летнего солнцестояния" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhannus" title="Juhannus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juhannus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsommar" title="Midsommar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Midsommar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz_Bayram%C4%B1" title="Yaz Bayramı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yaz Bayramı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Свято літнього сонцестояння – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Свято літнього сонцестояння" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Midsummer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Midsummer (disambiguation)">Midsummer (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: transparent">Midsummer<br /><small>Summer Solstice</small></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mittsommerfest_in_Norwegen,_Insel_Tysnes_IMG_4425WI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mittsommerfest_in_Norwegen%2C_Insel_Tysnes_IMG_4425WI.jpg/240px-Mittsommerfest_in_Norwegen%2C_Insel_Tysnes_IMG_4425WI.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mittsommerfest_in_Norwegen%2C_Insel_Tysnes_IMG_4425WI.jpg/360px-Mittsommerfest_in_Norwegen%2C_Insel_Tysnes_IMG_4425WI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mittsommerfest_in_Norwegen%2C_Insel_Tysnes_IMG_4425WI.jpg/480px-Mittsommerfest_in_Norwegen%2C_Insel_Tysnes_IMG_4425WI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4376" data-file-height="3091" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption">Midsummer bonfire in <a href="/wiki/Tysnes" title="Tysnes">Tysnes</a>, Norway</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data">Feast of Saint John the Baptist, Summer Solstice, St. John's Feast Day, <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81%C5%86i" title="Jāņi">Jāņi</a>, Enyovden, <a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars#Month_name" title="Early Germanic calendars">Līþa</a>/Lithe, midsommar, Ivan Kupala Day, Juhannus/Mittumaari (from Swedish midsommar)/Keskikesä (from Swedish midsommar), Alban Hefin, Gŵyl Ganol yr Haf, Sankthans, Joninės, jaanipäev, Kresna noč</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Traditionally: <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Liturgically: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-TIFCF2017_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIFCF2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Churches</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-TIFCF2017_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIFCF2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a><sup id="cite_ref-TIFCF2017_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIFCF2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural and Religious</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significance</th><td class="infobox-data summary">Marks the traditional middle of summer, beginning of Meteorological summer, and the nativity of <a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John the Baptist">St. John the Baptist</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Celebrations</th><td class="infobox-data">Festivals, bonfires, feasting, singing, <a href="/wiki/Maypole" title="Maypole">maypole</a> dancing</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observances</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">Church service</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LapointeTessier1988_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LapointeTessier1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reenactments of the life of Saint John the Baptist,<sup id="cite_ref-Tornabuoni2001_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tornabuoni2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Procession#Christian_processions" title="Procession">processions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-HanawaltReyerson1994_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HanawaltReyerson1994-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptisms</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Reis2003_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reis2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">church weddings</a><sup id="cite_ref-SwedenSE2018_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SwedenSE2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">A date close to the <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_St._John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of St. John the Baptist">Nativity of St. John the Baptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Eve" title="Saint John's Eve">Saint John's Eve</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Midsummer</b> is a celebration of the season of <a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">summer</a>, taking place on or near the date of the <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>; the longest <a href="/wiki/Daytime" title="Daytime">day</a> of the year. The name "midsummer" mainly refers to summer solstice festivals of European origin. In these cultures it is traditionally regarded as the middle of summer, with the season beginning on <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the summer solstice falls on <a href="/wiki/June_solstice" title="June solstice">20, 21 or 22 June</a> in the Northern Hemisphere, it was traditionally reckoned to fall on 23–24 June in much of Europe. These dates were <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_saints_and_feasts" title="Christianization of saints and feasts">Christianized</a> as <a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Eve" title="Saint John's Eve">Saint John's Eve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Nativity of John the Baptist">Saint John's Day</a>. It is usually celebrated with outdoor gatherings that include <a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">bonfires</a> and feasting. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Midsummer-eve-bonfire-nikolai-astrup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Midsummer-eve-bonfire-nikolai-astrup.jpg/250px-Midsummer-eve-bonfire-nikolai-astrup.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Midsummer-eve-bonfire-nikolai-astrup.jpg/375px-Midsummer-eve-bonfire-nikolai-astrup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Midsummer-eve-bonfire-nikolai-astrup.jpg/500px-Midsummer-eve-bonfire-nikolai-astrup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><i>Midsummer Eve Bonfire</i> by Norwegian artist <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Astrup" title="Nikolai Astrup">Nikolai Astrup</a> (c.1915)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KastelholmMidsommarst.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/KastelholmMidsommarst.JPG/220px-KastelholmMidsommarst.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="496" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/KastelholmMidsommarst.JPG/330px-KastelholmMidsommarst.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/KastelholmMidsommarst.JPG/440px-KastelholmMidsommarst.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="2762" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Maypole" title="Maypole">maypole</a> at Midsummer near the <a href="/wiki/Kastelholm_Castle" title="Kastelholm Castle">Kastelholm Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sund,_%C3%85land" title="Sund, Åland">Sund</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DIMG_5456_(4735649602).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/DIMG_5456_%284735649602%29.jpg/220px-DIMG_5456_%284735649602%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/DIMG_5456_%284735649602%29.jpg/330px-DIMG_5456_%284735649602%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/DIMG_5456_%284735649602%29.jpg/440px-DIMG_5456_%284735649602%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3060" /></a><figcaption>Swedes celebrating Midsummer, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ja" title="Möja">Möja</a> island in the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm archipelago">Stockholm archipelago</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There is <a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">evidence</a> that the summer solstice has been culturally important since the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> era, with <a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">many ancient monuments</a> throughout Eurasia and the Americas aligned with sunrise or sunset on the summer solstice.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name 'midsummer' is attested in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> as <i>midsumor</i>, and refers to the time around the summer solstice. Astronomically, the solstice falls on 20, 21 or 22 June, but traditionally, in northern Europe, the solstice and midsummer was reckoned as the night of 23–24 June, with summer beginning on <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Likewise, in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Roman world</a>, the traditional date of the summer solstice was 24 June,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Marcus Terentius Varro</a> wrote in the 1st century BC that Romans saw this as the middle of summer.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the city of Rome, it was the festival of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Fors_Fortuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Fors Fortuna">Fors Fortuna</a>. People thronged the <a href="/wiki/River_Tiber" class="mw-redirect" title="River Tiber">River Tiber</a> and rowed in boats to the temples of Fortuna; "after undisclosed rituals they rowed back, garlanded and inebriated".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Billington" title="Sandra Billington">Sandra Billington</a> says there is no evidence that the pre-Christian <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> celebrated the summer solstice.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Ronald Hutton</a> says that the "lighting of festive fires upon Saint John's Eve is first recorded as a popular custom by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Beleth" title="Jean Beleth">Jean Belethus</a>, a theologian at the University of Paris, in the early twelfth century", but is undoubtedly much older.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutton1996_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutton1996-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England, the earliest reference to this custom occurs in the 13th century AD,<sup id="cite_ref-Hutton1996_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutton1996-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <i>Liber Memorandum</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England_parish_church" title="Church of England parish church">parish church</a> at Barnwell in the <a href="/wiki/Nene_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nene Valley">Nene Valley</a>, which stated that parish youth would gather on the day to light fires, sing songs and play games.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutton1996_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutton1996-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Christian monk of <a href="/wiki/Lilleshall_Abbey" title="Lilleshall Abbey">Lilleshall Abbey</a>, in the same century, wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-Hutton1996_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutton1996-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the worship of St John, men waken at even, and maken three manner of fires: one is clean bones and no wood, and is called a bonfire; another is of clean wood and no bones, and is called a wakefire, for men sitteth and wake by it; the third is made of bones and wood, and is called St John's Fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutton1996_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutton1996-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The 13th-century monk of <a href="/wiki/Winchcomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchcomb">Winchcomb</a>, Gloucestershire, who compiled a book of sermons for Christian feast days, recorded how St John's Eve was celebrated in his time: </p> <blockquote><p>Let us speak of the revels which are accustomed to be made on St. John's Eve, of which there are three kinds. On St. John's Eve in certain regions the boys collect bones and certain other rubbish, and burn them, and therefrom a smoke is produced on the air. They also make brands and go about the fields with the brands. Thirdly, the wheel which they roll. ... The wheel is rolled to signify that the sun then rises to the highest point of its circle and at once turns back<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Saint John's Fires, explained the monk of Winchcombe, were to drive away <a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragons</a>, which were abroad on St John's Eve, poisoning springs and wells. A Christian interpretation of midsummer fires is that they are "an emblem of St. John the Baptist, who was 'a burning and shining light,' and the preparer of the way of Christ."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fires were also believed to repel <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_witchcraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on witchcraft">witches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unclean_spirit" title="Unclean spirit">evil spirits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahlig2009_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahlig2009-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On St John's Day in 1333, <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a> watched women at <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> rinsing their hands and arms in the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> "so that the threatening calamities of the coming year might be washed away by bathing in the river."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1482 Paul Walther, a German Franciscan friar, provided an early documentation of the <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> traditional practice of lighting fires (<a href="/wiki/Zjarri_(Albanian_paganism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zjarri (Albanian paganism)">zjarre</a>) on Saint John's eve.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 16th century AD, the English historian <a href="/wiki/John_Stow" title="John Stow">John Stow</a>, described the celebration of Midsummer:<sup id="cite_ref-Hutton1996_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutton1996-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the wealthier sort also before their doors near to the said bonfires would set out tables on the vigils furnished with sweet bread and good drink, and on the festival days with meats and drinks plentifully, whereunto they would invite their neighbours and passengers also to sit, and to be merry with them in great familiarity, praising God for his benefits bestowed on them. These were called bonfires as well of good amity amongst neighbours that, being before at controversy, were there by the labour of others reconciled, and made of bitter enemies, loving friends, as also for the birtue that a great fire hat to purge the infection of the air. On the vigil of St John Baptist and St Peter and Paul the Apostles, every man's door being shadowed with green birch, long fennel, St John's Wort, Orpin, white lillies and such like, garnished upon with garlands of beautiful flowers, had also lamps of glass, with oil burinin in them all night, some hung branches of iron curiously wrought, containing hundreds of lamps lit at once, which made goodly show.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutton1996_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutton1996-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Saint John's Day is also a popular day for <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infant baptisms</a> and in the 19th century, "baptisms of children who had died 'pagans' were acted out".<sup id="cite_ref-Reis2003_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reis2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sweden, young people visited <a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">holy springs</a> as "a reminder of how John the Baptist baptised Christ in the River Jordan."<sup id="cite_ref-SwedenSE2018_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SwedenSE2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_observance">Religious observance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religious observance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian">Christian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Christian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian Church</a> designated 24 June as the <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian">early Christian</a> martyr <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">St John the Baptist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the observance of St John's Day begins the evening before, known as <a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Eve" title="Saint John's Eve">Saint John's Eve</a>. These are commemorated by many <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Churches</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-TIFCF2017_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIFCF2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as by <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">freemasonry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, Midsummer is such an important festivity that there have been proposals to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Sweden" title="National Day of Sweden">National Day of Sweden</a> then, instead of on 6 June. There and in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, Midsummer is a <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Latvia" title="Public holidays in Latvia">public holiday</a>. In Denmark and Norway, it may also be referred to as St. Hans Day. </p><p>In the 4th century AD, the undivided Christian Church made 24 June the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Nativity of John the Baptist">feast day</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint John the Baptist">Saint John the Baptist</a>; it marks his birth, which the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> says was six months before <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FleterenSchnaubelt2001_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FleterenSchnaubelt2001-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hill2003_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill2003-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christians marked the birth of Jesus (<a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>) on 25 December, the Roman date of the winter solstice, so the feast of St John was set exactly six months earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill2003_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill2003-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Christ's Incarnation was closely tied to the 'growing days' (<i>diebus crescentibus</i>) of the solar cycle around which the Roman year was based. By the sixth century, this solar cycle was completed by balancing Christ's conception and birth against the conception and birth of his cousin, John the Baptist. Such a relationship between Christ and his cousin was amply justified by the imagery of scripture. The Baptist was conceived six months before Christ (Luke 1:76); he was not himself the light, but was to give testimony concerning the light (John 1:8–9). Thus John's conception was celebrated on the eighth kalends of October (24 September: near the autumn equinox) and his birth on the eighth kalends of July (24 June: near the Summer solstice). If Christ's conception and birth took place on the 'growing days', it was fitting that John the Baptist's should take place on the 'lessening days' ('diebus decrescentibus'), for the Baptist himself had proclaimed that 'he must increase; but I must decrease' (John 3:30). By the late sixth century, the Nativity of John the Baptist (24 June) had become an important feast, counterbalancing at midsummer the midwinter feast of Christmas.