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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observance_and_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observance_and_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Observance and traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Observance_and_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Observance and traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Observance_and_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kolam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kolam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Kolam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kolam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhogi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhogi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bhogi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhogi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surya_Pongal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surya_Pongal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Surya Pongal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surya_Pongal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mattu_Pongal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mattu_Pongal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Mattu Pongal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mattu_Pongal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanum_Pongal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanum_Pongal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Kanum Pongal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanum_Pongal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Contemporary practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pongal (festival)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongal" title="Pongal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pongal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2" title="পোংগল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পোংগল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2" title="পোঙ্গল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পোঙ্গল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongal" title="Pongal – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pongal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongal" title="Pongal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pongal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongal" title="Pongal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pongal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongal" title="Pongal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pongal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D8%AC%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87)" title="پونگال (جشنواره) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پونگال (جشنواره)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongal" title="Pongal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pongal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongal" title="Pongal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pongal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2" title="पोंगल – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="पोंगल" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2" title="पोंगल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोंगल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongal" title="Pongal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pongal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongal" title="Pongal – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pongal" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongal" title="Pongal – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pongal" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD" title="പൊങ്കൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൊങ്കൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2" title="पोंगल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोंगल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Thaiponggal" title="Hari Thaiponggal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hari Thaiponggal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongal" title="Pongal – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pongal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongal" title="Pongal – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pongal" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B2" title="ପୋଙ୍ଗଲ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପୋଙ୍ଗଲ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2_(%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0)" title="ਪੋਂਗਲ (ਤਿਉਹਾਰ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੋਂਗਲ (ਤਿਉਹਾਰ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongal" title="Pongal – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pongal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongal" title="Pongal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pongal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Понгал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Понгал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D" title="पोङ्गल् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पोङ्गल्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱯᱳᱸᱜᱟᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱳᱸᱜᱟᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="තෛපොංගල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තෛපොංගල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongal" title="Pongal – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pongal" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Pongal" title="Thai Pongal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thai Pongal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="தைப்பொங்கல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தைப்பொங்கல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Понгал – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Понгал" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Понгал – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Понгал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84_(%D8%AA%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="پونگل (تہوار) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پونگل (تہوار)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q29271#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the dish, see <a href="/wiki/Pongal_(dish)" title="Pongal (dish)">Pongal (dish)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: transparent">Pongal</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pongal_fest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pongal_fest.jpg/240px-Pongal_fest.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pongal_fest.jpg/360px-Pongal_fest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pongal_fest.jpg/480px-Pongal_fest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption">Pongal dish cooked for the occasion of the festival</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data">Primarily <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil Hindus</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf countries">Gulf countries</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Hindu</a><sup id="cite_ref-Brittanica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brittanica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significance</th><td class="infobox-data summary">Harvest festival</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Celebrations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(dish)" title="Pongal (dish)">Pongal (dish)</a>, decorations, home coming, prayers, processions, gift giving<sup id="cite_ref-Beteille_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beteille-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">First day of the 10th month of Thai (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil calendar</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2024 date</th><td class="infobox-data">Monday, 15 January<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">annual</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magh_Bihu" title="Magh Bihu">Magh Bihu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttarayana" title="Uttarayana">Uttarayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maghe_Sankranti" title="Maghe Sankranti">Maghe Sankranti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakrain" title="Shakrain">Shakrain</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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Tamil text used in this article is transliterated into the Latin script according to the <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a> standard.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Pongal</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>), also referred to as <b>Thai Pongal</b>, is a multi-day <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">harvest festival</a> celebrated by <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a>. It is observed in the month of Thai according to the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil solar calendar</a> and usually falls on 14 or 15 January. It is dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">solar deity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>) and corresponds to <a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a>, the Hindu observance celebrated under many regional names throughout the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. The festival is celebrated over three or four days with <a href="/wiki/Bhogi" title="Bhogi">Bhogi</a>, Surya Pongal, Mattu Pongal and Kanum Pongal, observed on consecutive days. </p><p>According to tradition, the festival marks the end of <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a>, and the start of the sun's six-month-long journey northwards called <a href="/wiki/Uttarayana" title="Uttarayana">Uttarayana</a> when the sun enters <a href="/wiki/Capricorn_(astrology)" title="Capricorn (astrology)">Capricorn</a>. The festival is named after the ceremonial "Pongal", which means "to boil, overflow" and refers to the traditional <a href="/wiki/Pongal_(dish)" title="Pongal (dish)">dish</a> prepared from the new harvest of rice boiled in milk with <a href="/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">jaggery</a>. Mattu Pongal is meant for celebration of <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> when the cattle are bathed, their horns polished and painted in bright colors, garlands of flowers placed around their necks and processions. It is traditionally an occasion for decorating rice-powder based <a href="/wiki/Kolam" title="Kolam">kolam</a> artworks, offering prayers in the home, temples, getting together with family and friends, and exchanging gifts to renew social bonds of solidarity. </p><p>Pongal is one of the most important festivals celebrated by Tamil people in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and other parts of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>. It is also a major Tamil festival in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and observed by the Tamil diaspora worldwide. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p><i>Thai Pongal</i> is a portmanteau of two words: <i>Thai</i> (Tamil: 'தை') referring to the tenth month of the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil calendar</a> and <i>Pongal</i> (from <i>pongu</i>) meaning "boiling over" or "overflow." Pongal also refers to a sweet <a href="/wiki/Pongal_(dish)" title="Pongal (dish)">dish</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> boiled in <a href="/wiki/Cow_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow milk">milk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">jaggery</a> that is ritually prepared and consumed on the day.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>The principal theme of Pongal is thanking the sun god <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a>, the forces of nature, and the <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">farm animals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">people who support agriculture</a>. The festival is mentioned in an inscription in the <a href="/wiki/Thiruevvul" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruevvul">Viraraghava temple</a> attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Chola</a> king <a href="/wiki/Kulottunga_I" title="Kulottunga I">Kulottunga I</a> (1070–1122 CE), which describes a grant of land to the temple for celebrating the annual Pongal festivities.<sup id="cite_ref-Kasturi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kasturi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaiva</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti</a> text <a href="/wiki/Thiruvembavai" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvembavai"><i>Tiruvempavai</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Manikkavasagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Manikkavasagar">Manikkavacakar</a> vividly mentions the festival.<sup id="cite_ref-Kasturi_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kasturi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil texts</a> and inscriptions with variant spellings such as <i>ponakam</i>, <i>tiruponakam,</i> and <i>ponkal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutierrez_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutierrez-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temple inscriptions from the Chola period to the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a> period detail recipes similar to pongal recipes of the modern era with variations in seasonings and relative amounts of the ingredients.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutierrez_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutierrez-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms <i>ponakam</i>, <i>ponkal,</i> and its prefixed variants might also indicate the festive <a href="/wiki/Pongal_(dish)" title="Pongal (dish)">pongal dish</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Prasadam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prasadam">prasadam</a> (religious offering) which were given as a part of the meals served by free community kitchens in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South Indian</a> Hindu temples either as festival food or to pilgrims every day.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutierrez_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutierrez-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observance_and_traditions">Observance and traditions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pongal_offerings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pongal_offerings.jpg/220px-Pongal_offerings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pongal_offerings.jpg/330px-Pongal_offerings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pongal_offerings.jpg/440px-Pongal_offerings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Offering from harvest to Gods during Pongal</figcaption></figure> <p>Pongal is a multi-day <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">harvest festival</a> celebrated by <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brittanica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brittanica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramaswamy_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramaswamy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is observed in the month of Thai according to the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil solar calendar</a> and usually falls on 14 or 15 January and hence is also referred to as Thai Pongal.<sup id="cite_ref-Beteille_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beteille-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a>, the Sun God and corresponds to <a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a>, the harvest festival under many regional names celebrated throughout India.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Melton_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melton-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to tradition, the festival marks the end of <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a>, and the start of the sun's six-month-long journey northwards when the sun enters the <a href="/wiki/Capricorn_(astrology)" title="Capricorn (astrology)">Capricorn</a>, also called as <a href="/wiki/Uttarayana" title="Uttarayana">Uttarayana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brittanica_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brittanica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The festival is observed for three or four days in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, but for one or two days in urban locations and by the Tamil diaspora outside South Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Brittanica_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brittanica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramaswamy_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramaswamy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three days of the Pongal festival are called <i>Bhogi Pongal</i>, <i>Surya Pongal</i>, and <i>Mattu Pongal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathews_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathews-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Tamils celebrate a fourth day of Pongal known as <i>Kanum Pongal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramaswamy_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramaswamy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is traditionally an occasion for decorating, offering prayers in the home, temples, getting together with family and friends, and exchanging gifts to renew social bonds of solidarity.<sup id="cite_ref-Beteille_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beteille-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Good_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Good-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pongal_(dish)" title="Pongal (dish)">Pongal (dish)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarkarai_Pongal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sarkarai_Pongal.JPG/220px-Sarkarai_Pongal.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sarkarai_Pongal.JPG/330px-Sarkarai_Pongal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sarkarai_Pongal.JPG/440px-Sarkarai_Pongal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="942" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(dish)" title="Pongal (dish)">Pongal</a> made from rice with milk and jaggery</figcaption></figure> <p>The festival is named after the "Pongal" dish, which forms the festival's most significant practice. The dish is prepared by boiling freshly harvested <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cow_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow milk">cow milk</a> and raw <a href="/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">cane sugar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brittanica_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brittanica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional ingredients such as <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a> along with spices such as <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cashews</a> are also used.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathews_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathews-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gutierrez_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutierrez-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cooking is done in a <a href="/wiki/Clay_pot" class="mw-redirect" title="Clay pot">clay pot</a> that is often garlanded with leaves or flowers, sometimes tied with a piece of turmeric root. It is either cooked at home, or in community gatherings such as in temples or village open spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaia_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gutierrez_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutierrez-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cooking is done in sunlight, usually in a porch or courtyard and the dish is dedicated to the Sun god, Surya. After it is traditionally offered to the gods and goddesses first, followed sometimes by cows, then to friends and family gathered.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temples and communities organize free kitchen prepared by volunteers to all those who gather.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beteille_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beteille-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portions of the sweet pongal dish (<i>Sakkarai Pongal</i>) are distributed as the <i>prasadam</i> in temples.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathews_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathews-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dish and the process of its preparation is a part of the symbolism, both conceptually and materially.