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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_exploration_and_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_exploration_and_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>European exploration and settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_exploration_and_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trans-Allegheny_Virginia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trans-Allegheny_Virginia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Trans-Allegheny Virginia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trans-Allegheny_Virginia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separation_from_Virginia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_from_Virginia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Separation from Virginia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_from_Virginia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Claims_by_Maryland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claims_by_Maryland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Claims by Maryland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claims_by_Maryland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>In the Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Development of natural resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology_and_terrain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology_and_terrain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Geology and terrain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology_and_terrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Major cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Birth data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Green_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Green energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Taxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_private_employers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_private_employers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Largest private employers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_private_employers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quality_of_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quality_of_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Quality of life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Quality_of_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Quality of life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Quality_of_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Employment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wages_and_poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wages_and_poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Wages and poverty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wages_and_poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Life_expectancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_expectancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>Life expectancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_expectancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legislative_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Legislative branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executive_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Executive branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Judicial branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colleges_and_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges_and_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Colleges and universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges_and_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appalachian_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appalachian_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Appalachian music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appalachian_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.2</span> <span>Classical music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_innovation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_innovation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.3</span> <span>Musical innovation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_innovation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>State government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>U.S. government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">West Virginia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 184 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-184" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">184 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes-Virgini%C3%AB" title="Wes-Virginië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wes-Virginië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8C%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5_%E1%89%A8%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%82%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%AB" title="ዌስት ቨርጂኒያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዌስት ቨርጂኒያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%A1rji-Virginia" title="Uárji-Virginia – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Uárji-Virginia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfirgini%C3%A6" title="Westfirginiæ – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Westfirginiæ" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فيرجينيا الغربية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيرجينيا الغربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virchinia_Occidental" title="Virchinia Occidental – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Virchinia Occidental" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_du_Ponant" title="Virginia du Ponant – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Virginia du Ponant" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virxinia_Occidental" title="Virxinia Occidental – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Virxinia Occidental" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarahyres%E1%BA%BD_Virginia" title="Kuarahyresẽ Virginia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarahyresẽ Virginia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_suyu" title="West Virginia suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="West Virginia suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99rbi_Virciniya" title="Qərbi Virciniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qərbi Virciniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="غرب ویرجینیا ایالتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="غرب ویرجینیا ایالتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Kauh" title="Virginia Kauh – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Virginia Kauh" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="পশ্চিম ভার্জিনিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পশ্চিম ভার্জিনিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Көнбайыш Виргиния – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көнбайыш Виргиния" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Заходняя Віргінія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Заходняя Віргінія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Заходняя Вірджынія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Заходняя Вірджынія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="वेस्ट वर्जीनिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वेस्ट वर्जीनिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Западна Вирджиния – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Западна Вирджиния" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadna_Virginia" title="Zapadna Virginia – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zapadna Virginia" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Баруун Вирджини – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Баруун Вирджини" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virg%C3%ADnia_de_l%27Oest" title="Virgínia de l'Oest – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Virgínia de l'Oest" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%C4%83%C3%A7_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Анăç Вирджини – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Анăç Вирджини" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padn%C3%AD_Virginie" title="Západní Virginie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Západní Virginie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Occidentale" title="Virginia Occidentale – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Virginia Occidentale" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorllewin_Virginia" title="Gorllewin Virginia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gorllewin Virginia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ڤيرجينيا لغربية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ڤيرجينيا لغربية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oarje-Virginia" title="Oarje-Virginia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Oarje-Virginia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wescht_Wirschini" title="Wescht Wirschini – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Wescht Wirschini" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzeeh_Bitooh_Hahoodzo" title="Dzeeh Bitooh Hahoodzo – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dzeeh Bitooh Hahoodzo" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Virginia" title="Lääne-Virginia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lääne-Virginia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%92%CE%B9%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Δυτική Βιρτζίνια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυτική Βιρτζίνια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virg%C3%ACgna_Ucident%C3%A0la" title="Virgìgna Ucidentàla – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Virgìgna Ucidentàla" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Occidental" title="Virginia Occidental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Virginia Occidental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okcidenta_Virginio" title="Okcidenta Virginio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Okcidenta Virginio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendebaldeko_Virginia" title="Mendebaldeko Virginia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mendebaldeko Virginia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ویرجینیای غربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویرجینیای غربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginie-Occidentale" title="Virginie-Occidentale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Virginie-Occidentale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Firginia" title="West-Firginia – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="West-Firginia" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Thiar" title="Virginia Thiar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Virginia Thiar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Virjeeney_Heear" title="Yn Virjeeney Heear – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Virjeeney Heear" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnbat%C4%B1s%C4%B1_Virginiya" title="Günbatısı Virginiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Günbatısı Virginiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_an_Iar" title="Virginia an Iar – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Virginia an Iar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virxinia_Occidental" title="Virxinia Occidental – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Virxinia Occidental" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0_%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌱𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌱𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%B2%84%EC%A7%80%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EC%A3%BC" title="웨스트버지니아주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="웨스트버지니아주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilikinia_Komohana" title="Wilikinia Komohana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Wilikinia Komohana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%B4%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Արևմտյան Վիրջինիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արևմտյան Վիրջինիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="वेस्ट वर्जीनिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वेस्ट वर्जीनिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadna_Virginia" title="Zapadna Virginia – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zapadna Virginia" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westal_Virginia" title="Westal Virginia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Westal Virginia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odida_Anyanwu_V%C3%A9g%C3%ADn%C3%ADy%C3%A0" title="Odida Anyanwu Végíníyà – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Odida Anyanwu Végíníyà" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ওয়েস্ট ভার্জিনিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ওয়েস্ট ভার্জিনিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Barat" title="Virginia Barat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Virginia Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_del_West" title="Virginia del West – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Virginia del West" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BB%C3%A6%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Ныгуылæн Вирджини – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ныгуылæн Вирджини" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestur-Virgin%C3%ADa" title="Vestur-Virginía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vestur-Virginía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Occidentale" title="Virginia Occidentale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Virginia Occidentale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="וירג'יניה המערבית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וירג'יניה המערבית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C9%A9s%C9%A9_%C9%96%C9%A9%C9%96%CA%8Ay%C9%9B_taa_Firziinii" title="Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa Firziinii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa Firziinii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ವೆಸ್ಟ್ ವರ್ಜೀನಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೆಸ್ಟ್ ವರ್ಜೀನಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albugang_Virginia" title="Albugang Virginia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Albugang Virginia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="დასავლეთი ვირჯინია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დასავლეთი ვირჯინია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Батыс Вирджиния – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Батыс Вирджиния" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyrjynia_West" title="Vyrjynia West – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Vyrjynia West" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijini_de_Lw%C3%A8s" title="Vijini de Lwès – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vijini de Lwès" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AErj%C3%AEnyaya_Rojava" title="Vîrjînyaya Rojava – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Vîrjînyaya Rojava" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Батыш Виргиния – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Батыш Виргиния" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Вадывел Виргини – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Вадывел Виргини" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Oksidentala" title="Virginia Oksidentala – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Virginia Oksidentala" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Occidentalis" title="Virginia Occidentalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Virginia Occidentalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rietumvird%C5%BE%C4%ABnija" title="Rietumvirdžīnija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rietumvirdžīnija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakar%C5%B3_Vird%C5%BEinija" title="Vakarų Virdžinija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vakarų Virdžinija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginnia_O%C3%A7%C3%A7ident%C3%A2" title="Virginnia Oççidentâ – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Virginnia Oççidentâ" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyugat-Virginia" title="Nyugat-Virginia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyugat-Virginia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="वेस्ट भर्जिनिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="वेस्ट भर्जिनिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Западна Вирџинија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Западна Вирџинија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="പടിഞ്ഞാറൻ വിർജീന്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പടിഞ്ഞാറൻ വിർജീന്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werinia-ki-te-uru" title="Werinia-ki-te-uru – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Werinia-ki-te-uru" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="वेस्ट व्हर्जिनिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वेस्ट व्हर्जिनिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბჟადალი ვირჯინია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბჟადალი ვირჯინია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA_%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ويست ڤيرچينيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويست ڤيرچينيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="غربی ویرجینیا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="غربی ویرجینیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Barat" title="Virginia Barat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Virginia Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9E_%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯅꯣꯡꯆꯨꯞ ꯚꯔꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅꯣꯡꯆꯨꯞ ꯚꯔꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Баруун Виржини – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Баруун Виржини" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="အနောက် ဗာဂျီးနီးယားပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အနောက် ဗာဂျီးနီးယားပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="वेस्ट भर्जिनिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वेस्ट भर्जिनिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="वेस्त भर्जिनिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वेस्त भर्जिनिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E5%B7%9E" title="ウェストバージニア州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウェストバージニア州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Малхбузен Виргини – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Малхбузен Виргини" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vest-Virginia" title="Vest-Virginia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vest-Virginia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vest-Virginia" title="Vest-Virginia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vest-Virginia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virg%C3%ADnia_Occidentala" title="Virgínia Occidentala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Virgínia Occidentala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Касвел Виргиний – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Касвел Виргиний" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%CA%BBarbiy_Virjiniya" title="Gʻarbiy Virjiniya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gʻarbiy Virjiniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਪੱਛਮੀ ਵਰਜਿਨੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੱਛਮੀ ਵਰਜਿਨੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पश्चिम भर्जिनिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="पश्चिम भर्जिनिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ویسٹ ورجینیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ویسٹ ورجینیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%81%D9%87_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لویدیځه ویرجینیا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لویدیځه ویرجینیا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginie-Occhidintale" title="Virginie-Occhidintale – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Virginie-Occhidintale" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Ossidental" title="Virginia Ossidental – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Virginia Ossidental" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirginia_Zachodnia" title="Wirginia Zachodnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wirginia Zachodnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virg%C3%ADnia_Ocidental" title="Virgínia Ocidental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Virgínia Ocidental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Earbiy_Virginiya" title="Ğarbiy Virginiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ğarbiy Virginiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_de_Vest" title="Virginia de Vest – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Virginia de Vest" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_suyu" title="West Virginia suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="West Virginia suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Западная Виргиния – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Западная Виргиния" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D2%95%D0%B0%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Арҕаа Вирдьиния – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Арҕаа Вирдьиния" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="वेस्‍ट वर्जिनिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वेस्‍ट वर्जिनिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virg%C3%ACnia_Otzidentale" title="Virgìnia Otzidentale – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Virgìnia Otzidentale" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wast_Virginie" title="Wast Virginie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wast Virginie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virxhinia_Per%C3%ABndimore" title="Virxhinia Perëndimore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Virxhinia Perëndimore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Uccidintali" title="Virginia Uccidintali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Virginia Uccidintali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%BD_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ويسٽ ورجينيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ويسٽ ورجينيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padn%C3%A1_Virg%C3%ADnia" title="Západná Virgínia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Západná Virgínia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahodna_Virginija" title="Zahodna Virginija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zahodna Virginija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachod%C5%84o_Wirgi%C5%84ijo" title="Zachodńo Wirgińijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Zachodńo Wirgińijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="ڤیرجینیای ڕۆژاوا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤیرجینیای ڕۆژاوا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Западна Вирџинија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Западна Вирџинија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadna_Virginia" title="Zapadna Virginia – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zapadna Virginia" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4nsi-Virginia" title="Länsi-Virginia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Länsi-Virginia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="மேற்கு வர்ஜீனியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேற்கு வர்ஜீனியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tutrimt" title="Virginia Tutrimt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Virginia Tutrimt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Көнбатыш Виргиния – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көнбатыш Виргиния" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="పశ్చిమ వర్జీనియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పశ్చిమ వర్జీనియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="รัฐเวสต์เวอร์จิเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐเวสต์เวอร์จิเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D2%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B8_%D2%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D3%A3" title="Вирҷинияи Ғарбӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вирҷинияи Ғарбӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%C4%B1_Virginia" title="Batı Virginia – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Batı Virginia" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Західна Вірджинія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Західна Вірджинія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مغربی ورجینیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مغربی ورجینیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%8A_%DB%8B%D9%89%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%B4%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89" title="غەربىي ۋىرگىنىيە شىتاتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="غەربىي ۋىرگىنىيە شىتاتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Baihsae" title="Virginia Baihsae – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Virginia Baihsae" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ves%C3%BCda%E2%B8%97Virgin%C3%A4n" title="Vesüda⸗Virginän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Vesüda⸗Virginän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%B6%AD%E5%90%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E" title="西維吉尼亞州 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="西維吉尼亞州" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97%E5%90%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%B7%9E" title="西弗吉尼亚州 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西弗吉尼亚州" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%98_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A2" title="וועסט ווירדזשיניע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וועסט ווירדזשיניע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cw%E1%BB%8D%CC%80or%C3%B9n_Firginia" title="Ìwọ̀orùn Firginia – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìwọ̀orùn Firginia" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%B6%AD%E7%8F%8D%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E" title="西維珍尼亞州 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西維珍尼亞州" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="West Virginia" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakar%C5%AB_Vird%C5%BEin%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Vakarū Virdžinėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vakarū Virdžinėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%B6%AD%E5%90%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E" title="西維吉尼亞州 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西維吉尼亞州" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Topi" title="Virginia Topi – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Virginia Topi" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99%C5%A1iny%C5%A1t%C9%99_Vir%C4%8Dinij%C9%99" title="Həšinyštə Virčinijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Həšinyštə Virčinijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=West_Virginia&params=39_N_80_W_dim:300000_region:US-WV_type:adm1st&title=State+of+West+Virginia"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°N</span> <span class="longitude">80°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39°N 80°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39; -80</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">State of West Virginia</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">U.S. state</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WV" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/WV_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="WV (disambiguation)">WV (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="West Virginia (disambiguation)">West Virginia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mountain State" redirects here. For the region in the Western United States, see <a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in the United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">West Virginia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of West Virginia"><img alt="Flag of West Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/125px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/188px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/250px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_West_Virginia" title="Flag of West Virginia">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_West_Virginia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of West Virginia"><img alt="Official seal of West Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_West_Virginia.svg/100px-Seal_of_West_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_West_Virginia.svg/150px-Seal_of_West_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_West_Virginia.svg/200px-Seal_of_West_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="274" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_West_Virginia" title="Seal of West Virginia">Seal</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_nicknames" title="List of U.S. state and territory nicknames">Nickname</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Mountain State</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_mottos" title="List of U.S. state and territory mottos">Motto(s)</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><span class="nowrap"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Montani_semper_liberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Montani semper liberi">Montani semper liberi</a></i></span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(English: Mountaineers Are Always Free)</span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Virginia_in_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the United States with West Virginia highlighted"><img alt="Map of the United States with West Virginia highlighted" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/West_Virginia_in_United_States.svg/300px-West_Virginia_in_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/West_Virginia_in_United_States.svg/450px-West_Virginia_in_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/West_Virginia_in_United_States.svg/600px-West_Virginia_in_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Map of the United States with West Virginia highlighted</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before statehood</th><td class="infobox-data">Part of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admitted to the Union</a></th><td class="infobox-data">June 20, 1863<span class="noprint">; 161 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1863-06-20</span>)</span> (35th)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">Capital</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of largest cities of U.S. states and territories by population">and largest city</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_populous_counties_by_U.S._state" title="List of the most populous counties by U.S. state">Largest county or equivalent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kanawha_County,_West_Virginia" title="Kanawha County, West Virginia">Kanawha</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_area_(United_States)" title="Statistical area (United States)">Largest metro</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">urban</a> areas</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charleston_metropolitan_area,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston metropolitan area, West Virginia">Charleston–Huntington</a> (combined)<br /><a href="/wiki/Huntington%E2%80%93Ashland_metropolitan_area" title="Huntington–Ashland metropolitan area">Huntington</a> (metro and urban)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of West Virginia">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Justice" title="Jim Justice">Jim Justice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of West Virginia">Lieutenant governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Blair" title="Craig Blair">Craig Blair</a> (R)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Legislature" title="West Virginia Legislature">West Virginia Legislature</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Senate" title="West Virginia Senate">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="West Virginia House of Delegates">House of Delegates</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeals_of_West_Virginia" title="Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia">Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_West_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from West Virginia">U.S. senators</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Joe Manchin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">I</a>)</span> <br /> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shelley_Moore_Capito" title="Shelley Moore Capito">Shelley Moore Capito</a> (R)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_West_Virginia" title="List of United States representatives from West Virginia">U.S. House delegation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="West Virginia's 1st congressional district">1</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carol_Miller_(politician)" title="Carol Miller (politician)">Carol Miller</a> (R)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="West Virginia's 2nd congressional district">2</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alex_Mooney" title="Alex Mooney">Alex Mooney</a> (R)</span> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_West_Virginia" title="United States congressional delegations from West Virginia">list</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">24,230 sq mi (62,755 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">24,078 sq mi (62,361 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">152 sq mi (394 km<sup>2</sup>)  0.6%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">41st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Length</th><td class="infobox-data">240 mi (385 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Width</th><td class="infobox-data">130 mi (210 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,513 ft (461 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Spruce_Knob" class="mw-redirect" title="Spruce Knob">Spruce Knob</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USGS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAVD88_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAVD88-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,863 ft (1,482 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a> at <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> border</span><sup id="cite_ref-USGS_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAVD88_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAVD88-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">240 ft (73 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2020)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,793,716<sup id="cite_ref-Bureau_2021_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bureau_2021-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by population">39th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">77/sq mi (29.8/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">  • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_population_density" title="List of states and territories of the United States by population density">29th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Median household income</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">$43,469<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Income rank<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_income#States_and_territories_ranked_by_median_household_income" title="List of U.S. states and territories by income">49th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_residents_names" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state residents names">West Virginian, Mountaineer</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Language<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Official language</a></th><td class="infobox-data">De jure: English</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC−05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">UTC−04:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">EDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_abbreviations" title="List of U.S. state and territory abbreviations">USPS abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">WV</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:US" title="ISO 3166-2:US">US-WV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_abbreviations" title="List of U.S. state and territory abbreviations">Traditional abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">W.Va. and W.V.</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latitude</th><td class="infobox-data">37°12′ N to 40°39′ N</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Longitude</th><td class="infobox-data">77°43′ W to 82°39′ W</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wv.gov">wv<wbr />.gov</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Symbols of West Virginia</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="height:0px"></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_nicknames" title="List of U.S. state and territory nicknames">Slogan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">"Wild and Wonderful"<br />"Open for Business" (<i>former</i>)<br />"Almost Heaven"</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_songs" title="List of U.S. state songs">Song</a></th><td class="infobox-data">"<a href="/wiki/Take_Me_Home,_Country_Roads" title="Take Me Home, Country Roads">Take Me Home, Country Roads</a>"<br />"<a href="/wiki/The_West_Virginia_Hills" title="The West Virginia Hills">The West Virginia Hills</a>"<br />"West Virginia, My Home Sweet Home" "<br />"This Is My West Virginia"</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds" title="List of U.S. state birds">Bird</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northern_cardinal" title="Northern cardinal">Northern cardinal</a><br />(<i>Cardinalis cardinalis</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_insects" title="List of U.S. state insects">Butterfly</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">Monarch butterfly</a><br />(<i>Danaus plexippus</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_fish" title="List of U.S. state fish">Fish</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brook_trout" title="Brook trout">Brook trout</a><br />(<i>Salvelinus fontinalis</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_flowers" title="List of U.S. state and territory flowers">Flower</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rhododendron" title="Rhododendron">Rhododendron</a><br />(<i>Rhododendron maximum</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_insects" title="List of U.S. state insects">Insect</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">Western honey bee</a><br />(<i>Apis mellifera</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mammals" title="List of U.S. state mammals">Mammal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">Black bear</a> <br />(<i>Ursus americanus</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_reptiles" title="List of U.S. state reptiles">Reptile</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Timber_rattlesnake" title="Timber rattlesnake">Timber rattlesnake</a><br />(<i>Crotalus horridus</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_trees" title="List of U.S. state and territory trees">Tree</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Acer_saccharum" title="Acer saccharum">Sugar maple</a><br />(<i>Acer saccharum</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_colors" title="List of U.S. state colors">Color</a>(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Old_gold" title="Old gold">Old gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_foods" title="List of U.S. state foods">Food</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Delicious" title="Golden Delicious">Golden Delicious apple</a><br />(<i>Malus domestica</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_fossils" title="List of U.S. state fossils">Fossil</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Megalonyx_jeffersonii" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalonyx jeffersonii">Jefferson's ground sloth</a><br />(<i>Megalonyx jeffersonii</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_minerals,_rocks,_stones_and_gemstones" title="List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones">Gemstone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Silicified Mississippian fossil coral</a><br />(<i>Lithostrotionella</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_minerals,_rocks,_stones_and_gemstones" title="List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones">Rock</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_tartans" title="List of U.S. state tartans">Tartan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">West Virginia Shawl</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>West Virginia</b> is a landlocked <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a> regions of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> to the southeast, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> to the southwest, and <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> to the northwest. West Virginia is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">10th-smallest state by area</a> and ranks as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by population">12th-least populous state</a>, with a population of 1,793,716 residents.