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Professor Éamonn Ó Carragáin, <a href="/wiki/University_College_Cork" title="University College Cork">University College Cork</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Within <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a>, John the Baptist "was understood to be preparing the way for Jesus", with <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#3:30" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 3:30</a> stating "He must increase, but I must decrease"; this is <a href="/wiki/Christian_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian symbol">symbolized</a> in the fact that the sun's height in the sky and length of the day "begins to diminish" after the summer solstice and begins to increase after the winter solstice.<sup id="cite_ref-Yeats2015_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yeats2015-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McNamara2000_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNamara2000-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 6th century AD, several churches were dedicated to Saint John the Baptist and a <a href="/wiki/Vigil#Eves_of_religious_celebrations" title="Vigil">vigil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Eve" title="Saint John's Eve">Saint John's Eve</a>, was added to the feast day. Christian priests held three <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Masses</a> in churches for the celebration.<sup id="cite_ref-Birmingham1999_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birmingham1999-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neopagan">Neopagan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Neopagan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wheel of the Year</a></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">neopagans</a> celebrate midsummer. As forms of Neopaganism have widely different origins, observances can vary considerably despite the shared name. Some celebrate in a manner as close as possible to how they believe ancient pagans observed the summer solstice, while others observe the holiday with rituals culled from numerous other unrelated sources. </p><p>At the ancient monument of <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>, in the English county of Wiltshire, many people gather to observe the sunrise alignment with the stones on the summer solstice. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Neo-druidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-druidism">Neo-druidism</a>, the term <i>Alban Hefin</i> is used for the summer solstice, as coined by the 18th century <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Welsh</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> author and prolific literary forger <a href="/wiki/Iolo_Morganwg" title="Iolo Morganwg">Iolo Morganwg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germanic neopagans call their summer solstice festival <b>Litha</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cantrell2001_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cantrell2001-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (June 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> which is part of the reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic calendar</a> used by some <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Neopaganism">Germanic Neopagans</a> and takes its name from <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/The_Reckoning_of_Time" title="The Reckoning of Time">De temporum ratione</a></i></span> that provides <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Anglo-Saxon</a> names for the two months roughly corresponding to June and July as <i>līða</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> distinguished in <a href="/wiki/An_Anglo-Saxon_Dictionary" title="An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary">Bosworth and Toller's dictionary</a> as <i>sē ǽrra líða</i> ("the earlier Litha") and <i>sē æftera līða</i> ("the later Litha") with an <a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">intercalary</a> third month of <i>līða</i> on leap years or <i>Triliði</i> ("three-Litha" years).<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin2002_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin2002-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times, Litha is celebrated by neopagans who emphasize what they believe to be the <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">reconstruction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon polytheism">Anglo-Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observance_by_country">Observance by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Observance by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Eve" title="Saint John's Eve">Saint John's Eve</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Midsummer" title="Special:EditPage/Midsummer">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Midsummer is traditionally celebrated throughout Europe, including in Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Flanders, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, and parts of the United Kingdom (<a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> especially), as well as other parts of the world: Canada, the United States, Puerto Rico, and also in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> (mostly in Brazil, Argentina and Australia).<sup id="cite_ref-LapointeTessier1988_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LapointeTessier1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> (Canada), the traditional Midsummer day, 24 June, is a <a href="/wiki/Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">public holiday</a>. So it was formerly also in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, but in these countries it was, in the 1950s, moved to the Friday and Saturday between 19 June and 26 June, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-birt_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birt-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albania">Albania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Albania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The summer solstice is celabrated by <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> often with the name <a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism#Summer_solstice" title="Albanian paganism"><i>Shën Gjini</i>–<i>Shën Gjoni</i></a> ("Saint John"), but also with the name <i>Festa e Malit</i> or <i>Festa e Bjeshkës</i> ("Mountain Feast"), as well as <i>Festa e Blegtorisë</i> ("Livestock Feast"). It is associated with the production in agricultural and livestock activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Tirta_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tirta-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To celebrate this feast, bonfires are traditionally lit where straw is burned and ashes are thrown on the ground, as a "burning for regeneration" ritual. Tribal or community fires (<a href="/wiki/Zjarri_(Albanian_paganism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zjarri (Albanian paganism)">zjarre</a>) are traditionally made with straw, with people jumping across them. In some regions plumes of burning chaff were carried in the air, running through the fields and hills. The ashes of the straw that burned in the ritual fires of this event are traditionally thrown to the field for good luck.<sup id="cite_ref-Tirta_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tirta-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this feast <a href="/wiki/Sheep_shearing" title="Sheep shearing">sheep shearing</a> is traditionally performed by shepherds.<sup id="cite_ref-Tirta_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tirta-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Austria, the Midsummer solstice is celebrated each year with a procession of ships down the Danube River as it flows through the <a href="/wiki/Wine-growing_Wachau_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine-growing Wachau Valley">wine-growing Wachau Valley</a> north of Vienna. Up to 30 ships sail down the river in line as fireworks erupt from the banks and hill tops while bonfires blaze and the vineyards are lit up. Lighted castle ruins also erupt with fireworks during the 90-minute cruise downstream.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nestinar.bulgari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Nestinar.bulgari.jpg/220px-Nestinar.bulgari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Nestinar.bulgari.jpg/330px-Nestinar.bulgari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Nestinar.bulgari.jpg/440px-Nestinar.bulgari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Firewalking" title="Firewalking">firewalking</a> ritual in Bulgaria.</figcaption></figure> <p>On Midsummer day, Bulgarians celebrate Enyovden. On the same day, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> church celebrates the day of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and the rites and traditions of both holidays are often mixed. A fire-related ritual may also be performed in Bulgaria on that day; it involves barefoot dance on smoldering embers and is called <a href="/wiki/Nestinarstvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestinarstvo">Nestinarstvo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulgarian folklore states the beginning of summer starts on Enyovden. It is thought that in the morning of Enyovden, when the sun rises, it "winks' and "plays". Anyone seeing the sunrise will be healthy throughout the year. It is believed that on Enyovden a variety of herbs have the greatest healing power, and that this is especially true at sunrise. Therefore, they have to be picked early in the morning before dawn. Women – sorceresses and enchantresses – go to gather herbs by themselves to cure and make charms. The number of herbs gathered for the winter must be seventy-seven and a half – for all diseases, known and unknown.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Festa_Junina" title="Festa Junina">Festa Junina</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cidade_cenogr%C3%A1fica_do_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Campina_Grande,_Para%C3%ADba,_Brasil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Cidade_cenogr%C3%A1fica_do_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Campina_Grande%2C_Para%C3%ADba%2C_Brasil.jpg/220px-Cidade_cenogr%C3%A1fica_do_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Campina_Grande%2C_Para%C3%ADba%2C_Brasil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Cidade_cenogr%C3%A1fica_do_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Campina_Grande%2C_Para%C3%ADba%2C_Brasil.jpg/330px-Cidade_cenogr%C3%A1fica_do_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Campina_Grande%2C_Para%C3%ADba%2C_Brasil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Cidade_cenogr%C3%A1fica_do_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Campina_Grande%2C_Para%C3%ADba%2C_Brasil.jpg/440px-Cidade_cenogr%C3%A1fica_do_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Campina_Grande%2C_Para%C3%ADba%2C_Brasil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3352" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption>June festival in <a href="/wiki/Campina_Grande" title="Campina Grande">Campina Grande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Para%C3%ADba" title="Paraíba">Paraíba</a>, Brazil.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Festa_Junina" title="Festa Junina"><i>Festa Juninas</i></a>, <i>June Festival</i> in Brazil, also known as São João Festivals because they celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Nativity of John the Baptist">nativity of Saint John the Baptist</a> (24 June), are annual <a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">Brazilian</a> celebrations adapted from the European summer solstice, which occurs in the middle of the southern hemisphere's winter. These festivities, introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">colonial period</a> (1500–1822), are celebrated throughout the country during the month of June. The festival is mainly celebrated on the eves of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> solemnities of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Saint Anthony</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">Saint John the Baptist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast of Brazil</a> is largely <a href="/wiki/Aridity" title="Aridity">arid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a>, these festivals not only coincide with the <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Brazil" title="Climate of Brazil">end of the rainy seasons</a> in most states of the region but also offer people the opportunity to thank <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">Saint John</a> for the rain. They also celebrate <a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">rural</a> life and feature typical clothing, food, and dances (mainly the <a href="/wiki/Quadrille" title="Quadrille">quadrille</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-Baptiste_Day" title="Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day">Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>, St. John's Day is observed on the Monday nearest 24 June and commemorates <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a>'s discovery of Newfoundland in 1497. In <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, the celebration of 24 June was brought to <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> by the first French colonists. Great fires were lit at night. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit Relations">Jesuit Relations</a></i>, the first celebrations of St John's Day in New France took place around 1638. In 1834, <a href="/wiki/Ludger_Duvernay" title="Ludger Duvernay">Ludger Duvernay</a>, printer and editor of <i><a href="/wiki/La_Minerve" title="La Minerve">La Minerve</a></i> took the leadership of an effort to make 24 June the national holiday of the <i>Canadiens</i> (<a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a>). In 1908, Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius X">Pius X</a> designated <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> as the patron saint of the French-Canadians. In 1925, 24 June became a legal holiday in Quebec and in 1977, it became the secular <a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_nationale_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Fête nationale du Québec">National Holiday of Quebec</a>. It is still the tradition to light great fires on the night of 24 June.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Midsummer_Eve_bonfire_on_Skagen%27s_beach_-_P.S._Kr%C3%B8yer_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Midsummer_Eve_bonfire_on_Skagen%27s_beach_-_P.S._Kr%C3%B8yer_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/220px-Midsummer_Eve_bonfire_on_Skagen%27s_beach_-_P.S._Kr%C3%B8yer_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Midsummer_Eve_bonfire_on_Skagen%27s_beach_-_P.S._Kr%C3%B8yer_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/330px-Midsummer_Eve_bonfire_on_Skagen%27s_beach_-_P.S._Kr%C3%B8yer_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Midsummer_Eve_bonfire_on_Skagen%27s_beach_-_P.S._Kr%C3%B8yer_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/440px-Midsummer_Eve_bonfire_on_Skagen%27s_beach_-_P.S._Kr%C3%B8yer_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7932" data-file-height="4579" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Midsummer_Eve_Bonfire_on_Skagen_Beach" title="Midsummer Eve Bonfire on Skagen Beach">Midsummer Eve Bonfire on Skagen Beach</a></i> by Danish artist <a href="/wiki/Peder_Severin_Kr%C3%B8yer" title="Peder Severin Krøyer">Peder Severin Krøyer</a> (1906)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, the solstitial celebration is called <i>sankthans</i> or <i>sankthansaften</i> ("St. John's Eve"). It was an official holiday until 1770, and in accordance with the Danish tradition of celebrating a holiday on the evening before the actual day, it takes place on the evening of 23 June. It is the day where the medieval wise men and women (the doctors of that time) would gather special herbs that they needed for the rest of the year to cure people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Bonfires on the beach, speeches, picnics and songs are traditional, although they are built in many other places where beaches may not be close by (i.e. on the shores of lakes and other waterways, parks, etc.) Bonfires are lit in order to repel witches and other <a href="/wiki/Evil_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Evil spirit">evil spirits</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dahlig2009_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahlig2009-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the burnings sending the "witch" away to Bloksbjerg, the <a href="/wiki/Brocken" title="Brocken">Brocken</a> mountain in the <a href="/wiki/Harz" title="Harz">Harz</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> where the great witch gathering was thought to be held on this day. Some Danes regard this tradition of burning witches as inappropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Scandinavia, young people visited <a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">holy springs</a> as "a reminder of how John the Baptist baptised Christ in the River Jordan."<sup id="cite_ref-SwedenSE2018_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SwedenSE2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Saint John's Eve and Saint John's Day, churches arrange Saint John's worship services and <a href="/wiki/Family_reunion" title="Family reunion">family reunions</a> also occur, which are an occasion for drinking and eating.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1885, <a href="/wiki/Holger_Drachmann" title="Holger Drachmann">Holger Drachmann</a> wrote a <i>midsommervise</i> (Midsummer hymn) called <i>"Vi elsker vort land..."</i> ("We Love Our Country") with a melody composed by P.E. Lange-Müller that is sung at most bonfires on this evening.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estonia">Estonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Estonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Midsummer" title="Special:EditPage/Midsummer">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jaanip%C3%A4ev" title="Jaanipäev">Jaanipäev</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keemu_sadam_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Keemu_sadam_2.JPG/220px-Keemu_sadam_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Keemu_sadam_2.JPG/330px-Keemu_sadam_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Keemu_sadam_2.JPG/440px-Keemu_sadam_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Estonians celebrating Midsummer with a bonfire and traditional <a href="/wiki/Village_swing" title="Village swing">village swing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Keemu" title="Keemu">Keemu</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu_County" title="Pärnu County">Pärnu County</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Jaanip%C3%A4ev" title="Jaanipäev">Jaanipäev</a></i> ("Jaan's Day" or "Midsummer Day" in English or "St. John's Day" for Christians) was celebrated long before the arrival of Christianity in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, although the day was given its modern name by Christians. The day is still known by its many names as: <i>leedopäev</i>, <i>suvine pööripäiv</i>, <i>suvepööripäev</i>, <i>püäripääv</i>, <i>päevakäänak</i>, <i>päiväkäänäk</i>, <i>päiväkäändjäne</i>, <i>päevapesa</i>, <i>pesapäev</i> and <i>suured päevad</i>. The arrival of Christianity, however, did not end pagan beliefs and fertility rituals surrounding this holiday. In 1578, <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Russow" title="Balthasar Russow">Balthasar Russow</a> wrote in his <i><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Chronicle" title="Livonian Chronicle">Livonian Chronicle</a></i> about <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a> who placed more importance on the festival than going to church. He complained about those who went to church, but did not enter, and instead spent their time lighting bonfires, drinking, dancing, singing and following pagan rituals. Midsummer marks a change in the farming year, specifically the break between the completion of spring sowing and the hard work of summer hay-making. </p><p>Understandably, some of the rituals of <i>Jaanipäev</i> have very strong folkloric roots. One of the best-known Jaanik or midsummer ritual is the lighting of the bonfire and jumping over it. This is seen as a way of guaranteeing prosperity and avoiding bad luck. Likewise, to not light the fire is to invite the destruction of your house by fire. The fire also frightened away mischievous spirits who avoided it at all costs, thus ensuring a good harvest. So, the bigger the fire, the further the mischievous spirits stayed away. Estonian midsummer traditions are most similar to Finnish midsummer traditions but also have some similarities with Latvian, Lithuanian and Scandinavian traditions. </p><p>Estonians celebrate <i><a href="/wiki/Jaani%C3%B5htu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaaniõhtu">Jaaniõhtu</a></i> on the eve of the Summer Solstice (23 June) with bonfires. On the islands of <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiiumaa" title="Hiiumaa">Hiiumaa</a>, old fishing boats may be burned in the large pyres set ablaze. On <i>Jaaniõhtu</i>, Estonians all around the country will gather with their families, or at larger events to celebrate this important day with singing and dancing, as Estonians have done for centuries. The celebrations that accompany <i>Jaaniõhtu</i> carry on usually through the night, they are the largest and most important of the year, and the traditions are almost identical to Finland (read under Finland) and similar to neighbors Latvia, Lithuania and Sweden (read under Sweden). </p><p><i>Jaanipäev</i> is usually spent in a summer cottage, where people light bonfires, or at a festival, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%BChaj%C3%A4rve_Jaanituli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pühajärve Jaanituli (page does not exist)">Pühajärve Jaanituli</a> in <a href="/wiki/Otep%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Otepää">Otepää</a>. </p><p>Since 1934, 23 June is also national <a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(Estonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory Day (Estonia)">Victory Day</a> of Estonia and both 23rd and 24th are holidays and <a href="/wiki/Flag_flying_day" title="Flag flying day">flag flying days</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Estonian_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian flag">Estonian flag</a> is not lowered in the night between these two days. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faroe_Islands">Faroe Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Faroe Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, St. John's Eve (<i>jóansøka</i>) is generally not celebrated. However, on the southernmost island of <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Suðuroy">Suðuroy</a> it is observed by lighting a bonfire. Only one bonfire is lit on the island as one of the two biggest towns hosts the celebration alternately every other year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seurasaari-2005-johannus2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Seurasaari-2005-johannus2.jpg/220px-Seurasaari-2005-johannus2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Seurasaari-2005-johannus2.jpg/330px-Seurasaari-2005-johannus2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Seurasaari-2005-johannus2.jpg/440px-Seurasaari-2005-johannus2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>Midsummer bonfire in <a href="/wiki/Seurasaari" title="Seurasaari">Seurasaari</a>. Bonfires are very common in Finland, where many people spend their midsummer in the countryside outside towns.</figcaption></figure> <p>The pre-Christian name for the summer solstice was <i>Ukon juhla</i> ("Ukko's celebration") after the Finnish god <a href="/wiki/Ukko" title="Ukko">Ukko</a>. After the celebrations were <a href="/wiki/Christianized" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianized">Christianized</a>, the holiday became known as <i>juhannus</i> after John the Baptist (Finnish: <i>Johannes Kastaja</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1955, the holiday has always been on a Saturday (between 20 June and 26 June). Previously it was always on 24 June. Many of the celebrations of midsummer take place on Friday, midsummer eve, when many workplaces are closed and shops may close their doors at noon. </p><p>In the Finnish midsummer celebration, bonfires (Finnish <i>kokko</i>) are very common and are burned at lakesides and by the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-birt_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birt-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often branches from birch trees (<i>koivu</i>) are placed on both side of the front door to welcome visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Swedish-speaking_Finns" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish-speaking Finns">Swedish-speaking Finns</a> often celebrate by erecting a midsummer or <a href="/wiki/Maypole" title="Maypole">maypole</a> (Swedish <i>midsommarstång</i>, <i>majstång</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Swedish-speaking Finns call the holiday <i>Johannes</i> or <i>Johanni</i> after the Finnish term <i>juhannus</i> – or more accurately after the Biblical John the Baptist (="Johannes Döparen" in Swedish). </p><p>In folk magic, midsummer was a very potent night and the time for many small rituals, mostly for young maidens seeking suitors and fertility. <a href="/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp" title="Will-o'-the-wisp">Will-o'-the-wisps</a> were believed to appear at midsummer night, particularly to finders of the mythical "<a href="/wiki/Fern_flower" title="Fern flower">fern in bloom</a>" and possessors of the "fern seed", marking a treasure. In the old days, maidens would use special charms and bend over a well, naked, in order to see their future husband's reflection. In another tradition that continues still today, an unmarried woman collects seven different flowers and places them under her pillow to dream of her future husband.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important feature of the midsummer in Finland is the white night and the <a href="/wiki/Midnight_sun" title="Midnight sun">midnight sun</a>. Because of Finland's location around the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a> the nights near Midsummer day are short (with twilight even at midnight) or non-existent. This gives a great contrast to the darkness of the winter time. The temperature can vary between 0 °C and +30 °C, with an average of about 20 °C in the South. </p><p>Many Finns leave the cities for Midsummer and spend time in the countryside. Nowadays many spend at least a few days there, and some Finns take their whole vacation at a summer cottage. Traditions include bonfires, cookouts, sauna and spending time together with friends or family. Heavy drinking is also associated with the Finnish midsummer,<sup id="cite_ref-perinne_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perinne-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is one common reason for the increase in the number of accidents, such as <a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">drowning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many music festivals of all sizes are organized on the Midsummer weekend. It is also common to start summer vacation on Midsummer day. For many families Midsummer is the time when they move to the countryside to their summer cottage by the sea or lake. Midsummer is also a <a href="/wiki/Flag_flying_days_in_Finland" title="Flag flying days in Finland">Finnish Flag Day</a>: the national flag is hoisted at 6 pm on Midsummer's Eve and flown throughout the night until 9 pm the next evening. This is an exception to the normal rule of flying the flag from 8 am to sunset.<sup id="cite_ref-perinne_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perinne-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Canadian">Finnish Canadians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_Finland,_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="New Finland, Saskatchewan">New Finland</a> district, Saskatchewan, Canada celebrate Juhannus.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Midsummer" title="Special:EditPage/Midsummer">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Feast_of_Saint_John.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Feast_of_Saint_John.jpg/220px-The_Feast_of_Saint_John.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Feast_of_Saint_John.jpg/330px-The_Feast_of_Saint_John.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Feast_of_Saint_John.jpg/440px-The_Feast_of_Saint_John.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption><i>The Feast of Saint John</i> by French artist <a href="/wiki/Jules_Breton" title="Jules Breton">Jules Breton</a> (1875)</figcaption></figure> <p>In France, the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Fête de la Saint-Jean</i></span> (feast of St John) is traditionally celebrated with bonfires (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">le feu de Saint-Jean</i></span>), and is a Catholic festivity in celebration of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">Saint John the Baptist</a>. It takes place on 24 June, on Midsummer day (St John's Day). In certain French towns, a tall bonfire is built by the inhabitants in order to be lit on St John's Day. In the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Vosges" title="Vosges">Vosges</a></i></span> region and in the Southern part of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle" title="Meurthe-et-Moselle">Meurthe-et-Moselle</a></i></span>, this huge bonfire is named <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">chavande</i></span>. </p><p>France also rejoices on 21 June for the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_Musique" title="Fête de la Musique">Fête de la Musique</a>, which became an international celebration over time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannisfeuer_CC-BY-SA30_Use_20120623.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Johannisfeuer_CC-BY-SA30_Use_20120623.jpg/220px-Johannisfeuer_CC-BY-SA30_Use_20120623.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Johannisfeuer_CC-BY-SA30_Use_20120623.jpg/330px-Johannisfeuer_CC-BY-SA30_Use_20120623.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Johannisfeuer_CC-BY-SA30_Use_20120623.jpg/440px-Johannisfeuer_CC-BY-SA30_Use_20120623.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2547" data-file-height="1679" /></a><figcaption>Bonfire in <a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a></figcaption></figure><p> The summer solstice is called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sommersonnenwende</i></span> in German of which a word by word translation is "summer sun turning". On 20 June 1653, the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> town council issued the following order: </p><blockquote><p>"Where experience herefore have shown, that after the old heathen use, on John's day in every year, in the country, as well in towns as villages, money and wood have been gathered by young folk, and there upon the so-called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">sonnenwendt</i></span> or <i>zimmet fire</i> kindled, and thereat winebibbing, dancing about the said fire, leaping over the same, with burning of sundry herbs and flowers, and setting of brands from the said fire in the fields, and in many other ways all manner of superstitious work carried on — Therefore the Hon. Council of Nürnberg town neither can nor ought to forbear to do away with all such unbecoming superstition, paganism, and peril of fire on this coming day of St. John."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Bonfires are still a custom in many areas of Germany. People gather to watch the bonfire and celebrate solstice. </p><p>The date also marks the end of harvest for spring vegetables such as asparagus ("Spargelsilvester")<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or for rhubarb. </p><p>Besides many Midsummernight festivals, the <a href="/wiki/Johannisnacht,_Mainz" title="Johannisnacht, Mainz">Mainzer Johannisnacht</a> commemorates the person Johannes Gutenberg in his native city since 1968. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Eastern Orthodox tradition the eve of the day of the Nativity of John the Baptist is celebrated with festivals in many towns and villages, both in the mainland and in the Greek isles. Traditionally the midsummer's celebration is called <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">Klidonas</i></span> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Κλήδονας</span></span>) meaning sign or oracle, and was considered a time when unmarried girls would discover their potential mates through a ritual. It is also customary to this day to burn the Mayday wreaths that are used to decorate the doors of the houses for the previous two months, in large communal bonfires, accompanied by music, dancing and jumping over the flames. It takes place on 30 and 31 May.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 21 June Hungarians celebrate "Saint Ivan's Night" (<span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Szentiván-éj</i></span>) (<span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Iván</i></span> being derived from the Slavic form of Johannes/John, <i>Ivan</i>, which may correspond to <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Jovános</i></span>, <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Ivános</i></span>, <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Iván</i></span>). The whole month of June was once called the Month of St. Ivan until the 19th century. Setting fires is a folklore tradition this night. Girls jumped over it, while boys watched the spectacle.<sup id="cite_ref-szentivánéj_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-szentivánéj-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most significant among the customs of the summer is lighting the fire of Midsummer Night (<span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">szentiváni tűzgyújtás</i></span>) on the day of St. John (24 June), when the sun follows the highest course, when the nights are the shortest and the days the longest. The practice of venerating <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">Saint John the Baptist</a> developed in the Catholic Church during the 5th century, and at this time they put his name and day on 24 June. The summer solstice was celebrated among most peoples, so the Hungarians may have known it even before the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin</a>. Although the Arab historian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rusta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Rusta">Ibn Rusta</a> speaks of the Hungarians' fire worshipping, so far there is no data that could connect it to this day. In the Middle Ages it was primarily an ecclesiastical festivity, but from the 16th century on the sources recall it as a folk custom. The most important episode of the custom is the lighting of the fire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The custom survived longest and in the most complete form in the northwestern part of the linguistic region, where as late as the 1930s they still lit a Midsummer Night fire. The way of arranging the participants by age and by sex has suggested the possibility that these groups sang by answering each other, but there are hardly any remnants that appear to support this possibility. People jumped over the fire after they lit it. This practice is mentioned as early as the 16th century, although at that time in connection with a wedding; still, it is called "Midsummer Night fire". The purpose of jumping over the fire is partly to purify, partly because they believed that those whose jump was very successful would get married during the following carnival.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many towns and cities in Ireland have 'Midsummer Carnivals' with <a href="/wiki/Fairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairs">fairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concerts" class="mw-redirect" title="Concerts">concerts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a> either on or on the weekend nearest to Midsummer. In rural spots throughout the west, northwest, southwest and <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">County Cork</a>, bonfires are lit on hilltops on Saint John's Eve. The <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency_(Ireland)" title="Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland)">Irish Environmental Protection Agency</a>, after much initial upset in the west of Ireland, has an exemption for the burning of fires outdoors during midsummer night.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimania_2016,_Esino_Lario,_Italy_-_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wikimania_2016%2C_Esino_Lario%2C_Italy_-_02.jpg/220px-Wikimania_2016%2C_Esino_Lario%2C_Italy_-_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wikimania_2016%2C_Esino_Lario%2C_Italy_-_02.jpg/330px-Wikimania_2016%2C_Esino_Lario%2C_Italy_-_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wikimania_2016%2C_Esino_Lario%2C_Italy_-_02.jpg/440px-Wikimania_2016%2C_Esino_Lario%2C_Italy_-_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>People prepare for a Saint John's Day procession and church service in the <i>comune</i> of <a href="/wiki/Esino_Lario" title="Esino Lario">Esino Lario</a>, Italy.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Italy, St John's (<i>San Giovanni's</i>) Day has been celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> since medieval times with festivals sometimes lasting three days from 21 to 24 June. In medieval Florence, midsummer celebrations were "an occasion for dramatic representations of the Baptist's life and death" and "the feast day was marked by processions, banquets, and plays, culminating in a fireworks show that the entire city attended."<sup id="cite_ref-Tornabuoni2001_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tornabuoni2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 15th-century diarist <a href="/wiki/Goro_Dati" class="mw-redirect" title="Goro Dati">Goro Dati</a> described the celebration of Saint John's Day in Florence as being one in which guilds prepared their workshops with fine displays, and one in which solemn church processions took place, with men dressed in the costumes of Christian saints and angels.<sup id="cite_ref-Dean2000_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dean2000-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saint John the Baptist is the patron saint of Florence, <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> where fireworks displays take place during the celebration. In Turin, Saint John's festival has been practiced since medieval times, with people from the surrounding areas coming to dance around the bonfire in the central square. </p><p>Italian <a href="/wiki/Neopagans" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopagans">neopagans</a> usually celebrate Midsummer with rites, dances and festivals all around the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jersey">Jersey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Jersey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> most of the former midsummer customs are largely ignored nowadays. The custom known as <i>Les cônes d'la Saint Jean</i> was observed as late as the 1970s – horns or conch shells were blown. Ringing the <i>bachîn</i> (a large brass preserving pan) at midsummer to frighten away evil spirits survived as a custom on some farms until the 1940s and has been revived as a folk performance in the 21st century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latvia">Latvia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Latvia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81%C5%86i" title="Jāņi">Jāņi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C5%ABdeles_iedeg%C5%A1ana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/P%C5%ABdeles_iedeg%C5%A1ana.jpg/220px-P%C5%ABdeles_iedeg%C5%A1ana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/P%C5%ABdeles_iedeg%C5%A1ana.jpg/330px-P%C5%ABdeles_iedeg%C5%A1ana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/P%C5%ABdeles_iedeg%C5%A1ana.jpg/440px-P%C5%ABdeles_iedeg%C5%A1ana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2168" /></a><figcaption>A Latvian man with an oak leaf wreath lighting up a <i>pūdele</i> (a container filled with tar, decorated with oak leaves and attached atop of a pole).