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Good_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Good-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It celebrates the harvest and the cooking symbolizes the transformation of the gift of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> into nourishment for the gods and the community on a day that when the sun god is believed to start the journey north.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dish "boiling over" is believed to symbolically mark the blessing by <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaia_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the ritual dish, along with many other courses prepared from seasonal foods for the gathering. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kolam">Kolam</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_kolam_decoration_for_Pongal_festival,_South_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2019_kolam_decoration_for_Pongal_festival%2C_South_India.jpg/220px-2019_kolam_decoration_for_Pongal_festival%2C_South_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2019_kolam_decoration_for_Pongal_festival%2C_South_India.jpg/330px-2019_kolam_decoration_for_Pongal_festival%2C_South_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2019_kolam_decoration_for_Pongal_festival%2C_South_India.jpg/440px-2019_kolam_decoration_for_Pongal_festival%2C_South_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2982" /></a><figcaption>A traditional <a href="/wiki/Kolam" title="Kolam">kolam</a> decoration during Pongal</figcaption></figure> <p>The festival is marked with colorful <a href="/wiki/Kolam" title="Kolam">kolam</a> artwork. Kolam is a form of traditional decorative art that is drawn by using <a href="/wiki/Rice_flour" title="Rice flour">rice flour</a> often along with natural or synthetic color powders.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes geometrical line drawings composed of straight lines, curves and loops, drawn around a grid pattern of dots.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhogi">Bhogi</h3></div> <p>The first day of the Pongal festival is called <a href="/wiki/Bhogi" title="Bhogi">Bhogi</a>, which marks the last day of the Tamil month <a href="/wiki/Agrahayana" title="Agrahayana">Marghazhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kasturi_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kasturi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this day people discard old belongings and celebrate new possessions. The people assemble and light a bonfire in order to burn the heaps of discards.<sup id="cite_ref-Maithily_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maithily-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Houses are cleaned, painted and decorated to give a festive look.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathews_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathews-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prayers are offered to <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, the king of Gods with thanks and hopes for plentiful rains in the year ahead.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathews_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathews-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaappu kattu is a tradition of tying leaves of <a href="/wiki/Azadirachta_indica" title="Azadirachta indica">Azadirachta indica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senna_auriculata" title="Senna auriculata">Senna auriculata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerva_lanata" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerva lanata">Aerva lanata</a> in the roofs of houses and residential areas that is widely practiced in the <a href="/wiki/Kongu_Nadu" title="Kongu Nadu">Kongu Nadu</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhogi is observed on the same day in the states of Tamil Nadu, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fruits of the harvest are collected along with flowers of the season and a mixture of treats along with money is given to children, who then separate and collect the money and sweet fruits.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surya_Pongal">Surya Pongal</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_kolam_floor_decorations_for_pongal_festival,_Nattarampalli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/2011_kolam_floor_decorations_for_pongal_festival%2C_Nattarampalli.jpg/220px-2011_kolam_floor_decorations_for_pongal_festival%2C_Nattarampalli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/2011_kolam_floor_decorations_for_pongal_festival%2C_Nattarampalli.jpg/330px-2011_kolam_floor_decorations_for_pongal_festival%2C_Nattarampalli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/2011_kolam_floor_decorations_for_pongal_festival%2C_Nattarampalli.jpg/440px-2011_kolam_floor_decorations_for_pongal_festival%2C_Nattarampalli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A Kolam artwork showing a Pongal pot</figcaption></figure> <p>Surya Pongal or Thai Pongal is the second and main festive day, and is dedicated to the sun god Surya.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathews_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathews-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maithily_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maithily-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the first day of the Tamil calendar month <a href="/wiki/Pausha" title="Pausha">Thai</a> and coincides with Makara Sankranti, a winter harvest festival celebrated in other parts of India. The day marks the start of the Uttarayana, when the sun enters the tenth house of the zodiac.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramaswamy_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramaswamy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day is celebrated with family and friends with new clothes worn and the preparation of the traditional pongal dish in an earthen pot.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramaswamy_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramaswamy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pot is typically decorated by tying a turmeric plant or flower garland and placed in the sun along with <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> stalks.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramaswamy_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramaswamy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The homes are decorated with banana and mango leaves, decorative florals and kolams.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramaswamy_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramaswamy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relatives and friends are invited and when the pongal starts to boil and overflow out of the vessel, participants blow a <a href="/wiki/Conch" title="Conch">conch</a> or make sounds while shouting "Pongalo Pongal" ("may this rice boil over").<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In rural areas, people sing traditional songs while the pongal dish is cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pongal dish is first offered to Surya and <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>, and then shared with the gathered friends and family.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People traditionally offer prayers to the sun in the open and then proceed to eat their meal.<sup id="cite_ref-Gough_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gough-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A community Pongal is an event where families gather at a public place for a ceremonial worship.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mattu_Pongal">Mattu Pongal</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Maatu_pongal_kolam%22.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%22Maatu_pongal_kolam%22.JPG/220px-%22Maatu_pongal_kolam%22.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%22Maatu_pongal_kolam%22.JPG/330px-%22Maatu_pongal_kolam%22.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%22Maatu_pongal_kolam%22.JPG/440px-%22Maatu_pongal_kolam%22.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A kolam depicting a cow on Mattu Pongal</figcaption></figure> <p>Mattu Pongal ("Madu" meaning cow) is the third day of the festival meant for the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cattle is regarded as sources of wealth as it is a means for <a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">dairy products</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>, used for <a href="/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">transportation</a> and agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramaswamy_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramaswamy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gough_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gough-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cattle are bathed, their horns are polished and painted in bright colors with garlands of flowers placed around their necks and taken for processions.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some decorate their cows with <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a> water and apply <a href="/wiki/Shikakai" class="mw-redirect" title="Shikakai">shikakai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kumkum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumkum">kumkuma</a> to their foreheads. The cattle are fed sweets including pongal, jaggery, honey, banana and other fruits. People may prostrate before them with words of thanks for the help with the harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-Gough_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gough-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg/220px-Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg/330px-Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg/440px-Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jallikattu" title="Jallikattu">Jallikattu</a>, a traditional bull taming event held during Pongal</figcaption></figure> <p>The day marks a ritual visit to nearby temples where communities hold processions by parading icons from the sanctum of the temple in wooden chariots, drama-dance performances encouraging social gatherings and renewal of community bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-Gough_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gough-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other events during Pongal include community sports and games such as <a href="/wiki/Jallikattu" title="Jallikattu">Jallikattu</a> or bull fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-Gough_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gough-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jallikattu is a traditional event held during the period attracting huge crowds in which a bull is released into a crowd of people, and multiple human participants attempt to grab the large hump on the bull's back with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kanu Pidi is a tradition observed on Mattu Pongal by women and young girls where they place a leaf of turmeric plant outside their home, and feed pongal dish and food to the birds, particularly <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crow</a> and pray for their brothers' well being.