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_West_Virginia" title="List of municipalities in West Virginia">most populous city</a> is <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston</a> with a population of 49,055. </p><p>West Virginia was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> on June 20, 1863, and was a key <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border state</a> during <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">the American Civil War</a>. It was the only state to form by separating from a <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> state, one of two states (along with <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>) admitted to the Union during the Civil War, and the second state to separate from another state, after <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> separated from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> in 1820. Some of its residents held slaves, but most were <a href="/wiki/Yeoman" title="Yeoman">yeoman</a> farmers, and the delegates provided for the gradual abolition of slavery in the new state constitution. The state legislature abolished slavery in the state, and at the same time ratified the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a> abolishing slavery nationally on February 3, 1865. </p><p>West Virginia's <a href="/wiki/Northern_panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern panhandle">northern panhandle</a> extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio to form a <a href="/wiki/Tri-state_area" title="Tri-state area">tristate area</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia" title="Wheeling, West Virginia">Wheeling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weirton,_West_Virginia" title="Weirton, West Virginia">Weirton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morgantown,_West_Virginia" title="Morgantown, West Virginia">Morgantown</a> just across the border from the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> metropolitan area. <a href="/wiki/Huntington,_West_Virginia" title="Huntington, West Virginia">Huntington</a> in the southwest is close to Ohio and Kentucky, while <a href="/wiki/Martinsburg,_West_Virginia" title="Martinsburg, West Virginia">Martinsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpers Ferry">Harpers Ferry</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern panhandle">eastern panhandle</a> region are considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> metropolitan area, between Maryland and Virginia. West Virginia is often included in several U.S. geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the <a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upland South</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</a>. It is the only state entirely within the area served by the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Regional_Commission" title="Appalachian Regional Commission">Appalachian Regional Commission</a>; the area is commonly defined as "<a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-ARC_service_area_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARC_service_area-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state is noted for its <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountains</a> and rolling hills,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its historically significant <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal mining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a> industries,<sup id="cite_ref-BritanEcon_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritanEcon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its <a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labor_history_(discipline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor history (discipline)">labor history</a>. It is also known for its tourism<sup id="cite_ref-BritanEcon_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritanEcon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a wide range of outdoor recreational opportunities, including <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitewater_rafting" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewater rafting">whitewater rafting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Backpacking_(wilderness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Backpacking (wilderness)">backpacking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">mountain biking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">rock climbing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>. From the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> to the 1990s, the state voted heavily for the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> due to its tradition of union-based politics. Since then, the state has become heavily <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>, and is considered a <a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">"deep red"</a> state at the federal level.<sup id="cite_ref-slate.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slate.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">History of West Virginia</a></div> <p>Many ancient manmade earthen mounds from various prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Mound_builder_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mound builder (people)">mound builder cultures</a> survive in West Virginia, especially in the areas of present-day <a href="/wiki/Moundsville,_West_Virginia" title="Moundsville, West Virginia">Moundsville</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="South Charleston, West Virginia">South Charleston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romney,_West_Virginia" title="Romney, West Virginia">Romney</a>. Artifacts uncovered in these give evidence of village societies with a tribal trade system culture that crafted <a href="/wiki/Cold_forming" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold forming">cold-worked</a> <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> pieces. </p><p>In the 1670s, during the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a>, the powerful <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>, five allied nations based in present-day New York and Pennsylvania, drove out other Native American tribes from the region to reserve the upper Ohio Valley as a hunting ground. <a href="/wiki/Siouan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Siouan language">Siouan language</a> tribes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Moneton" title="Moneton">Moneton</a>, had previously been among the earliest recorded in the area. Conflicts with European settlers resulted in various displaced Native tribes settling in West Virginia, where they were known as <i>Mingo</i>, meaning "remote affiliates of the Iroquois Confederacy".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area now identified as West Virginia was contested territory among Anglo-Americans as well, with the colonies of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> claiming territorial rights under their colonial charters to this area before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. Some speculative land companies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Vandalia_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandalia Company">Vandalia Company</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Company" title="Ohio Company">Ohio Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana Company">Indiana Company</a>, tried but failed to legitimize their claims to land in parts of West Virginia and present-day Kentucky. This rivalry resulted in some settlers petitioning the Continental Congress to create a new territory called <a href="/wiki/Westsylvania" title="Westsylvania">Westsylvania</a>. With the federal settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Yohogania_County,_Virginia" title="Yohogania County, Virginia">Pennsylvania and Virginia border dispute</a>, creating <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_County,_Virginia" title="Kentucky County, Virginia">Kentucky County, Virginia</a>, Kentuckians "were satisfied [...] and the inhabitants of a large part of West Virginia were grateful."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Crown considered the area of West Virginia part of the British <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Colony">Virginia Colony</a> from 1607 to 1776. The United States considered this area the western part of the state of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> (commonly called <i>Trans-Allegheny Virginia</i>) from 1776 to 1863, before West Virginia's formation. Its residents were discontented for years with their position in Virginia, as the government was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planter elite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_region_of_Virginia" title="Piedmont region of Virginia">Piedmont</a> areas. The legislature had electoral malapportionment, based on the counting of slaves toward regional populations, and western white residents were underrepresented in the state legislature. More subsistence and yeoman farmers lived in the west, and they were generally less supportive of slavery, although many counties were divided on their support. Residents of that area became more sharply divided after the planter elite of eastern Virginia voted to secede from the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> during the Civil War. </p><p>Residents of the western and northern counties set up a separate government under <a href="/wiki/Francis_Harrison_Pierpont" title="Francis Harrison Pierpont">Francis Pierpont</a> in 1861, which they called the <a href="/wiki/Restored_Government_of_Virginia" title="Restored Government of Virginia">Restored Government</a>. Most voted to separate from Virginia, and the new state was admitted to the Union in 1863. In 1864 a state constitutional convention drafted a constitution, which was ratified by the legislature without putting it to popular vote. West Virginia abolished <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> by a gradual process and temporarily <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">disenfranchised</a> those who had held Confederate office or fought for the Confederacy. </p><p>West Virginia's history has been profoundly affected by its mountainous terrain, numerous and vast river valleys, and rich natural resources. These were all factors driving its economy and the lifestyles of its residents, who tended to live in many small, relatively isolated communities in the mountain valleys. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_West_Virginia" title="Prehistory of West Virginia">Prehistory of West Virginia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_West_Virginia" title="Protohistory of West Virginia">Protohistory of West Virginia</a></div> <p>A 2010 analysis of a local <a href="/wiki/Stalagmite" title="Stalagmite">stalagmite</a> revealed that Native Americans were burning forests to clear land as early as 100<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some regional late-prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Woodland" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Woodland">Eastern Woodland</a> tribes were more involved in hunting and fishing, practicing the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a> gardening method which used fire to clear out underbrush from certain wooded areas. Another group progressed to the more time-consuming, advanced companion crop fields method of gardening. Also continuing from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">Indigenous people</a> of the state, they cultivated <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> through to early historic times. It was used in numerous social and religious rituals. </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a> (corn) did not make a substantial contribution to the diet until after 1150 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>", to quote Mills (OSU 2003).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2016)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Eventually, tribal villages began depending on corn to feed their <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(bird)" title="Turkey (bird)">turkey</a> flocks, as Kanawha Fort Ancients practiced bird <a href="/wiki/Husbandry" class="mw-redirect" title="Husbandry">husbandry</a>. The local Natives made cornbread and a flat rye bread called "bannock" as they emerged from the protohistoric era. A horizon extending from a little before the early 18th century is sometimes called the acculturating <i>Fireside Cabin culture</i>. Trading posts were established by European traders along the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_River" title="James River">James rivers</a>. </p><p>Tribes that inhabited West Virginia as of 1600 were the Siouan <a href="/wiki/Monongahela_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Monongahela Culture">Monongahela Culture</a> to the north, the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a> culture along the Ohio River from the Monongahela to Kentucky and extending an unknown distance inland,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Eastern Siouan <a href="/wiki/Tutelo" title="Tutelo">Tutelo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moneton" title="Moneton">Moneton</a> tribes in the southeast. There was also the Iroquoian <a href="/wiki/Susquehannock" title="Susquehannock">Susquehannock</a> in the region approximately east of the Monongahela River and north of the Monongahela National Forest, a possible tribe called the Senandoa, or Shenandoah, in the Shenandoah Valley and the easternmost tip of the state may have been home to the <a href="/wiki/Manahoac" title="Manahoac">Manahoac</a> people. The Monongahela may have been the same as a people known as the Calicua, or Cali.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following may have also all been the same tribe—Moneton, Moheton, Senandoa, Tomahitan. </p><p>During the Beaver Wars, other tribes moved into the region. The Iroquoian Tiontatecaga (also Little Mingo, Guyandotte)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seem to have split off from the Petun after they were defeated by the Iroquois. They eventually settled somewhere between the Kanawha and Little Kanawha Rivers. During the 1750s, when the Mingo Seneca seceded from the Iroquois and returned to the Ohio River Valley, they contend that this tribe merged with them. The <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a> arrived as well; though primarily stationed within former Monongahela territory approximately until 1750, they extended their influence throughout the Ohio River region. They were West Virginia's last Native tribe and were driven out by the United States during the Shawnee Wars (1811–1813). The Erie, who were chased out of Ohio around 1655, are now believed to be the same as the <a href="/wiki/Westo" title="Westo">Westo</a>, who invaded as far as South Carolina before being destroyed in the 1680s. If so, their path would have brought them through West Virginia. The historical movement of the Tutelo<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and carbon dating of the Fort Ancients seem to correspond with the given period of 1655–1670 as the time of their removal.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Susquehannocks were original participants in the Beaver Wars but were cut off from the Ohio River by the Iroquois around 1630 and found themselves in dire straits. Suffering from disease and constant warfare and unable to provide for themselves financially, they began to collapse and moved further and further east, to the Susquehanna River of Eastern Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Manahoac were probably forced out in the 1680s when the Iroquois began to invade Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Siouan tribes there moved into <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> and later returned as one tribe, known as the Eastern Blackfoot, or Christannas.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Westo did not secure the territory they conquered. Even before they were gone, displaced natives from the south flooded into freshly conquered regions and took them over.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These became known as the Shattaras, or West Virginia Cherokees. They took in and merged with the Monetons, who began to call themselves the Mohetons. The Calicua also began to call themselves Cherokees soon after, showing an apparent further merger. These Shattaras were closely related to the tribes that formed to the south in the aftermath of the Westo—the Yuchi and Cherokee. From 1715 to 1717, the Yamasee War sprang up. The Senandoa allegedly sided with the Yuchi and were destroyed by Yamasee allies.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, if the Senandoa were the same tribe as the Moneton, this would mean the collapse of Shattara-Moneton culture. Another tribe that appeared in the region was the Canaragay, or Kanawha.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It later migrated to Maryland and merged into colonial culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_exploration_and_settlement">European exploration and settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: European exploration and settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve (1763)</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ThomasLEE.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ThomasLEE.JPG/170px-ThomasLEE.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/ThomasLEE.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lee_(Virginia_colonist)" title="Thomas Lee (Virginia colonist)">Thomas Lee</a>, the first manager of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Company" title="Ohio Company">Ohio Company</a> of Virginia</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1671, General <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Wood" title="Abraham Wood">Abraham Wood</a>, at the direction of Royal Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Berkeley_(governor)" title="William Berkeley (governor)">William Berkeley</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Colony">Virginia Colony</a>, sent a party from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Henry,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Henry, Virginia">Fort Henry</a> led by Thomas Batts and Robert Fallam to survey this territory. They were the first Europeans recorded as discovering <a href="/wiki/Glen_Ferris,_West_Virginia" title="Glen Ferris, West Virginia">Kanawha Falls</a>. Some sources state that Governor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Spotswood" title="Alexander Spotswood">Alexander Spotswood</a>'s 1716 <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Golden_Horseshoe_Expedition" title="Knights of the Golden Horseshoe Expedition">Knights of the Golden Horseshoe Expedition</a> (for which the state's Golden Horseshoe Competition for 8th graders is named) had penetrated as far as <a href="/wiki/Pendleton_County,_West_Virginia" title="Pendleton County, West Virginia">Pendleton County</a>, but modern historians interpret the original accounts of the excursion as suggesting that none of the expedition's horsemen ventured much farther west of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a> than <a href="/wiki/Harrisonburg,_Virginia" title="Harrisonburg, Virginia">Harrisonburg, Virginia</a>. John Van Metre, a Native trader, penetrated into the northern portion in 1725. The same year, <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> settlers from Pennsylvania founded New Mecklenburg, the present <a href="/wiki/Shepherdstown,_West_Virginia" title="Shepherdstown, West Virginia">Shepherdstown</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a>, and others followed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911562_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911562-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a>, in 1661, granted to a company of gentlemen the land between the Potomac and <a href="/wiki/Rappahannock_River" title="Rappahannock River">Rappahannock</a> rivers, known as the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Neck" title="Northern Neck">Northern Neck</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fairfax,_6th_Lord_Fairfax_of_Cameron" title="Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron">Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron</a> ultimately took possession of this grant, and in 1746 a <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairfax Stone">stone</a> was erected at the source of the <a href="/wiki/North_Branch_Potomac_River" title="North Branch Potomac River">North Branch Potomac River</a> to mark his grant's western limit. <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> surveyed a considerable part of this land between 1748 and 1751. His diary recorded that there were already many squatters, largely of German origin, along the <a href="/wiki/South_Branch_Potomac_River" title="South Branch Potomac River">South Branch Potomac River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911562–563_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911562–563-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gist" title="Christopher Gist">Christopher Gist</a>, a surveyor in the employ of the first <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Company" title="Ohio Company">Ohio Company</a>, which was composed chiefly of Virginians, explored the country along the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> north of the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Kanawha_River" title="Kanawha River">Kanawha River</a> between 1751 and 1752. The company sought to have a 14th colony established with the name "<a href="/wiki/Vandalia_(colony)" title="Vandalia (colony)">Vandalia</a>". Many settlers crossed the mountains after 1750, though they were hindered by Native American resistance. Few Native Americans lived permanently within the state's present limits, but the region was a common hunting ground, crossed by many trails. During the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (the North American front of the Seven Years' War in Europe),Native allies of the French nearly destroyed the scattered British settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, in 1774 Crown Governor of Virginia <a href="/wiki/John_Murray,_4th_Earl_of_Dunmore" title="John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore">John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore</a>, led a force over the mountains. A body of militia under <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lewis_(soldier)" title="Andrew Lewis (soldier)">then-Colonel Andrew Lewis</a> dealt the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shawnee_Natives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shawnee Natives (page does not exist)">Shawnee Natives</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Cornstalk_(Shawnee_leader)" title="Cornstalk (Shawnee leader)">Hokoleskwa</a> (or "Cornstalk"), a crushing blow during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Point_Pleasant" title="Battle of Point Pleasant">Battle of Point Pleasant</a> at the junction of the Kanawha and the Ohio rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Treaty of Camp Charlotte concluding <a href="/wiki/Dunmore%27s_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunmore's War">Dunmore's War</a>, Cornstalk agreed to recognize the Ohio River as the new boundary with the "<a href="/wiki/Long_Knives" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Knives">Long Knives</a>". But by 1776 the Shawnee returned to war, joining the <a href="/wiki/Chickamauga_Cherokee" title="Chickamauga Cherokee">Chickamauga</a>, a band of <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> known for the area where they lived.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Native American attacks on settlers continued until after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. During the war, the settlers in western Virginia were generally active <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Whigs</a>; many served in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claypool%27s_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claypool's Rebellion (page does not exist)">Claypool's Rebellion</a> of 1780–1781, in which a group of men refused to pay taxes to the Continental Army, showed war-weariness in what became West Virginia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trans-Allegheny_Virginia">Trans-Allegheny Virginia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Trans-Allegheny Virginia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vandalia_(colony)" title="Vandalia (colony)">Vandalia (colony)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westsylvania" title="Westsylvania">Westsylvania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_West_Virginia" title="History of slavery in West Virginia">History of slavery in West Virginia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westsylvaniamap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Westsylvaniamap.png/220px-Westsylvaniamap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Westsylvaniamap.png/330px-Westsylvaniamap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Westsylvaniamap.png/440px-Westsylvaniamap.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>State of Westylvania proposed to the U.S. Congress</figcaption></figure> <p>Social conditions in western Virginia were entirely unlike those in the eastern part. The population was not homogeneous, as a considerable part of the immigration came by way of Pennsylvania and included Germans, Protestant <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotch-Irish American">Scotch-Irish</a>, and settlers from states farther north. Counties in the east and south were settled mostly by eastern Virginians. During the American Revolution, the movement to create a state beyond the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Alleghenies</a> was revived and a petition for the establishment of "<a href="/wiki/Westsylvania" title="Westsylvania">Westsylvania</a>" was presented to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>, on the grounds that the mountains presented an almost impassable barrier to the east. The rugged terrain made slavery unprofitable, and time only increased the social, political, economic, and cultural differences (<i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/Tuckahoes_and_Cohees" title="Tuckahoes and Cohees">Tuckahoes and Cohees</a>) between Virginia's two sections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1829, a constitutional convention met in Richmond to consider reforms to Virginia's outdated constitution. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Doddridge_(Virginia_politician)" title="Philip Doddridge (Virginia politician)">Philip Doddridge</a> of Brooke County championed the cause of western Virginians who sought a more democratic frame of government,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but western reforms were rejected by leaders from east of the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Alleghenies</a> who "clung to political power in an effort to preserve their plantation lifestyles dependent on enslaving blacks".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virginia leaders maintained a property qualification for <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a>, effectively disenfranchising poorer farmers in the west whose families did much of the farm work themselves. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Constitutional_Convention_of_1829%E2%80%931830" title="Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829–1830">1829–30 convention</a> gave slaveholding counties the benefit of three-fifths of their slave population in apportioning the state's representation in the U.S. House of Representatives. As a result, every county west of the Alleghenies except one voted to reject the constitution, which nevertheless passed because of eastern support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eastern planter elite's failure to make constitutional reforms exacerbated existing east–west sectionalism in Virginia and contributed to its division.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Constitutional_Convention_of_1850" title="Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1850">Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1850–51</a>, the Reform Convention, addressed a number of issues important to western Virginians. It extended the vote to all white males 21 years or older. The governor, lieutenant governor, the judiciary, sheriffs, and other county officers were to be elected by public vote. The General Assembly's composition was changed. Representation in the House of Delegates was apportioned based on the census of 1850, counting whites only. The Senate representation was arbitrarily fixed at 50 seats, with the west receiving 20 senators and the east 30. This was made acceptable to the west by a provision that required the General Assembly to reapportion representation based on the white population in 1865, or else put the matter to a public referendum. But the east also gave itself a tax advantage in requiring a property tax at true and actual value, except for slaves. Slaves under age 12 were not taxed and slaves over that age were taxed at only $300, a fraction of their true value, but small farmers had all their assets, animals, and land taxed at full value. Despite this tax and the lack of <a href="/wiki/Internal_improvements" title="Internal improvements">internal improvements</a> in the west, the vote was 75,748 for and 11,063 against the new constitution. Most of the opposition came from delegates from eastern counties, who did not like the compromises made for the west.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given these differences, many in the west had long contemplated a separate state. In particular, men such as lawyer <a href="/wiki/Francis_H._Pierpont" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis H. Pierpont">Francis H. Pierpont</a> from Fairmont had long chafed under the Tidewater and Piedmont slaveholders' political dominance. In addition to differences over slavery, he and allies felt the Virginia government ignored and refused to spend funds on needed internal improvements in the west, such as turnpikes and railroads.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation_from_Virginia">Separation from Virginia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Separation from Virginia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Secession" title="Ordinance of Secession">Ordinance of Secession</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheeling_Convention" title="Wheeling Convention">Wheeling Convention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Restored_Government_of_Virginia" title="Restored Government of Virginia">Restored Government of Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Kanawha" title="State of Kanawha">State of Kanawha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states (American Civil War)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia in the American Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Virginia_with_percentage_of_slave_population_within_each_county_from_1860_Census,_from-_Proposed_state_of_Kanawha_(West_Virginia)_1861_as_first_proposed_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Map_of_Virginia_with_percentage_of_slave_population_within_each_county_from_1860_Census%2C_from-_Proposed_state_of_Kanawha_%28West_Virginia%29_1861_as_first_proposed_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Map_of_Virginia_with_percentage_of_slave_population_within_each_county_from_1860_Census%2C_from-_Proposed_state_of_Kanawha_%28West_Virginia%29_1861_as_first_proposed_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Map_of_Virginia_with_percentage_of_slave_population_within_each_county_from_1860_Census%2C_from-_Proposed_state_of_Kanawha_%28West_Virginia%29_1861_as_first_proposed_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10251" data-file-height="6486" /></a><figcaption>Map of Virginia dated June 13, 1861, featuring the percentage of slave population within each county at the 1860 census and the proposed state of Kanawha</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Pierpont_portrait.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Francis_Pierpont_portrait.gif/170px-Francis_Pierpont_portrait.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Francis_Pierpont_portrait.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francis_H._Pierpont" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis H. Pierpont">Francis H. Pierpont</a>, a leader during the Second <a href="/wiki/Wheeling_Convention" title="Wheeling Convention">Wheeling Convention</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_-_WV_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Abraham_Lincoln_-_WV_Statue.jpg/170px-Abraham_Lincoln_-_WV_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Abraham_Lincoln_-_WV_Statue.jpg/255px-Abraham_Lincoln_-_WV_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Abraham_Lincoln_-_WV_Statue.jpg/340px-Abraham_Lincoln_-_WV_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption><i>Abraham Lincoln Walks at Midnight</i>, a statue on the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_State_Capitol" title="West Virginia State Capitol">West Virginia State Capitol</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harper%27s_Ferry_seen_from_Maryland_side_of_Potomac_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Harper%27s_Ferry_seen_from_Maryland_side_of_Potomac_River.jpg/220px-Harper%27s_Ferry_seen_from_Maryland_side_of_Potomac_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Harper%27s_Ferry_seen_from_Maryland_side_of_Potomac_River.jpg/330px-Harper%27s_Ferry_seen_from_Maryland_side_of_Potomac_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Harper%27s_Ferry_seen_from_Maryland_side_of_Potomac_River.jpg/440px-Harper%27s_Ferry_seen_from_Maryland_side_of_Potomac_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1477" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpers Ferry">Harpers Ferry</a> alternated between Confederate and Union rule eight times during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, and was finally annexed by West Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:October_24,_1861_county_vote_for_West_Virginia_statehood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/October_24%2C_1861_county_vote_for_West_Virginia_statehood.jpg/220px-October_24%2C_1861_county_vote_for_West_Virginia_statehood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/October_24%2C_1861_county_vote_for_West_Virginia_statehood.jpg/330px-October_24%2C_1861_county_vote_for_West_Virginia_statehood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/October_24%2C_1861_county_vote_for_West_Virginia_statehood.jpg/440px-October_24%2C_1861_county_vote_for_West_Virginia_statehood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6587" data-file-height="5100" /></a><figcaption>Votes by county in the October 1861 statehood vote</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Virginia_state_coat_of_arms_(illustrated,_1876).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/West_Virginia_state_coat_of_arms_%28illustrated%2C_1876%29.jpg/220px-West_Virginia_state_coat_of_arms_%28illustrated%2C_1876%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/West_Virginia_state_coat_of_arms_%28illustrated%2C_1876%29.jpg/330px-West_Virginia_state_coat_of_arms_%28illustrated%2C_1876%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/West_Virginia_state_coat_of_arms_%28illustrated%2C_1876%29.jpg/440px-West_Virginia_state_coat_of_arms_%28illustrated%2C_1876%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3777" data-file-height="3601" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Historical_coats_of_arms_of_the_U.S._states" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical coats of arms of the U.S. states">Historical coat of arms of West Virginia</a> (illustrated, 1876)</figcaption></figure> <p>West Virginia was the only state in the Union to separate from a Confederate state (<a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>) during the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Richmond on April 17, 1861, the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Secession_Convention_of_1861" title="Virginia Secession Convention of 1861">Virginia Secession Convention of 1861</a> voted to secede from the Union, but of the 49 delegates from the northwestern corner (which ultimately became West Virginia) only 17 voted in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Secession" title="Ordinance of Secession">Ordinance of Secession</a>, while 30 voted against<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (with two abstentions).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost immediately after that vote, a mass meeting at <a href="/wiki/Clarksburg,_West_Virginia" title="Clarksburg, West Virginia">Clarksburg</a> recommended that each county in northwestern Virginia send delegates to a convention to meet in <a href="/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia" title="Wheeling, West Virginia">Wheeling</a> on May 13, 1861. When this First <a href="/wiki/Wheeling_Convention" title="Wheeling Convention">Wheeling Convention</a> met, 425 delegates from 25 counties were present, though more than one-third of the delegates were from the northern panhandle area.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon there was a division of sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some delegates led by pro-Union slaveowner <a href="/wiki/John_S._Carlile" title="John S. Carlile">John S. Carlile</a> favored the immediate formation of a new state, while others led by <a href="/wiki/Waitman_Willey" class="mw-redirect" title="Waitman Willey">Waitman Willey</a> argued that, as Virginia's secession had not yet been passed by the required referendum (as happened on May 23), such action would constitute revolution against the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convention decided that if Virginians adopted the secession ordinance (of which there was little doubt), another convention including the members-elect of the legislature would meet in Wheeling in June 1861. On May 23, 1861, secession was ratified by a large majority in Virginia as a whole, but in the western counties 34,677 voted against and 19,121 voted for the ordinance.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Second Wheeling Convention met as agreed on June 11 and declared that, since the Secession Convention had been called without popular consent, all its acts were void and all who adhered to it had vacated their offices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wheeling Conventions, and the delegates themselves, were never actually elected by public ballot to act on behalf of western Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of its 103 members, 33 had been elected to the Virginia General Assembly<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on May 23. This included some hold-over state senators whose four-year terms had begun in 1859, and some who vacated their offices to convene in Wheeling. Other members "were chosen even more irregularly—some in mass meetings, others by county committee, and still others were seemingly self-appointed".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An act for the reorganization of the government was passed on June 19. The next day, convention delegates chose <a href="/wiki/Francis_H._Pierpont" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis H. Pierpont">Francis H. Pierpont</a> as governor of Virginia and elected other officers to a rival state government and two U.S. senators (Willey and Carlile) to replace secessionists before adjourning. The federal government promptly recognized the new government and seated the two new senators. Thus there were two state governments in Virginia: one pledging allegiance to the United States and one to the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second Wheeling Convention had recessed until August 6, then reassembled on August 20 and called for a popular vote on the formation of a new state and for a convention to frame a constitution if the vote were favorable. In the October 24, 1861, election, 18,408 votes were cast for the new state and 781 against.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The election results were questioned since the Union army then occupied the area and Union troops were stationed at many of the polls to prevent Confederate sympathizers from voting.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was also election day for local offices, and elections were also held in camps of Confederate soldiers, who elected rival state officials, such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Cowan" title="Robert E. Cowan">Robert E. Cowan</a>. Most pro-statehood votes came from 16 counties around the northern panhandle.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 50,000 votes had been cast on the Ordinance of Secession, yet the vote on statehood garnered little more than 19,000.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ohio County, home to Wheeling, only about a fourth of the registered voters cast votes.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most of what would become West Virginia, there was no vote at all, as two-thirds of the territory of West Virginia had voted for secession, and county officers remained loyal to Richmond. Votes recorded from pro-secession counties were mostly cast elsewhere by Unionist refugees from these counties.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite that controversy, delegates (including many Methodist ministers) met to write a constitution for the new state, beginning on November 26, 1861. During that constitutional convention, a Mr. Lamb of Ohio County and a Mr. Carskadon claimed that in Hampshire County, out of 195 votes only 39 were cast by citizens of the state; the rest were cast illegally by Union soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the key figures was <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Battelle_(minister)" title="Gordon Battelle (minister)">Gordon Battelle</a>, who also represented Ohio County, and who proposed resolutions to establish public schools, as well as to limit the movement of slaves into the new state, and to gradually abolish slavery. The education proposal succeeded, but the convention tabled the slavery proposals before finishing its work on February 18, 1862. The new constitution was more closely modeled on Ohio's than Virginia's, adopting a township model of government rather than the "<a href="/wiki/Courthouse_clique" title="Courthouse clique">courthouse cliques</a>" of Virginia which Carlile criticized, and a compromise demanded by the Kanawha region (Charleston lawyers Benjamin Smith and Brown) allowed counties and municipalities to vote subsidies for railroads or other improvement organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting instrument was ratified (18,162 for and 514 against) on April 11, 1862. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WVSlaveBroadside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/WVSlaveBroadside.jpg/170px-WVSlaveBroadside.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/WVSlaveBroadside.jpg/255px-WVSlaveBroadside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/WVSlaveBroadside.jpg/340px-WVSlaveBroadside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Escaped slave</a> broadside, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire_County,_West_Virginia" title="Hampshire County, West Virginia">Hampshire County</a>, West Virginia, 1845</figcaption></figure> <p>On May 13, 1862, the state legislature of the reorganized government approved the formation of the new state. An application for admission to the Union was made to Congress, introduced by Senator <a href="/wiki/Waitman_Willey" class="mw-redirect" title="Waitman Willey">Waitman Willey</a> of the Restored Government of Virginia. Carlile sought to sabotage the bill, first trying to expand the new state's boundaries to include the Shenandoah Valley, and then to defeat the Willey amendment at home.