</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, Midsummer is called <i>Jāņi</i> (plural of Latvian name Jānis, which is equivalent to John) or Līgo svētki (svētki = festival). It is a <a href="/wiki/Holidays_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holidays in Latvia">national holiday</a> celebrated from the night of 23 June through 24 June on a large scale by almost everyone in Latvia and by people of Latvian origin abroad. Celebrations consist of a lot of traditional and mostly pagan elements – eating, <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81%C5%86i_cheese" title="Jāņi cheese">Jāņi cheese</a>, drinking beer, baking pīrāgi, singing Latvian folk songs dedicated to Jāņi, burning bonfires to keep light all through the night and jumping over it, wearing wreaths of flowers (for women) and <a href="/wiki/English_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="English oak">oak</a> leaves (for men) together with modern commercial products and ideas. There are tens and hundreds of different beliefs and traditions all over Latvia on what should be done on that day for good harvest, for predicting the future, for attracting your future spouse etc. People decorate their houses and lands with <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> or sometimes oak branches and flowers as well as leaves, especially <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">fern</a>. In rural areas livestock is also decorated. In modern days small oak branches with leaves are attached to the cars in Latvia during the festivity. Jāņi has been a strong aspect of Latvian culture throughout history, originating in pre-Christian Latvia as an ancient fertility cult.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the western town of <a href="/wiki/Kuld%C4%ABga" title="Kuldīga">Kuldīga</a>, revellers mark the holiday by running naked through the town at three in the morning. The event has taken place since 2000. Runners are rewarded with beer, and police are on hand in case any "puritans" attempt to interfere with the naked run.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuldiga_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuldiga-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2023 survey, Jāņi is the most celebrated festival in Latvia, outranking even <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithuania">Lithuania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Lithuania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Jonas%27s_Festival" title="Saint Jonas's Festival">Saint Jonas's Festival</a></div> <p>Midsummer is commonly called John's Day (<i>Joninės</i>) in Lithuania, and is also known as Saint Jonas' Festival, Rasos (Dew Holiday), Kupolė, Midsummer Day and St. John's Day. It is celebrated in the night from 23 June to 24 June and on 24 June. The traditions include singing songs and dancing until the sun sets, telling tales, searching to find the magic fern blossom at midnight, jumping over bonfires, greeting the rising midsummer sun and washing the face with a morning dew, young girls float flower wreaths on the water of river or lake. These are customs brought from pagan culture and beliefs. The latter Christian tradition is based on the reverence of Saint John. Lithuanians with the names Jonas, Jonė, Janina receive many greetings from their family, relatives and friends.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonsokbryllup_1924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jonsokbryllup_1924.jpg/220px-Jonsokbryllup_1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jonsokbryllup_1924.jpg/330px-Jonsokbryllup_1924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jonsokbryllup_1924.jpg/440px-Jonsokbryllup_1924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Midsummer mock wedding of two children in Norway, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1924</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%B8nneb%C3%A5l.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/T%C3%B8nneb%C3%A5l.jpg/220px-T%C3%B8nneb%C3%A5l.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/T%C3%B8nneb%C3%A5l.jpg/330px-T%C3%B8nneb%C3%A5l.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/T%C3%B8nneb%C3%A5l.jpg/440px-T%C3%B8nneb%C3%A5l.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Norwegian St. Hansbål (bonfire) in <a href="/wiki/Laksev%C3%A5g" title="Laksevåg">Laksevåg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As in Denmark, <i>Sankthansaften</i> is celebrated on 23 June in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day is also called <i>Jonsok</i>, which means "John's wake", important in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> times with <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimages</a> to churches and holy springs. For instance, up until 1840, there was a pilgrimage to the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ldal_Stave_Church" title="Røldal Stave Church">Røldal Stave Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ldal" title="Røldal">Røldal</a> (southwest Norway) whose crucifix was said to have healing powers. Today, however, <i>Sankthansaften</i> is largely regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> or even pre-Christian event. </p><p>Midsummer day, <i>Sankthansdagen</i>, 24 June, was a public holiday in Norway until 1770. In <a href="/wiki/Vestfold" title="Vestfold">Vestfold</a> county it was re-introduced in the early 20th century, until the 1990s. The city of <a href="/wiki/Sandefjord" title="Sandefjord">Sandefjord</a> kept up the tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the city of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B8nsberg" title="Tønsberg">Tønsberg</a>, the holiday was turned into a flexible day off for municipal workers in 2011 and abolished completely in 2014. Labor unions sued to get the holiday – or a flexible day off – re-introduced, but lost the case in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most places, the main event is the burning of a large bonfire.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Western_Norway" title="Western Norway">Western Norway</a>, a custom of arranging mock weddings, both between adults and between children, is still kept alive.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wedding was meant to symbolize the blossoming of new life. Such weddings are known to have taken place in the 1800s, but the custom is believed to be older. </p><p>It is also said that, if a girl puts flowers under her pillow that night, she will dream of her future husband. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Especially in northern <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> – the Eastern Pomeranian and <a href="/wiki/Kashubia" title="Kashubia">Kashubian</a> regions – midsummer is celebrated on 21 or 22 June. Girls throw wreaths made of flowers and candles into the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, and into lakes or rivers. The Midsummer day celebration starts at about 8:00 p.m. and lasts all night until sunrise. People celebrate this special day every year and call it <i>Noc Świętojańska</i> which means St. John's Night. On that day in big <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> cities (like <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>) there are many organized events, the most popular event being in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, called the <i><a href="/wiki/Wianki" title="Wianki">Wianki</a>,</i> which means wreaths. In many parts of Poland the Summer solstice is celebrated as <i><a href="/wiki/Kupala_Night" title="Kupala Night">Kupala Night</a></i>. Also, an important tradition is looking in the forest for the flower of the fern (as fern does not flower, this means something impossible to find without an interference of magic). Jumping above bonfires used to be a widely spread custom too.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Midsummer" title="Special:EditPage/Midsummer">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Festa_de_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_do_Porto" title="Festa de São João do Porto">Festa de São João do Porto</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dance_of_the_Shepherds_2015_(42).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dance_of_the_Shepherds_2015_%2842%29.JPG/220px-Dance_of_the_Shepherds_2015_%2842%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dance_of_the_Shepherds_2015_%2842%29.JPG/330px-Dance_of_the_Shepherds_2015_%2842%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dance_of_the_Shepherds_2015_%2842%29.JPG/440px-Dance_of_the_Shepherds_2015_%2842%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, Saint John's Day is celebrated with the <i>Dance of the Shepherds</i> midsummer parade</figcaption></figure> <p>In Portugal, Midsummer festivities are included in what is known today as <i>Santos Populares</i> (Popular Saints celebrations), celebrating the three main saints of June: St. Anthony (13 June), celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estarreja" title="Estarreja">Estarreja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vila_Nova_de_Famalic%C3%A3o" title="Vila Nova de Famalicão">Vila Nova de Famalicão</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vila_Real,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vila Real, Portugal">Vila Real</a> among others; São João (St. John's Day, 24 June) in <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Figueira_da_Foz" title="Figueira da Foz">Figueira da Foz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vila_do_Conde" title="Vila do Conde">Vila do Conde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almada" title="Almada">Almada</a> and many others; St. Peter's day (29 June) in <a href="/wiki/Seixal_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Seixal Municipality">Seixal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sintra" title="Sintra">Sintra</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim" title="Póvoa de Varzim">Póvoa de Varzim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcelos,_Portugal" title="Barcelos, Portugal">Barcelos</a>, and various other locations, mostly associated with fishermen. </p><p>In anticipation of Popular Saints, streets are decorated with balloons and arches made out of brightly coloured paper, people dance in the city's squares, and <i>Cascatas</i> (makeshift altars), dedicated to the saints, are put up to show each neighbourhood's devotion and pride. These holidays are days of festivities with good food and refreshments. Typical dishes include <a href="/wiki/Caldo_verde" title="Caldo verde">Caldo verde</a> (Portuguese cabbage and potato soup), sardinhas assadas na brasa (open grilled sardines), boroa (oven baked bread), funfair food (mostly cotton candy and <i><a href="/wiki/Fartura_(food)" title="Fartura (food)">farturas</a></i>, a fried batter with sugar and cinnamon) and drink (mostly) red wine and água-pé (grape juice with a small percentage of alcohol). </p><p>Around the day of the festivities, there is also group folk dancing, traditional music, including <i>Cantar à desgarrada</i> (musical rhyming duels), and the inescapable firework displays. Until fire regulations brought about by some serious forest fires discouraged them, bonfires and hot air balloons were lit, around which all these events used to happen. Revellers would try to jump over the bonfire, mostly young men trying to show off to the young women, and older men trying to convince themselves that they are still young. Other typical activities include trying to clime a pau-de-sebo (greased pole) to claim a reward (frequently a cod or ham) and <i>Rusgas</i> which are a mixture of running, singing, dancing and tomfoolery, mostly by youthful groups. Funfair attractions have also become a mainstay of festivities. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, in Avenida da Liberdade, there are the <i>Marchas</i>, a parade of folklore and costumes of the inhabitants from the city's different traditional quarters, with hundreds of singers and dancers and a vast audience applauding their favourite participants. As St. Anthony is the matchmaker saint, it is still the tradition in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> to celebrate multiple marriages (200 to 300) and according to tradition, one can declare oneself to someone one fancies in the heat of the festivities by offering the loved one a <i>manjerico</i> (a flower-pot with a sweet basil plant) and a love poem. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a> St. John's is celebrated in the streets, where many normally frowned-upon things are permitted. People carry a plant of flowering <a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">leek</a> (<i>alho-porro,</i> which has a pungent smell) with them, and run it over the face of other people.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 1963, people have also carried a small plastic hammer which they use to bang their neighbors over the head.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tradition is that St. John was a scalliwag in his youth and the people hit him on the head with the garlic saying "return to the right path". </p><p>In traditional fisher towns, festivities take place on Saint Peter's Day, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3voa_do_Varzim" class="mw-redirect" title="Póvoa do Varzim">Póvoa do Varzim</a>, which became a municipal holiday in the 1960s. <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim_Holiday" title="Póvoa de Varzim Holiday">Póvoa de Varzim's Saint Peter Festival</a> keeps traditional "Santos Populares" elements, such as the bonfire, street celebrations, and include the <i>rusgas</i>, in which inhabitants of one quarter (<i><a href="/wiki/Bairro" title="Bairro">bairro</a></i>) parade to other neighbourhoods in the evening of 28 June. Women are dressed as <a href="/wiki/Tricana_poveira" title="Tricana poveira">tricana</a> (women dressed in a traditional costume with a sensual walking style). Each neighbourhood has its own festival and colors for identification. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Midsummer" title="Special:EditPage/Midsummer">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cricau_Festival_2013_-_Sanziene_-_24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Cricau_Festival_2013_-_Sanziene_-_24.jpg/220px-Cricau_Festival_2013_-_Sanziene_-_24.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Cricau_Festival_2013_-_Sanziene_-_24.jpg/330px-Cricau_Festival_2013_-_Sanziene_-_24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Cricau_Festival_2013_-_Sanziene_-_24.jpg/440px-Cricau_Festival_2013_-_Sanziene_-_24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A2nziene" class="mw-redirect" title="Sânziene">Sânziene</a></i> dancing during the Cricău Festival in Romania, June 2013</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Romanian_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian folklore">In Romania</a>, the Midsummer celebrations are named <i><a href="/wiki/Dr%C4%83gaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Drăgaica">Drăgaica</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A2nziene" class="mw-redirect" title="Sânziene">Sânziene</a></i>. Drăgaica is celebrated by a dance performed by a group of 5–7 young girls of which one is chosen as <i>the Drăgaica</i>. She is dressed as a <a href="/wiki/Bride" title="Bride">bride</a>, with wheat wreath, while the other girls, dressed in white wear a veil with <a href="/wiki/Galium_verum" title="Galium verum">bedstraw</a> flowers. Midsummer fairs are held in many Romanian villages and cities. The oldest and best known midsummer fair in Romania is the <a href="/wiki/Dr%C4%83gaica_fair" title="Drăgaica fair">Drăgaica fair</a>, held in <a href="/wiki/Buz%C4%83u" title="Buzău">Buzău</a> between 10 and 24 June every year. There are many superstitions related to this day, particularly those involving marriage or death. The term Sânziene originates in the Latin "Sancta Diana", and superstitions relating to this day are mainly romantic in nature, referring to young girls and their marriage prospects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_Kupala_Day_in_Serebryany_bor_2017_67.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ivan_Kupala_Day_in_Serebryany_bor_2017_67.jpg/220px-Ivan_Kupala_Day_in_Serebryany_bor_2017_67.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ivan_Kupala_Day_in_Serebryany_bor_2017_67.jpg/330px-Ivan_Kupala_Day_in_Serebryany_bor_2017_67.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ivan_Kupala_Day_in_Serebryany_bor_2017_67.jpg/440px-Ivan_Kupala_Day_in_Serebryany_bor_2017_67.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kupala_Night" title="Kupala Night">Kupala Night</a> bonfire in Belgorod oblast, Russia</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kupala_Night" title="Kupala Night">Kupala Night</a></div> <p>Many rites of this holiday are connected with water, <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">autopurification</a>. The girls, for example, would float their flower garlands on the water of rivers and tell their fortunes from their movement. Lads and girls would jump over the flames of bonfires. Nude bathing is likewise practiced. <a href="/wiki/Kupala_Night" title="Kupala Night">Nights on the Eve of Ivan Kupala</a> inspired <a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Modest Mussorgsky</a> to create his <i><a href="/wiki/Night_on_Bald_Mountain" title="Night on Bald Mountain">Night on Bald Mountain</a></i>. A prominent Ivan Kupala night scene is featured in <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Andrei Tarkovsky</a>'s film <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rublev_(film)" title="Andrei Rublev (film)"><i>Andrei Rublev</i></a>. Also, in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> the <a href="/wiki/White_Nights_Festival" title="White Nights Festival">White Nights Festival</a> is also predominantly connected with water.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Yakut_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakut people">Yakut people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha Republic</a> celebrate a solstitial ceremony, <i><a href="/wiki/Yhyakh" title="Yhyakh">Yhyakh</a></i>, involving tethering a horse to a pole and <a href="/wiki/Circle_dance" title="Circle dance">circle dancing</a> around it. Betting on <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a> would often take place afterward. The traditions are derived from <a href="/wiki/Tengriism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tengriism">Tengriism</a>, the ancient sun religion of the region which has since been driven out by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian empire">Russian empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> and finally the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a>. The traditions have since been encouraged.