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramaswamy_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramaswamy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gough_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gough-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brothers pay special tribute to their married sisters by giving gifts as affirmation of their filial love.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathews_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathews-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kanum_Pongal">Kanum Pongal</h3></div> <p>Kanum Pongal or Kanu Pongal is the fourth day of the festival and marks the end of Pongal festivities for the year.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>kanum</i> in the context means "to visit" and families hold reunions on this day. Communities organize social events to strengthen mutual bonds and consume food and sugarcane during social gatherings.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathews_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathews-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young people visit elders to pay respects and seek blessings, with elders giving gifts to the visiting children.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathews_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathews-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_practices">Contemporary practices</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cpongal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cpongal.jpg/220px-Cpongal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cpongal.jpg/330px-Cpongal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cpongal.jpg/440px-Cpongal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Pongal preparation in a community gathering</figcaption></figure> <p>Pongal festival maybe viewed more as a "social festival" since the contemporary celebrations do not necessarily link it to temple rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramaswamy_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramaswamy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temples and cultural centers organize the ritual cooking of Pongal dish, along with fairs (<i>Pongal mela</i>) with handicrafts, crafts, pottery, sarees, ethnic jewelry for sale. These sites hold traditional community sports such as <i>Uri Adithal</i> ("breaking a hanging mud pot while blindfolded"), <i><a href="/wiki/Pallanguzhi" title="Pallanguzhi">Pallanguḻi</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kabbadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbadi">Kabbadi</a></i>, as well as group dance and music performances in major cities and towns.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Pongala</dt></dl> <p>Pongala is celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, a state that shares historic cultural overlap with Tamils through <a href="/wiki/Cheras" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheras">Chera dynasty</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a>. The rituals including the cooking of pongal dish, social visits, and the reverence for cattle is observed by some communities and is observed on the same day as Tamil Pongal.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The celebrations include dance (<a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a>) and musical performances by boys and girls, as well as major processions featuring the temple goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Attukal_Temple" title="Attukal Temple">Attukal Bhagavati Temple</a> near <a href="/wiki/Thiruvanathapuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvanathapuram">Thiruvanathapuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attukal_Pongala" title="Attukal Pongala">Attukal Pongala</a> is celebrated in the month of February–March which attract large crowds.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Others</dt></dl> <p>In Karnataka, the festival days are similar, except the dish is called "Ellu". Decorations and social visits are also common in many parts of Karnataka.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The festivities coincide with Makara Sankranthi, <a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a> celebrated across various parts of India.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Sri Lanka, the celebration of Pongal among <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> varies slightly from the customs and practices followed in India. The Pongal festivities generally last only two days, essentially focused on Thai Pongal day. The custom of cooking Pongal is therefore carried out on the first day, rather than the second as in India, where Thai Pongal is preceded by Bhogi.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <p>Pongal is one of the most important festivals celebrated by Tamil people in Tamil Nadu and other parts of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also a major Tamil festival in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is observed by the Tamil diaspora worldwide,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including those in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-USA_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf countries">Gulf countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, Delegate <a href="/wiki/David_Bulova" title="David Bulova">David Bulova</a> introduced a joint resolution HJ573 in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> to designate January 14 of each year as Pongal Day.<sup id="cite_ref-USA_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvest_Festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Harvest Festivals">List of Harvest Festivals</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Festivals&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiaculture.nic.in%2Ffestivals-religious&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beteille-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beteille_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beteille_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beteille_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beteille_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeteille1964" class="citation journal cs1">Beteille, Andre (1964). "89. A Note on the Pongal Festival in a Tanjore Village". <i>Man</i>. <b>64</b>. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 73–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2797924">10.2307/2797924</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-1496">0025-1496</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2797924">2797924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=89.+A+Note+on+the+Pongal+Festival+in+a+Tanjore+Village&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=73-75&rft.date=1964&rft.issn=0025-1496&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2797924%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2797924&rft.aulast=Beteille&rft.aufirst=Andre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://panchang.astrosage.com/festival/pongal?language=en">"Pongal 2024"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pongal+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpanchang.astrosage.com%2Ffestival%2Fpongal%3Flanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/public-holidays-for-2020-announced/article29772027.ece">"Public holidays for 2020 announced, Tamil Nadu Government"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 23 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201102193207/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/public-holidays-for-2020-announced/article29772027.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Public+holidays+for+2020+announced%2C+Tamil+Nadu+Government&rft.date=2019-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fpublic-holidays-for-2020-announced%2Farticle29772027.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenise_CushCatherine_A._RobinsonMichael_York2008" class="citation book cs1">Denise Cush; Catherine A. Robinson; Michael York (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Psychology Press. pp. 610–611. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1267-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1267-0"><bdi>978-0-7007-1267-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115354/https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=610-611&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1267-0&rft.au=Denise+Cush&rft.au=Catherine+A.+Robinson&rft.au=Michael+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di_T0HeWE-EAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kasturi-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kasturi_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kasturi_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kasturi_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasturiMadhavan2007" class="citation book cs1">Kasturi, Prema; Madhavan, Chithra (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_HwMAQAAMAAJ"><i>South India heritage: an introduction</i></a>. East West Books. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88661-64-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-88661-64-0"><bdi>978-81-88661-64-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115348/https://books.google.com/books?id=_HwMAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+India+heritage%3A+an+introduction&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=East+West+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-88661-64-0&rft.aulast=Kasturi&rft.aufirst=Prema&rft.au=Madhavan%2C+Chithra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_HwMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gutierrez-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gutierrez_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gutierrez_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gutierrez_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gutierrez_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gutierrez_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutiérrez2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gutiérrez, Andrea (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel9090270">"Jewels Set in Stone: Hindu Temple Recipes in Medieval Cōḻa Epigraphy"</a>. <i>Religions</i>. <b>9</b> (9): 279–281, context: 270–303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel9090270">10.3390/rel9090270</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-1444">2077-1444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Jewels+Set+in+Stone%3A+Hindu+Temple+Recipes+in+Medieval+C%C5%8D%E1%B8%BBa+Epigraphy&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=279-281%2C+context%3A+270-303&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel9090270&rft.issn=2077-1444&rft.aulast=Guti%C3%A9rrez&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel9090270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramaswamy-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramaswamy_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramaswamy_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramaswamy_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramaswamy_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramaswamy_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramaswamy_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramaswamy_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramaswamy_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramaswamy_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramaswamy_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijaya_Ramaswamy2017" class="citation book cs1">Vijaya Ramaswamy (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA274"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Tamils</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 274–275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-0686-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-0686-0"><bdi>978-1-5381-0686-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115406/https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA274">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Tamils&rft.pages=274-275&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-0686-0&rft.au=Vijaya+Ramaswamy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DALUvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbas2011" class="citation book cs1">Abbas, R (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC"><i>History of People and Their Environs</i></a>. Bharathi Puthakalayam. pp. 751–752. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80325-91-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80325-91-0"><bdi>978-93-80325-91-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115350/https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+People+and+Their+Environs&rft.pages=751-752&rft.pub=Bharathi+Puthakalayam&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-93-80325-91-0&rft.aulast=Abbas&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcrxUQR_qBXYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melton-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Melton_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Gordon_Melton2011" class="citation book cs1">J. Gordon Melton (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC"><i>Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 547–548. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-206-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-206-7"><bdi>978-1-59884-206-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Celebrations%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Holidays%2C+Festivals%2C+Solemn+Observances%2C+and+Spiritual+Commemorations&rft.pages=547-548&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-206-7&rft.au=J.+Gordon+Melton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlD_2J7W_2hQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_W._HamiltonAurora_Ammayao2003" class="citation book cs1">Roy W. Hamilton; Aurora Ammayao (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ"><i>The art of rice: spirit and sustenance in Asia</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 156–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930741-98-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930741-98-3"><bdi>978-0-930741-98-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115348/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+of+rice%3A+spirit+and+sustenance+in+Asia&rft.pages=156-157&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-930741-98-3&rft.au=Roy+W.+Hamilton&rft.au=Aurora+Ammayao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyyQoAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mathews-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mathews_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathews_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathews_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathews_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathews_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathews_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathews_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathews_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathews_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManiPrakashSelvarajan2017" class="citation book cs1">Mani, A; Prakash, Pravin; Selvarajan, Shanthini (2017). Mathew Mathews (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4RIDwAAQBAJ"><i>Singapore Ethnic Mosaic, The: Many Cultures, One People</i></a>. World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore. pp. 207–211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-8132-3475-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-8132-3475-8"><bdi>978-9-8132-3475-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115401/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4RIDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+Ethnic+Mosaic%2C+The%3A+Many+Cultures%2C+One+People&rft.pages=207-211&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Publishing+Company%2C+Singapore&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-9-8132-3475-8&rft.aulast=Mani&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Prakash%2C+Pravin&rft.au=Selvarajan%2C+Shanthini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY4RIDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Good-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Good_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Good_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGood1983" class="citation journal cs1">Good, Anthony (1983). "A Symbolic Type and Its Transformations: The Case of South Indian Ponkal". <i>Contributions to Indian Sociology</i>. <b>17</b> (2). SAGE Publications: 223–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0069966783017002005">10.1177/0069966783017002005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145809405">145809405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contributions+to+Indian+Sociology&rft.atitle=A+Symbolic+Type+and+Its+Transformations%3A+The+Case+of+South+Indian+Ponkal&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223-244&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0069966783017002005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145809405%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Good&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaia-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gaia_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaia_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_de-Gaia2018" class="citation book cs1">Susan de-Gaia (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jt91DwAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions: Faith and Culture across History</i></a>. Abc-Clio. pp. 336–337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4850-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4850-6"><bdi>978-1-4408-4850-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115353/https://books.google.com/books?id=jt91DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Women+in+World+Religions%3A+Faith+and+Culture+across+History&rft.pages=336-337&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-4850-6&rft.au=Susan+de-Gaia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djt91DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Eichinger_Ferro-Luzzi1978" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">G. Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi (1978). "Food for the Gods in South India: An Exposition of Data". <i>Zeitschrift für Ethnologie</i>. Bd. 103, H. 1 (1): 86–108. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25841633">25841633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Ethnologie&rft.atitle=Food+for+the+Gods+in+South+India%3A+An+Exposition+of+Data&rft.volume=Bd.+103%2C+H.+1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=86-108&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25841633%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=G.+Eichinger+Ferro-Luzzi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriella_Eichinger_Ferro-Luzzi1977" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Gabriella Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi (1977). "The Logic of South Indian Food Offerings". <i>Anthropos</i>. Bd. 72, H. 3/4 (3/4): 529–556. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40459138">40459138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropos&rft.atitle=The+Logic+of+South+Indian+Food+Offerings&rft.volume=Bd.+72%2C+H.+3%2F4&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=529-556&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40459138%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Gabriella+Eichinger+Ferro-Luzzi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indian-heritage.org/alangaram/kolams/kolams.htm">"Traditional customs and practices - Kolams"</a>. Indian Heritage<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traditional+customs+and+practices+-+Kolams&rft.pub=Indian+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indian-heritage.org%2Falangaram%2Fkolams%2Fkolams.