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 31, 1862, President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> approved an enabling act admitting West Virginia on the condition that a provision for the gradual abolition of slavery be inserted in its constitution<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as Battelle had urged in the <i>Wheeling Intelligencer</i> and also written to Lincoln). While many felt West Virginia's admission as a state was both illegal and unconstitutional, Lincoln issued his <i>Opinion on the Admission of West Virginia</i> finding that "the body which consents to the admission of West Virginia is the Legislature of Virginia", and that its admission was therefore both constitutional and expedient.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aunt_Susan,_a_slave_woman_tending_a_white_baby.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Aunt_Susan%2C_a_slave_woman_tending_a_white_baby.png/170px-Aunt_Susan%2C_a_slave_woman_tending_a_white_baby.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Aunt_Susan%2C_a_slave_woman_tending_a_white_baby.png/255px-Aunt_Susan%2C_a_slave_woman_tending_a_white_baby.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Aunt_Susan%2C_a_slave_woman_tending_a_white_baby.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>A slave woman tending to a white baby in West Virginia, 1865</figcaption></figure> <p>The convention was reconvened on February 12, 1863, and the abolition demand of the federal enabling act was met. The revised constitution was adopted on March 26, 1863, and on April 20, 1863, Lincoln issued a proclamation admitting the state 60 days later on June 20, 1863. Meanwhile, officers for the new state were chosen, while Pierpont moved his pro-Union Virginia capital to Union-occupied <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a>, where he asserted and exercised jurisdiction over all the remaining Virginia counties within the federal lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The question of the constitutionality of the formation of the new state was later brought before the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._West_Virginia" title="Virginia v. West Virginia">Virginia v. West Virginia</a>.</i> <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_County,_West_Virginia" title="Berkeley County, West Virginia">Berkeley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_West_Virginia" title="Jefferson County, West Virginia">Jefferson</a> counties, lying on the Potomac east of the mountains, voted in favor of annexation to West Virginia in 1863, with the consent of Virginia's reorganized government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many voters of the strongly pro-secessionist counties were absent in the Confederate Army when the vote was taken and refused to acknowledge the transfer when they returned. The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">Virginia General Assembly</a> repealed the act of secession and in 1866 brought suit against West Virginia asking the court to declare the counties part of Virginia, which would have made West Virginia's admission as a state unconstitutional. Meanwhile, on March 10, 1866, Congress passed a joint resolution recognizing the transfer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court decided in West Virginia's favor in 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Claims_by_Maryland">Claims by Maryland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Claims by Maryland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original charters for Maryland and Virginia were silent as to which branch of the upper Potomac was the boundary. This was settled by the 1785 <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Conference" title="Mount Vernon Conference">Mount Vernon Conference</a>. Nevertheless, when West Virginia seceded from Virginia, Maryland claimed West Virginia land north of the South Branch (all of <a href="/wiki/Mineral_County,_West_Virginia" title="Mineral County, West Virginia">Mineral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grant_County,_West_Virginia" title="Grant County, West Virginia">Grant</a> Counties and parts of <a href="/wiki/Hampshire_County,_West_Virginia" title="Hampshire County, West Virginia">Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hardy_County,_West_Virginia" title="Hardy County, West Virginia">Hardy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tucker_County,_West_Virginia" title="Tucker County, West Virginia">Tucker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pendleton_County,_West_Virginia" title="Pendleton County, West Virginia">Pendleton</a> Counties). The Supreme Court rejected these claims in two separate decisions in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Civil_War">In the Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In the Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Civil War, Union General <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a>'s forces gained possession of the greater part of the territory in the summer of 1861, culminating at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rich_Mountain" title="Battle of Rich Mountain">Battle of Rich Mountain</a>, and Union control was never again seriously threatened. In 1863, General <a href="/wiki/John_D._Imboden" title="John D. Imboden">John D. Imboden</a>, with 5,000 Confederates, raided a considerable portion of the state and burned Pierpont's library, although Willey escaped their grasp. Bands of guerrillas burned and plundered in some sections, and were not entirely suppressed until the war ended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eastern panhandle counties were more affected by the war, with military control of the area repeatedly changing hands. </p><p>The area that became West Virginia actually furnished about an equal number of soldiers to the Union and Confederate armies,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about 22,000–25,000 each. In 1865, the Wheeling government found it necessary to strip voting rights from returning Confederates in order to retain control. James Ferguson, who proposed the law, said if it was not enacted he would lose the election by 500 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confederates' property might also be confiscated, and in 1866 a constitutional amendment disfranchising all who had given aid and comfort to the Confederacy was adopted. The addition of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendments</a> to the U.S. Constitution caused a reaction. The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic party</a> secured control in 1870, and in 1871 the constitutional amendment of 1866 was abrogated. <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> had taken the first steps toward this change in 1870. On August 22, 1872, an entirely new constitution was adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a>, and for several decades thereafter, the two states disputed the new state's share of the prewar Virginia government's debts, which had mostly been incurred to finance public infrastructure improvements, such as canals, roads, and railroads under the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Board_of_Public_Works" title="Virginia Board of Public Works">Virginia Board of Public Works</a>. Virginians—led by former Confederate general <a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">William Mahone</a>—formed a political coalition based upon this: the <a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster Party</a>. West Virginia's first constitution provided for the assumption of a part of the Virginia debt, but negotiations opened by Virginia in 1870 were fruitless, and in 1871 Virginia funded two-thirds of the debt and arbitrarily assigned the remainder to West Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563–564_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563–564-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issue was <a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._West_Virginia_(1911)" title="Virginia v. West Virginia (1911)">finally settled in 1915</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> ruled that West Virginia owed Virginia $12,393,929.50.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final installment of this sum was paid in 1939. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_natural_resources">Development of natural resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Development of natural resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/West_Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/West Virginia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trapper_Boy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Trapper_Boy.jpg/170px-Trapper_Boy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Trapper_Boy.jpg/255px-Trapper_Boy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Trapper_Boy.jpg/340px-Trapper_Boy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hine" title="Lewis Hine">Child labor</a> in the coal mines of West Virginia, 1908</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farm_Security_Administration,_Family_of_coal_miner_in_West_Virginia_-_NARA_-_195846.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Farm_Security_Administration%2C_Family_of_coal_miner_in_West_Virginia_-_NARA_-_195846.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Farm_Security_Administration%2C_Family_of_coal_miner_in_West_Virginia_-_NARA_-_195846.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Farm_Security_Administration%2C_Family_of_coal_miner_in_West_Virginia_-_NARA_-_195846.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Farm_Security_Administration%2C_Family_of_coal_miner_in_West_Virginia_-_NARA_-_195846.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Farm_Security_Administration%2C_Family_of_coal_miner_in_West_Virginia_-_NARA_-_195846.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Farm_Security_Administration%2C_Family_of_coal_miner_in_West_Virginia_-_NARA_-_195846.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1374" /></a><figcaption>Family of a coal miner, circa 1935</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturday_afternoon_street_scene._Welch,_McDowell_County,_West_Virginia._-_NARA_-_541004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Saturday_afternoon_street_scene._Welch%2C_McDowell_County%2C_West_Virginia._-_NARA_-_541004.jpg/220px-Saturday_afternoon_street_scene._Welch%2C_McDowell_County%2C_West_Virginia._-_NARA_-_541004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Saturday_afternoon_street_scene._Welch%2C_McDowell_County%2C_West_Virginia._-_NARA_-_541004.jpg/330px-Saturday_afternoon_street_scene._Welch%2C_McDowell_County%2C_West_Virginia._-_NARA_-_541004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Saturday_afternoon_street_scene._Welch%2C_McDowell_County%2C_West_Virginia._-_NARA_-_541004.jpg/440px-Saturday_afternoon_street_scene._Welch%2C_McDowell_County%2C_West_Virginia._-_NARA_-_541004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2476" /></a><figcaption>Saturday afternoon street scene, <a href="/wiki/Welch,_West_Virginia" title="Welch, West Virginia">Welch</a>, McDowell County, 1946</figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a>, the new 35th state benefited from the development of its mineral resources more than any other single economic activity. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">Saltpeter</a> caves had been employed throughout Appalachia for munitions; the border between West Virginia and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> includes the "Saltpeter Trail", a string of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">caverns</a> containing rich deposits of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_nitrate" title="Calcium nitrate">calcium nitrate</a> which were rendered and sold to the government. The trail stretched from <a href="/wiki/Pendleton_County,_West_Virginia" title="Pendleton County, West Virginia">Pendleton County</a> to the western terminus of the route in the town of <a href="/wiki/Union,_Monroe_County,_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Union, Monroe County, West Virginia">Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_West_Virginia" title="Monroe County, West Virginia">Monroe County</a>. Nearly half of these caves are on the West Virginia side, including <a href="/wiki/Organ_Cave" title="Organ Cave">Organ Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haynes_Cave" title="Haynes Cave">Haynes Cave</a>. In the late 18th century, saltpeter miners in <a href="/wiki/Haynes_Cave" title="Haynes Cave">Haynes Cave</a> found large animal bones in the deposits. These were sent by a local historian and frontier soldier Colonel John Stuart to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>. The bones were named <i><a href="/wiki/Megalonyx_jeffersonii" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalonyx jeffersonii">Megalonyx jeffersonii</a></i>, or great-claw, and became known as Jefferson's three-toed sloth. It was declared the official <a href="/wiki/State_fossil" class="mw-redirect" title="State fossil">state fossil</a> of West Virginia in 2008. The West Virginia official <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_minerals,_rocks,_stones_and_gemstones" title="List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones">state rock</a> is <a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">bituminous coal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the official <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_minerals,_rocks,_stones_and_gemstones" title="List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones">state gemstone</a> is silicified Mississippian fossil Lithostrotionella coral.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The limestone also produced a useful <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarry</a> industry. Usually small, and softer, high-calcium seams were burned to produce industrial lime. This lime was used for agricultural and construction purposes; for many years a specific portion of the <a href="/wiki/C_%26_O_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="C & O Railroad">C & O Railroad</a> carried limestone rock to <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Forge,_Virginia" title="Clifton Forge, Virginia">Clifton Forge, Virginia</a> as an industrial flux. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">Salt</a> mining had been underway since the 18th century, though it had largely played out by the time of the American Civil War, when the red salt of <a href="/wiki/Kanawha_County,_West_Virginia" title="Kanawha County, West Virginia">Kanawha County</a> was a valued commodity of first Confederate, and later Union, forces. In the years following, more sophisticated mining methods would restore West Virginia's role as a major producer of salt. </p><p>However, in the second half of the 19th century, there was an even greater treasure not yet developed: <a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">bituminous coal</a>. It would fuel much of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in the U.S. and the steamships of many of the world's navies. </p><p>The residents (both Native Americans and early European settlers) had long known of the underlying coal, and that it could be used for heating and fuel. However, for a long time, "personal" or <a href="/wiki/Artisanal_mining" title="Artisanal mining">artisanal mining</a> was the only practical development. After the War, with the new <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroads</a> came a practical method to transport large quantities of coal to expanding U.S. and export markets. As the <a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">anthracite</a> mines of northwestern New Jersey and Pennsylvania began to play out during this same time period, investors and industrialists focused new interest in West Virginia. <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">Geologists</a> such as Dr. <a href="/wiki/David_T._Ansted" title="David T. Ansted">David T. Ansted</a> surveyed potential coal fields and invested in land and early mining projects. </p><p>The completion of the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Railway" title="Chesapeake and Ohio Railway">Chesapeake and Ohio Railway</a> (C&O) across the state to the new city of <a href="/wiki/Huntington,_West_Virginia" title="Huntington, West Virginia">Huntington</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> in 1872 opened access to the <a href="/wiki/New_River_(West_Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="New River (West Virginia)">New River</a> Coal Field. Soon, the C&O was building its huge <a href="/wiki/Coal_pier" title="Coal pier">coal pier</a> at <a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News, Virginia</a>, on the large harbor of <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a>. In 1881, the new Philadelphia-based owners of the former <a href="/wiki/Atlantic,_Mississippi_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad">Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad</a> (AM&O), which stretched across Virginia's southern tier from <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a>, had sights clearly set on West Virginia, where the owners had large landholdings. Their railroad was renamed <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_and_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk and Western">Norfolk and Western</a> (N&W), and a new railroad city was developed at <a href="/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia" title="Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke</a> to handle planned expansion. After its new president <a href="/wiki/Frederick_J._Kimball" title="Frederick J. Kimball">Frederick J. Kimball</a> and a small party journeyed by horseback and saw firsthand the rich bituminous coal seam, which Kimball's wife named <i>Pocahontas</i>, the N&W redirected its planned westward expansion to reach it. Soon, the N&W was also shipping from new coal piers at Hampton Roads. </p><p>In 1889, in the southern part of the state, along the Norfolk and Western rail lines, the important coal center of <a href="/wiki/Bluefield,_West_Virginia" title="Bluefield, West Virginia">Bluefield, West Virginia</a>, was founded. The "capital" of the <a href="/wiki/Pocahontas_coalfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocahontas coalfield">Pocahontas coalfield</a>, this city would remain the largest city in the southern portion of the state for several decades. It shares its name with a sister city, <a href="/wiki/Bluefield,_Virginia" title="Bluefield, Virginia">Bluefield</a>, in Virginia. </p><p>In the northern portion of the state and elsewhere, the older <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Baltimore and Ohio Railroad">Baltimore and Ohio Railroad</a> (B&O) and other lines also expanded to take advantage of coal opportunities. The B&O developed coal piers in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore</a> and at several points on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>. Other significant rail carriers of coal were the <a href="/wiki/Western_Maryland_Railway" title="Western Maryland Railway">Western Maryland Railway</a> (WM), <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Railway (US)">Southern Railway</a> (SOU), and the <a href="/wiki/Louisville_and_Nashville_Railroad" title="Louisville and Nashville Railroad">Louisville and Nashville Railroad</a> (L&N). </p><p>Particularly notable was a latecomer, the <a href="/wiki/Virginian_Railway" title="Virginian Railway">Virginian Railway</a> (VGN). By 1900, only the most rugged terrain of southern West Virginia was any distance from the existing railroads and mining activity. Within this area west of the New River Coalfield in Raleigh and Wyoming counties lay the <a href="/wiki/Winding_Gulf_Coalfield" title="Winding Gulf Coalfield">Winding Gulf Coalfield</a>, later promoted as the "Billion Dollar Coalfield". </p><p>A protégé of Dr. Ansted was <a href="/wiki/William_N._Page" class="mw-redirect" title="William N. Page">William Nelson Page</a> (1854–1932), a <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineer</a> and mining manager in <a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_West_Virginia" title="Fayette County, West Virginia">Fayette County</a>. Former West Virginia governor <a href="/wiki/William_A._MacCorkle" title="William A. MacCorkle">William A. MacCorkle</a> described him as a man who knew the land "as a farmer knows a field". Beginning in 1898, Page teamed with northern and European-based investors to take advantage of the undeveloped area. They acquired large tracts of land in the area, and Page began the <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Railway" title="Deepwater Railway">Deepwater Railway</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Short-line_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-line railroad">short-line railroad</a> chartered to stretch between the C&O at its line along the <a href="/wiki/Kanawha_River" title="Kanawha River">Kanawha River</a> and the N&W at <a href="/wiki/Matoaka,_West_Virginia" title="Matoaka, West Virginia">Matoaka</a>—a distance of about 80 miles (130 km). </p><p>Although the Deepwater plan should have provided a competitive shipping market via either railroad, leaders of the two large railroads did not appreciate the scheme. In secret collusion, each declined to negotiate favorable rates with Page, nor did they offer to purchase his railroad, as they had many other short-lines. However, if the C&O and N&W presidents thought they could thus kill the Page project, they were to be proved mistaken. One of the <a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">silent partner</a> investors Page had enlisted was millionaire industrialist <a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Rogers" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry H. Rogers">Henry Huttleston Rogers</a>, a principal in <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Oil Trust">Standard Oil Trust</a> and an old hand at developing natural resources and transportation. A master at competitive "warfare", Henry Rogers did not like to lose in his endeavors and also had <a href="/wiki/Deep_pocket" title="Deep pocket">"deep pockets"</a>. </p><p>Instead of giving up, Page (and Rogers) quietly planned and then built their tracks all the way east across Virginia, using Rogers' private fortune to finance the $40 million cost. When the renamed <a href="/wiki/Virginian_Railway" title="Virginian Railway">Virginian Railway</a> (VGN) was completed in 1909, no fewer than three railroads were shipping ever-increasing volumes of coal to export from Hampton Roads. West Virginia coal was also in high demand at <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> ports. The VGN and the N&W ultimately became parts of the modern <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk Southern">Norfolk Southern</a> system, and the VGN's well-engineered 20th-century tracks continue to offer a favorable gradient to Hampton Roads. </p><p>As coal mining and related work became major employment activities in the state, there was considerable labor strife as working conditions, safety issues and economic concerns arose. Even in the 21st century, mining safety and ecological concerns are still challenging to the state whose coal continues to power electrical generating plants in many other states. </p><p>Coal is not the only valuable mineral found in West Virginia, as the state was the site of the 1928 discovery of the 34.48 carat (6.896 g) <a href="/wiki/Jones_Diamond" title="Jones Diamond">Jones Diamond</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environment_of_West_Virginia" title="Environment of West Virginia">Environment of West Virginia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Virginia_geographic_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/West_Virginia_geographic_map-en.svg/220px-West_Virginia_geographic_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/West_Virginia_geographic_map-en.svg/330px-West_Virginia_geographic_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/West_Virginia_geographic_map-en.svg/440px-West_Virginia_geographic_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>West Virginia is situated in the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>, bounded by <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Allegheny Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Big_Sandy_River_(Ohio_River_tributary)" title="Big Sandy River (Ohio River tributary)">Big Sandy</a> rivers, and the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Mountains" title="Cumberland Mountains">Cumberland Mountains</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Located in the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>, West Virginia covers an area of 24,229.76 square miles (62,754.8 km<sup>2</sup>), with 24,077.73 square miles (62,361.0 km<sup>2</sup>) of land and 152.03 square miles (393.8 km<sup>2</sup>) of water, making it the 41st-largest state in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West Virginia borders <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> in the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> in the southeast, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> in the northwest, and <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> in the southwest. Its longest border is with Virginia at 381 miles (613 km), followed by Ohio at 243 miles (391 km), Maryland at 174 miles (280 km), Pennsylvania at 118 miles (190 km), and Kentucky at 79 miles (127 km).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology_and_terrain">Geology and terrain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geology and terrain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_West_Virginia" title="Geology of West Virginia">Geology of West Virginia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WV_plateau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/WV_plateau.jpg/220px-WV_plateau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/WV_plateau.jpg/330px-WV_plateau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/WV_plateau.jpg/440px-WV_plateau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>Shaded relief map of the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau" title="Cumberland Plateau">Cumberland Plateau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-valley_Appalachians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridge-and-valley Appalachians">Ridge-and-valley Appalachians</a></figcaption></figure> <p>West Virginia is located entirely within the Appalachian Region, and the state is almost entirely mountainous, giving the reason for the nickname <i>The Mountain State</i> and the motto <i>Montani Semper Liberi</i> ("Mountaineers are always free"). The elevations and ruggedness drop near large rivers like the Ohio River or <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_River" title="Shenandoah River">Shenandoah River</a>. About 75% of the state is within the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau" title="Cumberland Plateau">Cumberland Plateau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau" title="Allegheny Plateau">Allegheny Plateau</a> regions. Though the relief is not high, the plateau region is extremely rugged in most areas. The average elevation of West Virginia is approximately 1,500 feet (460 m) above sea level, which is the highest of any U.S. state east of the Mississippi River. </p><p>On the eastern state line with <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, high peaks in the <a href="/wiki/Monongahela_National_Forest" title="Monongahela National Forest">Monongahela National Forest</a> region give rise to an island of colder <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> similar to those of northern <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> and eastern Canada. The highest point in the state is atop <a href="/wiki/Spruce_Knob" class="mw-redirect" title="Spruce Knob">Spruce Knob</a>, at 4,863 feet (1,482 m),<sup id="cite_ref-usgs_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is covered in a <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forest">boreal forest</a> of dense <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> trees at altitudes above 4,000 feet (1,200 m). Spruce Knob lies within the Monongahela National Forest and is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Spruce_Knob%E2%80%93Seneca_Rocks_National_Recreation_Area" title="Spruce Knob–Seneca Rocks National Recreation Area">Spruce Knob–Seneca Rocks National Recreation Area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of six <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a> areas can also be found within the forest. Outside the forest to the south, the New River Gorge is a canyon 1,000 feet (300 m) deep, carved by the <a href="/wiki/New_River_(Kanawha_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="New River (Kanawha River)">New River</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> manages a portion of the gorge and river that has been designated as the <a href="/wiki/New_River_Gorge_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="New River Gorge National Park and Preserve">New River Gorge National Park and Preserve</a>. </p><p>Other areas under protection and management include: </p> <table border="0"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_National_Scenic_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Appalachian National Scenic Trail">Appalachian National Scenic Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluestone_National_Scenic_River" title="Bluestone National Scenic River">Bluestone National Scenic River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan_Valley_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Canaan Valley National Wildlife Refuge">Canaan Valley National Wildlife Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Canal_National_Historical_Park" title="Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park">Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park</a></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauley_River_National_Recreation_Area" title="Gauley River National Recreation Area">Gauley River National Recreation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_National_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="George Washington National Forest">George Washington National Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_National_Historical_Park" title="Harpers Ferry National Historical Park">Harpers Ferry National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_River_Islands_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Ohio River Islands National Wildlife Refuge">Ohio River Islands National Wildlife Refuge</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JudyRocks.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/JudyRocks.JPG/220px-JudyRocks.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/JudyRocks.JPG/330px-JudyRocks.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/JudyRocks.JPG/440px-JudyRocks.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spruce_Mountain_(West_Virginia)" title="Spruce Mountain (West Virginia)">Spruce Knob</a> is the highest point in West Virginia and the Allegheny Mountains.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of West Virginia lies within the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_mixed_mesophytic_forests" title="Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests">Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a>, while the higher elevations along the eastern border and in the panhandle lie within the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian%E2%80%93Blue_Ridge_forests" title="Appalachian–Blue Ridge forests">Appalachian–Blue Ridge forests</a>. The native <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a> for most of the state was originally mixed <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a> forest of oak, <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_white_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern white pine">white pine</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_sycamore" class="mw-redirect" title="American sycamore">American sycamore</a> along the state's waterways. Many of the areas are rich in <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and scenic beauty, a fact appreciated by native West Virginians, who refer to their home as <i>Almost Heaven</i> (from the song "<a href="/wiki/Take_Me_Home,_Country_Roads" title="Take Me Home, Country Roads">Take Me Home, Country Roads</a>" by <a href="/wiki/John_Denver" title="John Denver">John Denver</a>). Before the song, it was known as "The Cog State" (Coal, Oil, and Gas) or "The Mountain State". </p><p>The underlying rock strata are <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> Era <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">bituminous coal</a> beds, and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestones</a> laid down in near-shore environments. The sandstones and shales were derived from <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> eroded from former mountains to the east, then deposited in a shallow inland sea to the west. The limestones were derived from biomineralizing marine organisms such as calcareous algae, brachiopods, and crinoids. Coals were formed in coastal swamp environments, and deltaic environments formed near the mouths of ancient rivers. Sea level rose and fell many times during the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> Period (<a href="/wiki/Mississippian_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippian age">Mississippian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian</a> Subperiods), yielding a variety of rock <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a> that dominate the bedrock today. The <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>, which are a major influence on the present-day geography of West Virginia, formed more than three hundred million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The State Fossil of West Virginia is the giant ground sloth <i><a href="/wiki/Megalonyx_jeffersonii" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalonyx jeffersonii">Megalonyx jeffersonii</a>,</i> which lived during the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> Epoch (the most recent "Ice Age"). The genus was described by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> in 1799 from remains collected in Haynes Cave, Monroe County, West Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1799, that area was considered to belong to the western part of the State of Virginia. <i>Megalonyx</i> was the first genus of fossil vertebrate animal named from the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_West_Virginia" title="Climate change in West Virginia">Climate change in West Virginia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/West_Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/West Virginia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_West_Virginia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_West_Virginia.png/220px-K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_West_Virginia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_West_Virginia.png/330px-K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_West_Virginia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_West_Virginia.png/440px-K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_West_Virginia.png 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="1602" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate types</a> of West Virginia, using 1991-2020 <a href="/wiki/Climatological_normal" title="Climatological normal">climate normals</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th>West Virginia state-wide averages </th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.6764em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:6.8844444444444em;height:1.8888888888889em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.7733333333333em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">39</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.3844444444444em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">22</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.4732em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.9</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.1066666666667em;height:2.1111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.2177777777778em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">43</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.6066666666667em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">24</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.9304em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.8</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.9955555555556em;height:2.3333333333333em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.328888888889em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">53</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.4955555555556em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">32</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.8796em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.7</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.8844444444444em;height:2.6666666666667em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.551111111111em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">64</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.3844444444444em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">40</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.2352em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4.4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.9955555555556em;height:2.5555555555556em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.551111111111em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">73</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.4955555555556em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">50</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.032em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.995555555556em;height:2.3333333333333em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.328888888889em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">80</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.4955555555556em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">59</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.1336em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4.2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.551111111111em;height:2.1111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.662222222222em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">83</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.051111111111em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">64</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.032em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.328888888889em;height:2.2222222222222em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.551111111111em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">82</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.8288888888889em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">62</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.7272em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.662222222222em;height:2.2222222222222em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.884444444444em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">76</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.1622222222222em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">56</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.4732em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.9</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.3288888888889em;height:2.3333333333333em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.662222222222em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">65</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.8288888888889em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">44</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.778em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.3288888888889em;height:2.1111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.44em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">54</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.8288888888889em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">35</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.6764em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.44em;height:1.8888888888889em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.3288888888889em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">44</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.94em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">27</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">Source: <span style="font-size:98%">West Virginia University data</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Metric conversion</th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.6764em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">84</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:6.8844444444444em;height:1.8888888888889em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.7733333333333em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">4</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.3844444444444em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−6</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.4732em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">74</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.1066666666667em;height:2.1111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.2177777777778em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">6</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.6066666666667em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−4</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.9304em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">97</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.9955555555556em;height:2.3333333333333em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.328888888889em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">12</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.4955555555556em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">0</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.8796em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">94</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.8844444444444em;height:2.6666666666667em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.551111111111em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">18</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.3844444444444em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">4</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.2352em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">112</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.9955555555556em;height:2.5555555555556em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.551111111111em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">23</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.4955555555556em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">10</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.032em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">102</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.995555555556em;height:2.3333333333333em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.328888888889em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">27</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.4955555555556em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">15</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.1336em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">107</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.551111111111em;height:2.1111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.662222222222em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">28</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.051111111111em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">18</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.032em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">102</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.328888888889em;height:2.2222222222222em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.551111111111em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">28</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.8288888888889em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">17</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.7272em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">86</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.662222222222em;height:2.2222222222222em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.884444444444em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">24</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.1622222222222em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">13</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.4732em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">74</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.3288888888889em;height:2.3333333333333em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.662222222222em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">18</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.8288888888889em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">7</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.778em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">89</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.3288888888889em;height:2.1111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.44em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">12</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.8288888888889em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">2</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.6764em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">84</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.44em;height:1.8888888888889em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.3288888888889em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">7</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.94em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−3</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The climate of West Virginia is generally a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>Cfa</i>, except <i>Dfb</i> at the higher elevations) with warm to hot, humid summers and chilly winters, increasing in severity with elevation. Some southern highland areas also have a mountain temperate climate (Köppen <i>Cfb</i>) where winter temperatures are more moderate and summer temperatures are somewhat cooler. However, the weather is subject in all parts of the state to change. The <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">hardiness zones</a> range from zone 5b in the central Appalachian Mountains to zone 7a in the warmest parts of the lowest elevations.