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia">Serbia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Serbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Serbian_traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian traditions">Serbian traditions</a></div> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivanjdan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivanjdan (page does not exist)">Ivanjdan</a></i> is celebrated on 7 July, according to the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a>. Saint John (Sveti Jovan) is known by the name <i>Igritelj</i> (dancer) because it is thought the sun is dancing on this day. Among traditions are that girls watch the sunrise through their <a href="/wiki/Wreath" title="Wreath">wreath</a>, to become red as the sun, towards the evening in the heights, <i>Ivanjske vatre</i> (kresovi, <i>bonfire</i>) are lit, and dancing and singing takes place. It is a tradition for people to become <a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">godfathers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_brother" title="Blood brother">blood brothers</a> on this day, as John is a symbol of character and <a href="/wiki/Rectitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectitude">rectitude</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovenia">Slovenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Slovenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Slovenia, <i>Kresna noč</i> (Midsummer Night) used to be celebrated on 21 June, but the celebration was later moved to 1 May, <a href="/wiki/International_Workers_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="International Workers Day">International Workers Day</a>. Kresna noč used to be connected with the Slavic god <a href="/wiki/Kresnik_(deity)" title="Kresnik (deity)">Kresnik</a>, who was later replaced by <a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John the Baptist">St. John the Baptist</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hogueras_de_Alicante" title="Hogueras de Alicante">Hogueras de Alicante</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sant_joan_marina_alta_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sant_joan_marina_alta_2007.jpg/220px-Sant_joan_marina_alta_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sant_joan_marina_alta_2007.jpg/330px-Sant_joan_marina_alta_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sant_joan_marina_alta_2007.jpg/440px-Sant_joan_marina_alta_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Bonfire at Almadrava beach on Saint John's night. Bonfires are very common in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional midsummer party in Spain is the celebration in honour of Saint John the Baptist (Spanish: <i>San Juan</i>, Catalan: <i>Sant Joan</i>, Galician: <i>San Xoán</i>, Asturian: <i>San Xuan</i>) and takes place in the evening of 23 June, <a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Eve" title="Saint John's Eve">Saint John's Eve</a>. It is common in many areas of the country. In some areas, bonfires are traditionally named <i>tequeos</i>, which means people of the dance. Parties are organized usually at beaches, where bonfires are lit and a set of firework displays usually take place. On the Mediterranean coast, especially in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencia</a>, special foods such as <i><a href="/wiki/Coca_(pastry)" title="Coca (pastry)">coca</a> de Sant Joan</i> are also served on this occasion. In <a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a>, since 1928, the <a href="/wiki/Bonfires_of_Saint_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonfires of Saint John">bonfires of Saint John</a> were developed into elaborate constructions inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Falles" class="mw-redirect" title="Falles">Falles</a>, or Fallas, of <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Midsummer tradition is also especially strong in northern areas of the country, such as <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a>. What follows is a summary of Galician traditions surrounding St. John's festival: </p> <ul><li>Medicinal plants: Traditionally, women collect several species of plants on St. John's eve. These vary from area to area, but mostly include fennel, different species of fern (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Dryopteris_filix-mas" title="Dryopteris filix-mas">Dryopteris filix-mas</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Osmunda_regalis" title="Osmunda regalis">Osmunda regalis</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Rue" class="mw-redirect" title="Rue">rue</a> (herb of grace, <i>Ruta graveolens</i>), <a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">rosemary</a> (<i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Dog_rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog rose">dog rose</a> (<i>Rosa canina</i>), <a href="/wiki/Lemon_verbena" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemon verbena">lemon verbena</a> (<i>Aloysia citrodora</i>), <a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a> (<i>Hypericum perforatum</i>), mallows (<i><a href="/wiki/Malva_sylvestris" title="Malva sylvestris">Malva sylvestris</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Laburnum" title="Laburnum">laburnum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digitalis_purpurea" title="Digitalis purpurea">foxgloves</a> (<i>Digitalis purpurea</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Sambucus" title="Sambucus">elder</a> (<i>Sambucus</i>) flowers. In some areas, these are arranged in a bunch and hung in doorways. In most others, they are dipped in a vessel with water and left outside exposed to the dew of night until the following morning (o dia de San Xoan – St. John's day), when people (in some areas only women) use the resulting flower water to wash their faces.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Water: Tradition holds it that the medicinal plants mentioned above are most effective when dipped in water collected from seven different springs. Also, on some beaches, it was traditional for women who wanted to be fertile to bathe in the sea until they were washed by 9 waves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Fire: Bonfires are lit, usually around midnight both on beaches and inland, so much so that one usually cannot tell the smoke from the mist common in this Atlantic corner of <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a> at this time of the year, and it smells burnt everywhere. Occasionally, a dummy is placed at the top, representing a witch or the devil. Young and old gather around them and feast mostly on pilchards, potatoes boiled in their skins and maize bread. When it is relatively safe to jump over the bonfire, it is done three times (although it could also be nine or any odd number) for good luck at the cry of "meigas fora" (witches off!).It is also common to drink <i>Queimada</i>, a beverage resulting from setting alight Galician grappa mixed with sugar, coffee beans and pieces of fruit, which is prepared while chanting an incantation against evil spirits.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Pranks: At least in Galicia, it was common in rural areas to prank neighbors by taking carts, doors, etc. and left them in visible areas like roads or in the middle of the town. The prank was performed at night and left until the owner find the items.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Midsummer" title="Special:EditPage/Midsummer">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Midsommarafton%2C_Tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdstorp_Tullinge_2019.webm/220px-seek%3D4-Midsommarafton%2C_Tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdstorp_Tullinge_2019.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="361" data-mwtitle="Midsommarafton,_Trädgårdstorp_Tullinge_2019.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Midsommarafton,_Tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdstorp_Tullinge_2019.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/Midsommarafton%2C_Tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdstorp_Tullinge_2019.webm/Midsommarafton%2C_Tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdstorp_Tullinge_2019.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/Midsommarafton%2C_Tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdstorp_Tullinge_2019.webm/Midsommarafton%2C_Tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdstorp_Tullinge_2019.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/Midsommarafton%2C_Tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdstorp_Tullinge_2019.webm/Midsommarafton%2C_Tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdstorp_Tullinge_2019.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Midsommarafton%2C_Tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdstorp_Tullinge_2019.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/Midsommarafton%2C_Tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdstorp_Tullinge_2019.webm/Midsommarafton%2C_Tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdstorp_Tullinge_2019.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/Midsommarafton%2C_Tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdstorp_Tullinge_2019.webm/Midsommarafton%2C_Tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdstorp_Tullinge_2019.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/Midsommarafton%2C_Tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdstorp_Tullinge_2019.webm/Midsommarafton%2C_Tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdstorp_Tullinge_2019.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/Midsommarafton%2C_Tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdstorp_Tullinge_2019.webm/Midsommarafton%2C_Tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdstorp_Tullinge_2019.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Midsummer in Stockholm, raising and dancing around a maypole, 2019 (video).</figcaption></figure> <p>Raising and dancing around a <a href="/wiki/Maypole" title="Maypole">maypole</a> (<i>majstång</i> or <i>midsommarstång</i>) is an activity that attracts families and many others. Greenery placed over houses and barns was supposed to bring good fortune and health to people and livestock; this old tradition of decorating with greens continues, though most people no longer take it seriously. To decorate with greens was called <i>att maja</i> (to May) and may be the origin of the word <i>majstång</i>, <i>maja</i> coming originally from the month May, or vice versa. Other researchers say the term came from German merchants who raised the maypole in June because the Swedish climate made it impossible to find the necessary greens and flowers in May, and continued to call it a maypole. </p><p>In earlier times, small spires wrapped in greens were erected; this probably predates the maypole tradition, which is believed by many to have come from the continent in the Middle Ages. </p><p>In Sweden, Midsummer day is a Saturday between 20 June and 26 June, but as is usual in Sweden the actual celebration is on the eve, i.e. a Friday between 19 June and 25 June. Midsummer's Eve is a de facto public holiday in Sweden with offices and many shops closed.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another tradition on a Swedish Midsummer is to end it with a skinny dip at night. It is not mandatory to be naked, but many will be completely naked accompanied with an old or new partner after a couple of the famous schnapps.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the 18th century festival: <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5rparnatt" title="Vårparnatt">Vårparnatt</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Midsummer" title="Special:EditPage/Midsummer">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kupala_Night" title="Kupala Night">Kupala Night</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivankupala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ivankupala.jpg/220px-Ivankupala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ivankupala.jpg/330px-Ivankupala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ivankupala.jpg/440px-Ivankupala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption><i>Night on the Eve of Ivan Kupala</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Siemiradzki" title="Henryk Siemiradzki">Henryk Siemiradzki</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1880)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kupala_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Kupala Day">Ivan Kupala</a> was the old Kyiv Rus' name for John the Baptist. Up to the present day, the Rus' Midsummer Night (or Ivan's Day) is known as one of the most expressive Kyiv Rus' folk and pagan holidays. Ivan Kupala Day is the day of summer solstice celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> on 23 June NS and 6 July OS. Before the day was named for St John, this was a celebration of a pagan fertility rite involving bathing in water. Since St John the Baptist's birth is celebrated at this time, some elements of Kupala's pagan origins were seen to be roughly synonymous with Christian meanings, most notably the parallel of Baptism as cleansing from sins, so the holiday in a Christian-modified form has been accepted into the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christian</a> calendar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> from the 13th century, Midsummer was celebrated on Midsummer Eve (St. John's Eve, 23 June) and St. Peter's Eve (28 June) with the lighting of bonfires, feasting, and merrymaking.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England">England</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late 14th-century England, <a href="/wiki/John_Mirk" title="John Mirk">John Mirk</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lilleshall_Abbey" title="Lilleshall Abbey">Lilleshall Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>, gives the following description: "At first, men and women came to church with candles and other lights and prayed all night long. In the process of time, however, men left such devotion and used songs and dances and fell into lechery and gluttony turning the good, holy devotion into sin." The church fathers decided to put a stop to these practices and ordained that people should fast on the evening before, and thus turned waking into fasting.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mirk adds that at the time of his writing, "...in worship of St John the Baptist, men stay up at night and make three kinds of fires: one is of clean bones and no wood and is called a "<a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">bonnefyre</a>"; another is of clean wood and no bones, and is called a <i>wakefyre</i>, because men stay awake by it all night; and the third is made of both bones and wood and is called, "St. John's fire" (Festial 182)." These traditions largely ended after the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>, but persisted in rural areas up until the 19th century before petering out.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Midsummer festivities had uneasy relations with the Reformed establishment. The <a href="/wiki/Chester_Midsummer_Watch_Parade" title="Chester Midsummer Watch Parade">Chester Midsummer Watch Parade</a>, begun in 1498, was held at every Summer Solstice in years when the <a href="/wiki/Chester_Mystery_Plays" title="Chester Mystery Plays">Chester Mystery Plays</a> were not performed. Despite the cancellation of the plays in 1575, the parade continued; in 1599, however, the Lord Mayor ordered that the parades be banned and the costumes destroyed. The parade was permanently banned in 1675. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle_an_Dinas_midsummer_bonfire_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Castle_an_Dinas_midsummer_bonfire_2009.jpg/220px-Castle_an_Dinas_midsummer_bonfire_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Castle_an_Dinas_midsummer_bonfire_2009.jpg/330px-Castle_an_Dinas_midsummer_bonfire_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Castle_an_Dinas_midsummer_bonfire_2009.jpg/440px-Castle_an_Dinas_midsummer_bonfire_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Tansys Golowan</i></span> – A Cornish hilltop bonfire on Midsummer's eve.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional Midsummer bonfires are still lit on some high hills in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Carn_Brea,_St_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="Carn Brea, St Just">Carn Brea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castle_an_Dinas,_St._Columb_Major" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle an Dinas, St. Columb Major">Castle an Dinas</a> on <a href="/wiki/Castle_Downs,_Cornwall" title="Castle Downs, Cornwall">Castle Downs</a>). This tradition was revived by the <a href="/wiki/Old_Cornwall_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Cornwall Society">Old Cornwall Society</a> in the early 20th century. Bonfires in Cornwall were once common as part of <span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw"><a href="/wiki/Golowan_Festival" title="Golowan Festival">Golowan</a></i></span>, which is now celebrated at <a href="/wiki/Penzance" title="Penzance">Penzance</a>, Cornwall. This week long festival normally starts on the Friday nearest St John's Day. <span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Golowan</i></span> lasts several days and culminates in Mazey Day. This is a revival of the Feast of St John (<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Gol-Jowan</i></span>) with fireworks and bonfires. </p><p>In England, Midsummer Day (24 June) is traditionally one of the <a href="/wiki/Quarter_days" title="Quarter days">quarter days</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland">Scotland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Midsummer festivals are celebrated throughout Scotland, notably in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Borders" title="Scottish Borders">Scottish Borders</a> where <a href="/wiki/Peebles" title="Peebles">Peebles</a> holds its <a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a> Week. The Eve of St. John has special magical significance and was used by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Scott">Sir Walter Scott</a> as the title, and theme, for a pseudo-ballad poem. He invented a legend in which the lady of <a href="/wiki/Smailholm_Tower" title="Smailholm Tower">Smailholm Tower</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Kelso,_Scottish_Borders" title="Kelso, Scottish Borders">Kelso</a>, keeps vigil by the midnight fires three nights in a row (see above) and is visited by her lover; but when her husband returns from battle, she learns he slew that lover on the first night, and she has been entertained by a very physical ghost.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wales">Wales</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Wales it is called <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Gŵyl Ifan</i></span>, or <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Gŵyl Ifan Ganol Haf</i></span> (St John's of Midsummer) to distinguish it from <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Gŵyl Ifan Ganol Gaeaf</i></span> (St John's of Midwinter, the feast of John the Evangelist). Great agricultural fairs used to be held at this time, along with merriment and dancing. A bonfire was also kept this night. With the advent of non-conformist beliefs on the Welsh socio-political culture, this (among so many other similar festivals) suffered greatly, and its observance finally died out in <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">south-east Wales</a> by the end of the 19th century. However, since 1977, a folk-dance revival started in Cardiff, and is held now annually on this feast day<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solstice_fire_Montana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Solstice_fire_Montana.jpg/220px-Solstice_fire_Montana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Solstice_fire_Montana.jpg/330px-Solstice_fire_Montana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Solstice_fire_Montana.jpg/440px-Solstice_fire_Montana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Solstice fire in <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Midsummer celebrations held throughout the United States are largely derived from the cultures of immigrants who arrived from various European nations since the 19th century. With the rise of earth-centered spirituality, many, including <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalists</a>, celebrate the summer solstice as a religious holiday. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alaska">Alaska</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Alaska"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the state of Alaska, northernmost state in the nation, straddles the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>, midsummer is a time when most of the state is in daylight or civil <a href="/wiki/Twilight" title="Twilight">twilight</a> the entire day. The <a href="/wiki/Midnight_Sun_Game" title="Midnight Sun Game">Midnight Sun Game</a> is an annual tradition in the city of <a href="/wiki/Fairbanks,_Alaska" title="Fairbanks, Alaska">Fairbanks</a>, in which a regulation game of baseball is played at 10:30 p.m. local time, through the midnight hour, with no artificial lighting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="California">California</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1974, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara</a> has hosted an annual Summer Solstice celebration, typically on the weekend of or the weekend after the actual solstice. It includes a festival and parade.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Santa Clara County, the Swedish American Patriotic League has held a Midsummer celebration at Sveadal for more than 120 years. It includes a parade, decorating and raising a maypole, dancing and other activities.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Illinois">Illinois</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Illinois"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birgit_Ridderstedt,_sons_Lars_%26_Stefan_%26_TV_group_1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Birgit_Ridderstedt%2C_sons_Lars_%26_Stefan_%26_TV_group_1959.jpg/220px-Birgit_Ridderstedt%2C_sons_Lars_%26_Stefan_%26_TV_group_1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Birgit_Ridderstedt%2C_sons_Lars_%26_Stefan_%26_TV_group_1959.jpg/330px-Birgit_Ridderstedt%2C_sons_Lars_%26_Stefan_%26_TV_group_1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Birgit_Ridderstedt%2C_sons_Lars_%26_Stefan_%26_TV_group_1959.jpg/440px-Birgit_Ridderstedt%2C_sons_Lars_%26_Stefan_%26_TV_group_1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Ridderstedt" title="Birgit Ridderstedt">Birgit Ridderstedt</a> and suburban Chicagoland youths celebrate Midsummer on <a href="/wiki/WTTW" title="WTTW">WTTW</a> television in 1958</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago</a> area, Midsummer is celebrated in several locations. The historically Swedish neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Edgewater,_Chicago" title="Edgewater, Chicago">Andersonville</a> is prominent among them.