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr.Gift_Siromoney" class="citation web cs1">Dr.Gift Siromoney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmi.ac.in/gift/Kolam.htm">"KOLAM"</a>. Chennai Mathematical Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KOLAM&rft.pub=Chennai+Mathematical+Institute&rft.au=Dr.Gift+Siromoney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmi.ac.in%2Fgift%2FKolam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maithily-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maithily_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maithily_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJagannathan2005" class="citation book cs1">Jagannathan, Maithily (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xcIrkKUJH9QC"><i>South Indian Hindu Festivals and Traditions</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. 139–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-415-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-415-8"><bdi>978-81-7017-415-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Indian+Hindu+Festivals+and+Traditions&rft.pages=139-141&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-415-8&rft.aulast=Jagannathan&rft.aufirst=Maithily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxcIrkKUJH9QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaliga_(Rao_Bahadur.)1998" class="citation book cs1">Baliga (Rao Bahadur.), B. S. (1998). <i>Madras District Gazetteers: Tiruchirappalli (pt. 1-2)</i>. Superintendent, Government Press. p. 338.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madras+District+Gazetteers%3A+Tiruchirappalli+%28pt.+1-2%29&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=Superintendent%2C+Government+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Baliga+%28Rao+Bahadur.%29&rft.aufirst=B.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vikatan.com/oddities/miscellaneous/147093-kappu-kattu-not-just-a-ritual-medical-knowledge-of-ancient-tamils">"Kaapu kattu is not just a ritual"</a>. <i>Vikatan</i> (in Tamil)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vikatan&rft.atitle=Kaapu+kattu+is+not+just+a+ritual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vikatan.com%2Foddities%2Fmiscellaneous%2F147093-kappu-kattu-not-just-a-ritual-medical-knowledge-of-ancient-tamils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurthy2020" class="citation news cs1">Murthy, Neeraja (13 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/society/a-few-hyderabadis-speak-about-the-change-they-would-want-to-see-in-their-life-and-in-society/article30557580.ece">"Citizens speak about the change they would want to see this Bhogi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Citizens+speak+about+the+change+they+would+want+to+see+this+Bhogi&rft.date=2020-01-13&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Murthy&rft.aufirst=Neeraja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsociety%2Fa-few-hyderabadis-speak-about-the-change-they-would-want-to-see-in-their-life-and-in-society%2Farticle30557580.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBureau2022" class="citation news cs1">Bureau, ABP News (13 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.abplive.com/tamil-nadu/happy-bhogi-2022-significance-history-of-this-festival-in-south-india-1506090">"Happy Bhogi 2022: Significance & History Of This Festival In South India"</a>. <i>ABP</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220114181233/https://news.abplive.com/tamil-nadu/happy-bhogi-2022-significance-history-of-this-festival-in-south-india-1506090">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABP&rft.atitle=Happy+Bhogi+2022%3A+Significance+%26+History+Of+This+Festival+In+South+India&rft.date=2022-01-13&rft.aulast=Bureau&rft.aufirst=ABP+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abplive.com%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fhappy-bhogi-2022-significance-history-of-this-festival-in-south-india-1506090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pongalfestival.org/the-harvest-festival.html">"Pongal Harvest Festival"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130109095249/http://www.pongalfestival.org/the-harvest-festival.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pongal+Harvest+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pongalfestival.org%2Fthe-harvest-festival.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2001" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 514–515. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4"><bdi>978-0-8239-3180-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001200/https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=514-515&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg6FsB3psOTIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gough-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gough_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gough_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gough_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gough_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gough_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gough_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGough2008" class="citation book cs1">Gough, Kathleen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GZwD7EqLcAUC&pg=PA230"><i>Rural Society in Southeast India</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04019-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04019-8"><bdi>978-0-521-04019-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115357/https://books.google.com/books?id=GZwD7EqLcAUC&pg=PA230">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rural+Society+in+Southeast+India&rft.pages=230-231&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-04019-8&rft.aulast=Gough&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGZwD7EqLcAUC%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126024231/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/150119/pongalo-pongal-1.html">"Pongalo pongal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle" title="Deccan Chronicle">Deccan Chronicle</a></i>. 14 January 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/150119/pongalo-pongal-1.html">the original</a> on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Village+celebrates+Pongal+as+one+community&rft.date=2019-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Ftrichy%2Fvillage-celebrates-pongal-as-one-community%2Farticleshow%2F67579830.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Eichinger_Ferro-Luzzi1978" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">G. Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi (1978). "Food for the Gods in South India: An Exposition of Data". <i>Zeitschrift für Ethnologie</i>. Bd. 103, H. 1 (1). Dietrich Reimer Verlag GmbH: 86–108. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25841633">25841633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Ethnologie&rft.atitle=Food+for+the+Gods+in+South+India%3A+An+Exposition+of+Data&rft.volume=Bd.+103%2C+H.+1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=86-108&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25841633%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=G.+Eichinger+Ferro-Luzzi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamakrishnan2017" class="citation news cs1">Ramakrishnan, T. (26 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Governor-clears-ordinance-on-%E2%80%98jallikattu%E2%80%99/article17074093.ece">"Governor clears ordinance on 'jallikattu'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Learn some amazing facts about this harvest festival"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. 15 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=What+is+Pongal%3F+Learn+some+amazing+facts+about+this+harvest+festival&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Ffyi%2Fstory%2Fpongal-tamil-nadu-harvest-festival-bhogi-mattu-kaanum-thai-303924-2016-01-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK.R._GuptaAmita_Gupta2006" class="citation book cs1">K.R. Gupta; Amita Gupta (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC&pg=PA987"><i>Concise Encyclopaedia of India</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers. pp. 986–987. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0639-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0639-0"><bdi>978-81-269-0639-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115350/https://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC&pg=PA987">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopaedia+of+India&rft.pages=986-987&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0639-0&rft.au=K.R.+Gupta&rft.au=Amita+Gupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9dNOT9iYxcMC%26pg%3DPA987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._N._Pushpa2012" class="citation book cs1">M. N. Pushpa (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3BIvtZopHlcC"><i>An Ethnographic Study of the Urikara Naicken Community of Taminadu</i></a>. Government Museum. p. 59. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115407/https://books.google.com/books?id=3BIvtZopHlcC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ethnographic+Study+of+the+Urikara+Naicken+Community+of+Taminadu&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Government+Museum&rft.date=2012&rft.au=M.+N.+Pushpa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3BIvtZopHlcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/Pongal-mela-on-Sunday/article13364757.ece">"Pongal mela on Sunday"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 15 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Pongal+mela+on+Sunday&rft.date=2012-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2FMadurai%2FPongal-mela-on-Sunday%2Farticle13364757.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/jan/16/a-celebration-of-harvest-1755430.html">"A Celebration of Harvest"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a></i>. 15 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=A+Celebration+of+Harvest&rft.date=2018-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2F2018%2Fjan%2F16%2Fa-celebration-of-harvest-1755430.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Holiday-declared-for-Pongal-in-Kerala/article15516663.ece">"Holiday declared for Pongal in Kerala"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 15 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Holiday+declared+for+Pongal+in+Kerala&rft.date=2021-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkerala%2FHoliday-declared-for-Pongal-in-Kerala%2Farticle15516663.