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the eastern panhandle and the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> valley, temperatures are warm enough to see and grow subtropical plants such as southern magnolia (<i><a href="/wiki/Magnolia_grandiflora" title="Magnolia grandiflora">Magnolia grandiflora</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Lagerstroemia" title="Lagerstroemia">crepe myrtle</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Albizia_julibrissin" title="Albizia julibrissin">Albizia julibrissin</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/American_sweetgum" class="mw-redirect" title="American sweetgum">American sweetgum</a> and even the occasional <a href="/wiki/Needle_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Needle palm">needle palm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabal_minor" title="Sabal minor">sabal minor</a>. These plants do not thrive as well in other parts of the state. The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_prickly_pear" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern prickly pear">eastern prickly pear</a> grows well in many portions of the state. </p><p>Average January temperatures range from around 26 °F (−4 °C) near the <a href="/wiki/Cheat_River" title="Cheat River">Cheat River</a> to 41 °F (5 °C) along sections of the border with Kentucky. July averages range from 67 °F (19 °C) along the <a href="/wiki/North_Branch_Potomac_River" title="North Branch Potomac River">North Branch Potomac River</a> to 76 °F (24 °C) in the western part of the state. It is cooler in the mountains than in the lower sections of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-climates_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climates-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest recorded temperature in the state is 112 °F (44 °C) at <a href="/wiki/Martinsburg,_West_Virginia" title="Martinsburg, West Virginia">Martinsburg</a> on July 10, 1936, and the lowest recorded temperature in the state is −37 °F (−38 °C) at <a href="/wiki/Lewisburg,_West_Virginia" title="Lewisburg, West Virginia">Lewisburg</a> on December 30, 1917. </p><p>Annual precipitation ranges from less than 32 inches (810 mm) in the lower eastern section to more than 56 inches (1,400 mm) in higher parts of the Allegheny Front. Valleys in the east have lower rainfall because the Allegheny mountain ridges to the west create a partial <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a>. Slightly more than half the rainfall occurs from April to September. Dense fogs are common in many valleys of the <a href="/wiki/Kanawha_County,_West_Virginia" title="Kanawha County, West Virginia">Kanawha</a> section, especially the <a href="/wiki/Tygart_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Tygart Valley">Tygart Valley</a>. West Virginia is also one of the cloudiest states in the nation, with the cities of <a href="/wiki/Elkins,_West_Virginia" title="Elkins, West Virginia">Elkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beckley,_West_Virginia" title="Beckley, West Virginia">Beckley</a> ranking 9th and 10th in the U.S. respectively for the number of cloudy days per year (over 210). In addition to persistent cloudy skies caused by the damming of moisture by the Alleghenies, West Virginia also experiences some of the most frequent precipitation in the nation, with <a href="/wiki/Snowshoe,_West_Virginia" title="Snowshoe, West Virginia">Snowshoe</a> averaging nearly 200 days a year with either rain or snow. Snow usually lasts only a few days in the lower sections but may persist for weeks in the higher mountain areas. An average of 34 inches (860 mm) of snow falls annually in Charleston, although during the winter of 1995–1996 more than three times that amount fell as several cities in the state established new records for snowfall. Average snowfall in the Allegheny Highlands can range up to 180 inches (4,600 mm) per year. Severe weather is somewhat less prevalent in West Virginia than in most other eastern states, and it ranks among the least tornado-prone states east of the Rockies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_West_Virginia" title="Fauna of West Virginia">Fauna of West Virginia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_cities">Major cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Major cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in West Virginia">List of cities in West Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns in West Virginia">List of towns in West Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of villages in West Virginia">List of villages in West Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_census-designated_places_in_West_Virginia" title="List of census-designated places in West Virginia">List of census-designated places in West Virginia</a></div> <p>There are 232 incorporated municipalities in West Virginia. <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston</a> is the state's <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and most populous city; the <a href="/wiki/Charleston_metropolitan_area,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston metropolitan area, West Virginia">Charleston metropolitan area</a> has approximately 200,000 residents. The <a href="/wiki/Huntington%E2%80%93Ashland_metropolitan_area" title="Huntington–Ashland metropolitan area">Huntington–Ashland metropolitan area</a> is anchored by <a href="/wiki/Huntington,_West_Virginia" title="Huntington, West Virginia">Huntington</a>, the state's second-most populous city. Other metro areas in the state include <a href="/wiki/Morgantown_metropolitan_area" title="Morgantown metropolitan area">Morgantown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheeling_metropolitan_area" title="Wheeling metropolitan area">Wheeling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weirton%E2%80%93Steubenville_metropolitan_area" title="Weirton–Steubenville metropolitan area">Weirton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beckley,_West_Virginia_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Beckley, West Virginia metropolitan area">Beckley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parkersburg%E2%80%93Vienna_metropolitan_area" title="Parkersburg–Vienna metropolitan area">Parkersburg–Vienna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-statejournal.com_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statejournal.com-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other metropolitan areas that contain cities in West Virginia, but are primarily in other states include <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumberland metropolitan area">Cumberland, Maryland</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hagerstown_metropolitan_area" title="Hagerstown metropolitan area">Hagerstown, Maryland</a>; <a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington, D.C.</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Winchester,_VA%E2%80%93WV_MSA" title="Winchester, VA–WV MSA">Winchester, Virginia</a>. Another six cities function as the centers of <a href="/wiki/Micropolitan_statistical_area" title="Micropolitan statistical area">micropolitan statistical areas</a>, which are predominantly more rural: <a href="/wiki/Bluefield,_West_Virginia" title="Bluefield, West Virginia">Bluefield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarksburg,_West_Virginia" title="Clarksburg, West Virginia">Clarksburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elkins,_West_Virginia" title="Elkins, West Virginia">Elkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairmont,_West_Virginia" title="Fairmont, West Virginia">Fairmont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logan,_West_Virginia" title="Logan, West Virginia">Logan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Point_Pleasant_micropolitan_area" title="Point Pleasant micropolitan area">Point Pleasant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-statejournal.com_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statejournal.com-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, the state capital was located in Wheeling, from 1863 to 1870. It was then moved to Charleston, a more central city, from 1870 to 1875, when it returned to Wheeling. In 1885, the capitol burned down and it was moved back to Charleston that year, where a vote was held to determine the permanent capital between Charleston, <a href="/wiki/Clarksburg,_West_Virginia" title="Clarksburg, West Virginia">Clarksburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martinsburg,_West_Virginia" title="Martinsburg, West Virginia">Martinsburg</a>. Charleston was selected, and it has remained the capital since.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in West Virginia</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Source:<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in West Virginia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of West Virginia">County</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in West Virginia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of West Virginia">County</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charleston_WV_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charleston"><img alt="Charleston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Charleston_WV_skyline.jpg/120px-Charleston_WV_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Charleston_WV_skyline.jpg/180px-Charleston_WV_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Charleston_WV_skyline.jpg/240px-Charleston_WV_skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="158" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Huntington_and_the_Ohio_River_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Huntington"><img alt="Huntington" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Downtown_Huntington_and_the_Ohio_River_2019.jpg/120px-Downtown_Huntington_and_the_Ohio_River_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Downtown_Huntington_and_the_Ohio_River_2019.jpg/180px-Downtown_Huntington_and_the_Ohio_River_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Downtown_Huntington_and_the_Ohio_River_2019.jpg/240px-Downtown_Huntington_and_the_Ohio_River_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4013" data-file-height="1849" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Huntington,_West_Virginia" title="Huntington, West Virginia">Huntington</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kanawha_County,_West_Virginia" title="Kanawha County, West Virginia">Kanawha</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">47,215</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="South Charleston, West Virginia">South Charleston</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kanawha_County,_West_Virginia" title="Kanawha County, West Virginia">Kanawha</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,240 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MotownDOWNTOWN.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Morgantown"><img alt="Morgantown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/MotownDOWNTOWN.PNG/120px-MotownDOWNTOWN.PNG" decoding="async" width="120" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/MotownDOWNTOWN.PNG/180px-MotownDOWNTOWN.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/MotownDOWNTOWN.PNG/240px-MotownDOWNTOWN.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="487" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Morgantown,_West_Virginia" title="Morgantown, West Virginia">Morgantown</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boreman_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parkersburg"><img alt="Parkersburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Boreman_view.jpg/120px-Boreman_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Boreman_view.jpg/180px-Boreman_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Boreman_view.jpg/240px-Boreman_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="410" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Parkersburg,_West_Virginia" title="Parkersburg, West Virginia">Parkersburg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Huntington,_West_Virginia" title="Huntington, West Virginia">Huntington</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cabell_County,_West_Virginia" title="Cabell County, West Virginia">Cabell</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,048</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vienna,_West_Virginia" title="Vienna, West Virginia">Vienna</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wood_County,_West_Virginia" title="Wood County, West Virginia">Wood</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,230 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Morgantown,_West_Virginia" title="Morgantown, West Virginia">Morgantown</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Monongalia_County,_West_Virginia" title="Monongalia County, West Virginia">Monongalia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">30,955</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/St._Albans,_West_Virginia" title="St. Albans, West Virginia">St. Albans</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kanawha_County,_West_Virginia" title="Kanawha County, West Virginia">Kanawha</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,069 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Parkersburg,_West_Virginia" title="Parkersburg, West Virginia">Parkersburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wood_County,_West_Virginia" title="Wood County, West Virginia">Wood</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">29,675</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bluefield,_West_Virginia" title="Bluefield, West Virginia">Bluefield</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mercer_County,_West_Virginia" title="Mercer County, West Virginia">Mercer</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,730 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia" title="Wheeling, West Virginia">Wheeling</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ohio_County,_West_Virginia" title="Ohio County, West Virginia">Ohio</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">26,771</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_West_Virginia" title="Bridgeport, West Virginia">Bridgeport</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Harrison_County,_West_Virginia" title="Harrison County, West Virginia">Harrison</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,681 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Weirton,_West_Virginia" title="Weirton, West Virginia">Weirton</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hancock_County,_West_Virginia" title="Hancock County, West Virginia">Hancock</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,449</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Moundsville,_West_Virginia" title="Moundsville, West Virginia">Moundsville</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_County,_West_Virginia" title="Marshall County, West Virginia">Marshall</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,401 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fairmont,_West_Virginia" title="Fairmont, West Virginia">Fairmont</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_West_Virginia" title="Marion County, West Virginia">Marion</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,411</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oak_Hill,_West_Virginia" title="Oak Hill, West Virginia">Oak Hill</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_West_Virginia" title="Fayette County, West Virginia">Fayette</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,218 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Martinsburg,_West_Virginia" title="Martinsburg, West Virginia">Martinsburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_County,_West_Virginia" title="Berkeley County, West Virginia">Berkeley</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,465</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dunbar,_West_Virginia" title="Dunbar, West Virginia">Dunbar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kanawha_County,_West_Virginia" title="Kanawha County, West Virginia">Kanawha</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,205 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Beckley,_West_Virginia" title="Beckley, West Virginia">Beckley</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Raleigh_County,_West_Virginia" title="Raleigh County, West Virginia">Raleigh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">16,183</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Elkins,_West_Virginia" title="Elkins, West Virginia">Elkins</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Randolph_County,_West_Virginia" title="Randolph County, West Virginia">Randolph</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,026 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Clarksburg,_West_Virginia" title="Clarksburg, West Virginia">Clarksburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Harrison_County,_West_Virginia" title="Harrison County, West Virginia">Harrison</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,480</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hurricane,_West_Virginia" title="Hurricane, West Virginia">Hurricane</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_West_Virginia" title="Putnam County, West Virginia">Putnam</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,506 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Virginia_population_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/West_Virginia_population_map.png/350px-West_Virginia_population_map.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/West_Virginia_population_map.png/525px-West_Virginia_population_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/West_Virginia_population_map.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>West Virginia population density map</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Note</span></th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">1790</a></th><td>55,873</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_census" title="1800 United States census">1800</a></th><td>78,592</td><td></td><td>40.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census">1810</a></th><td>105,469</td><td></td><td>34.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">1820</a></th><td>136,808</td><td></td><td>29.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830</a></th><td>176,924</td><td></td><td>29.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td>224,537</td><td></td><td>26.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td>302,313</td><td></td><td>34.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>376,688</td><td></td><td>24.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>442,014</td><td></td><td>17.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>618,457</td><td></td><td>39.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>762,794</td><td></td><td>23.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>958,800</td><td></td><td>25.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>1,221,119</td><td></td><td>27.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>1,463,701</td><td></td><td>19.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>1,729,205</td><td></td><td>18.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>1,901,974</td><td></td><td>10.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>2,005,552</td><td></td><td>5.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>1,860,421</td><td></td><td>−7.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>1,744,237</td><td></td><td>−6.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>1,949,644</td><td></td><td>11.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>1,793,477</td><td></td><td>−8.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>1,808,344</td><td></td><td>0.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>1,852,994</td><td></td><td>2.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>1,793,716</td><td></td><td>−3.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2023 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">1,770,071</td><td></td><td>−1.3%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote" style="text-align: center">Source:1910–2020<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />2022<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>As of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 United States</a> census, West Virginia's population was 1,793,716, a 3.2% decrease from the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 United States Census">2010 United States census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West Virginia's <a href="/wiki/Center_of_population" title="Center of population">center of population</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Gassaway,_West_Virginia" title="Gassaway, West Virginia">Gassaway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">HUD</a>'s 2022 <a href="/wiki/Annual_Homeless_Assessment_Report_to_Congress" title="Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress">Annual Homeless Assessment Report</a>, there were an estimated 1,375 <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homeless</a> people in West Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible"> <caption style="font-size:90%">Ethnic composition as of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race and ethnicity<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Alone </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino whites">White (non-Hispanic)</a> </td> <td align="right">89.1% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">89.1</span><div style="width:178.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td> <td align="right">93.0% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">93</span><div style="width:186px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American (non-Hispanic)</a> </td> <td align="right">3.6% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">3.6</span><div style="width:7.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td> <td align="right">4.9% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">4.9</span><div style="width:9.8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="right">— </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">1.9% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">1.9</span><div style="width:3.8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:green"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td align="right">0.8% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">0.8</span><div style="width:1.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td> <td align="right">1.2% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">1.2</span><div style="width:2.4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> </td> <td align="right">0.2% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">0.2</span><div style="width:0.4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gold"> </div> </td> <td align="right">2.0% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">2</span><div style="width:4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gold"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> </td> <td align="right">0.02% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">0.02</span><div style="width:0.04px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:pink"> </div> </td> <td align="right">0.1% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">0.1</span><div style="width:0.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:pink"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other </td> <td align="right">0.3% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">0.3</span><div style="width:0.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:brown"> </div> </td> <td align="right">1.0% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">1</span><div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:brown"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"> <caption><b>West Virginia Racial Breakdown of Population</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Racial composition </th> <th>1990<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2000<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2010<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2020<sup id="cite_ref-2020DP1_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020DP1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White</a></td> <td>96.2%</td> <td>95.0%</td> <td>93.9%</td> <td>89.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">Black</a></td> <td>3.1%</td> <td>3.2%</td> <td>3.4%</td> <td>3.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a></td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>0.5%</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native</a></td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiian" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Hawaiian">Native Hawaiian</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">other Pacific Islander</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States Census">Other race</a></td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial American">Two or more races</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>0.9%</td> <td>1.5%</td> <td>4.7% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-data.census.gov_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-data.census.gov-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West Virginia has an estimated population of 1,792,147, which is a decrease of 10,025 (0.55%) from the prior year and a decrease of 47,162 (2.55%) since the previous census. This includes a natural decrease of 3,296 (108,292 births minus 111,588 deaths) and an increase from net <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a> of 14,209 into the state. West Virginia is the least populous <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">southeastern state</a>. <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 3,691, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 10,518. </p><p>In 2018, The top countries of origin for West Virginia's immigrants were <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only 1.6% of the state's residents were foreign-born, placing West Virginia last among the 50 states in that statistic. It also has the lowest percentage of residents who speak a language other than English at home (2.6%). </p><p>The five largest ancestry groups in West Virginia according to the American Community Survey are: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic American">American</a> 22%, <a href="/wiki/English_American" class="mw-redirect" title="English American">English</a> 17%, <a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German</a> 13%, <a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish</a> 10% and <a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian</a> 4%<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large numbers of people of <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> ancestry are present in the northeastern counties of the state. People of <a href="/wiki/English_American" class="mw-redirect" title="English American">English</a> ancestry are present throughout the entire state. Many West Virginians who self-identify as <a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish</a> are actually <a href="/wiki/Scots-Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Irish American">Scots-Irish</a> Protestants. <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> are concentrated in Metro Valley in the vicinity of Charleston and Huntington. African Americans also live in the New River/Greenbrier Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also small numbers of Hispanics, Asians, Pacific Islanders, and Native Americans in West Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> community in West Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also <a href="/wiki/Melungeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Melungeons">Melungeons</a> in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_Origins_in_West_Virginia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ethnic_Origins_in_West_Virginia.png/300px-Ethnic_Origins_in_West_Virginia.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ethnic_Origins_in_West_Virginia.png/450px-Ethnic_Origins_in_West_Virginia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ethnic_Origins_in_West_Virginia.png/600px-Ethnic_Origins_in_West_Virginia.png 2x" data-file-width="4748" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>Packed circles diagram showing estimates of the ethnic origins of people in West Virginia in 2021.</figcaption></figure> <p>2010 census data show that 16 percent of West Virginia's residents are 65 or older (exceeded only by Florida's 17 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Virginia_Counties_by_race_(2020_census).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/West_Virginia_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg/220px-West_Virginia_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/West_Virginia_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg/330px-West_Virginia_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/West_Virginia_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg/440px-West_Virginia_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="277" /></a><figcaption>Racial plurality in West Virginia by county, per the 2020 U.S. census<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Legend</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <b>Non-Hispanic White</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#85200c; color:white;"> </span> 70–80%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5b0f00; color:white;"> </span> 80–90%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#410b00; color:white;"> </span> 90%+</div>   </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </li></ul> </div></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:1em; float:center"> <caption><b>Population Aged 65 and Older: Top 10 States</b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>State</th> <th>% of population<br /> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Florida</td> <td>17.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>West Virginia</td> <td>16.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maine</td> <td>15.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pennsylvania</td> <td>15.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iowa</td> <td>14.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Montana</td> <td>14.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vermont</td> <td>14.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Dakota</td> <td>14.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rhode Island</td> <td>14.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arkansas</td> <td>14.4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There were 20,928 births in 2006. Of these, 19,757 (94.40% of the births, 95.19% of the population) were to non-Hispanic whites. There were 22 births to Native American (0.11% of the births and 0.54% of the population), 177 births to Asians (0.85% of the births and 0.68% of the population), 219 births to Hispanics (1.05% of the births and 0.88% of the population) and 753 births to blacks and others (3.60% of the births and 3.56% of the population).<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The county with the highest percentage of residents under 18 is <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_County,_West_Virginia" title="Berkeley County, West Virginia">Berkeley County</a> with 23.5% and <a href="/wiki/Gilmer_County,_West_Virginia" title="Gilmer County, West Virginia">Gilmer County</a> with the lowest percentage at 15.3%<b>.</b><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state's <a href="/wiki/Northern_panhandle_of_West_Virginia" title="Northern panhandle of West Virginia">northern panhandle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North-Central_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="North-Central West Virginia">north-central</a> region feel an affinity for <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a>. Also, those in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_panhandle_of_West_Virginia" title="Eastern panhandle of West Virginia">eastern panhandle</a> feel a connection with the Washington, D.C. suburbs in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_West_Virginia" title="Southern West Virginia">southern West Virginians</a> often consider themselves <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southerners</a>. Finally, the towns and farms along the mid-<a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>, which forms most of the state's western border, have an appearance and culture somewhat resembling the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_data">Birth data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Birth data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Births in table do not add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.</i> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"> <caption>Live Births by Race/Ethnicity of Mother </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States Census">Race</a> </th> <th>2013<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2014<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2015<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2016<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2017<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2018<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2019<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2020<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2021<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2022<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a>: </td> <td>19,823 (95.2%) </td> <td>19,245 (94.8%) </td> <td>18,814 (95.0%) </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td></tr> <tr> <td>> <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_Whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic Whites">Non-Hispanic White</a> </td> <td>19,542 (93.8%) </td> <td>18,860 (92.9%) </td> <td>18,442 (93.1%) </td> <td>17,460 (91.5%) </td> <td>16,943 (90.7%) </td> <td>16,621 (91.1%) </td> <td>16,476 (90.8%) </td> <td>15,698 (90.6%) </td> <td>15,643 (91.0%) </td> <td>15,300 (90.4%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> </td> <td>754 (3.6%) </td> <td>813 (4.0%) </td> <td>738 (3.7%) </td> <td>587 (3.1%) </td> <td>629 (3.4%) </td> <td>626 (3.4%) </td> <td>620 (3.4%) </td> <td>603 (3.5%) </td> <td>543 (3.1%) </td> <td>566 (3.3%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td>229 (1.1%) </td> <td>214 (1.0%) </td> <td>225 (1.1%) </td> <td>170 (0.9%) </td> <td>201 (1.1%) </td> <td>176 (1.0%) </td> <td>173 (1.0%) </td> <td>160 (0.9%) </td> <td>181 (1.0%) </td> <td>178 (1.1%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian</a> </td> <td>19 (0.1%) </td> <td>29 (0.1%) </td> <td>28 (0.1%) </td> <td>17 (0.1%) </td> <td>26 (0.1%) </td> <td>16 (0.1%) </td> <td>13 (0.1%) </td> <td>16 (0.1%) </td> <td>20 (0.1%) </td> <td>16 (0.1%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a></i> (of any race) </td> <td><i>219</i> (1.1%) </td> <td><i>350</i> (1.7%) </td> <td><i>331</i> (1.7%) </td> <td><i>378</i> (2.0%) </td> <td><i>390</i> (2.1%) </td> <td><i>378</i> (2.1%) </td> <td><i>383</i> (2.1%) </td> <td><i>373</i> (2.1%) </td> <td><i>345</i> (2.0%) </td> <td><i>412</i> (2.4%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total West Virginia</b> </td> <td><b>20,825</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>20,301</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>19,805</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>19,079</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>18,675</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>18,248</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>18,136</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>17,323</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>17,198</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>16,929</b> (100%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Since 2016, data for births of <a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic</a> origin are not collected, but included in one <i>Hispanic</i> group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:1em; float:center"> <caption><b>Top 10 non-English languages spoken in West Virginia</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th>Percentage of population<br /><small>(as of 2010)</small><sup id="cite_ref-Data_Center_Results_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Data_Center_Results-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td> <td>1.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="French Language">French</a></td> <td>0.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="German Language">German</a></td> <td>0.14% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Language">Italian</a></td> <td>0.09% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></td> <td>0.09% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagalog Language">Tagalog</a></td> <td>0.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Language">Japanese</a></td> <td>0.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></td> <td>0.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></td> <td>0.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></td> <td>0.04% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2010 97.67% (1,697,042) of West Virginia residents aged 5 years and older spoke English as their primary language. 2.33% of residents spoke a mother language other than English.