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A stretch of Clark street is sectioned off for three days and there are vendors, live music, and a raising of the maypole. <a href="/wiki/Geneva,_Illinois" title="Geneva, Illinois">Geneva</a> hosts a Swedish Day (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Svenskarnas Dag</i>) festival on the third Sunday of June. The event, featuring maypole-raising, dancing, and presentation of an authentic Viking ship, dates back to 1911. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kansas">Kansas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Kansas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lindsborg,_Kansas" title="Lindsborg, Kansas">Lindsborg, Kansas</a>, commonly called Little Sweden, hosts an annual Midsummer celebration in honor of its 1869 Swedish founding.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The festival includes a 5K Run, free swim at the local pool, Kubb tournament, Swedish dancing, craft demonstrations, and food vendors, including the Lindsborg Swedish Folkdancers serving Viking-on-a-Stick.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town is also the home of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pavilion" title="Swedish Pavilion">Swedish Pavilion</a> historic site, built as an international exposition building for the 1904 <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis World's Fair">St. Louis World's Fair</a> and features a maypole year-round. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maine">Maine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Maine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/New_Sweden,_Maine" title="New Sweden, Maine">New Sweden, Maine</a>. Ever since 51 Swedish immigrants came to Aroostook County, Maine in 1870, supported by a Legislative Act authored by <a href="/wiki/William_W._Thomas_Jr." title="William W. Thomas Jr.">William W. Thomas Jr.</a>, who had served as American Consul in Sweden under Abraham Lincoln, residents of the town have celebrated Midsommar. Celebrations are usually held the weekend before the holiday in Sweden and merge Swedish traditions such as the decorating and raising of the Midsommar pole, folk dancing, and feasting alongside American traditions. Thomas Jr. selected this region for a Swedish colony, in part, because the landscape, flora and fauna are similar to that of Dalarna County, Sweden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Michigan">Michigan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Michigan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Kaleva,_Michigan" title="Kaleva, Michigan">Kaleva</a>, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Juhannus</i></span> is celebrated annually on or near the Summer Solstice by Gathering at the Village Roadside Park. Traditionally <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Pannukakku</i></span> (Finnish Oven Baked Pancake) and strawberry shortcake is enjoyed followed by a bonfire or <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">kokko</i></span>. <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Kaleva</i></span> was founded in 1900 by Finnish immigrants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oregon">Oregon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Oregon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Astoria Scandinavian Midsummer Festival has been a tradition on the North Coast of Oregon for over forty years. The Festival takes place typically on the 3rd full weekend of June. The festival embodies the rich cultural heritage that was transplanted to the <a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Oregon" title="Astoria, Oregon">Astoria, Oregon</a>, region by emigrating Scandinavians. In the Pacific Northwest they found the same bounteous seas and forests as in their native lands and the demand for their skills at managing them.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_York">New York</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/NYC_Midsummer" class="mw-redirect" title="NYC Midsummer">NYC Swedish Midsummer</a> celebrations in <a href="/wiki/The_Battery_(Manhattan)" title="The Battery (Manhattan)">Battery Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, attracts some 3,000–5,000 people annually, which makes it one of the largest celebrations after the ones held in <a href="/wiki/Leksand" title="Leksand">Leksand</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/Skansen" title="Skansen">Skansen Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sweden_Day" title="Sweden Day">Sweden Day</a>, a Midsummer celebration which also honors Swedish heritage and history, has been held annually on the sound in <a href="/wiki/Throgs_Neck" class="mw-redirect" title="Throgs Neck">Throgs Neck</a> in New York since 1941. Swedish Midsummer is also celebrated in other places with large Swedish and Scandinavian populations, such as <a href="/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois" title="Rockford, Illinois">Rockford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota">Minneapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lindsborg,_Kansas" title="Lindsborg, Kansas">Lindsborg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>. The Swedish "language village" (summer camp) <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6lunden" title="Sjölunden">Sjölunden</a></i></span>, run by <a href="/wiki/Concordia_College,_Moorhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Concordia College, Moorhead">Concordia College</a> in Minnesota, also celebrates Midsummer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Washington">Washington</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Washington"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Fremont,_Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Fremont, Seattle, Washington">Fremont</a> puts on a large <a href="/wiki/Summer_Solstice_Parade_and_Pageant" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Solstice Parade and Pageant">Summer Solstice Parade and Pageant</a>, which for many years has controversially included <a href="/wiki/Solstice_Cyclists" title="Solstice Cyclists">painted naked cyclists</a>. In St. Edwards Park in <a href="/wiki/Kenmore,_Washington" title="Kenmore, Washington">Kenmore</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandia_Folkdance_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skandia Folkdance Society (page does not exist)">Skandia Folkdance Society</a> hosts <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Midsommarfest</i></span>, which includes a Scandinavian solstice pole. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wyoming">Wyoming</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Wyoming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A solstitial celebration is held on <a href="/wiki/Casper_Mountain" title="Casper Mountain">Casper Mountain</a> at Crimson Dawn park. Crimson Dawn is known in the area for the great stories of mythical creatures and people that live on Casper Mountain. The celebration is attended by many people from the community, and from around the country. A large bonfire is held and all are invited to throw a handful of red soil into the fire in hopes that they get their wish granted.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_folk_music">In folk music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: In folk music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Oh at Ivan, oh at Kupala" (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukr</a>. Ой на Івана, ой на Купала) - Ukrainian folk song.</li> <li>"Kupalinka" - (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belar</a>. Купалінка) - Belarusian folk song</li> <li>Už kalnelio ežerėlis (<a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lith</a>. there is a lake behind the hill) - Lithuanian folk song.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calendar_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/22px-Calendar_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/33px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/44px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="654" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Holidays" title="Portal:Holidays">Holidays portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/48px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/64px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Eve" title="Saint John's Eve">Saint John's Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_saints_and_feasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of saints and feasts">Christianisation of saints and feasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_sun" title="Midnight sun">Midnight sun</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Eth" title="Eth">Eth</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">traditionally and more common in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LapointeTessier1988-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LapointeTessier1988_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LapointeTessier1988_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LapointeTessier1988_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLapointeTessier1988" class="citation book cs1">Lapointe, Richard; Tessier, Lucille (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/francophonesofsa0000lapo"><i>The Francophones of Saskatchewan: a history</i></a></span>. Campion College, University of Regina. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/francophonesofsa0000lapo/page/189">189</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780969265825" title="Special:BookSources/9780969265825"><bdi>9780969265825</bdi></a>. <q>The feast of Saint John the Baptist on June 24 was observed in all of Quebec with religious services, patriotic speeches, parades and floats. The movement soon spread to Ontario, the New England states, and even to Chicago and the distant state of Oregon. At the end of the nineteenth century, the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society was the largest secular Franco-Catholic institution in North America. French Canadians in Saskatchewan also celebrated their patron saint's feast day. In Battleford, they seem to have begun to mark the occasion before 1885. It is known definitely that in May 1890 a meeting was held to revive the local Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society, inactive since the Batoche uprising. The festivities on June 24 of that year began with a Mass celebrated at an altar on which stood a statue of Saint John the Baptist with a beaver at his feet and a banner bearing the inscription 'Faith – Nation – Unity.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Francophones+of+Saskatchewan%3A+a+history&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Campion+College%2C+University+of+Regina&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780969265825&rft.aulast=Lapointe&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Tessier%2C+Lucille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrancophonesofsa0000lapo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">in some states of that country<sup id="cite_ref-LapointeTessier1988_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LapointeTessier1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TIFCF2017-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TIFCF2017_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIFCF2017_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIFCF2017_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIFCF2017_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instituteforchristianformation.org/JohntheBaptist.html">"The Nativity of Saint John the Baptist: The Midsummer Nativity"</a>. The Institute for Christian Formation. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nativity+of+Saint+John+the+Baptist%3A+The+Midsummer+Nativity&rft.pub=The+Institute+for+Christian+Formation&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.instituteforchristianformation.org%2FJohntheBaptist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tornabuoni2001-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tornabuoni2001_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tornabuoni2001_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTornabuoni2001" class="citation book cs1">Tornabuoni, Lucrezia (2001). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sacrednarratives00medi"><i>Sacred Narratives</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sacrednarratives00medi/page/n226">216</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226808529" title="Special:BookSources/9780226808529"><bdi>9780226808529</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Narratives&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780226808529&rft.aulast=Tornabuoni&rft.aufirst=Lucrezia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsacrednarratives00medi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HanawaltReyerson1994-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HanawaltReyerson1994_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanawaltReyerson1994" class="citation book cs1">Hanawalt, Barbara; Reyerson, Kathryn (1994). <i>City and Spectacle in Medieval Europe</i>. University of Minnesota Press. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816623600" title="Special:BookSources/9780816623600"><bdi>9780816623600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+and+Spectacle+in+Medieval+Europe&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780816623600&rft.aulast=Hanawalt&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Reyerson%2C+Kathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reis2003-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reis2003_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reis2003_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReis2003" class="citation book cs1">Reis, João José (20 November 2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deathisfestivalf00reis"><i>Death Is a Festival: Funeral Rites and Rebellion in Nineteenth-Century Brazil</i></a></span>. University of North Carolina Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deathisfestivalf00reis/page/n115">101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807862728" title="Special:BookSources/9780807862728"><bdi>9780807862728</bdi></a>. <q>Like 8 December, the eve of St. John's Day was a highly popular date for nineteenth-century christenings. According to old midwives, the baptisms of children who had died 'pagans' were acted out: 'On this day, at nightfall, a candle is lit in the praise of St. John. The woman who stands godmother prays the Credo before the candle for little angel and says: "I baptize you, So-and-So, I baptize you in the name of Almighty God the Father"....If [the child] is not baptized, it will cry in its grave every night.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+Is+a+Festival%3A+Funeral+Rites+and+Rebellion+in+Nineteenth-Century+Brazil&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003-11-20&rft.isbn=9780807862728&rft.aulast=Reis&rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%A3o+Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeathisfestivalf00reis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SwedenSE2018-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SwedenSE2018_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SwedenSE2018_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SwedenSE2018_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sweden.se/culture-traditions/midsummer/">"Midsummer"</a>. Government of Sweden. 10 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2018</span>. <q>In Sweden, they were mainly found in the southern part of the country. Young people also liked to visit holy springs, where they drank the healing water and amused themselves with games and dancing. These visits were a reminder of how John the Baptist baptised Christ in the River Jordan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Midsummer&rft.pub=Government+of+Sweden&rft.date=2018-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsweden.se%2Fculture-traditions%2Fmidsummer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=midsummer">"midsummer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=midsummer&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dmidsummer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapadopoulosMoyes2021" class="citation book cs1">Papadopoulos, Costas; Moyes, Holley, eds. (2021). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Light in Archaeology</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Light+in+Archaeology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelleyMilone2005" class="citation book cs1">Kelley, David; Milone, Eugene (2005). <i>Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Ancient+Skies%3A+An+Encyclopedic+Survey+of+Archaeoastronomy&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Milone%2C+Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=midsummer">"midsummer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=midsummer&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dmidsummer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill1976" class="citation book cs1">O'Neill, William Matthew (1976). <i>Time and the Calendars</i>. Manchester University Press. p. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+and+the+Calendars&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=William+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsythe2012" class="citation book cs1">Forsythe, Gary (2012). <i>Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History</i>. Routledge. pp. 123, 182. <q>Varro places the equinoxes and solstices at the midpoints of the seasons ... His dating for the beginnings of the four seasons are as follows: February 7 for spring, May 9 for summer, August 11 for autumn, and November 10 for winter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+in+Roman+Religion%3A+One+Thousand+Years+of+Religious+History&rft.pages=123%2C+182&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Forsythe&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillington2002" class="citation book cs1">Billington, Sandra (2002). <i>The Concept of the Goddess</i>. Routledge. p. 134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+the+Goddess&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Billington&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillington2008" class="citation journal cs1">Billington, Sandra (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30035459">"The Midsummer Solstice As It Was, Or Was Not, Observed in Pagan Germany, Scandinavia and Anglo-Saxon England"</a>. <i>Folklore</i>. <b>119</b> (1): 41–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00155870701806167">10.1080/00155870701806167</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30035459">30035459</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=The+Midsummer+Solstice+As+It+Was%2C+Or+Was+Not%2C+Observed+in+Pagan+Germany%2C+Scandinavia+and+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-57&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00155870701806167&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30035459%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Billington&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30035459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutton1996-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hutton1996_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutton1996_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutton1996_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutton1996_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutton1996_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutton1996_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutton1996_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton1996" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Ronald (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stationsofsunhis0000hutt/page/312"><i>The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stationsofsunhis0000hutt/page/312">312–313</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198205708" title="Special:BookSources/9780198205708"><bdi>9780198205708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stations+of+the+Sun%3A+A+History+of+the+Ritual+Year+in+Britain&rft.pages=312-313&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780198205708&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstationsofsunhis0000hutt%2Fpage%2F312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> Harleian Mss 2345, edited by J. Kemble, <i>The Saxons in England</i>, vol. I:361, quoted in <a href="/wiki/George_C._Homans" title="George C. Homans">George C. Homans</a>, <i>English Villagers of the Thirteenth Century</i>, 2nd ed. 1991. pp.369–370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Olio, Or, Museum of Entertainment, Volume 7</i>. Joseph Shackell. 