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorbert_C._Brockman2011" class="citation book cs1">Norbert C. Brockman (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNZ15Oow8XcC"><i>Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, 2nd Edition</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-655-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-655-3"><bdi>978-1-59884-655-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sacred+Places%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-655-3&rft.au=Norbert+C.+Brockman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZNZ15Oow8XcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSreedhar_Mini2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sreedhar Mini, Darshana (2016). "Attukal "Pongala": The "Everydayness" in a Religious Space". <i>Journal of Ritual Studies</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 63–73. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44737780">44737780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ritual+Studies&rft.atitle=Attukal+%22Pongala%22%3A+The+%22Everydayness%22+in+a+Religious+Space&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-73&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44737780%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sreedhar+Mini&rft.aufirst=Darshana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenett2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jenett, Dianne (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjfs.2005.0009">"A Million Shaktis Rising: Pongala, a Women's Festival in Kerala, India"</a>. <i>Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion</i>. <b>21</b> (1). Indiana University Press: 35–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjfs.2005.0009">10.1353/jfs.2005.0009</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Feminist+Studies+in+Religion&rft.atitle=A+Million+Shaktis+Rising%3A+Pongala%2C+a+Women%27s+Festival+in+Kerala%2C+India&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-55&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjfs.2005.0009&rft.aulast=Jenett&rft.aufirst=Dianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1353%252Fjfs.2005.0009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaGupta2006" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, K.R.; Gupta, Amita (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC&pg=PA987"><i>Concise Encyclopaedia of India</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers. p. 987. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0639-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0639-0"><bdi>978-81-269-0639-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115350/https://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC&pg=PA987">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopaedia+of+India&rft.pages=987&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0639-0&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=K.R.&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Amita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9dNOT9iYxcMC%26pg%3DPA987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnott2016" class="citation book cs1">Knott, Kim (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ts6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58"><i>Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874554-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874554-9"><bdi>978-0-19-874554-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115352/https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ts6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-874554-9&rft.aulast=Knott&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Ts6CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingha2005" class="citation book cs1">Singha, H.S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nRodBu9seiIC"><i>Sikh Studies</i></a>. Hemkunt Press. pp. 101–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-245-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-245-8"><bdi>978-81-7010-245-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=101-102&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-245-8&rft.aulast=Singha&rft.aufirst=H.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnRodBu9seiIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikita_Desai2010" class="citation book cs1">Nikita Desai (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5VsaBwAAQBAJ"><i>A Different Freedom: Kite Flying in Western India; Culture and Tradition</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars. pp. 28–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2310-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2310-4"><bdi>978-1-4438-2310-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115351/https://books.google.com/books?id=5VsaBwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Different+Freedom%3A+Kite+Flying+in+Western+India%3B+Culture+and+Tradition&rft.pages=28-33&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-2310-4&rft.au=Nikita+Desai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5VsaBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndrakumar2021" class="citation web cs1">Indrakumar, Menaka (14 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives1.dailynews.lk/2021/01/14/features/238757/thai-pongal-harvest-festival">"Thai Pongal: The Harvest Festival"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Daily News (Sri Lanka)">Daily News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=Thai+Pongal%3A+The+Harvest+Festival&rft.date=2021-01-14&rft.aulast=Indrakumar&rft.aufirst=Menaka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives1.dailynews.lk%2F2021%2F01%2F14%2Ffeatures%2F238757%2Fthai-pongal-harvest-festival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-celebrates-sankranti-with-traditional-fervour">"Telangana celebrates Sankranti with traditional fervour"</a>. <i>Telangana Today</i>. 14 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024131803/https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-celebrates-sankranti-with-traditional-fervour">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telangana+Today&rft.atitle=Telangana+celebrates+Sankranti+with+traditional+fervour&rft.date=2021-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftelanganatoday.com%2Ftelangana-celebrates-sankranti-with-traditional-fervour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichmond2007" class="citation book cs1">Richmond, Simon (15 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9a02sRJKFhMC&pg=PA490"><i>Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei</i></a>. Lonely Planet. p. 490. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-708-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-708-1"><bdi>978-1-74059-708-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysia%2C+Singapore+and+Brunei&rft.pages=490&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2007-01-15&rft.isbn=978-1-74059-708-1&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9a02sRJKFhMC%26pg%3DPA490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/short-videos/news/grand-pongal-celebration-organised-in-sri-lankas-trincomalee/shorttakes/106637978.cms">"Grand Pongal celebration organized in Sri Lanka"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 9 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Grand+Pongal+celebration+organized+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.date=2024-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fshort-videos%2Fnews%2Fgrand-pongal-celebration-organised-in-sri-lankas-trincomalee%2Fshorttakes%2F106637978.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=13552">"Thai Pongal celebrated across the globe"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705051513/http://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=13552">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thai+Pongal+celebrated+across+the+globe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilguardian.com%2Farticle.asp%3Farticleid%3D13552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/meaning-of-thai-pongal/article1178529.ece">"Meaning of 'Thai Pongal'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 14 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160724103600/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/meaning-of-thai-pongal/article1178529.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Meaning+of+%27Thai+Pongal%27&rft.date=2008-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-tamilnadu%2Fmeaning-of-thai-pongal%2Farticle1178529.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/malaysian-prime-minister-greets-ethnic-tamils-on-pongal-727321">"Malaysian Prime Minister Greets Ethnic Tamils on Pongal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a></i>. 15 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705124034/http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/malaysian-prime-minister-greets-ethnic-tamils-on-pongal-727321">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NDTV&rft.atitle=Malaysian+Prime+Minister+Greets+Ethnic+Tamils+on+Pongal&rft.date=2015-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Fworld-news%2Fmalaysian-prime-minister-greets-ethnic-tamils-on-pongal-727321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airmauritius.com/plan/travel-inspirations/mauritius-celebrates-thai-pongal-in-style">"Mauritius celebrates Thai Pongal in style"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Air_Mauritius" title="Air Mauritius">Air Mauritius</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Mauritius&rft.atitle=Mauritius+celebrates+Thai+Pongal+in+style&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airmauritius.com%2Fplan%2Ftravel-inspirations%2Fmauritius-celebrates-thai-pongal-in-style&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSivasupramaniam" class="citation web cs1">Sivasupramaniam, V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tamilelibrary.org/teli/diaspora2.html">"History of the Tamil Diaspora"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120210054227/http://tamilelibrary.org/teli/diaspora2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Tamil+Diaspora&rft.aulast=Sivasupramaniam&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftamilelibrary.org%2Fteli%2Fdiaspora2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/straitstimes19370114-1.1.5">"Hindus celebrate Thai Pongal"</a>. <i>Straits Times</i>. 14 January 1937. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705190525/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19370114-1.1.5.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Hindus+celebrate+Thai+Pongal&rft.date=1937-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2Fdigitised%2Fpage%2Fstraitstimes19370114-1.1.