<sup id="cite_ref-Data_Center_Results_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Data_Center_Results-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:220px;height:220px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:110px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:110px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 220px 220px 0; border-color:Yellow; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:110px;line-height:0;left:110px; top:110px; border-width:110px 0 0 870.73965971364px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 220px 110px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 110px 220px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:110px;line-height:0;left:110px; top:110px; border-width:110px 0 0 338.54518908928px; border-left-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 220px 110px 0;border-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 110px 220px 0;border-color:White"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:110px;line-height:0;right:110px; top:110px; border-width:96.393734804825px 52.992904151189px 0 0; border-top-color:Lightblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 220px 110px 0;border-color:Lightblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:110px;line-height:0;right:110px; top:110px; border-width:92.876071805222px 58.94094744769px 0 0; border-top-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 220px 110px 0;border-color:Black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:110px;line-height:0;right:110px; top:110px; border-width:84.756456705337px 70.116638872356px 0 0; border-top-color:Indigo"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 220px 110px 0;border-color:Indigo"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:110px;line-height:0;right:110px; top:110px; border-width:20.61194460443px 108.05159758016px 0 0; border-top-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 220px 110px 0;border-color:Green"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religious self-identification, per <a href="/wiki/Public_Religion_Research_Institute" title="Public Religion Research Institute">Public Religion Research Institute</a>'s 2022 <i>American Values Survey</i><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestantism</a> (53%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Indigo; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholicism</a> (11%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witness</a> (2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Lightblue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a> (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:White; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">Unaffiliated</a> (28%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> (3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">Buddhism</a> (2%)</div> </div> </div></div> <div class="notheme barbox tleft" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in West Virginia (2020) <sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:dodgerblue; width:70%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">70%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Unaffiliated</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:grey; width:18%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">18%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:pink; width:2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:yellow; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other faith</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Unanswered</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div><p>Several surveys of West Virginians' religious affiliation have been made in recent years, including in 2008 by the American Religion Identity Survey,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2010 by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pew survey results admit to a 6.5% margin of error, while the ARIS survey says "estimates are subject to larger sampling errors in states with small populations." A characteristic of religion in Appalachian communities is the abundance of independent, non-affiliated churches, which "remain unnoted and uncounted in any census of church life in the United States". This sometimes leads to the belief that these communities are "unchurched".<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest denomination as of 2010, according to <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of Religion Data Archives">Association of Religion Data Archives</a>, was the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a> with 136,000 members in 1,200 congregations. The second-largest Protestant church was the <a href="/wiki/American_Baptist_Churches_USA" title="American Baptist Churches USA">American Baptist Churches USA</a>, with 88,000 members and 381 congregations. The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist</a> church had 44,000 members and 232 congregations. The <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a> had 22,000 members and 287 congregations. The <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)">Presbyterian Church (USA)</a> had 200 congregations and 20,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 2020 ARDA study, non-denominational Protestantism became the largest Christian group, with 152,518 adherents.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2015 survey by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> found that West Virginia was the seventh-most "highly religious" state in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2020 survey by the <a href="/wiki/Public_Religion_Research_Institute" title="Public Religion Research Institute">Public Religion Research Institute</a> found that 69% of the adult population was Christian, reflecting a slight decrease since the Pew Research Center's 2015 survey.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, a survey of nearly 1,900 West Virginians reported that 78.6% were Christian and 16.2% were unaffiliated.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, the Public Religion Research Institute estimated 67% of the state was Christian (53% Protestant, 11% Catholic, 2% Jehovah's Witness, and 1% Mormon), 28% unaffiliated, 3% <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Ager</a>, and 2% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">Buddhist</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Virginia" title="Economy of West Virginia">Economy of West Virginia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Virginia_counties_by_socioeconomic_factors" title="List of West Virginia counties by socioeconomic factors">List of West Virginia counties by socioeconomic factors</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_locations_by_per_capita_income" class="mw-redirect" title="West Virginia locations by per capita income">West Virginia locations by per capita income</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the World Bank, West Virginia's economy would nominally be the world's 69th-largest, behind <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> and ahead of <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state has a projected nominal GDP of $85.434 billion in 2009 according to the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Economic_Analysis" title="Bureau of Economic Analysis">Bureau of Economic Analysis</a> report as of 2021, and a real GDP of $71.343 billion. The state's real GDP growth of 1.3% in 2021 was the 8th-best in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While per capita income fell 2.6% nationally in 2009, West Virginia's grew at 1.8%.<sup id="cite_ref-WVC_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WVC-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the first half of 2010, exports from West Virginia topped $3 billion, growing 39.5% over the same period from the previous year and ahead of the national average by 15.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-WVC_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WVC-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i> ranked <a href="/wiki/Morgantown,_West_Virginia" title="Morgantown, West Virginia">Morgantown</a> as the 10th-best small city in the nation to conduct business in 2010. The city is also home to <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_University" title="West Virginia University">West Virginia University</a>, the 95th-best public university, according to <i>U.S. News & World Report</i> in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proportion of West Virginia's adult population with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> is the lowest in the U.S., at 17.3%.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The net corporate income tax rate is 6.5% while business costs are 13% below the national average.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis reported that in 2014 West Virginia's economy grew twice as fast as the next fastest-growing state east of the Mississippi River, ranking third alongside Wyoming and just behind North Dakota and Texas among the fastest-growing states.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seneca_Rocks_by_Asilverstein_Oct_2013_High_Dynamic_Range_Merge_from_7_Exposures.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Seneca_Rocks_by_Asilverstein_Oct_2013_High_Dynamic_Range_Merge_from_7_Exposures.jpg/300px-Seneca_Rocks_by_Asilverstein_Oct_2013_High_Dynamic_Range_Merge_from_7_Exposures.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Seneca_Rocks_by_Asilverstein_Oct_2013_High_Dynamic_Range_Merge_from_7_Exposures.jpg/450px-Seneca_Rocks_by_Asilverstein_Oct_2013_High_Dynamic_Range_Merge_from_7_Exposures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Seneca_Rocks_by_Asilverstein_Oct_2013_High_Dynamic_Range_Merge_from_7_Exposures.jpg/600px-Seneca_Rocks_by_Asilverstein_Oct_2013_High_Dynamic_Range_Merge_from_7_Exposures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5201" data-file-height="3464" /></a><figcaption>Seneca Rocks, Pendleton County</figcaption></figure> <p>Tourism contributed $4.27 billion to the state's economy and employed 44,400 people in 2010, making it one of the state's largest industries.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many tourists, especially in the eastern mountains, are drawn to the region's notable opportunities for outdoor recreation. <a href="/wiki/Canaan_Valley" title="Canaan Valley">Canaan Valley</a> is popular for winter sports, <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Rocks" title="Seneca Rocks">Seneca Rocks</a> is one of the premier rock climbing destinations in the eastern U.S., the <a href="/wiki/New_River_Gorge" class="mw-redirect" title="New River Gorge">New River Gorge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fayetteville,_WV" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayetteville, WV">Fayetteville</a> area draws rock climbers as well as <a href="/wiki/Whitewater" title="Whitewater">whitewater</a> rafting enthusiasts, and the <a href="/wiki/Monongahela_National_Forest" title="Monongahela National Forest">Monongahela National Forest</a> is popular with hikers, backpackers, hunters, and anglers. </p><p>Also drawing tourism to the state is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Virginia_state_parks" title="List of West Virginia state parks">West Virginia State Park</a> & <a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Virginia_state_forests" title="List of West Virginia state forests">State Forest</a> system, which comprises 45 units covering 164,000 acres. In 2021, over 9 million people visited a West Virginia State Park, the highest number on record. This is partly due to a recent $151 million improvement project that has seen improvements at every park and forest.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to such outdoor recreation opportunities, the state offers a number of historic and cultural attractions. <a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_National_Historical_Park" title="Harpers Ferry National Historical Park">Harpers Ferry National Historical Park</a> is a historic town situated at the confluence of the Shenandoah and Potomac rivers. <a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpers Ferry">Harpers Ferry</a> was the site of <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a>'s 1859 <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">raid</a> on the U.S. Armory and Arsenal. Located at the approximate midpoint of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Trail" title="Appalachian Trail">Appalachian Trail</a>, Harpers Ferry is the base of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Trail_Conservancy" title="Appalachian Trail Conservancy">Appalachian Trail Conservancy</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Greenbrier" title="The Greenbrier">The Greenbrier</a> hotel and <a href="/wiki/Resort" title="Resort">resort</a>, originally built in 1778, has long been considered a premier hotel, frequented by numerous world leaders and U.S. presidents over the years. </p><p>West Virginia is the site of the <a href="/wiki/National_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory" title="National Radio Astronomy Observatory">National Radio Astronomy Observatory</a>, which features the <a href="/wiki/Green_Bank_Telescope" title="Green Bank Telescope">Green Bank Telescope</a>. For the 1963 Centennial of the State, it hosted two high school graduate delegates from each of the 50 States at the <a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Science_Camp" title="National Youth Science Camp">National Youth Science Camp</a> near Bartow, and has continued this tradition ever since. The main building of <a href="/wiki/Trans-Allegheny_Lunatic_Asylum" title="Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum">Weston State Hospital</a> is the largest hand-cut sandstone building in the western hemisphere, second worldwide only to the Kremlin in Moscow. Tours of the building, which is a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Discovery_Trail" title="Civil War Discovery Trail">National Civil War Trail</a>, are offered seasonally and by appointment year-round. West Virginia has numerous popular festivals throughout the year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resources">Resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coalseam_8618.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coalseam_8618.JPG/220px-Coalseam_8618.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coalseam_8618.JPG/330px-Coalseam_8618.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Coalseam_8618.JPG 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bituminous" class="mw-redirect" title="Bituminous">Bituminous</a> coal seam in southwestern West Virginia</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the major resources in West Virginia's economy is <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a>, West Virginia is a top coal producer in the United States, second only to Wyoming. West Virginia is located in the heart of the Marcellus Shale Natural Gas Bed, which stretches from Tennessee north to New York in the middle of Appalachia. </p><p>As of 2017, the coal industry accounted for 2% of state employment.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearly all the electricity generated in West Virginia is from coal-fired power plants. West Virginia produces a surplus of electricity and leads the nation in net interstate electricity exports.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farming is also practiced in West Virginia, but on a limited basis because of the mountainous terrain over much of the state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Green_energy">Green energy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Green energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An assessment from 2012 estimated that West Virginia had the potential to generate 8,627 GWh/year from 2,772 MW of 100-meter <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbines" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind turbines">wind turbines</a>, and 60,000 GWh from 40,000 MW of photovoltaics, including 3,810 MW of rooftop <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">photovoltaics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was based on then-existing technologies and apparently was based on some assumed requirements for the economic performance of the respective resources. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#cfb;"> </th> <th colspan="13" style="background:#cfb;">West Virginia Wind Generation (GWh, Million kWh) </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#cfb;">Year </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Capacity<br />(MW) </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Total </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Jan </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Feb </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Mar </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Apr </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">May </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Jun </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Jul </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Aug </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Sept </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Oct </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Nov </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Dec </th></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>2009</td> <td>330</td> <td>742</td> <td>86</td> <td>86</td> <td>69</td> <td>71</td> <td>31</td> <td>49</td> <td>49</td> <td>32</td> <td>46</td> <td>71</td> <td>68</td> <td>86 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>2010</td> <td>431</td> <td>939</td> <td>92</td> <td>79</td> <td>85</td> <td>86</td> <td>66</td> <td>69</td> <td>49</td> <td>33</td> <td>66</td> <td>114</td> <td>89</td> <td>112 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>2011</td> <td>564</td> <td>1099</td> <td>102</td> <td>113</td> <td>112</td> <td>114</td> <td>49</td> <td>62</td> <td>45</td> <td>68</td> <td>60</td> <td>122</td> <td>124</td> <td>132 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>2012</td> <td>583</td> <td>1286</td> <td>201</td> <td>147</td> <td>136</td> <td>130</td> <td>59</td> <td>90</td> <td>85</td> <td>41</td> <td>65</td> <td>98</td> <td>100</td> <td>133 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>2013</td> <td>583</td> <td>1387</td> <td>175</td> <td>154</td> <td>174</td> <td>140</td> <td>134</td> <td>78</td> <td>55</td> <td>58</td> <td>52</td> <td>58</td> <td>159</td> <td>152<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>2014</td> <td>583</td> <td>1451</td> <td>166</td> <td>146</td> <td>167</td> <td>143</td> <td>100</td> <td>62</td> <td>76</td> <td>64</td> <td>67</td> <td>154</td> <td>157</td> <td>149 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>2015</td> <td>583</td> <td>1376</td> <td>158</td> <td>137</td> <td>181</td> <td>137</td> <td>75</td> <td>103</td> <td>65</td> <td>44</td> <td>71</td> <td>122</td> <td>147</td> <td>136 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>2016</td> <td>686</td> <td>1432</td> <td>166</td> <td>164</td> <td>134</td> <td>120</td> <td>74</td> <td>92</td> <td>69</td> <td>57</td> <td>67</td> <td>130</td> <td>135</td> <td>222 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>2017</td> <td>686</td> <td>1682</td> <td>124</td> <td>123</td> <td>171</td> <td>174</td> <td>152</td> <td>140</td> <td>112</td> <td>52</td> <td>70</td> <td>116</td> <td>167</td> <td>211 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>2018</td> <td>686</td> <td>1779</td> <td>191</td> <td>181</td> <td>183</td> <td>180</td> <td>138</td> <td>132</td> <td>97</td> <td>108</td> <td>106</td> <td>144</td> <td>160</td> <td>160 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>2019</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>160</td> <td>131</td> <td>144</td> <td>185</td> <td>152</td> <td>162</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxes">Taxes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Taxes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>West Virginia personal <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> is based on federal adjusted gross income (not taxable income), as modified by specific items in West Virginia law. Citizens are taxed within five income brackets, which range from 3.0% to 6.5%. The state's consumer <a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">sales tax</a> is levied at 6% on most products except for non-prepared foods.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>West Virginia counties administer and collect <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property taxes</a>, although property tax rates reflect levies for state government, county governments, county boards of education and municipalities. Counties may also impose a hotel occupancy tax on lodging places not located within the city limits of any municipality that levies such a tax. Municipalities may levy license and <a href="/wiki/Gross_receipts_tax" title="Gross receipts tax">gross receipts taxes</a> on businesses located within the city limits and a hotel occupancy tax on lodging places in the city. Although the Department of Tax and Revenue plays a major role in the administration of this tax, less than half of one percent of the property tax collected goes to state government. </p><p>The primary beneficiaries of the property tax are county boards of education. Property taxes are paid to the <a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">sheriff</a> of each of the state's 55 counties. Each county and municipality can impose its own rates of property taxation within the limits set by the West Virginia Constitution. The West Virginia legislature sets the rate of tax of county boards of education. This rate is used by all county boards of education statewide. However, the total tax rate for county boards of education may differ from county to county because of excess levies. The Department of Tax and Revenue supervises and otherwise assists counties and municipalities in their work of assessment and tax rate determination. The total tax rate is a combination of the tax levies from four state taxing authorities: state, county, schools and municipal. This total tax rate varies for each of the four classes of property, which consists of personal, real and intangible properties. Property is assessed according to its use, location and value as of July 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wvassessments.com">WV Assessments</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129171501/https://wvassessments.com/">Archived</a> November 29, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> has a free searchable database of West Virginia real estate tax assessments, covering current and past years. All property is reappraised every three years; annual adjustments are made to assessments for property with a change of value. West Virginia does not impose an <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">inheritance tax</a>. Because of the phase-out of the federal <a href="/wiki/Estate_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Estate tax">estate tax</a> credit, West Virginia's estate tax is not imposed on estates of persons who died on or after January 1, 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_private_employers">Largest private employers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Largest private employers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest private employers in West Virginia, as of March 2019, were:<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Company </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WVU_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="WVU Medicine">WVU Medicine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charleston_Area_Medical_Center" title="Charleston Area Medical Center">CAMC Health System</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>Mountain Health Network </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kroger" title="Kroger">Kroger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lowe%27s" title="Lowe's">Lowe's Home Centers</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Contura_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Contura Energy">Contura Energy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wheeling_Hospital" title="Wheeling Hospital">Wheeling Hospital, Inc.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mylan_Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mylan Pharmaceuticals">Mylan Pharmaceuticals</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Murray_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray Energy">Murray American Energy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>ResCare </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>Mon Health </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Macy%27s" title="Macy's">Macy's Corporate Services</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Electric_Power" title="American Electric Power">American Electric Power</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td>West Virginia's Choice, Inc. </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/FirstEnergy_Corp" class="mw-redirect" title="FirstEnergy Corp">FirstEnergy Corp</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dollar_General" title="Dollar General">Dolgencorp, LLC (Dollar General Stores)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td>Thomas Health Systems </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_Pride_Corporation_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim's Pride Corporation of West Virginia">Pilgrim's Pride Corporation of West Virginia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frontier_West_Virginia" title="Frontier West Virginia">Frontier West Virginia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td>Blackhawk Mining, LLC </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Darden_Restaurants" title="Darden Restaurants">Darden Restaurants (GMRI, Inc.)</a><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arch_Coal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arch Coal">Arch Coal, Inc.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walgreens" title="Walgreens">Walgreens</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DowDuPont" class="mw-redirect" title="DowDuPont">DowDuPont, Inc.</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Labelled as "General Mills Restaurants", one of Darden's predecessors. GMRI, Inc. remains Darden's main operating subsidiary.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quality_of_life">Quality of life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Quality of life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Too_few_opinions plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-too_few_opinions" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">include all significant viewpoints</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit">improve the article</a> or <a href="/wiki/Talk:West_Virginia" title="Talk:West Virginia">discuss the issue</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bluefield,_West_Virginia_-_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bluefield%2C_West_Virginia_-_2014.jpg/220px-Bluefield%2C_West_Virginia_-_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bluefield%2C_West_Virginia_-_2014.jpg/330px-Bluefield%2C_West_Virginia_-_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bluefield%2C_West_Virginia_-_2014.jpg/440px-Bluefield%2C_West_Virginia_-_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3153" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bluefield,_West_Virginia" title="Bluefield, West Virginia">Bluefield</a>, a major center for coal mining, in 2014</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Virginia_counties_by_socioeconomic_factors" title="List of West Virginia counties by socioeconomic factors">List of West Virginia counties by socioeconomic factors</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy_2">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>West Virginia coal exports declined 40% in 2013—a loss of $2.9 billion and overall total exports declined 26%.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West Virginia ranked last in the Gallup Economic Index for the fourth year running. West Virginia's score was −44, or a full 17 points lower than the average of −27 for the other states in the bottom ten.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West Virginia ranked 48th in the CNBC "Top States for Business 2013" based on measures of competitiveness such as economy, workforce and cost of living—ranking among the bottom five states for the last six years running.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West Virginia ranked 49th in the 2014 State New Economy Index and has ranked in the bottom three states since 1999. West Virginia ranked last or next-to-last in critical indicators such as Workforce Education, Entrepreneurial Activity, High-Tech Jobs, and Scientists and Engineers.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment">Employment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012, West Virginia's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew by 3.3%.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state issued a report highlighting the state's GDP as indicating a fast-growing economy, but did not address employment indicators.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009–2013, the U.S. real GDP increased 9.6% and total employment increased 3.9%. In West Virginia during the same time period, its real GDP increased about 11%, while total employment decreased by 1,000 jobs from 746,000 to 745,000. </p><p>In 2013, West Virginia ranked last in the nation with an <a href="/wiki/Employment-to-population_ratio" title="Employment-to-population ratio">employment-to-population ratio</a> of only 50%, compared to the national average of 59%.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state lost 5,600 jobs in its labor force in four critical economic sectors: construction (1,900), manufacturing (1,100), retail (1,800), and education (800), while gaining just 400 in mining and logging.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state's Civilian Labor Force dropped by 15,100.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wages_and_poverty">Wages and poverty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Wages and poverty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Personal income growth in West Virginia during 2013 was only 1.5%—the lowest in the nation—and about half the national average (2.6%).<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall income growth in West Virginia in the last thirty years has been only 13%—about a third of the national average (37%). Wages of the impoverished bottom 1% income earners decreased by 3%, compared to the national average, which increased 19%.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>West Virginia's <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty rate</a> is one of the highest in the nation. 2017 estimates indicate that 19% of the state's population lives in poverty, exceeding the national average of 13%.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>United Van Lines 37th Annual Migration Study showed in 2013 that 60% more people moved out of West Virginia than moved in.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West Virginia's population is expected to decline by more than 19,000 residents by 2030, and West Virginia lost one of its three seats in the United States House of Representatives in the 2020 census.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West Virginia is the only state where death rates exceed birth rates. During 2010–2013, about 21,000 babies per year were born in West Virginia, but over these three years West Virginia had 3,000 more deaths than births.<sup id="cite_ref-census1_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census1-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gallup-Healthways annual "State of American Well-Being" rankings reports that 1,261 concerned West Virginians rated themselves as "suffering" in categories such as Quality of Life, Physical Health, and Access to Basic Needs. Overall, West Virginia citizens rated themselves as being more miserable than people in all other states—for five years running.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Gallup Well-Being Index for 2013 ranked Charleston, the state capital, and Huntington last and next-to-last out of 189 U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Annie E. Casey Foundation's National Index of Children's Progress ranked West Virginia 43rd in the nation for all kids, and last for white kids.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Annie E. Casey Foundation's 2013 KIDS COUNT Data Book also ranked West Virginia's education system 47th in the nation for the second straight year.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charleston, West Virginia has the worst divorce rate among 100 cities in the nation. Stephen Smith, the executive director of the West Virginia Healthy Kids and Families Coalition, said poor employment prospects are to blame: "The pressure to make a good living puts strain on a marriage, and right now it is infinitely harder to make a living here than it was 40 years ago."<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>United Health Foundation's "America's Health Rankings" for 2013 found that Americans are making considerable progress in key health measures. West Virginia, however, ranked either last or second-to-last in twenty categories, including cancer, child immunization, diabetes, disabilities, drug deaths, teeth loss, low birth weight, missed work days due to health, prescription drug overdose, preventable hospitalizations, and senior clinical care.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wisconsin Population Health Institute annual "Health Rankings" for 2012 showed West Virginia spends $9,671 per capita on health care annually. El Salvador spends just $467, yet both have the same life expectancy.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, according to the Census Bureau, West Virginia was the only state where death rates exceed birth rates. During 2010–2013, about 21,000 babies per year were born in West Virginia, but there were 24,000 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-census1_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census1-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In demographics, this is called a "net mortality society".<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Center for Health Statistics says national birth rates for teenagers are at historic lows—during 2007–2010, teen birth rates fell 17% nationally. West Virginia, however, ranked last with a 3% increase in birth rates for teenagers.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study by West Virginia's Marshall University showed that 19% of babies born in the state have evidence of drug or alcohol exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is several times the national rate, where studies show that about 5.9% of pregnant women in the U.S. use illicit drugs, and about 8.5% consume any alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Institute for Health Policy Research study determined that mortality rates in Appalachia are correlated with coal production. In twenty West Virginia coal counties mining more than a million tons of coal per year and having a total population of 850,000, there are about 10,100 deaths per year, with 1,400 of those statistically attributed to deaths from heart, respiratory and kidney disease from living in an Appalachian coal county.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, <a href="/wiki/McDowell_County,_West_Virginia" title="McDowell County, West Virginia">McDowell County</a> had the highest rate of <a href="/wiki/United_States_drug_overdose_death_rates_and_totals_over_time" title="United States drug overdose death rates and totals over time">drug-induced deaths</a> of any county in the United States, with a rate of 141 deaths per 100,000 people. Four of the five counties with the highest rates of drug-induced deaths are in West Virginia (McDowell, Wyoming, Cabell and Raleigh Counties).<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, West Virginia had the highest drug overdose death rate of any US state, at 80.9 per 100,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American environmental attorney <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bilott" title="Robert Bilott">Robert Bilott</a> exposed how <a href="/wiki/DuPont_(1802%E2%80%932017)" class="mw-redirect" title="DuPont (1802–2017)">DuPont</a> had been knowingly polluting water with <a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">perfluorooctanoic acid</a> (PFOA) in <a href="/wiki/Parkersburg,_West_Virginia" title="Parkersburg, West Virginia">Parkersburg, West Virginia</a>, since the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This battle with DuPont is depicted in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Waters_(2019_film)" title="Dark Waters (2019 film)">Dark Waters</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Life_expectancy">Life expectancy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Life expectancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The residents of West Virginia <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">have a lower life expectancy</a> than the national average. In 2014 life expectancy for both sexes in the state was 76.0 years compared to 79.1 years for the United States as a whole. In 2014, males in West Virginia lived an average of 73.6 years compared to a national average of 76.7 years and females lived an average of 77.5 years compared to a national average of 81.5 years. Male life expectancy in West Virginia between 1980 and 2014 increased by 4.7 years, compared to a national average of a 6.7-year increase. Life expectancy for females in West Virginia between 1980 and 2014 increased by 1.7 years, compared to a national average of a 4.0-year increase. Life expectancy for both sexes is among the lowest of all states.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Health_Map_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Health_Map-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Life expectancies in 2014 for both sexes in West Virginia counties ranged from a low of 70.3 years in <a href="/wiki/McDowell_County,_West_Virginia" title="McDowell County, West Virginia">McDowell County</a> to a high of 79.3 years in <a href="/wiki/Pendleton_County,_West_Virginia" title="Pendleton County, West Virginia">Pendleton County</a>. McDowell and several other West Virginia counties are among the counties in the U.S. with the lowest life expectancies.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Health_Map_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Health_Map-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Law_and_government_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and government of West Virginia">Law and government of West Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="West Virginia Constitution">West Virginia Constitution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_West_Virginia_Capitol_in_Charleston_LCCN2015631770.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_West_Virginia_Capitol_in_Charleston_LCCN2015631770.jpg/220px-The_West_Virginia_Capitol_in_Charleston_LCCN2015631770.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_West_Virginia_Capitol_in_Charleston_LCCN2015631770.jpg/330px-The_West_Virginia_Capitol_in_Charleston_LCCN2015631770.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_West_Virginia_Capitol_in_Charleston_LCCN2015631770.jpg/440px-The_West_Virginia_Capitol_in_Charleston_LCCN2015631770.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4660" data-file-height="4318" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_State_Capitol" title="West Virginia State Capitol">West Virginia State Capitol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston</a> is home to the <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Legislature" title="West Virginia Legislature">West Virginia Legislature</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_branch">Legislative branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Legislative branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Legislature" title="West Virginia Legislature">West Virginia Legislature</a></div> <p>The West Virginia Legislature is <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a>. It consists of the <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="West Virginia House of Delegates">House of Delegates</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Senate" title="West Virginia Senate">Senate</a>, both housed in the <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_State_Capitol" title="West Virginia State Capitol">West Virginia State Capitol</a>. It is a citizen's legislature, meaning that legislative office is not a full-time occupation, but rather a part-time position. Consequently, the legislators often hold full-time jobs in their community of residence. </p><p>Typically, the legislature is in session for 60 days between January and early April. The final day of the regular session ends in a bewildering fury of last-minute legislation to meet a constitutionally imposed midnight deadline. During the remainder of the year, monthly interim sessions are held in preparation for the regular session. Legislators also gather periodically for 'special' sessions when called by the governor. </p><p>The title of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant Governor</a> is assigned by statute to the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of West Virginia">senate president</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_branch">Executive branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Executive branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of West Virginia">List of Governors of West Virginia</a></div> <p>The governor, elected every four years on the same day as the U.S. presidential election, is sworn in during the following January. </p><p>Governors of West Virginia can serve two consecutive terms but must sit out a term before serving a third term in office. </p><p>The title of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant Governor</a> is assigned by statute to the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of West Virginia">senate president</a>. </p><p>West Virginia's current governor is <a href="/wiki/Jim_Justice" title="Jim Justice">Jim Justice</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_branch">Judicial branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Judicial branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeals_of_West_Virginia" title="Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia">Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia</a></div> <p>West Virginia is one of 27 states that do not have a <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">death penalty</a>, and it was the only state in the southeastern United States to have abolished it until 2021, when <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Virginia" title="Capital punishment in Virginia">Virginia</a> did so as well. </p><p>For the purpose of courts of general jurisdiction, the state is divided into 31 judicial circuits. Each circuit is made up of one or more counties. Circuit judges are elected in non-partisan elections to serve eight-year terms. </p><p>West Virginia's highest court is the Supreme Court of Appeals. The Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia is the busiest appellate court of its type in the United States. West Virginia is one of 11 states with a single appellate court. The state constitution allows for the creation of an intermediate court of appeals, but the Legislature has never created one. The Supreme Court is made up of five justices, elected in nonpartisan elections to 12-year terms. </p><p>West Virginia is an <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage_control_state" title="Alcoholic beverage control state">alcoholic beverage control state</a>, but unlike most such states, it does not operate retail outlets, having exited that business in 1990. It retains a monopoly on wholesaling of <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">distilled spirits</a> only. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in West Virginia">Elections in West Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_West_Virginia" title="Political party strength in West Virginia">Political party strength in West Virginia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senator_Joe_Manchin,_Secreatry_Perry,_Senator_Shelley_Moore_Capito,_and_U.S._Rep._David_McKinley_at_NETL_(34999869724).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Senator_Joe_Manchin%2C_Secreatry_Perry%2C_Senator_Shelley_Moore_Capito%2C_and_U.S._Rep._David_McKinley_at_NETL_%2834999869724%29.jpg/280px-Senator_Joe_Manchin%2C_Secreatry_Perry%2C_Senator_Shelley_Moore_Capito%2C_and_U.S._Rep._David_McKinley_at_NETL_%2834999869724%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Senator_Joe_Manchin%2C_Secreatry_Perry%2C_Senator_Shelley_Moore_Capito%2C_and_U.S._Rep._David_McKinley_at_NETL_%2834999869724%29.jpg/420px-Senator_Joe_Manchin%2C_Secreatry_Perry%2C_Senator_Shelley_Moore_Capito%2C_and_U.S._Rep._David_McKinley_at_NETL_%2834999869724%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Senator_Joe_Manchin%2C_Secreatry_Perry%2C_Senator_Shelley_Moore_Capito%2C_and_U.S._Rep._David_McKinley_at_NETL_%2834999869724%29.jpg/560px-Senator_Joe_Manchin%2C_Secreatry_Perry%2C_Senator_Shelley_Moore_Capito%2C_and_U.S._Rep._David_McKinley_at_NETL_%2834999869724%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4786" data-file-height="3191" /></a><figcaption>From left, Senator <a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Joe Manchin</a>, Energy Secretary <a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a>, Senator <a href="/wiki/Shelley_Moore_Capito" title="Shelley Moore Capito">Shelley Moore Capito</a>, and Representative <a href="/wiki/David_McKinley" title="David McKinley">David McKinley</a> (2017) </figcaption></figure> <p>At the state level, West Virginia's politics were largely dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> through the 2000s. This was a legacy of West Virginia's very strong tradition of union membership.<sup id="cite_ref-slate.com_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slate.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 2014 midterm elections Democrats controlled the governorship, the majority of statewide offices, and one U.S. Senate seat, while Republicans held one U.S. Senate seat, all three of the state's <a href="/wiki/U.S._House" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House">U.S. House</a> seats, and a majority in both houses of the <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Legislature" title="West Virginia Legislature">West Virginia Legislature</a>. In the 2016 elections, the Republicans held on to their seats and made gains in the State Senate and gained three statewide offices.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since <a href="/wiki/2000_US_Presidential_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 US Presidential Election">2000</a>, West Virginians have supported the Republican candidate in every presidential election. The state is regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">"deep red"</a> state at the federal level.<sup id="cite_ref-slate.com_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slate.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/2012_US_Presidential_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 US Presidential Election">2012</a> Republican <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> won the state, defeating Democrat <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> with 62% of the vote to 35% for Obama. In the 2016 presidential election, Republican <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> won the state with 67.86% of the popular vote, with West Virginia giving him the highest vote share of any state.<sup id="cite_ref-Leip,_David_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leip,_David-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election_in_West_Virginia" title="2008 United States presidential election in West Virginia">2008 presidential election</a> was the last to date in which the Democratic nominee won any of the state's counties. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Voter registration as of October 18, 2024<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Total voters </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#E81B23; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td align="center">498,536 </td> <td align="center">41.22% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#3333FF; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td align="center">354,446 </td> <td align="center">29.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_voter" title="Independent voter">Unaffiliated</a> </td> <td align="center">302,170 </td> <td align="center">24.99% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:white; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">Minor parties</a> </td> <td align="center">54,315 </td> <td align="center">4.49% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th align="center">1,209,467 </th> <th align="center">100.00% </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Evangelical Christians comprised 52% of the state's voters in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A poll in 2005 showed that 53% of West Virginia voters are <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion">anti-abortion</a>, the seventh highest in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2014 poll by Pew Research found that 35% of West Virginians supported legal abortion in "all or most cases" while 58% wanted it to be banned "in all or most cases".<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A September 2011 <a href="/wiki/Public_Policy_Polling" title="Public Policy Polling">Public Policy Polling</a> survey found that 19% of West Virginia voters thought <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> should be legal, while 71% thought it should be illegal and 10% were not sure. A separate question on the same survey found that 43% of West Virginia voters supported the legal recognition of same-sex couples, with 17% supporting same-sex marriage, 26% supporting civil unions but not marriage, 54% favoring no legal recognition and 3% not sure.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, 58% favored troop withdrawal from Iraq while just 32% wanted troops to remain.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On fiscal policy in 2008, 52% said raising taxes on the wealthier individuals would benefit the economy, while 45% disagreed.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2020 study, West Virginia was ranked as the 16th hardest state for citizens to vote in.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_West_Virginia" title="Transportation in West Virginia">Transportation in West Virginia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WVtollbooth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/WVtollbooth.jpg/220px-WVtollbooth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/WVtollbooth.jpg/330px-WVtollbooth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/WVtollbooth.jpg/440px-WVtollbooth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A toll plaza on the <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Turnpike" class="mw-redirect" title="West Virginia Turnpike">West Virginia Turnpike</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_New_River_Gorge_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/View_of_New_River_Gorge_Bridge.jpg/220px-View_of_New_River_Gorge_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/View_of_New_River_Gorge_Bridge.jpg/330px-View_of_New_River_Gorge_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/View_of_New_River_Gorge_Bridge.jpg/440px-View_of_New_River_Gorge_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2470" /></a><figcaption>The iconic <a href="/wiki/New_River_Gorge_Bridge" title="New River Gorge Bridge">New River Gorge Bridge</a> near <a href="/wiki/Fayetteville,_West_Virginia" title="Fayetteville, West Virginia">Fayetteville</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weirton-Steubenville_Bridge_pic_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Weirton-Steubenville_Bridge_pic_1.jpg/220px-Weirton-Steubenville_Bridge_pic_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Weirton-Steubenville_Bridge_pic_1.jpg/330px-Weirton-Steubenville_Bridge_pic_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Weirton-Steubenville_Bridge_pic_1.jpg/440px-Weirton-Steubenville_Bridge_pic_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Veterans_Memorial_Bridge_(Steubenville,_Ohio)" title="Veterans Memorial Bridge (Steubenville, Ohio)">Veterans Memorial Bridge</a> carries US 22 from Weirton WV into Ohio.</figcaption></figure> <p>Highways form the backbone of transportation systems in West Virginia, with over 37,300 miles (60,000 km) of public roads in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Airports, railroads, and rivers complete the commercial transportation modes for West Virginia. Commercial air travel is facilitated by airports in Charleston, Huntington, Morgantown, Beckley, Lewisburg, Clarksburg, and Parkersburg. All but Charleston and Huntington are subsidized by the federal <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Department of Transportation's</a> <a href="/wiki/Essential_Air_Service" title="Essential Air Service">Essential Air Service</a> program. The cities of Charleston, Huntington, Beckley, Wheeling, Morgantown, Clarksburg, Parkersburg and Fairmont have bus-based public transit systems. </p><p><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_University" title="West Virginia University">West Virginia University</a> in Morgantown boasts the <a href="/wiki/Morgantown_Personal_Rapid_Transit" title="Morgantown Personal Rapid Transit">PRT (personal rapid transit) system</a>, the state's only single-rail public transit system. Developed by <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>, the WVU School of Engineering and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Department of Transportation</a>, it was a model for low-capacity light transport designed for smaller cities. Recreational transportation opportunities abound in West Virginia, including hiking trails,<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rail_trails" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail trails">rail trails</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ATV off-road trails,<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> white water rafting rivers,<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two tourist railroads, the <a href="/wiki/Cass_Scenic_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Cass Scenic Railroad">Cass Scenic Railroad</a><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Branch_Valley_Railroad" title="South Branch Valley Railroad">Potomac Eagle Scenic Railroad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>West Virginia is crossed by seven <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highways" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate Highways">Interstate Highways</a>. <a href="/wiki/Interstate_64" title="Interstate 64">I-64</a> enters the state near <a href="/wiki/White_Sulphur_Springs,_West_Virginia" title="White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia">White Sulphur Springs</a> in the mountainous east, and exits for <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> in the west, near <a href="/wiki/Huntington,_West_Virginia" title="Huntington, West Virginia">Huntington</a>. <a href="/wiki/Interstate_77" title="Interstate 77">I-77</a> enters from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> in the south, near <a href="/wiki/Bluefield,_West_Virginia" title="Bluefield, West Virginia">Bluefield</a>. It runs north past <a href="/wiki/Parkersburg,_West_Virginia" title="Parkersburg, West Virginia">Parkersburg</a> before it crosses into <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>. <a href="/wiki/Interstate_64" title="Interstate 64">I-64</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_77" title="Interstate 77">I-77</a> between Charleston and Beckley are merged as toll road known as the <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Turnpike" class="mw-redirect" title="West Virginia Turnpike">West Virginia Turnpike</a>, which continues as I-77 alone from Beckley to Princeton. It was constructed beginning in 1952 as a two-lane road, but rebuilt beginning in 1974 to Interstate standards. Today almost nothing of the original construction remains. <a href="/wiki/Interstate_68" title="Interstate 68">I-68</a>'s western terminus is in <a href="/wiki/Morgantown,_West_Virginia" title="Morgantown, West Virginia">Morgantown</a>. From there it runs east into <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_68" title="Interstate 68">I-68</a> terminus in Morgantown, it meets <a href="/wiki/Interstate_79" title="Interstate 79">I-79</a>, which enters from Pennsylvania and runs through the state to its southern terminus in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston</a>. <a href="/wiki/Interstate_70" title="Interstate 70">I-70</a> briefly runs through West Virginia, crossing the northern panhandle through <a href="/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia" title="Wheeling, West Virginia">Wheeling</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Interstate_470_(Ohio%E2%80%93West_Virginia)" title="Interstate 470 (Ohio–West Virginia)">I-470</a> is a bypass of Wheeling (making Wheeling among the smallest cities with an interstate bypass). <a href="/wiki/Interstate_81" title="Interstate 81">I-81</a> also briefly runs in West Virginia through the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern panhandle">eastern panhandle</a> where it goes through <a href="/wiki/Martinsburg,_West_Virginia" title="Martinsburg, West Virginia">Martinsburg</a>. </p><p>The interstates are supplemented by roads constructed under the Appalachian Corridor system. Four Corridors are complete. Corridor D, carrying US 50, runs from the Ohio River, and I-77, at Parkersburg to I-79 at Clarksburg. Corridor G, carrying US 119, runs from Charleston to the Kentucky border at Williamson. Corridor L, carrying US 19, runs from the Turnpike at Beckley to I-79 near Sutton (and provides a short cut of about 40 miles (64 km) and bypasses Charleston's urban traffic for traveler heading to and from Florida). Corridor Q, carrying US 460, runs through Mercer County, entering the state from <a href="/wiki/Giles_County,_Virginia" title="Giles County, Virginia">Giles County, Virginia</a> and then reentering Virginia at <a href="/wiki/Tazewell_County,_Virginia" title="Tazewell County, Virginia">Tazewell County</a>. </p><p>Work continues on the long-delayed Corridor H, which will carry US 48 from Weston to the Virginia line near Wardensville. As of 2018, a section from Weston to Kerens just past Elkins, and another section from Wardensville to Davis are complete. Other projects under development are a four-lane upgrade of US 35 from Scott Depot to the Ohio River at Point Pleasant, which is about two-thirds complete; a four-lane upgrade of WV 10 from Logan to Man and then of WV 80 from Man to Gilbert, which is about half completed; and four-lane upgrades to US 52 from Bluefield to Williamson, known as the "King Coal Highway" and from Williamson to Huntington, known as the "Tolsia Highway" which are many years from completion. A project known as the "Coalfields Expressway" is also ongoing, and will carry US 121 from Beckley west across Raleigh, Wyoming, and McDowell counties, entering Virginia near Bishop. </p><p>Rail lines in the state used to be more prevalent, but many lines have been discontinued because of increased automobile traffic. Many old tracks have been converted to <a href="/wiki/Rail_trails" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail trails">rail trails</a> for recreational use, although the coal-producing areas still have railroads running at near capacity. <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(train)" title="Cardinal (train)">Cardinal</a></i> roughly parallels I-64's path through the state. <a href="/wiki/MARC_Train" title="MARC Train">MARC</a> trains serve commuters to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> in the eastern panhandle. In 2006 <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk Southern">Norfolk Southern</a> along with the West Virginia and U.S. Government approved a plan to modify many of the rail tunnels in West Virginia, especially in the southern half of the state, to allow for double-stacked cars (see <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">inter-modal freight</a>). This is expected to also help bring economic growth to the southern half of the state. An Intermodal Freight Facility is located at Prichard, just south of Huntington. </p><p>Because of the mountainous nature of the entire state, West Virginia has several notable tunnels and bridges. The most famous of these is the <a href="/wiki/New_River_Gorge_Bridge" title="New River Gorge Bridge">New River Gorge Bridge</a>, which was at a time the longest steel single-arch bridge in the world with a 3,031-foot (924 m) span. The bridge is also pictured on the West Virginia <a href="/wiki/State_quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="State quarter">State quarter</a>. The Fort Steuben Bridge (Weirton-Steubenville Bridge) was at the time of its construction one of only three cable-stayed steel girder trusses in the United States. "The Veterans Memorial Bridge was designed to handle traffic from the Fort Steuben Bridge as well as its own traffic load", to quote the <i>Weirton Daily Times</i> newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-Gossett_Fort_Steuben_Bridge_permanently_closed_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gossett_Fort_Steuben_Bridge_permanently_closed-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 80-year-old Fort Steuben Bridge (Weirton-Steubenville Bridge) was permanently closed on January 8, 2009. The <a href="/wiki/Wheeling_Suspension_Bridge" title="Wheeling Suspension Bridge">Wheeling Suspension Bridge</a> was the first bridge built across the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> in 1849 and for a time was the longest suspension bridge in the world. It is still the oldest vehicular suspension bridge in the United States still in use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_West_Virginia" title="Education in West Virginia">Education in West Virginia</a></div><p>West Virginia is one of the lowest-scoring U.S. states for <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">education</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/National_Assessment_of_Educational_Progress" title="National Assessment of Educational Progress">The National Assessment of Educational Progress</a>, it is significantly below the national average in mathematics, reading, writing, and science. The surrounding states of Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky, Ohio, and Pennsylvania score higher than or equal to the national average.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Colleges and universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_West_Virginia" title="List of colleges and universities in West Virginia">List of colleges and universities in West Virginia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Public_University_System" title="American Public University System">American Public University System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Bible_College" title="Appalachian Bible College">Appalachian Bible College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany_College_(West_Virginia)" title="Bethany College (West Virginia)">Bethany College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefield_State_University" title="Bluefield State University">Bluefield State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Community_and_Technical_College" title="Blue Ridge Community and Technical College">Blue Ridge Community and Technical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BridgeValley_Community_and_Technical_College" title="BridgeValley Community and Technical College">BridgeValley Community and Technical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord_University" title="Concord University">Concord University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_and_Elkins_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Davis and Elkins College">Davis and Elkins College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_West_Virginia_Community_and_Technical_College" title="Eastern West Virginia Community and Technical College">Eastern West Virginia Community and Technical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairmont_State_University" title="Fairmont State University">Fairmont State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Generations_Graduate_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Future Generations Graduate School">Future Generations Graduate School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenville_State_University" title="Glenville State University">Glenville State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_University" title="Marshall University">Marshall University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountwest_Community_and_Technical_College" title="Mountwest Community and Technical College">Mountwest Community and Technical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_River_Community_and_Technical_College" title="New River Community and Technical College">New River Community and Technical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierpont_Community_and_Technical_College" title="Pierpont Community and Technical College">Pierpont Community and Technical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potomac_State_College_of_West_Virginia_University" title="Potomac State College of West Virginia University">Potomac State College of West Virginia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_International_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Salem International University">Salem International University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_University" title="Shepherd University">Shepherd University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_West_Virginia_Community_and_Technical_College" title="Southern West Virginia Community and Technical College">Southern West Virginia Community and Technical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Charleston" title="University of Charleston">University of Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Liberty_University" title="West Liberty University">West Liberty University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Northern_Community_College" title="West Virginia Northern Community College">West Virginia Northern Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_School_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine">West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_State_University" title="West Virginia State University">West Virginia State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_University" title="West Virginia University">West Virginia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_University_at_Parkersburg" title="West Virginia University at Parkersburg">West Virginia University at Parkersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_University_Institute_of_Technology" title="West Virginia University Institute of Technology">West Virginia University Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Wesleyan_College" title="West Virginia Wesleyan College">West Virginia Wesleyan College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeling_University" title="Wheeling University">Wheeling University</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>West Virginia is home to college sports teams from two schools—West Virginia and Marshall—that play in NCAA Division<span class="nowrap"> </span>I. West Virginia is also home to several professional minor league baseball, football, hockey, and other sports teams. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Club_(organization)" title="Club (organization)">Club</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sport</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sports_league" title="Sports league">League</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Mountaineers" title="West Virginia Mountaineers">West Virginia Mountaineers</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">Football</a> / Basketball </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Big_12_Conference" title="Big 12 Conference">Big 12 Conference</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Thundering_Herd" title="Marshall Thundering Herd">Marshall Thundering Herd</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">Football</a> / Basketball </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt_Conference" title="Sun Belt Conference">Sun Belt Conference</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bluefield_Ridge_Runners" title="Bluefield Ridge Runners">Bluefield Ridge Runners</a> </td> <td>Baseball </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_League" title="Appalachian League">Appalachian League</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charleston_Dirty_Birds" title="Charleston Dirty Birds">Charleston Dirty Birds</a> </td> <td>Baseball </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_League_of_Professional_Baseball" title="Atlantic League of Professional Baseball">Atlantic League of Professional Baseball</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tri-State_Coal_Cats" title="Tri-State Coal Cats">Tri-State Coal Cats</a> </td> <td>Baseball </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_League" title="Appalachian League">Appalachian League</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Miners" title="West Virginia Miners">West Virginia Miners</a> </td> <td>Baseball </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prospect_League" title="Prospect League">Prospect League</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Black_Bears" title="West Virginia Black Bears">West Virginia Black Bears</a> </td> <td>Baseball </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MLB_Draft_League" title="MLB Draft League">MLB Draft League</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wheeling_Nailers" title="Wheeling Nailers">Wheeling Nailers</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHL" title="ECHL">ECHL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>West Virginia Lightning<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">Football</a> </td> <td>Elite Mid-Continental Football League<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_United" title="West Virginia United">West Virginia United</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">Soccer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USL_League_Two" title="USL League Two">USL League Two</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Bruisers" class="mw-redirect" title="West Virginia Bruisers">West Virginia Bruisers</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">Football</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Football_Alliance" title="Women's Football Alliance">Women's Football Alliance</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Virginia" title="Music of West Virginia">Music of West Virginia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appalachian_music">Appalachian music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Appalachian music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>West Virginia's folk heritage is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Appalachian folk music">Appalachian folk music</a> tradition, and includes styles of <a href="/wiki/Musical_styles_(violin)#Fiddle" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical styles (violin)">fiddling</a>, ballad singing, and other styles that draw on <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Scots-Irish</a> music. Camp Washington-Carver, a Mountain Cultural Arts Center located at <a href="/wiki/Clifftop,_Fayette_County,_West_Virginia" title="Clifftop, Fayette County, West Virginia">Clifftop</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_West_Virginia" title="Fayette County, West Virginia">Fayette County</a>, hosts an annual Appalachian String Band Festival.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Capitol Complex in Charleston hosts The Vandalia Gathering, where traditional Appalachian musicians compete in contests and play in impromptu jam sessions and evening concerts over the weekend.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Augusta Heritage Center sponsored by Davis & Elkins College in <a href="/wiki/Elkins,_West_Virginia" title="Elkins, West Virginia">Elkins</a> in <a href="/wiki/Randolph_County,_West_Virginia" title="Randolph County, West Virginia">Randolph County</a> produces the annual <a href="/wiki/Augusta_Heritage_Festival" title="Augusta Heritage Festival">Augusta Heritage Festival</a>, which includes intensive week-long workshops in the summer that help preserve Appalachian heritage and traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_music">Classical music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Classical music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The West Virginia Symphony Orchestra was founded in 1939, as the <i>Charleston Civic Orchestra</i>, before becoming the <i>Charleston Symphony Orchestra</i> in 1943. The first conductor was William R. Wiant, followed by the conductor Antonio Modarelli, who was written about in the November 7, 1949 <i>Time Magazine</i> for his composition of the <i>River Saga</i>, a six-section program piece about the Kanawha River according to the <i>Charleston Gazette</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s November 6, 1999, photo essay, "Snapshots of the 20th Century".<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before coming to Charleston, Modarelli had conducted the <a href="/wiki/Wheeling_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Wheeling Symphony Orchestra">Wheeling Symphony Orchestra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra" title="Philadelphia Orchestra">Philadelphia Orchestra</a>, according to the orchestra's website.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning 20th-century composer <a href="/wiki/George_Crumb" title="George Crumb">George Crumb</a> was born in Charleston and earned his bachelor's degree there before moving outside the state. There had also been a series of operatic-style concerts performed in Wheeling during mid-century as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Musical_innovation">Musical innovation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Musical innovation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The West Virginia Cultural Center in Charleston<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is home to the West Virginia Department of Arts, Culture and History,<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which helps underwrite and coordinate a large number of musical activities. The center is also home to <i><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Stage" title="Mountain Stage">Mountain Stage</a></i>, an internationally broadcast live-performance music radio program established in 1983 which is carried by many affiliates of <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program also travels to other venues in the state such as the <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_University" title="West Virginia University">West Virginia University</a> Creative Arts Center in Morgantown.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The center hosts concerts sponsored by the Friends of Old Time Music and Dance, which brings an assortment of acoustic roots music to West Virginians.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The center also hosts the West Virginia Dance Festival, which features classical and modern dance.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Huntington's historic <a href="/wiki/Keith-Albee_Theatre" title="Keith-Albee Theatre">Keith-Albee Theatre</a>, built by brothers A.B. and S.J. Hyman, was originally opened to the public on May 7, 1928, and hosts a variety of performing arts and music attractions. The theatre was eventually gifted to <a href="/wiki/Marshall_University" title="Marshall University">Marshall University</a> and is currently going through renovation to restore it to its original splendor. </p><p>Every summer <a href="/wiki/Elkins,_West_Virginia" title="Elkins, West Virginia">Elkins</a> hosts the Augusta Heritage Festival, which brings folk musicians from around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town of <a href="/wiki/Glenville,_West_Virginia" title="Glenville, West Virginia">Glenville</a> has long been home to the annual West Virginia State Folk Festival.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mountaineer Opera House in <a href="/wiki/Milton,_West_Virginia" title="Milton, West Virginia">Milton</a> hosts a variety of musical acts. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Denver" title="John Denver">John Denver</a>'s hit song "<a href="/wiki/Take_Me_Home,_Country_Roads" title="Take Me Home, Country Roads">Take Me Home, Country Roads</a>" describes the experience of driving through West Virginia. The song mentions the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_River" title="Shenandoah River">Shenandoah River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a>, both features traversing the easternmost extremity of the state's "eastern panhandle", in <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_West_Virginia" title="Jefferson County, West Virginia">Jefferson County</a>. On March 8, 2014, West Virginia Governor Earl Ray Tomblin signed House Concurrent Resolution 40 naming "Take Me Home, Country Roads" the fourth official state song of West Virginia. </p><p>Symphony Sunday is an annual event hosted by the <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Symphony_Orchestra" title="West Virginia Symphony Orchestra">West Virginia Symphony Orchestra</a> held in June. It is a day full of music by community groups, food, and family fun, culminating in a free performance by the West Virginia Symphony Orchestra with a fireworks display following. The event began in 1982 and is held on the front lawn of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Charleston" title="University of Charleston">University of Charleston</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail_Kanawha_County_Majorette_and_Band_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Mail Kanawha County Majorette and Band Festival">Daily Mail Kanawha County Majorette and Band Festival</a> is West Virginia's longest-running music festival. It is for the eight public high schools in Kanawha County. The festival began in 1947. It is held at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Charleston_Stadium_at_Laidley_Field" title="University of Charleston Stadium at Laidley Field">University of Charleston Stadium at Laidley Field</a> in downtown Charleston. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/32px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/48px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/List_of_West_Virginia_State_Fishing_Records" title="List of West Virginia State Fishing Records">List of West Virginia State Fishing Records</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Informational notes</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NAVD88-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAVD88_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAVD88_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elevation adjusted to <a href="/wiki/North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988" title="North American Vertical Datum of 1988">North American Vertical Datum of 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Census Bureau</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Geographers" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of American Geographers">Association of American Geographers</a> classify West Virginia as part of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> classifies the state as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a> region "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bls.gov/regions/mid-atlantic/">Mid-Atlantic Home : Mid-Atlantic Information Office: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"</a>. www.bls.gov. Archived.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> provides that no state may be divided without its consent.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=HW3570">"Spruce Knob Cairn 1956"</a>. <i>NGS Data Sheet</i>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey" title="U.S. National Geodetic Survey">National Geodetic Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NGS+Data+Sheet&rft.atitle=Spruce+Knob+Cairn+1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngs.noaa.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fds_mark.prl%3FPidBox%3DHW3570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html">"Elevations and Distances in the United States"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html">the original</a> on October 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elevations+and+Distances+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fegsc.usgs.gov%2Fisb%2Fpubs%2Fbooklets%2Felvadist%2Felvadist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bureau_2021-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bureau_2021_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2020/dec/2020-apportionment-data.html">"2020 Census Apportionment Results"</a>. United States Census Bureau. April 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+Census+Apportionment+Results&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2021-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2F2020%2Fdec%2F2020-apportionment-data.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091007/http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0">"Median Annual Household Income"</a>. <i>The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0">the original</a> on December 20, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Henry+J.+Kaiser+Family+Foundation&rft.atitle=Median+Annual+Household+Income&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkff.org%2Fother%2Fstate-indicator%2Fmedian-annual-income%2F%3FcurrentTimeframe%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table01.pdf">"Census Data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Census.gov. April 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Data&rft.pub=Census.gov&rft.date=2021-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fdecennial%2F2020%2Fdata%2Fapportionment%2Fapportionment-2020-table01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARC_service_area-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ARC_service_area_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917184038/http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=27">"Appalachian Region: Counties in Appalachia"</a>. Appalachian Regional Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=27">the original</a> on September 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appalachian+Region%3A+Counties+in+Appalachia&rft.pub=Appalachian+Regional+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arc.gov%2Findex.do%3FnodeId%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustine_FontesRon_Fontes2003" class="citation book cs1">Justine Fontes; Ron Fontes (January 2, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gtP82LEroSYC&pg=PA4"><i>West Virginia: The Mountain State</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Stevens" title="Gareth Stevens">Gareth Stevens</a>. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780836851632" title="Special:BookSources/9780836851632"><bdi>9780836851632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Virginia%3A+The+Mountain+State&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Gareth+Stevens&rft.date=2003-01-02&rft.isbn=9780836851632&rft.au=Justine+Fontes&rft.au=Ron+Fontes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgtP82LEroSYC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritanEcon-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BritanEcon_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritanEcon_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/West-Virginia/Economy">"West Virginia - Economy"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=West+Virginia+-+Economy&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FWest-Virginia%2FEconomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/asheville-citizen-times/134552447/">"Railroad Came to the Highlands to Speed Major Tree Harvesting"</a>. <i>Asheville Citizen-Times</i>. June 27, 1965. p. 84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asheville+Citizen-Times&rft.atitle=Railroad+Came+to+the+Highlands+to+Speed+Major+Tree+Harvesting&rft.pages=84&rft.date=1965-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fasheville-citizen-times%2F134552447%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slate.com-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slate.com_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slate.com_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slate.com_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodruff2014" class="citation journal cs1">Woodruff, Betsy (October 29, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2014/10/republicans_are_turning_west_virginia_red_how_the_democrats_lost_control.html">"Goodbye West Virginia"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170721085311/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2014/10/republicans_are_turning_west_virginia_red_how_the_democrats_lost_control.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2017. <q>But by 2000, tectonic changes in the state's politics were underway. West Virginians tended to be economically liberal but socially conservative, and as social issues like abortion came to the forefront in national politics, the state started looking better for Republicans. The leftward tilt of the national Democratic Party helped matters, too.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Goodbye+West+Virginia&rft.date=2014-10-29&rft.aulast=Woodruff&rft.aufirst=Betsy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fnews_and_politics%2Fpolitics%2F2014%2F10%2Frepublicans_are_turning_west_virginia_red_how_the_democrats_lost_control.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennings1993" class="citation journal cs1">Jennings, Francis (December 1993). "Review of <i>A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and Its Peoples, 1724-1774</i> by Michael N. 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Ambler. <i>A History of West Virginia</i>, pp. 132–138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThier2010" class="citation web cs1">Thier, David (April 18, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100420094810/http://www.aolnews.com/science/article/wva-stalagmite-points-to-surprising-carbon-footprint/19443425">"W.Va. Stalagmite Points to Surprising Carbon Footprint"</a>. <i>Science</i>. aolnews.