1831. p. 400. <q>Belithus tells us that it was a custom to carry lighted torches on Midsummer-eve, as an emblem of St. John the Baptist, who was 'a burning and shining light,' and the preparer of the way of Christ.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Olio%2C+Or%2C+Museum+of+Entertainment%2C+Volume+7&rft.pages=400&rft.pub=Joseph+Shackell&rft.date=1831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dahlig2009-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dahlig2009_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dahlig2009_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlig2009" class="citation book cs1">Dahlig, Piotr (2009). <i>Traditional Musical Cultures in Central-Eastern Europe: Ecclesiastical and Folk Transmission</i>. Dahlig. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788389101860" title="Special:BookSources/9788389101860"><bdi>9788389101860</bdi></a>. <q>The dangers posed to humans by demons require specific rituals, aimed at identifying witches and putting them to death. A key element of May Day or St John's rituals is the burning of witches or the repelling and burning-out with fire of evil forces, which might deviously conceal themselves among people, for instance in the form of animals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Musical+Cultures+in+Central-Eastern+Europe%3A+Ecclesiastical+and+Folk+Transmission&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Dahlig&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9788389101860&rft.aulast=Dahlig&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petrarch, <i>Epistolae familiares</i>, Aachen,21 June 1333, noted by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Simon Schama</a>, <i>Landscape and Memory</i> 1995:265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm2020" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm, Noel (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0FXwDwAAQBAJ"><i>Rebels, Believers, Survivors: Studies in the History of the Albanians</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192599223" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192599223"><bdi>978-0192599223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebels%2C+Believers%2C+Survivors%3A+Studies+in+the+History+of+the+Albanians&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0192599223&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0FXwDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.danishmuseum.org/visit/events/sankt-hans-aften">"Annual Midsummer Celebration"</a>. www.danishmuseum.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Midsummer+Celebration&rft.pub=www.danishmuseum.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.danishmuseum.org%2Fvisit%2Fevents%2Fsankt-hans-aften&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrill2009" class="citation book cs1">Morrill, Ann (2009). <i>Thanksgiving and Other Harvest Festivals</i>. Infobase Publishing. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438127972" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438127972"><bdi>978-1438127972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thanksgiving+and+Other+Harvest+Festivals&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1438127972&rft.aulast=Morrill&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freemasonrytoday.com/ugle-sgc/ugle/midsummer-and-midwinter-memorabilia">Midsummer celebrations in freemasonry (Retrieved Saturday, June 22, 2019)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FleterenSchnaubelt2001-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FleterenSchnaubelt2001_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleterenSchnaubelt2001" class="citation book cs1">Fleteren, Frederick Van; Schnaubelt, Joseph C. (2001). <i>Augustine: Biblical Exegete</i>. Peter Lang. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820422923" title="Special:BookSources/9780820422923"><bdi>9780820422923</bdi></a>. <q>The cult of John the Baptist began to develop in the first half of the fourth century. Augustine is the first witness to a feast of the birth of John the Baptist, which was celebrated on 24 June. This date was reckoned from Luke 1:36, according to which the angel Gabriel said to Mary, 'And behold, your kinswoman Elizabeth in her old age has also conceived a son; and this is the sixth month with her,' and 24 June is precisely three months after March 25.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine%3A+Biblical+Exegete&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780820422923&rft.aulast=Fleteren&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Van&rft.au=Schnaubelt%2C+Joseph+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill2003-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hill2003_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hill2003_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2003" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Christopher (2003). <i>Holidays and Holy Nights: Celebrating Twelve Seasonal Festivals of the Christian Year</i>. Quest Books. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780835608107" title="Special:BookSources/9780835608107"><bdi>9780835608107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holidays+and+Holy+Nights%3A+Celebrating+Twelve+Seasonal+Festivals+of+the+Christian+Year&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Quest+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780835608107&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Carragáin2005" class="citation book cs1">Ó Carragáin, Éamonn (2005). <i>Ritual and the Rood</i>. University of Toronto Press. p. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual+and+the+Rood&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Carrag%C3%A1in&rft.aufirst=%C3%89amonn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yeats2015-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yeats2015_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeats2015" class="citation book cs1">Yeats, William Butler (19 May 2015). <i>A Vision: The Revised 1937 Edition: The Collected Works of W.B. Yeats</i>. Scribner. p. 396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476792118" title="Special:BookSources/9781476792118"><bdi>9781476792118</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vision%3A+The+Revised+1937+Edition%3A+The+Collected+Works+of+W.B.+Yeats&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2015-05-19&rft.isbn=9781476792118&rft.aulast=Yeats&rft.aufirst=William+Butler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McNamara2000-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McNamara2000_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNamara2000" class="citation book cs1">McNamara, Beth Branigan (2000). <i>Christian Beginnings</i>. Our Sunday Visitor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879730765" title="Special:BookSources/9780879730765"><bdi>9780879730765</bdi></a>. <q>In England, 'Saint John's Tide' is combined with a midsummer celebration. Instead of the date of the summer solstice, they chose 24 June. This may be because of the Baptist's own words, 'He must increase, must decrease' (John 3:30). John was, of course, referring to Jesus. John's day comes at the time when the sun is beginning to decrease, and six months later, Christmas, comes at the time when the sun is beginning to increase.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Beginnings&rft.pub=Our+Sunday+Visitor&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780879730765&rft.aulast=McNamara&rft.aufirst=Beth+Branigan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birmingham1999-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Birmingham1999_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirmingham1999" class="citation book cs1">Birmingham, Mary (1999). <i>Word and Worship Workbook for Year B: For Ministry in Initiation, Preaching, Religious Education</i>. Paulist Press. p. 790. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809138982" title="Special:BookSources/9780809138982"><bdi>9780809138982</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Word+and+Worship+Workbook+for+Year+B%3A+For+Ministry+in+Initiation%2C+Preaching%2C+Religious+Education&rft.pages=790&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780809138982&rft.aulast=Birmingham&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen, William (1832) <i>A Dictionary of the Welsh Language: Explained in English; with Numerous Illustrations.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cantrell2001-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cantrell2001_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_Cantrell2001" class="citation book cs1">Gary Cantrell (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=alD9apCD9bAC&pg=PA104"><i>Wiccan Beliefs & Practices: With Rituals for Solitaries & Covens</i></a>. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56718-112-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56718-112-8"><bdi>978-1-56718-112-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wiccan+Beliefs+%26+Practices%3A+With+Rituals+for+Solitaries+%26+Covens&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Llewellyn+Worldwide&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56718-112-8&rft.au=Gary+Cantrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DalD9apCD9bAC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolon1983" class="citation book cs1">Polon, Linda (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v5ibx_jlI5QC&pg=PT192"><i>The Whole Earth Holiday Book</i></a>. Good Year Books. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/067316585X" title="Special:BookSources/067316585X"><bdi>067316585X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whole+Earth+Holiday+Book&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Good+Year+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=067316585X&rft.aulast=Polon&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv5ibx_jlI5QC%26pg%3DPT192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franklin2002-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Franklin2002_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carlanayland.org/essays/trilithi.htm">"Carla Nayland Article – Trilithi"</a>. <i>www.carlanayland.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.carlanayland.org&rft.atitle=Carla+Nayland+Article+%E2%80%93+Trilithi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carlanayland.org%2Fessays%2Ftrilithi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birt-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birt_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birt_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirt1988" class="citation web cs1">Birt, Hazel Lauttamus (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cansk/Finnish/NewFinland/">"New Finland Homecoming 1888–1988"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(republished online by Saskatchewan Gen Web Julia Adamson)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Finland+Homecoming+1888%E2%80%931988&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Birt&rft.aufirst=Hazel+Lauttamus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rootsweb.ancestry.com%2F~cansk%2FFinnish%2FNewFinland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tirta-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tirta_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tirta_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tirta_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTirta2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tirta, Mark (2004). Petrit Bezhani (ed.). <i>Mitologjia ndër shqiptarë</i> (in Albanian). Tirana: Mësonjëtorja. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99927-938-9-9" title="Special:BookSources/99927-938-9-9"><bdi>99927-938-9-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mitologjia+nd%C3%ABr+shqiptar%C3%AB&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=M%C3%ABsonj%C3%ABtorja&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=99927-938-9-9&rft.aulast=Tirta&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDermott1998" class="citation book cs1">MacDermott, Mercia (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gh4IE6toGJMC&q=enyovden+nestinarstvo&pg=PA227"><i>Bulgarian Folk Customs</i></a> (1st ed.). London; Philadelphia, NJ: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85302-485-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85302-485-6"><bdi>978-1-85302-485-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulgarian+Folk+Customs&rft.place=London%3B+Philadelphia%2C+NJ&rft.pages=227&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Jessica+Kingsley+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85302-485-6&rft.aulast=MacDermott&rft.aufirst=Mercia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgh4IE6toGJMC%26q%3Denyovden%2Bnestinarstvo%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarious_Authors1999" class="citation web cs1">Various Authors (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suapesquisa.com/musicacultura/historia_festa_junina.htm">"História da Festa Junina e tradiçõe"</a>. <i>Sua Pesquisa</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sua+Pesquisa&rft.atitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+da+Festa+Junina+e+tradi%C3%A7%C3%B5e&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Various+Authors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.suapesquisa.com%2Fmusicacultura%2Fhistoria_festa_junina.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontaine2016" class="citation web cs1">Fontaine, Myriam; et al. (22 November 2016) [July 12, 2009]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/la-fete-nationale-du-quebec-saint-jean-baptiste-day">"Fête nationale du Québec (Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day)"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=F%C3%AAte+nationale+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+%28Saint-Jean-Baptiste+Day%29&rft.date=2016-11-22&rft.aulast=Fontaine&rft.aufirst=Myriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fla-fete-nationale-du-quebec-saint-jean-baptiste-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJens_Kristian_Lings2010" class="citation web cs1">Jens Kristian Lings (23 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/artikel/371223:Kronik--Heksene-oedelaegger-vor-dyrebare-natur">"Heksene ødelægger vor dyrebare natur"</a>. Kristeligt Dagblad<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heksene+%C3%B8del%C3%A6gger+vor+dyrebare+natur&rft.pub=Kristeligt+Dagblad&rft.date=2010-06-23&rft.au=Jens+Kristian+Lings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kristeligt-dagblad.dk%2Fartikel%2F371223%3AKronik--Heksene-oedelaegger-vor-dyrebare-natur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603173135/http://www.fla.de/artikel/Smuk-midsommeraften-i-praestens-have-c199.html">"Smuk midsommeraften i præstens have"</a>. Flensborg Avis Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fla.de/artikel/Smuk-midsommeraften-i-praestens-have-c199.html">the original</a> on 3 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smuk+midsommeraften+i+pr%C3%A6stens+have&rft.pub=Flensborg+Avis+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fla.de%2Fartikel%2FSmuk-midsommeraften-i-praestens-have-c199.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180328103534/http://denmark.dk/en/meet-the-danes/traditions">"Traditions in Denmark"</a>. Government of Denmark. 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://denmark.dk/en/meet-the-danes/traditions">the original</a> on 28 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2018</span>. <q>Many Danish traditions are based around the Christian calendar, with Christmas, Easter and St. John's Eve (at the end of June) being some of the most important and typically spent together with family.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traditions+in+Denmark&rft.pub=Government+of+Denmark&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdenmark.dk%2Fen%2Fmeet-the-danes%2Ftraditions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180328103238/http://www.lutheranchurch.dk/liturgy-and-worship/festivals-and-traditions/saint-johns-eve/">"Saint John's Eve"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Denmark">Evangelical Lutheran Church in Denmark</a>. 2018. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2018</span>. <q>In recent years, a number of churches have re-established the tradition of holding a service on Saint John's Eve.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+John%27s+Eve&rft.pub=Evangelical+Lutheran+Church+in+Denmark&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lutheranchurch.dk%2Fliturgy-and-worship%2Ffestivals-and-traditions%2Fsaint-johns-eve%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kotus.fi/nyt/kolumnit_artikkelit_ja_esitelmat/kielikuvastin_(2006_2008)/juhannus_mittumaari_vuotuisjuhlista_vehrein">"Juhannus, mittumaari, vuotuisjuhlista vehrein"</a>. <i>Kotimaisten kielten keskus</i> (in Finnish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finlit.fi/tietopalvelu/juhlat/juhannus/kokko.htm">the original</a> on 12 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suomalaisen+kirjallisuuden+seura%3A+Juhannuskokko&rft.pub=Finlit.fi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finlit.fi%2Ftietopalvelu%2Fjuhlat%2Fjuhannus%2Fkokko.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121212031056/http://www.finlit.fi/tietopalvelu/juhlat/juhannus/koriste.htm">"Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura: Koivunoksia ja maitoruokia"</a>. Finlit.fi. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suomalaisen+kirjallisuuden+seura%3A+Koivunoksia+ja+maitoruokia&rft.pub=Finlit.fi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finlit.fi%2Ftietopalvelu%2Fjuhlat%2Fjuhannus%2Fkoriste.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120527002503/http://www.finlit.fi/tietopalvelu/juhlat/juhannus/salko.htm">"Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura: Juhannussalko"</a>. Finlit.fi. 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Retrieved on 2014-06-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perinne-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perinne_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-perinne_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121212031033/http://www.finlit.fi/tietopalvelu/juhlat/juhannus/perinne.htm">"Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura: Juhannus, miksi ja milloin?"</a>. Finlit.fi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finlit.fi/tietopalvelu/juhlat/juhannus/perinne.htm">the original</a> on 12 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suomalaisen+kirjallisuuden+seura%3A+Juhannus%2C+miksi+ja+milloin%3F&rft.pub=Finlit.fi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finlit.fi%2Ftietopalvelu%2Fjuhlat%2Fjuhannus%2Fperinne.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusu" class="citation news cs1">Husu, Petra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-10839375">"Alkon myynti lähes kaksinkertaistuu juhannuksena – vodka, rosee- ja kuohuviinit suomalaisten suosikkeja"</a>. YLE<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.homesofmyrtlebeach.com&rft.atitle=Summer+Solstice+%E2%80%93+Midsummer+in+Finland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.homesofmyrtlebeach.com%2Fblog%2F401%2FSummer%2BSolstice%2B-%2BMidsummer%2BIn%2BFinland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFinterviews_by_Julia_Adamson2010" class="citation web cs1">interviews by Julia Adamson (27 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cansk/Finnish/Juhannus/NewFinlandPicnic.html">"New Finland District, Juhannus: Celebration of Summer, June 26, 2010, Saskatchewan, Canada"</a>. 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Manchester University Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719052040" title="Special:BookSources/9780719052040"><bdi>9780719052040</bdi></a>. <q>When springtime comes ... every Florentine begins to think of making a fine day of the feast of St John, which falls in mid-summer, and everyone in good time supplies themselves with garments, decorations and jewels. ... Once the eve of St John's day arrives, early in the morning all guilds make a display, on outside walls of their workshops, of all their rich things, ornaments and jewels. As many cloths of gold and silk are displayed as would adorn ten kingdoms, and as many gold and silver jewels, rich hangings, painted panels and marvellous carvings, and things pertaining to feats of arms ... Then at around the hour of terce, a solemn procession is made by all the clerics, priests, monks and friars ... with so many relics of saints, that it is a thing of immeasurable devotion ... With them are many companies of secular men ... dressed as angels, sounding musical instruments of many sorts, singing marvellously, and enacting the stories of those saints that each company honours.