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USA-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USA_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USA_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamakrishnan2017" class="citation news cs1">Ramakrishnan, Deepa H. (20 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/virginia-passes-resolution-designating-pongal-day/article18158198.ece">"Virginia passes resolution designating Pongal Day"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115062744/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/virginia-passes-resolution-designating-pongal-day/article18158198.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Virginia+passes+resolution+designating+Pongal+Day&rft.date=2017-04-20&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Ramakrishnan&rft.aufirst=Deepa+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fvirginia-passes-resolution-designating-pongal-day%2Farticle18158198.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harrowtimes.co.uk/news/11733392.community-celebrates-thai-pongal-harvest-festival/">"Community celebrates Thai Pongal harvest festival"</a>. <i>Harrow Times</i>. 19 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705025902/http://www.harrowtimes.co.uk/news/11733392.Community_celebrates_Thai_Pongal_harvest_festival/?ref=mr">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harrow+Times&rft.atitle=Community+celebrates+Thai+Pongal+harvest+festival&rft.date=2015-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harrowtimes.co.uk%2Fnews%2F11733392.community-celebrates-thai-pongal-harvest-festival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberal.ca/statement-by-liberal-party-of-canada-leader-justin-trudeau-on-thai-pongal/">"Statement by Liberal Party of Canada Leader Justin Trudeau on Thai Pongal"</a>. <i>Liberal Canada</i>. 14 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705151059/https://www.liberal.ca/statement-by-liberal-party-of-canada-leader-justin-trudeau-on-thai-pongal/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liberal+Canada&rft.atitle=Statement+by+Liberal+Party+of+Canada+Leader+Justin+Trudeau+on+Thai+Pongal&rft.date=2015-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliberal.ca%2Fstatement-by-liberal-party-of-canada-leader-justin-trudeau-on-thai-pongal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/uae/bls-services-india-visa-passport-services-open-seven-days-a-week-in-dubai-and-sharjah-1.93352504">"BLS services: India visa, passport services open seven days a week in Dubai and Sharjah"</a>. <i>Gulf Times</i>. 20 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gulf+Times&rft.atitle=BLS+services%3A+India+visa%2C+passport+services+open+seven+days+a+week+in+Dubai+and+Sharjah&rft.date=2023-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fuae%2Fbls-services-india-visa-passport-services-open-seven-days-a-week-in-dubai-and-sharjah-1.93352504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APongal+%28festival%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pongal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pongal">Pongal</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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festivals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;link=Hinduism_Festivals_in_the_Hindu_calendar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/20px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/30px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/40px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals"><span style="color:black">Festivals in the Hindu calendar</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569">Major festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayudha_Puja" title="Ayudha Puja">Ayudha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhath" title="Chhath">Chhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival"><span style="color:black">Harvest festivals</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhogi" title="Bhogi">Bhogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohri" title="Lohri">Lohri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghe_Sankranti" title="Maghe Sankranti">Maghe Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaravilakku" title="Makaravilakku">Makaravilakku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusn%C3%A2" title="Pusnâ">Pusnâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakrain" title="Shakrain">Shakrain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569"><a href="/wiki/Indian_New_Year%27s_days" title="Indian New Year's days"><span style="color:black">New year's days</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balipratipada" title="Balipratipada">Balipratipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohag_Bihu" title="Bohag Bihu">Bohag Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisu_Parba" title="Bisu Parba">Bisu Parba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri#Chaitra_Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Chaitra Navaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheti_Chand" title="Cheti Chand">Cheti Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesha_Sankranti" title="Mesha Sankranti">Mesha Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mha_Puja" title="Mha Puja">Mha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jur_Sital" title="Jur Sital">Jur Sital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navreh" title="Navreh">Navreh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyepi" title="Nyepi">Nyepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pana_Sankranti" title="Pana Sankranti">Pana Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajibu_Nongma_Panba" title="Sajibu Nongma Panba">Sajibu Nongma Panba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankranti" title="Sankranti">Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569">Other festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aadi_Perukku" title="Aadi Perukku">Aadi Perukku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaubeej" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaubeej">Bhaubeej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datta_Jayanti" title="Datta Jayanti">Datta Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanteras" title="Dhanteras">Dhanteras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaura_(festival)" title="Gaura (festival)">Gaura Parva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowri_Habba" class="mw-redirect" title="Gowri Habba">Gowri Habba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti" title="Hanuman Jayanti">Hanuman Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karthika_Deepam" title="Karthika Deepam">Karthika Deepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karva_Chauth" title="Karva Chauth">Karva Chauth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Hindu_festivals" title="Kashmiri Hindu festivals">Kashmiri Hindu festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi_Vrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahalakshmi Vrata">Mahalakshmi Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamaham" title="Mahamaham">Mahamaham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panguni_Uthiram" title="Panguni Uthiram">Panguni Uthiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargat_Diwas" title="Pargat Diwas">Pargat Diwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha-Yatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratha-Yatra">Ratha-Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Vrata" title="Savitri Vrata">Savitri Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulasi_Vivaha" title="Tulasi Vivaha">Tulasi Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikasi_Visakam" title="Vaikasi Visakam">Vaikasi Visakam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569">Holy days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akshaya_Tritiya" title="Akshaya Tritiya">Akshaya Tritiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalaka_Ekadashi" title="Amalaka Ekadashi">Amalaka Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amavasya" title="Amavasya">Amavasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_Chaturdashi" title="Ananta Chaturdashi">Ananta Chaturdashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashadhi_Ekadashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashadhi Ekadashi">Ashadhi Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Purnima" title="Guru Purnima">Guru Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamada_Ekadashi" title="Kamada Ekadashi">Kamada Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartik_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik Purnima">Kartik Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Panchami" title="Naga Panchami">Naga Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_Chaturdashi" title="Naraka Chaturdashi">Naraka Chaturdashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narali_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Narali Purnima">Narali Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirjala_Ekadashi" title="Nirjala Ekadashi">Nirjala Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausha_Putrada_Ekadashi" title="Pausha Putrada Ekadashi">Pausha Putrada Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabodhini_Ekadashi" title="Prabodhini Ekadashi">Prabodhini Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradosha" title="Pradosha">Pradosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Panchami" title="Rishi Panchami">Rishi Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankashti_Chaturthi" title="Sankashti Chaturthi">Sankashti Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Purnima" title="Sharad Purnima">Sharad Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayani_Ekadashi" title="Shayani Ekadashi">Shayani Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravana_Putrada_Ekadashi" title="Shravana Putrada Ekadashi">Shravana Putrada Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha_Ekadashi" title="Vaikuntha Ekadashi">Vaikuntha Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuthini_Ekadashi" title="Varuthini Ekadashi">Varuthini Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vat_Purnima" title="Vat Purnima">Vat Purnima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569"><a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people"><span style="color:black">Balinese festivals</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galungan" title="Galungan">Galungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyepi" title="Nyepi">Nyepi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569">Holy periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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