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aolnews.com/science/article/wva-stalagmite-points-to-surprising-carbon-footprint/19443425">the original</a> on April 20, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=W.Va.+Stalagmite+Points+to+Surprising+Carbon+Footprint&rft.date=2010-04-18&rft.aulast=Thier&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aolnews.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fwva-stalagmite-points-to-surprising-carbon-footprint%2F19443425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, Laura Elizabeth "Investigating the Orchard Site: A Protohistoric Fort AncientSite in West Virginia" 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Extrapolation from the 16th-century Spanish, 'Cali' ˈkali a rich agricultural area—geographical sunny climate. also 1536, Cauca River, linking Cali, was important for higher population agriculture and cattle raising & Colombia's coffee is produced in the adjacent uplands. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. 'Cali', city, metropolis, urban center. Pearson Education 2006. "Calica", Yucatán place name called rock pit, a port an hour south of Cancún. Sp. root: "Cal", limestone. Also today, 'Calicuas', supporting cylinder or enclosing ring, or moveable prop as in holding a strut)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franquelin, Jean Baptiste Louis. "Franquelin's map of Louisiana". LOC.gov. Retrieved August 17, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Discoveries of John Lederer," reprinted by O.H. Harpel, Cincinnati (1879)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennings, Francis "Glory, Death & Transfiguration: The Susquehannock Natives in the 17th Century" 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Lambreville to Bruyas Nov. 4,1696" N.Y. Hist. Col. Vol. III, p. 484</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawson's "History of Carolina" reprinted by Stroller & Marcom. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Shenandoah+Valley+of+Virginia+.+.+.+its+Secret+Native+American+History&rft.date=2016-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeopleofonefire.com%2Fthe-shenandoah-valley-of-virginia-its-secret-native-american-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mooney 1894:7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911562-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911562_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 562.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911562–563-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911562–563_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, pp. 562–563.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_29-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 563.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2019" class="citation journal cs1">Richards, Samuel J. (Fall 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/739985">"Reclaiming Congressman Philip Doddridge from Tidewater Cultural Imperialism"</a>. <i>West Virginia History: A Journal of Regional Studies</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 1–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwvh.2019.0019">10.1353/wvh.2019.0019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1940-5057">1940-5057</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211648744">211648744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=West+Virginia+History%3A+A+Journal+of+Regional+Studies&rft.atitle=Reclaiming+Congressman+Philip+Doddridge+from+Tidewater+Cultural+Imperialism&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-26&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211648744%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1940-5057&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwvh.2019.0019&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Samuel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F739985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2019" class="citation journal cs1">Richards, Samuel J. 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(1964). <i>Sectionalism in Virginia from 1776–1861</i>. New York: Russell & Russell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sectionalism+in+Virginia+from+1776%E2%80%931861&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Russell+%26+Russell&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Ambler&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles H. Amber, <i>A History of West Virginia</i>, pp. 276–79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrady,_John2012" class="citation news cs1">Grady, John (July 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/16/the-birth-of-a-state/">"The Birth of a State"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120719220643/http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/16/the-birth-of-a-state/">Archived</a> from the original on July 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+a+State&rft.date=2012-07-16&rft.au=Grady%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopinionator.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F07%2F16%2Fthe-birth-of-a-state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/hafe/learn/historyculture/hf-civil-war.htm">"Harpers Ferry and the Civil War Chronology"</a>. National Park Service. July 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harpers+Ferry+and+the+Civil+War+Chronology&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=2019-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhafe%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fhf-civil-war.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100407100928/http://www.wvculture.org/history/statehood/statehood12.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Chapter Twelve "Reorganized Government of Virginia Approves Separation"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Wvculture.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvculture.org/history/statehood/statehood12.html">the original</a> on April 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Chapter+Twelve+%22Reorganized+Government+of+Virginia+Approves+Separation%22&rft.pub=Wvculture.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvculture.org%2Fhistory%2Fstatehood%2Fstatehood12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A detailed list of delegate names and votes are located in Virgil Lewis' <i>How West Virginia Was Made</i>, pg. 30, and also Charles Ambler's <i>A History of West Virginia</i>, 1933, pg. 309. Missing from both lists, however, are the delegates for McDowell County, William P. Cecil and Samuel L. Graham, who also represented Tazewell and Buchanan counties, which are still part of Virginia. Both Cecil and Graham voted in favor of the Ordinance. See Pendleton, William C. <i>History of Tazewell County and Southwest Virginia, 1748–1920</i>, Richmond, 1920, pgs. 600 and 603.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Those not voting were Thomas Maslin of Hardy County and Benjamin Wilson of Harrison County. Ambler, Charles H. <i>A History of West Virginia</i>, pg. 309, footnote 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. McGregor "The Disruption of Virginia", pg. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard O. Curry "A House Divided", pg. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Ambler "The History of West Virginia", pg. 318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Virgil Lewis "How West Virginia Was Made" pgs. 79–80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Ambler "The History of West Virginia", pg. 318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wvculture.org/history/archives/statehoo.html">"West Virginia Statehood"</a>. Wvculture.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=West+Virginia+Statehood&rft.pub=Wvculture.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.wvculture.org%2Fhistory%2Farchives%2Fstatehoo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard O. Curry "A House Divided", pgs. 141–152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard O. Curry "A House Divided", pgs. 149–150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard O. Curry "A House Divided", pg. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard O. Curry "A House Divided", pg. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. McGregor "The Disruption of Virginia", pg. 270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Alexander Williams, West Virginia: A Bicentennial History (W.W. Norton 1976), p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100413111858/http://www.wvculture.org/HiStory/statehood/lincolnopinion.html">"Opinion of Abraham Lincoln on the Admission of West Virginia"</a>. Wvculture.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvculture.org/history/statehood/lincolnopinion.html">the original</a> on April 13, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opinion+of+Abraham+Lincoln+on+the+Admission+of+West+Virginia&rft.pub=Wvculture.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvculture.org%2Fhistory%2Fstatehood%2Flincolnopinion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._West_Virginia" title="Virginia v. West Virginia">Virginia v. West Virginia</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=78&page=39">78 U.S. 39 (1870)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101017180429/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=78&page=39">Archived</a> October 17, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Maryland_v._West_Virginia" title="Maryland v. West Virginia">Maryland v. West Virginia</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_217" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 217">217</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/217/1/">1</a> (1910)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Maryland v. West Virginia,</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_217" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 217">217</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/217/577/">577</a> (1910)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707162340/http://www.wvculture.org/history/civwaran.html">"Researching Your Civil War Ancestor"</a>. Wvculture.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvculture.org/History/civwaran.html">the original</a> on July 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Researching+Your+Civil+War+Ancestor&rft.pub=Wvculture.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvculture.org%2FHistory%2Fcivwaran.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Ambler "Disfranchisement in West Virginia", Yale Review, 1905, pg. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563–564-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563–564_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, pp. 563–564.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Virginia v. West Virginia, 238 U.S. 202 (1915).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legis.state.wv.us/Bill_Text_HTML/2009_SESSIONS/RS/BILLS/hcr37%20intr.htm">"West Virginia House Concurrent Resolution No. 37, signed into law June 2009"</a>. State of West Virginia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616050623/http://www.legis.state.wv.us/Bill_Text_HTML/2009_SESSIONS/RS/BILLS/hcr37%20intr.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html">the original</a> on July 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Census+Statistics+on+Population+Totals+By+Race%2C+1790+to+1990%2C+and+By+Hispanic+Origin%2C+1970+to+1990%2C+For+The+United+States%2C+Regions%2C+Divisions%2C+and+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fdocumentation%2Ftwps0056%2Ftwps0056.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusviewer.com/city/WV">"Population of West Virginia: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+West+Virginia%3A+Census+2010+and+2000+Interactive+Map%2C+Demographics%2C+Statistics%2C+Quick+Facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusviewer.com%2Fcity%2FWV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html">"US Census Bureau 2010 Census"</a>. <i>census.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov&rft.atitle=US+Census+Bureau+2010+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fdecennial-census%2Fdecade.2010.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020DP1-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2020DP1_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?g=040XX00US54">"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2020 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): West Virginia"</a>. United States Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile+of+General+Population+and+Housing+Characteristics%3A+2020+Demographic+Profile+Data+%28DP-1%29%3A+West+Virginia&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%2FDECENNIALDP2020.DP1%3Fg%3D040XX00US54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-data.census.gov-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-data.census.gov_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profilechartwidget?geoID=0400000US54&metricFormat=percent&topic=Race&type=bar">"Explore Census Data"</a>. <i>data.census.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov&rft.atitle=People+Reporting+Single+Ancestry&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%2FACSDT5Y2022.B04004%3Fq%3DB04004%3A%2520People%2520Reporting%2520Single%2520Ancestry%26g%3D040XX00US54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wvculture.org/arts/ethnic/african.html">"African American Communities in West Virginia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+American+Communities+in+West+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.wvculture.org%2Farts%2Fethnic%2Fafrican.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/West-Virginia/Climate#ref78618">"West Virginia - Appalachian, Humid, Temperate | Britannica"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=West+Virginia+-+Appalachian%2C+Humid%2C+Temperate+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FWest-Virginia%2FClimate%23ref78618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/100">"Romani people"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romani+people&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvencyclopedia.org%2Farticles%2F100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/841">"Indians"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvencyclopedia.org%2Farticles%2F841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/population.html">"Table 16: Resident Population by Age and State: 2010"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190426204152/https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/population.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+16%3A+Resident+Population+by+Age+and+State%3A+2010&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2F2011%2Fcompendia%2Fstatab%2F131ed%2Fpopulation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr56/nvsr56_07.pdf">"National Vital Statistics Reports, Volume 56, Number 7, (12/5/07)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101016115621/http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr56/nvsr56_07.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 16, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Vital+Statistics+Reports%2C+Volume+56%2C+Number+7%2C+%2812%2F5%2F07%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Fdata%2Fnvsr%2Fnvsr56%2Fnvsr56_07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/west-virginia-population-change-between-census-decade.html">"West Virginia Population Declined 3.2% From 2010 to 2020"</a>. <i>Census.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=West+Virginia+Population+Declined+3.2%25+From+2010+to+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fstories%2Fstate-by-state%2Fwest-virginia-population-change-between-census-decade.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvculture.org/arts/ethnic/index.html">"An Introduction to West Virginia's Ethnic Communities"</a>. 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January 31, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180603002249/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.state.wv.us/taxrev/taxdoc/tsd393.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=West+Virginia+Estate+Tax+%28for+decedents+dying+after+June+30%2C1985%29+And+Intestate+Succession+Law+%28for+decedents+dying+after+July+9%2C+1993%29&rft.pub=West+Virginia+State+Tax+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.wv.us%2Ftaxrev%2Ftaxdoc%2Ftsd393.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lmi.workforcewv.org/EandWAnnual/TopEmployers.html">"WorkForce West Virginia LMI"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WorkForce+West+Virginia+LMI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flmi.workforcewv.org%2FEandWAnnual%2FTopEmployers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/940944/000094094421000041/dri-20210530.htm">"Darden Restaurants Form 10-K"</a>. July 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2022</span>. <q>Darden Restaurants, Inc. is a Florida corporation incorporated in March 1995, and is the parent company of GMRI, Inc., also a Florida corporation. GMRI, Inc. and certain other of our subsidiaries own and operate our restaurants. [...] We were acquired by General Mills, Inc. in 1970 and became a separate publicly held company in 1995[...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Darden+Restaurants+Form+10-K&rft.date=2021-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sec.gov%2Fix%3Fdoc%3D%2FArchives%2Fedgar%2Fdata%2F940944%2F000094094421000041%2Fdri-20210530.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/state/data/wv.html">"State Exports via West Virginia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155534/http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/state/data/wv.html">Archived</a> April 13, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, U.S. Census Bureau. March 26, 2014. Accessed April 12, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140309072739/http://www.gallup.com/poll/167123/economic-confidence-highest-2013.aspx">"Economic Confidence Still Highest in D.C. in 2013. Confidence improved in most states; West Virginia still least confident"</a>. Gallup. February 10, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/167123/economic-confidence-highest-2013.aspx">the original</a> on March 9, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economic+Confidence+Still+Highest+in+D.C.+in+2013.+Confidence+improved+in+most+states%3B+West+Virginia+still+least+confident&rft.pub=Gallup&rft.date=2014-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F167123%2Feconomic-confidence-highest-2013.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/id/100824779">"America's Top States for Business 2013"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822070528/https://www.cnbc.com/id/100824779">Archived</a> August 22, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CNBC. July 9, 2013. Accessed April 14, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itif.org/publications/2014-state-new-economy-index">"2014 State New Economy Index"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085757/http://www.itif.org/publications/2014-state-new-economy-index">Archived</a> August 19, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Information Technology and Innovation Foundation. June 11, 2014. Accessed August 16, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_state/2013/pdf/gsp0613.pdf">"Widespread Economic Growth in 2012"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140611064129/https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_state/2013/pdf/gsp0613.pdf">Archived</a> June 11, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. June 6, 2013. Accessed April 12, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsletters.wvcommerce.org/newsletters/344/issue/Governor-Releases-July-Edge-Business-Report/285/">"Governor Releases July Edge Business Report"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, West Virginia Department of Commerce. July 9, 2013. Accessed April 12, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bls.gov/news.release/pdf/srgune.pdf">"Regional and State Unemployment—2013 Annual Averages"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140308014549/http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/srgune.pdf">Archived</a> March 8, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, U.S. Bureau of Labor. February 28, 2014. Accessed April 12, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://workforcewv.org/lmi/datarel/DRNEWS.pdf">"West Virginia's February Unemployment Rate at 6.0 Percent"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143832/http://workforcewv.org/lmi/datarel/DRNEWS.pdf">Archived</a> April 13, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, WorkForce West Virginia. March 18, 2014. Accessed April 12, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://workforcewv.org/lmi/datarel/cnty_PR.pdf">"Labor Market Information by West Virginia County February 2014"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145550/http://workforcewv.org/lmi/datarel/cnty_PR.pdf">Archived</a> April 13, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, WorkForce West Virginia. March 25, 2014. Accessed April 12, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/spi/2014/pdf/spi0314.pdf">"State Personal Income 2013"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155632/https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/spi/2014/pdf/spi0314.pdf">Archived</a> April 13, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. March 25, 2014. Accessed April 11, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s2.epi.org/files/2014/Income-Inequality-by-State-Final.pdf">"Income Equality by State"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906185353/http://s2.epi.org/files/2014/Income-Inequality-by-State-Final.pdf">Archived</a> September 6, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Economic Policy Institute. February 2014. Accessed April 11, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data-tools/demo/saipe/#/?map_geoSelector=aa_c">"Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates"</a>. US Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620141334/https://www.census.gov/data-tools/demo/saipe/#/?map_geoSelector=aa_c">Archived</a> from the original on June 20, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Small+Area+Income+and+Poverty+Estimates&rft.pub=US+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata-tools%2Fdemo%2Fsaipe%2F%23%2F%3Fmap_geoSelector%3Daa_c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unitedvanlines.com/mover/united-newsroom/press-releases/2014/2013-united-van-lines-migration-study.htm">"United Van Lines annual migration study reveals Oregon as top moving destination of 2013"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413130511/http://www.unitedvanlines.com/mover/united-newsroom/press-releases/2014/2013-united-van-lines-migration-study.htm">Archived</a> April 13, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, United Van Lines. January 2, 2014. Accessed April 12, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.be.wvu.edu/bber/outlook_pdfs/WV-Economic-Outlook-2014.pdf">"West Virginia Economic Outlook 2014"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140402124643/http://be.wvu.edu/bber/outlook_pdfs/WV-Economic-Outlook-2014.pdf">Archived</a> April 2, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, West Virginia University College of Business and Economics. March 31, 2014. Accessed April 12, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census1-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census1_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census1_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/news_conferences/20130314_popest_countymetro.html">"2012 County/Metro Population Estimates"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140729172304/http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/news_conferences/20130314_popest_countymetro.html">Archived</a> July 29, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, U.S. Census Bureau. March 14, 2013. Accessed April 12, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413105808/http://info.healthways.com/wbi2013">"Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index 2013"</a>. Gallup-Healthways. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.healthways.com/wbi2013">the original</a> on April 13, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Gallup. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413202835/http://www.gallup.com/poll/167984/provo-orem-utah-leads-communities.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Provo-Orem%2C+Utah%2C+Leads+U.S.+Communities+in+Well-Being&rft.pub=Gallup&rft.date=2014-03-25&rft.aulast=Witters&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F167984%2Fprovo-orem-utah-leads-communities.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datacenter.kidscount.org/data">"KIDS COUNT Data Center"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140419144423/http://datacenter.kidscount.org/data">Archived</a> April 19, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, KIDS COUNT Data Center. 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Accessed April 12, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wvgazette.com/article/20140405/ARTICLE/140409638/1131">"Local economy is tough on marriages"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413141959/http://wvgazette.com/article/20140405/ARTICLE/140409638/1131">Archived</a> April 13, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Charleston Gazette</i>. March 18, 2014. Accessed April 12, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americashealthrankings.org/rankings">"America's Health Rankings: 2013"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145446/http://americashealthrankings.org/rankings">Archived</a> April 13, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, United Health Foundation. December 11, 2013. Accessed April 12, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rwjf.org/en/about-rwjf/newsroom/newsroom-content/2013/03/2013CountyHealthRankings.html">"County Health Rankings Show Healthiest and Least Healthy Counties in Every State"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155202/http://www.rwjf.org/en/about-rwjf/newsroom/newsroom-content/2013/03/2013CountyHealthRankings.html">Archived</a> April 13, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. March 20, 2013. Accessed April 12, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsonquarterly.com/sites/default/files/articles/Feat_Eberstadt.FNL.pdf">"Japan Shrinks"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144427/http://www.wilsonquarterly.com/sites/default/files/articles/Feat_Eberstadt.FNL.pdf">Archived</a> April 13, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Wilson Quarterly. Spring 2012. 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Accessed April 12, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hca.wv.gov/policyandplanning/Documents/Health%20Plan%20Analysis/ApxB.pdf">"Prevalence of Drug Use in Pregnant West Virginia Patients"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150318/http://www.hca.wv.gov/policyandplanning/Documents/Health%20Plan%20Analysis/ApxB.pdf">Archived</a> April 13, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, West Virginia Health Care Authority. July 1, 2010. 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Retrieved January 20, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tourmorgantown.com/">Greater Morgantown Convention & Visitors Bureau</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060203191923/http://www.tourmorgantown.com/">Archived</a> February 3, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved January 20, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallman2002" class="citation web cs1">Ballman, Stephen (October 30, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.footmad.org">"Footmad"</a>. Footmad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110123063312/http://www.footmad.org/">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Footmad&rft.pub=Footmad&rft.date=2002-10-30&rft.aulast=Ballman&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.footmad.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvculture.org/dance/index.html">West Virginia Dance Festival</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060103120203/http://www.wvculture.org/dance/index.html">Archived</a> January 3, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved January 20, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augustaheritage.com">"Augustaheritage.com"</a>. Augustaheritage.com. July 4, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100722165028/http://www.augustaheritage.com/">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Augustaheritage.com&rft.pub=Augustaheritage.com&rft.date=2010-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.augustaheritage.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etc4u.com/folkfest/">"West Virginia State Folk Festival"</a>. Etc4u.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110125231313/http://www.etc4u.com/folkfest/">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=West+Virginia+State+Folk+Festival&rft.pub=Etc4u.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etc4u.com%2Ffolkfest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Charles H. Ambler, <i>A History of Education in West Virginia From Early Colonial Times to 1949 </i> (1951)</li> <li>Charles H. Ambler and Festus P. Summers. <i>West Virginia, the Mountain State</i> (1958)</li> <li>Jane S. Becker, <i>Inventing Tradition: Appalachia and the Construction of an American Folk, 1930–1940</i> 1998.</li> <li>Richard A. Brisbin, et al. <i>West Virginia Politics and Government</i> (1996)</li> <li>James Morton Callahan, <i>History of West Virginia</i> (1923) 3 vol</li> <li>John C. Campbell, <i>The Southern Highlander and His Homeland</i> (1921) reissued 1969.</li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/West_Virginia" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/West Virginia">West Virginia</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 560–564.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=West+Virginia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=560-564&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Elizabeth Cometti, and Festus P. Summers. <i>The Thirty-fifth State: A Documentary History of West Virginia</i>. Morgantown: West Virginia University Library, 1966.</li> <li>Richard Orr Curry, <i>A House Divided: A Study of Statehood Politics and Copperhead Movement in West Virginia</i> (1964)</li> <li>Donald Edward Davis. <i>Where There Are Mountains: An Environmental History of the Southern Appalachians</i> 2000.</li> <li>Ronald D, Eller. <i>Miners, Millhands, and Mountaineers: Industrialization of the Appalachian South, 1880–1930</i> 1982.</li> <li>Carl E. Feather, <i>Mountain People in a Flat Land: A Popular History of Appalachian Migration to Northeast Ohio, 1940–1965</i>. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1998.</li> <li>Thomas R. Ford ed. <i>The Southern Appalachian Region: A Survey</i>. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1967.</li> <li>Horace Kephart, <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Southern_Highlanders" title="Our Southern Highlanders">Our Southern Highlanders</a></i>. Rev. ed. New York: Macmillan, 1922. Reprinted as <i>Our Southern Highlanders: A Narrative of Adventure in the Southern Appalachians and a Study of Life among the Mountaineers</i>. With an Introduction by George Ellison. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1976.</li> <li>Gerald Milnes, <i>Play of a Fiddle: Traditional Music, Dance, and Folklore in West Virginia.</i> Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1999.</li> <li>Otis K. Rice, <i>The Allegheny Frontier: West Virginia Beginnings, 1730–1830</i> (1970),</li> <li>Otis K. Rice and Stephen W. Brown, <i>West Virginia: A History</i>, 2d ed. (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1993), standard</li> <li>Curtis Seltzer, <i>Fire in the Hole: Miners and Managers in the American Coal Industry</i> (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1985), conflict in the coal industry to the 1980s.</li> <li>John E. Stealey III, <i>West Virginia's Civil War-Era Constitution: Loyal Revolution, Confederate Counter-Revolution, and the Convention of 1872.</i> Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2013.</li> <li>Joe William Trotter Jr., <i>Coal, Class, and Color: Blacks in Southern West Virginia, 1915–32</i> (1990)</li> <li>John Alexander Williams, <i>West Virginia: A History for Beginners</i>. 2nd ed. Charleston, W.Virginia: Appalachian Editions, 1997.</li> <li>John Alexander Williams. <i>West Virginia: A Bicentennial History</i> (1976)</li> <li>John Alexander Williams. <i>West Virginia and the Captains of Industry</i> 1976.</li> <li>John Alexander Williams. <i>Appalachia: A History</i> (2002)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>West Virginia</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/West_Virginia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/West Virginia">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" class="extiw" title="c:West Virginia">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:West_Virginia" class="extiw" title="n:Category:West Virginia">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/West_Virginia" class="extiw" title="q:West Virginia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/West_Virginia" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/West Virginia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/West_Virginia" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/West Virginia">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/West_Virginia" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/West Virginia">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/West_Virginia" class="extiw" title="voy:West Virginia">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_government">State government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: State government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wv.gov/">State of West Virginia government website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvcommerce.org/">West Virginia Department of Commerce</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817113409/http://www.wvcommerce.org/">Archived</a> August 17, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/westvirginia/index.html">West Virginia State Guide, from the Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legis.state.wv.us/">West Virginia Legislature website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112101230/http://www.legis.state.wv.us/WVCODE/WV_CON.cfm">Archived</a> January 12, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.state.wv.us/wvsca">Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151005191819/http://www.legis.state.wv.us/wvcode/wv_con.cfm">Constitution of West Virginia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legis.state.wv.us/WVCODE/masterfrm3Banner.cfm">West Virginia Code</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150223195012/http://www.legis.state.wv.us/WVCODE/masterfrm3Banner.cfm">Archived</a> February 23, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._government">U.S. government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: U.S. government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=WV">Energy Profile for West Virginia—Economic, environmental, and energy data</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101117133449/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=WV">Archived</a> November 17, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=WV">USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of West Virginia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161229200447/https://www2.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?state=wv">Archived</a> December 29, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=54&StateName=West%20Virginia#.U8JkV7GB85g">West Virginia State Fact Sheet</a> from the U.S. Department of Agriculture</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvgov.org/">Governor Earl Ray Tomblin's website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvtourism.com/">West Virginia Division of Tourism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westvirginia.com/">Visiting West Virginia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvculture.org/history">West Virginia Archives and History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wvde.state.wv.us/">West Virginia Department of Education</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171231185210/http://wvde.state.wv.us/">Archived</a> December 31, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvexplorer.com/">West Virginia Explorer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/">West Virginia Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/162068">West Virginia</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_statehood" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by date of statehood">List of U.S. states by date of statehood</a> </b><br />Admitted on June 20, 1863 (35th) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_West_Virginia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#F3D161;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Virginia" title="Template:West Virginia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Virginia" title="Template talk:West Virginia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Virginia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_West_Virginia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">West Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#F3D161;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F3D161;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_West_Virginia%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of West Virginia–related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_West_Virginia" title="Outline of West Virginia">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in West Virginia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns in West Virginia">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of villages in West Virginia">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magisterial_districts_in_West_Virginia" title="List of magisterial districts in West Virginia">Magisterial districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census-designated_places_in_West_Virginia" title="List of census-designated places in West Virginia">Census-designated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_West_Virginia" title="Environment of West Virginia">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Virginia" title="Government of West Virginia">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Virginia" title="List of governors of West Virginia">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_West_Virginia" title="United States congressional delegations from West Virginia">Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in West Virginia">Elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_West_Virginia" title="List of people from West Virginia">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Virginia_state_symbols" title="List of West Virginia state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_West_Virginia" title="Category:Tourist attractions in West Virginia">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F3D161;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_West_Virginia" title="Abortion in West Virginia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Virginia_culture" title="Category:West Virginia culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_West_Virginia" title="Climate change in West Virginia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_West_Virginia" title="Crime in West Virginia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of West Virginia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Virginia" title="Economy of West Virginia">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_West_Virginia" title="Education in West Virginia">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_West_Virginia" title="List of colleges and universities in West Virginia">Colleges and universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_West_Virginia" title="Gun laws in West Virginia">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in West Virginia">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_West_Virginia" title="Category:Mass media in West Virginia">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_West_Virginia" title="List of newspapers in West Virginia">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_West_Virginia" title="List of radio stations in West Virginia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_West_Virginia" title="List of television stations in West Virginia">TV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F3D161;;width:1%">Insignia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of West Virginia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_West_Virginia" title="Flag of West Virginia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montani_semper_liberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Montani semper liberi">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_West_Virginia" title="Seal of West Virginia">Seal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F3D161;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#West_Virginia" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Allegheny Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau" title="Allegheny Plateau">Allegheny Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_metropolitan_area,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston metropolitan area, West Virginia">Charleston metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Mountains" title="Cumberland Mountains">Cumberland Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau" title="Cumberland Plateau">Cumberland Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Panhandle_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia">Eastern Panhandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%E2%80%93Ashland_metropolitan_area" title="Huntington–Ashland metropolitan area">Huntington metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_West_Virginia" title="North Central West Virginia">North Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh%E2%80%93New_Castle%E2%80%93Weirton_combined_statistical_area" title="Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area">Ohio Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Panhandle_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Panhandle of West Virginia">Northern Panhandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potomac_Highlands" title="Potomac Highlands">Potomac Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_West_Virginia" title="Southern West Virginia">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Baltimore_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington–Baltimore metropolitan area">Washington–Baltimore metropolitan area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F3D161;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_statistical_areas" title="West Virginia statistical areas">Metro areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluefield_micropolitan_area" title="Bluefield micropolitan area">Bluefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_metropolitan_area,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston metropolitan area, West Virginia">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagerstown_metropolitan_area" title="Hagerstown metropolitan area">Hagerstown–Martinsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%E2%80%93Ashland_metropolitan_area" title="Huntington–Ashland metropolitan area">Huntington–Ashland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgantown_metropolitan_area" title="Morgantown metropolitan area">Morgantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkersburg%E2%80%93Marietta%E2%80%93Vienna_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkersburg–Marietta–Vienna metropolitan area">Parkersburg–Marietta–Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weirton%E2%80%93Steubenville_metropolitan_area" title="Weirton–Steubenville metropolitan area">Weirton–Steubenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeling_metropolitan_area" title="Wheeling metropolitan area">Wheeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_VA%E2%80%93WV_MSA" title="Winchester, VA–WV MSA">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F3D161;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in West Virginia">Largest cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beckley,_West_Virginia" title="Beckley, West Virginia">Beckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarksburg,_West_Virginia" title="Clarksburg, West Virginia">Clarksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairmont,_West_Virginia" title="Fairmont, West Virginia">Fairmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington,_West_Virginia" title="Huntington, West Virginia">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinsburg,_West_Virginia" title="Martinsburg, West Virginia">Martinsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgantown,_West_Virginia" title="Morgantown, West Virginia">Morgantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkersburg,_West_Virginia" title="Parkersburg, West Virginia">Parkersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weirton,_West_Virginia" title="Weirton, West Virginia">Weirton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia" title="Wheeling, West Virginia">Wheeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F3D161;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_West_Virginia" title="List of counties in West Virginia">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbour_County,_West_Virginia" title="Barbour County, West Virginia">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_County,_West_Virginia" title="Berkeley County, West Virginia">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boone_County,_West_Virginia" title="Boone County, West Virginia">Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_County,_West_Virginia" title="Braxton County, West Virginia">Braxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke_County,_West_Virginia" title="Brooke County, West Virginia">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabell_County,_West_Virginia" title="Cabell County, West Virginia">Cabell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calhoun_County,_West_Virginia" title="Calhoun County, West Virginia">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_West_Virginia" title="Clay County, West Virginia">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doddridge_County,_West_Virginia" title="Doddridge County, West Virginia">Doddridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_West_Virginia" title="Fayette County, West Virginia">Fayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilmer_County,_West_Virginia" title="Gilmer County, West Virginia">Gilmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_County,_West_Virginia" title="Grant County, West Virginia">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenbrier_County,_West_Virginia" title="Greenbrier County, West Virginia">Greenbrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampshire_County,_West_Virginia" title="Hampshire County, West Virginia">Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancock_County,_West_Virginia" title="Hancock County, West Virginia">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_County,_West_Virginia" title="Hardy County, West Virginia">Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_County,_West_Virginia" title="Harrison County, West Virginia">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_West_Virginia" title="Jackson County, West Virginia">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_West_Virginia" title="Jefferson County, West Virginia">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanawha_County,_West_Virginia" title="Kanawha County, West Virginia">Kanawha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_County,_West_Virginia" title="Lewis County, West Virginia">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_West_Virginia" title="Lincoln County, West Virginia">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan_County,_West_Virginia" title="Logan County, West Virginia">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_West_Virginia" title="Marion County, West Virginia">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_County,_West_Virginia" title="Marshall County, West Virginia">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_County,_West_Virginia" title="Mason County, West Virginia">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDowell_County,_West_Virginia" title="McDowell County, West Virginia">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_County,_West_Virginia" title="Mercer County, West Virginia">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_County,_West_Virginia" title="Mineral County, West Virginia">Mineral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingo_County,_West_Virginia" title="Mingo County, West Virginia">Mingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongalia_County,_West_Virginia" title="Monongalia County, West Virginia">Monongalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_West_Virginia" title="Monroe County, West Virginia">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_West_Virginia" title="Morgan County, West Virginia">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_County,_West_Virginia" title="Nicholas County, West Virginia">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_County,_West_Virginia" title="Ohio County, West Virginia">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_County,_West_Virginia" title="Pendleton County, West Virginia">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasants_County,_West_Virginia" title="Pleasants County, West Virginia">Pleasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocahontas_County,_West_Virginia" title="Pocahontas County, West Virginia">Pocahontas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_County,_West_Virginia" title="Preston County, West Virginia">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_West_Virginia" title="Putnam County, West Virginia">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh_County,_West_Virginia" title="Raleigh County, West Virginia">Raleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_County,_West_Virginia" title="Randolph County, West Virginia">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritchie_County,_West_Virginia" title="Ritchie County, West Virginia">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roane_County,_West_Virginia" title="Roane County, West Virginia">Roane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summers_County,_West_Virginia" title="Summers County, West Virginia">Summers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_County,_West_Virginia" title="Taylor County, West Virginia">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_County,_West_Virginia" title="Tucker County, West Virginia">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_County,_West_Virginia" title="Tyler County, West Virginia">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upshur_County,_West_Virginia" title="Upshur County, West Virginia">Upshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_West_Virginia" title="Wayne County, West Virginia">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster_County,_West_Virginia" title="Webster County, West Virginia">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetzel_County,_West_Virginia" title="Wetzel County, West Virginia">Wetzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirt_County,_West_Virginia" title="Wirt County, West Virginia">Wirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_County,_West_Virginia" title="Wood County, West Virginia">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_County,_West_Virginia" title="Wyoming County, West Virginia">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#F3D161;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/32px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/48px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/64px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:West_Virginia" title="Portal:West Virginia">West Virginia portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_West_Virginia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_West_Virginia" title="Template:Protected areas of West Virginia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_areas_of_West_Virginia" title="Template talk:Protected areas of West Virginia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_areas_of_West_Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protected areas of West Virginia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protected_areas_of_West_Virginia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Protected areas of the United States">Protected areas</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">West Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System#National_parks" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_River_Gorge_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="New River Gorge National Park and Preserve">New River Gorge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System#National_historical_parks" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Historical Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Canal_National_Historical_Park" title="Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park">Chesapeake and Ohio Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_National_Historical_Park" title="Harpers Ferry National Historical Park">Harpers Ferry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_forest_(United_States)" title="National forest (United States)">National Forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_Jefferson_National_Forests" title="George Washington and Jefferson National Forests">George Washington and Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_National_Forest" title="Monongahela National Forest">Monongahela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Recreation_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="National Recreation Area">National Recreation Areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauley_River_National_Recreation_Area" title="Gauley River National Recreation Area">Gauley River</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">NPS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_Knob%E2%80%93Seneca_Rocks_National_Recreation_Area" title="Spruce Knob–Seneca Rocks National Recreation Area">Spruce Knob–Seneca Rocks</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">USFS</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaan_Valley_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Canaan Valley National Wildlife Refuge">Canaan Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_River_Islands_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Ohio River Islands National Wildlife Refuge">Ohio River Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Trails_System" title="National Trails System">National Trails System</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Trail" title="Appalachian Trail">Appalachian National Scenic Trail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Preserve" class="mw-redirect" title="National Preserve">National Preserves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_River_Gorge_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="New River Gorge National Park and Preserve">New River Gorge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wilderness_Preservation_System" title="National Wilderness Preservation System">Wilderness Areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Draft_Wilderness" title="Big Draft Wilderness">Big Draft Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_Wilderness" title="Cranberry Wilderness">Cranberry Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_Sods_Wilderness" title="Dolly Sods Wilderness">Dolly Sods Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_Fork_North_Wilderness" title="Laurel Fork North Wilderness">Laurel Fork North Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_Fork_South_Wilderness" title="Laurel Fork South Wilderness">Laurel Fork South Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Lake_Wilderness" title="Mountain Lake Wilderness">Mountain Lake Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_Creek_Wilderness" title="Otter Creek Wilderness">Otter Creek Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Plains_West_Wilderness" title="Roaring Plains West Wilderness">Roaring Plains Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_Run_Wilderness" title="Spice Run Wilderness">Spice Run Wilderness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System#National_rivers" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluestone_National_Scenic_River" title="Bluestone National Scenic River">Bluestone NSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Virginia" title="Government of West Virginia">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Virginia_state_parks" title="List of West Virginia state parks">State parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audra_State_Park" title="Audra State Park">Audra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babcock_State_Park" title="Babcock State Park">Babcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beartown_State_Park" title="Beartown State Park">Beartown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_Fork_State_Park" title="Beech Fork State Park">Beech Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Springs_State_Park" title="Berkeley Springs State Park">Berkeley Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_Falls_State_Park" title="Blackwater Falls State Park">Blackwater Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blennerhassett_Island_Historical_State_Park" title="Blennerhassett Island Historical State Park">Blennerhassett Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluestone_State_Park" title="Bluestone State Park">Bluestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacapon_Resort_State_Park" title="Cacapon Resort State Park">Cacapon Resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Creek_State_Park" title="Camp Creek State Park">Camp Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan_Valley_Resort_State_Park" title="Canaan Valley Resort State Park">Canaan Valley Resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnifex_Ferry_Battlefield_State_Park" title="Carnifex Ferry Battlefield State Park">Carnifex Ferry Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Scenic_Railroad_State_Park" title="Cass Scenic Railroad State Park">Cass Scenic Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_State_Park" title="Cathedral State Park">Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Creek_State_Park" title="Cedar Creek State Park">Cedar Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Logan_State_Park" title="Chief Logan State Park">Chief Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droop_Mountain_Battlefield_State_Park" title="Droop Mountain Battlefield State Park">Droop Mountain Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Stone_Historical_Monument_State_Park" title="Fairfax Stone Historical Monument State Park">Fairfax Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenbrier_River_Trail" title="Greenbrier River Trail">Greenbrier River Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawks_Nest_State_Park" title="Hawks Nest State Park">Hawks Nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_River_State_Park" title="Holly River State Park">Holly River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Beaver_State_Park" title="Little Beaver State Park">Little Beaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_River_State_Park" title="Lost River State Park">Lost River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncove_Lake_State_Park" title="Moncove Lake State Park">Moncove Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bend_Rail_Trail" title="North Bend Rail Trail">North Bend Rail Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bend_State_Park" title="North Bend State Park">North Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinnacle_Rock_State_Park" title="Pinnacle Rock State Park">Pinnacle Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipestem_Resort_State_Park" title="Pipestem Resort State Park">Pipestem Resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prickett%27s_Fort_State_Park" title="Prickett's Fort State Park">Prickett's Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson_Lake_State_Park" title="Stonewall Jackson Lake State Park">Stonewall Jackson Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomlinson_Run_State_Park" title="Tomlinson Run State Park">Tomlinson Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu-Endie-Wei_State_Park" title="Tu-Endie-Wei State Park">Tu-Endie-Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls_Resort_State_Park" title="Twin Falls Resort State Park">Twin Falls Resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tygart_Lake_State_Park" title="Tygart Lake State Park">Tygart Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Falls_State_Park" title="Valley Falls State Park">Valley Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watoga_State_Park" title="Watoga State Park">Watoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watters_Smith_Memorial_State_Park" title="Watters Smith Memorial State Park">Watters Smith Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Former state parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington_State_Park_(West_Virginia)" title="Booker T. Washington State Park (West Virginia)">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_River_Gorge_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="New River Gorge National Park and Preserve">Grandview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_Creek_Mound" title="Grave Creek Mound">Grave Creek Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rumsey_Monument" title="James Rumsey Monument">James Rumsey Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingo_Oak" title="Mingo Oak">Mingo Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Chateau_State_Park" title="Mont Chateau State Park">Mont Chateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Morgan_Monument" title="Morgan Morgan Monument">Morgan Morgan Monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Virginia_state_forests" title="List of West Virginia state forests">State forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabwaylingo_State_Forest" title="Cabwaylingo State Forest">Cabwaylingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Price_State_Forest" title="Calvin Price State Forest">Calvin Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Creek_State_Park" title="Camp Creek State Park">Camp Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coopers_Rock_State_Forest" title="Coopers Rock State Forest">Coopers Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenbrier_State_Forest" title="Greenbrier State Forest">Greenbrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanawha_State_Forest" title="Kanawha State Forest">Kanawha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbrabow_State_Forest" title="Kumbrabow State Forest">Kumbrabow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_State_Forest" title="Seneca State Forest">Seneca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Virginia_wildlife_management_areas" title="List of West Virginia wildlife management areas">Wildlife<br />management<br />areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Allegheny Wildlife Management Area">Allegheny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amherst-Plymouth_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Amherst-Plymouth Wildlife Management Area">Amherst-Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anawalt_Lake_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Anawalt Lake Wildlife Management Area">Anawalt Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Rocks_Lake_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Bear Rocks Lake Wildlife Management Area">Bear Rocks Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becky_Creek_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Becky Creek Wildlife Management Area">Becky Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_Fork_Lake" title="Beech Fork Lake">Beech Fork Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berwind_Lake_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Berwind Lake Wildlife Management Area">Berwind Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beury_Mountain_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Beury Mountain Wildlife Management Area">Beury Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ditch_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Big Ditch Wildlife Management Area">Big Ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ugly_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Big Ugly Wildlife Management Area">Big Ugly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluestone_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Bluestone Wildlife Management Area">Bluestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burches_Run_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Burches Run Wildlife Management Area">Burches Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnsville_Lake" title="Burnsville Lake">Burnsville Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castleman_Run_Lake_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Castleman Run Lake Wildlife Management Area">Castleman Run Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_H._Underwood_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Cecil H. Underwood Wildlife Management Area">Cecil H. Underwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_Branch_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Center Branch Wildlife Management Area">Center Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheat_Canyon_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Cheat Canyon Wildlife Management Area">Cheat Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Cornstalk_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Chief Cornstalk Wildlife Management Area">Chief Cornstalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conaway_Run_Lake_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Conaway Run Lake Wildlife Management Area">Conaway Run Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_Creek_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Cross Creek Wildlife Management Area">Cross Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dents_Run_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Dents Run Wildlife Management Area">Dents Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkard_Fork_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Dunkard Fork Wildlife Management Area">Dunkard Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Lynn_Lake" title="East Lynn Lake">East Lynn Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwards_Run_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Edwards Run Wildlife Management Area">Edwards Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk_Creek_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Elk Creek Wildlife Management Area">Elk Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk_River_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Elk River Wildlife Management Area">Elk River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Pond-Rehe_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Fairfax Pond-Rehe Wildlife Management Area">Fairfox Pond-Rehe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mill_Ridge_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Fort Mill Ridge Wildlife Management Area">Fort Mill Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Forest_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Fox Forest Wildlife Management Area">Fox Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_Camp_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Frozen Camp Wildlife Management Area">Frozen Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bottom_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Green Bottom Wildlife Management Area">Green Bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Handley Wildlife Management Area">Handley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilbert_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Hilbert Wildlife Management Area">Hilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillcrest_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Hillcrest Wildlife Management Area">Hillcrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_Creek_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Horse Creek Wildlife Management Area">Horse Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_River_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Hughes River Wildlife Management Area">Hughes River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huttonsville_State_Farm_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Huttonsville State Farm Wildlife Management Area">Huttonsville State Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jug" title="The Jug">The Jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantz_Farm_and_Nature_Preserve_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Lantz Farm and Nature Preserve Wildlife Management Area">Lantz Farm and Nature Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_Lake_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Laurel Lake Wildlife Management Area">Laurel Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Wetzel_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Lewis Wetzel Wildlife Management Area">Lewis Wetzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Indian_Creek_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Little Indian Creek Wildlife Management Area">Little Indian Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McClintic_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="McClintic Wildlife Management Area">McClintic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow_River_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Meadow River Wildlife Management Area">Meadow River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Creek_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Mill Creek Wildlife Management Area">Mill Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncove_Lake_State_Park" title="Moncove Lake State Park">Moncove Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Creek_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Morris Creek Wildlife Management Area">Morris Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Mountain_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Nathaniel Mountain Wildlife Management Area">Nathaniel Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panther_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Panther Wildlife Management Area">Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedlar_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Pedlar Wildlife Management Area">Pedlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Creek_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Pleasant Creek Wildlife Management Area">Pleasant Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Orchard_Lake_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Plum Orchard Lake Wildlife Management Area">Plum Orchard Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruntytown_State_Farm_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Pruntytown State Farm Wildlife Management Area">Pruntytown State Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._D._Bailey_Lake" title="R. D. Bailey Lake">R.D. Bailey Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritchie_Mines_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Ritchie Mines Wildlife Management Area">Ritchie Mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Hill_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Sand Hill Wildlife Management Area">Sand Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannondale_Springs_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Shannondale Springs Wildlife Management Area">Shannondale Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Mountain_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Short Mountain Wildlife Management Area">Short Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slatyfork_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Slatyfork Wildlife Management Area">Slatyfork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Creek_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Sleepy Creek Wildlife Management Area">Sleepy Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_Camp_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Smoke Camp Wildlife Management Area">Smoke Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_Hill_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Snake Hill Wildlife Management Area">Snake Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Branch_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="South Branch Wildlife Management Area">South Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonecoal_Lake_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Stonecoal Lake Wildlife Management Area">Stonecoal Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson_Lake" title="Stonewall Jackson Lake">Stonewall Jackson Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stumptown_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Stumptown Wildlife Management Area">Stumptown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summersville_Lake" title="Summersville Lake">Summersville Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_Lohr_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Tate Lohr Wildlife Management Area">Tate Lohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teter_Creek_Lake_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Teter Creek Lake Wildlife Management Area">Teter Creek Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorn_Creek_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Thorn Creek Wildlife Management Area">Thorn Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_Fork_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Tug Fork Wildlife Management Area">Tug Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_Run_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Turkey Run Wildlife Management Area">Turkey Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Deckers_Creek_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Upper Deckers Creek Wildlife Management Area">Upper Deckers Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mud_River_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Upper Mud River Wildlife Management Area">Upper Mud River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Bend_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Valley Bend Wildlife Management Area">Valley Bend Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallback_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Wallback Wildlife Management Area">Wallback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widmeyer_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Widmeyer Wildlife Management Area">Widmeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrum_Lake_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Woodrum Lake Wildlife Management Area">Woodrum Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Division_of_Natural_Resources" title="West Virginia Division of Natural Resources">Other WVDNR sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_State_Wildlife_Center" title="West Virginia State Wildlife Center">West Virginia State Wildlife Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">Local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Municipal_parks" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Municipal parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_City_Pool" title="Cameron City Pool">Cameron City Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Mad_Anthony_Wayne" title="Camp Mad Anthony Wayne">Camp Mad Anthony Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fries_Park" title="Fries Park">Fries Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddad_Riverfront_Park" title="Haddad Riverfront Park">Haddad Riverfront Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rumsey_Monument" title="James Rumsey Monument">James Rumsey Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Island_(West_Virginia)" title="Magic Island (West Virginia)">Magic Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marland_Heights_Park_and_Margaret_Manson_Weir_Memorial_Pool" title="Marland Heights Park and Margaret Manson Weir Memorial Pool">Marland Heights Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Arch_(Huntington,_West_Virginia)" title="Memorial Arch (Huntington, West Virginia)">Memorial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oglebay_Park" title="Oglebay Park">Oglebay Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_Park_Historic_District" title="Ritter Park Historic District">Ritter Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criel_Mound" title="Criel Mound">Staunton Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeling_Park" title="Wheeling Park">Wheeling Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">Non-<br />governmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="NatureConservancypreserves" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy" title="The Nature Conservancy">Nature<br />Conservancy</a><br />preserves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Rocks_Preserve" title="Bear Rocks Preserve">Bear Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brush_Creek_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brush Creek Preserve (page does not exist)">Brush Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranesville_Swamp_Preserve" title="Cranesville Swamp Preserve">Cranesville Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenland_Gap_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greenland Gap Preserve (page does not exist)">Greenland Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungry_Beech_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hungry Beech Preserve (page does not exist)">Hungry Beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_Mountain" title="Ice Mountain">Ice Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Porte_Crayon_Preserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Porte Crayon Preserve">Mount Porte Crayon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murphy_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murphy Preserve (page does not exist)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Fork_Mountain" title="North Fork Mountain">Panther Knob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Fork_Mountain" title="North Fork Mountain">Pike Knob</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slaty_Mountain_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slaty Mountain Preserve (page does not exist)">Slaty Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Shavers_Fork_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Shavers Fork Preserve (page does not exist)">Upper Shavers Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yankauer_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yankauer Preserve (page does not exist)">Yankauer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;;font-style: italic;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Department_of_Environmental_Protection" title="West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection">West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Division_of_Forestry" title="West Virginia Division of Forestry">West Virginia Division of Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Division_of_Natural_Resources" title="West Virginia Division of Natural Resources">West Virginia Division of Natural Resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Southern_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_United_States" title="Template:Southern United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southern_United_States" title="Template talk:Southern United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southern_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southern United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southern_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Culture of the Southern United States">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States#Economy" title="Southern United States">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States#Geography" title="Southern United States">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Politics of the Southern United States">Government and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States#Sports" title="Southern United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston (SC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston (WV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hialeah,_Florida" title="Hialeah, Florida">Hialeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia" title="Portsmouth, Virginia">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina" title="Winston-Salem, North Carolina">Winston-Salem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">State capitals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston (WV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover,_Delaware" title="Dover, Delaware">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfort,_Kentucky" title="Frankfort, Kentucky">Frankfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_divisions_of_the_Confederate_States_(1861–1865)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Confederate_States_political_divisions" title="Template:Confederate States political divisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Confederate_States_political_divisions" title="Template talk:Confederate States political divisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Confederate_States_political_divisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Confederate States political divisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_divisions_of_the_Confederate_States_(1861–1865)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political divisions of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a> (1861–1865)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_West_Virginia" title="Confederate government of West Virginia">government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Confederate_States_of_America.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Confederate States"><img alt="Map of the Confederate States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Confederate_States_of_America.svg/175px-Confederate_States_of_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Confederate_States_of_America.svg/263px-Confederate_States_of_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Confederate_States_of_America.svg/350px-Confederate_States_of_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="572" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">Governments in exile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Kentucky" title="Confederate government of Kentucky">government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Missouri" title="Confederate government of Missouri">government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona Territory</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Admitted to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">Union</a> June 20, 1863.</li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Organized January 18, 1862.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template talk:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political divisions of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">List of states and territories</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Outlying islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">List of Indian reservations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Concessions_and_leases_in_international_relations" title="Concessions and leases in international relations">International concessions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituffik_Space_Base" title="Pituffik Space Base">Pituffik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1371#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1371#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1371#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404243173">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/155293408">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205316/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdmhWDy9XDmKvtbWKgBT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4119079-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79059831">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119565806">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119565806">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35738265">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Západní Virginie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge258103&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5082457">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000379426&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561791105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/bb32d812-8161-44e1-8a73-7a0d4a6d3f96">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04814706?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027548996">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045968">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=West_Virginia&params=39_N_80_W_dim:300000_region:US-WV_type:adm1st&title=State+of+West+Virginia"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°N</span> <span class="longitude">80°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39°N 80°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39; -80</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">State of West Virginia</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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