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Towns+of+Italy+in+the+Later+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000-08-05&rft.isbn=9780719052040&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuldiga-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kuldiga_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=29&art_id=nw20070620215922450C300346">"Latvian town to mark summer solstice with naked run"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latvian+town+to+mark+summer+solstice+with+naked+run&rft.pub=Iol.co.za&rft.date=2007-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Findex.php%3Fset_id%3D1%26click_id%3D29%26art_id%3Dnw20070620215922450C300346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.la.lv/vasaras-saulgriezi-un-jani-ir-milakie-svetki-lielakajai-dalai-latvijas-iedzivotaju">"Summer solstice are the most favourite festival for the most of Latvian citizens"</a>. la.lv. 23 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MIDSUMMER+at+Sveadal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sveadal.org%2Fmidsummer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swedishamericanmuseum.org/midsommarfest/">"Midsommarfest | Swedish American Museum"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Midsommarfest+%7C+Swedish+American+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fswedishamericanmuseum.org%2Fmidsommarfest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midsummersfestival.com/">"Midsummer's Festival – Lindsborg, KS"</a>. <i>www.midsummersfestival.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.midsummersfestival.com&rft.atitle=Midsummer%27s+Festival+%E2%80%93+Lindsborg%2C+KS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.midsummersfestival.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitlindsborg.com/midsummers-festival">"Lindsborg Kansas Convention & Visitor Bureau – Midsummer's Festival"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lindsborg+Kansas+Convention+%26+Visitor+Bureau+%E2%80%93+Midsummer%27s+Festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitlindsborg.com%2Fmidsummers-festival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astoriascanfest.com/site/">"Astoria Scandinavian Midsummer Festival website"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Astoria+Scandinavian+Midsummer+Festival+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastoriascanfest.com%2Fsite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071018065731/http://casperwyoming.info/specmerchant.php?id=6726">"Merchant Information"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casperwyoming.info/specmerchant.php?id=6726">the original</a> on 18 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Merchant+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.casperwyoming.info%2Fspecmerchant.php%3Fid%3D6726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton, Ronald</a> (1993). <i>The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles</i>. Blackwell Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-18946-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-18946-7"><bdi>0-631-18946-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pagan+Religions+of+the+Ancient+British+Isles&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-631-18946-7&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton2001" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Ronald (2001) [1996]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stationsofsunhis0000hutt"><i>The Stations of the Sun</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285448-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-285448-8"><bdi>0-19-285448-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stations+of+the+Sun&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-285448-8&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstationsofsunhis0000hutt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemprière1976" class="citation book cs1">Lemprière, Raoul (1976). <i>Customs, Ceremonies and Traditions of the Channel Islands</i>. Hale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7091-5842-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7091-5842-4"><bdi>0-7091-5842-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Customs%2C+Ceremonies+and+Traditions+of+the+Channel+Islands&rft.pub=Hale&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-7091-5842-4&rft.aulast=Lempri%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Raoul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidsummer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/midsummer" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:midsummer">midsummer</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Midsummer" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Midsummer">Midsummer</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instituteforchristianformation.org/JohntheBaptist.html">The Nativity of John the Baptist: The Midsummer Nativity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nabkal.de/beda/beda_15.html">De mensibus Anglorum ChXV</a> – Bede's Anglo-Saxon Calendar (in Latin)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indymedia.ie/article/82956">Midsummer's Festival on Hill of Tara, Ireland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenigo.com/index.php?action=event&id=145">Midsummer – 'WIANKI' in Krakow, Poland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtuallatvia.lv/saulgriezi-turaida/">Traditional Summer Solstice Celebration in Turaida, Latvia – 360° panorama, photos and live sound / Virtual Latvia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810081734/https://www.virtuallatvia.lv/saulgriezi-turaida/">Archived</a> 2020-08-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://belarusdigest.com/story/celebrating-kupallie-a-pagan-midsummer-holiday-belarus-photo-digest/">Celebrating Kupallie, a pagan midsummer holiday – Belarus photo digest</a> Belarus Digest</li> <li>Thomas M Landy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/denmark/feasts">"Feasts"</a>, <i>Catholics & Cultures</i> updated 12 May 2016</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wheel of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Midwinter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">Vernal equinox</a>/<span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh"><a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ostara</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">Summer solstice</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Midsummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Lammas" title="Lammas">Calan Awst</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox">Autumnal equinox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mabon_(Wicca)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mabon (Wicca)">Mabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neopagan_witchcraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Template:Neopagan witchcraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Template talk:Neopagan witchcraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neopagan witchcraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neopagan_witchcraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wicca" title="History of Wicca">History of Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Wicca" title="Etymology of Wicca">Etymology of Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pagan_views_on_LGBT_people#Wicca" title="Modern pagan views on LGBT people">Wicca and LGBT people</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dettmer_v._Landon" title="Dettmer v. Landon">Dettmer v. Landon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentacle_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg/90px-Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg/135px-Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg/180px-Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Traditional_Wicca" class="mw-redirect" title="British Traditional Wicca">British Traditional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Wicca" title="Alexandrian Wicca">Alexandrian Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algard_Wicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Algard Wicca">Algard Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Star_Wicca" title="Blue Star Wicca">Blue Star Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_Wicca" title="Central Valley Wicca">Central Valley Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chthonioi_Alexandrian_Wicca" title="Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca">Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardnerian_Wicca" title="Gardnerian Wicca">Gardnerian Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1734_Tradition" title="1734 Tradition">1734 Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_and_School_of_Wicca" title="Church and School of Wicca">Church and School of Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochrane's Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Howard_(Wiccan)" title="Raymond Howard (Wiccan)">Coven of Atho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faery_Wicca" title="Faery Wicca">Faery Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feri_Tradition" title="Feri Tradition">Feri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Wicca" title="Georgian Wicca">Georgian Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odyssean_Wicca" title="Odyssean Wicca">Odyssean Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seax-Wica" title="Seax-Wica">Seax-Wica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Eclectic_Wicca" title="Universal Eclectic Wicca">Universal Eclectic Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Valiente" title="Doreen Valiente">Doreen Valiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Sanders_(Wiccan)" title="Alex Sanders (Wiccan)">Alex Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Sanders" title="Maxine Sanders">Maxine Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_Leek" title="Sybil Leek">Sybil Leek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Woodford-Grimes" title="Edith Woodford-Grimes">Dafo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Adler" title="Margot Adler">Margot Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Henry_Anderson" title="Victor Henry Anderson">Victor Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Bone" title="Eleanor Bone">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Bone" title="Gavin Bone">Gavin Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_Bourne" title="Lois Bourne">Lois Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_L._Bracelin" title="Jack L. Bracelin">Jack Bracelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Buckland" title="Raymond Buckland">Raymond Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Buczynski" title="Eddie Buczynski">Eddie Buczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zsuzsanna_Budapest" title="Zsuzsanna Budapest">Zsuzsanna Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cardell" title="Charles Cardell">Charles Cardell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipsita_Roy_Chakraverti" title="Ipsita Roy Chakraverti">Ipsita Roy Chakraverti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crowther_(Wiccan)" title="Patricia Crowther (Wiccan)">Patricia Crowther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivianne_Crowley" title="Vivianne Crowley">Vivianne Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cochrane_(witch)" title="Robert Cochrane (witch)">Robert Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Cunningham" title="Scott Cunningham">Scott Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Curott" title="Phyllis Curott">Phyllis Curott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerridwen_Fallingstar" title="Cerridwen Fallingstar">Cerridwen Fallingstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Farrar" title="Janet Farrar">Janet Farrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" title="Stewart Farrar">Stewart Farrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_Grimassi" title="Raven Grimassi">Raven Grimassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Frost" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavin Frost">Gavin Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Frost" class="mw-redirect" title="Yvonne Frost">Yvonne Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Heselton" title="Philip Heselton">Philip Heselton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Lamond_(Wiccan)" title="Frederic Lamond (Wiccan)">Frederic Lamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosaleen_Norton" title="Rosaleen Norton">Rosaleen Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_RavenWolf" title="Silver RavenWolf">Silver RavenWolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starhawk" title="Starhawk">Starhawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bearwalker_Wilson" title="Joseph Bearwalker Wilson">Joseph Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Goddess_(Neopaganism)" title="Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)">Triple Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_God" title="Horned God">Horned God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Man" title="Green Man">Green Man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_man_(spirit_of_nature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green man (spirit of nature)">Spirit of nature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_King_and_Oak_King" title="Holly King and Oak King">Holly King / Oak King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother goddess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_morality" title="Wiccan morality">Wiccan morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_Rede" title="Wiccan Rede">Wiccan Rede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Three_(Wicca)" title="Rule of Three (Wicca)">Rule of Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wiccan views of divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coven" title="Coven">Coven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craft_name" title="Craft name">Craft name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">White magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otherworld" title="Otherworld">Otherworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Summerland" title="The Summerland">The Summerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyclad_(Neopaganism)" title="Skyclad (Neopaganism)">Skyclad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summoner_(Wicca)" title="Summoner (Wicca)">Summoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchtower_(magic)" title="Watchtower (magic)">Watchtower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rites<br /> and ritual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drawing_down_the_Moon_(ritual)" title="Drawing down the Moon (ritual)">Drawing down the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_rite" title="Great rite">Great rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handfasting" title="Handfasting">Handfasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccaning" title="Wiccaning">Wiccaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fivefold_kiss" title="Fivefold kiss">Fivefold kiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_circle" title="Magic circle">Magic circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cone_of_power" title="Cone of power">Cone of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrying" title="Scrying">Scrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Spellwork / Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishing" title="Banishing">Banishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">Initiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rite of passage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eko_Eko_Azarak" title="Eko Eko Azarak">Eko Eko Azarak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_practitioner" title="Solitary practitioner">Solitary practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_dance" title="Spiral dance">Spiral dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wheel of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">Equinox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ostara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Midsummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year#Autumnal_equinox_(Mabon)" title="Wheel of the Year">Mabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esbat" title="Esbat">Esbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt#In_modern_Paganism" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paraphernalia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magical_tools_in_Wicca" title="Magical tools in Wicca">Magical tools in Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_(Wicca)" title="Altar (Wicca)">Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">Amulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athame" title="Athame">Athame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_bell" title="Altar bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besom" title="Besom">Besom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boline" title="Boline">Boline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Shadows" title="Book of Shadows">Book of Shadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">Candles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauldron" title="Cauldron">Cauldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">Censer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalice#Wicca" title="Chalice">Chalice/Goblet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_horn" title="Drinking horn">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">Incense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentacle" title="Pentacle">Pentacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic#Modern_systems" title="Runic magic">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scourge" title="Scourge">Scourge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurine" title="Figurine">Statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">Talisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarot" title="Tarot">Tarot deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_ladder" title="Witch's ladder">Witch's ladder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aradia,_or_the_Gospel_of_the_Witches" title="Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches">Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meaning_of_Witchcraft" title="The Meaning of Witchcraft">The Meaning of Witchcraft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spiral_Dance" title="The Spiral Dance">The Spiral Dance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Witches_Do" title="What Witches Do">What Witches Do</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_Today" title="Witchcraft Today">Witchcraft Today</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charge_of_the_Goddess" title="Charge of the Goddess">Charge of the Goddess</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Feminism" title="Enchanted Feminism">Enchanted Feminism</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neopagan_movements#Wicca" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Neopagan movements">List of Wiccan organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricket_Wood_coven" title="Bricket Wood coven">Bricket Wood coven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forest_coven" title="New Forest coven">New Forest coven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-hand_path_and_right-hand_path" title="Left-hand path and right-hand path">Left-hand path and right-hand path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk_in_Britain" title="Cunning folk in Britain">Cunning folk in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">European witchcraft</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_healer#Granny_women" title="Folk healer">Granny woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li> <li>Magical alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theban_alphabet" title="Theban alphabet">Theban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witching_hour" title="Witching hour">Witching hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_ointment" title="Flying ointment">Flying ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Witchcraft_and_Magic" title="Museum of Witchcraft and Magic">Museum of Witchcraft and Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_Research_Association" title="Witchcraft Research Association">Witchcraft Research Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top 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