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Reconstruction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War_and_Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Census-designated_and_metropolitan_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Census-designated_and_metropolitan_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Census-designated and metropolitan areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Census-designated_and_metropolitan_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Ancestry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Largest_employers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_employers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Largest employers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_employers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquaculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquaculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Aquaculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquaculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Tourism and entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Banking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronics_and_communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronics_and_communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Electronics and communications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics_and_communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Construction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Law and government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Law_and_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Law and government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Law_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 State government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Taxes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-County_and_local_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#County_and_local_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 County and local governments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-County_and_local_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 State elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.2 Local elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.3 Federal elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Primary and secondary education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colleges_and_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges_and_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Colleges and universities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges_and_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Professional_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Professional sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-College_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#College_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.2 College sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-College_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Aviation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Ports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Subnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Other notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Alabama</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 206 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-206" aria-hidden="true" > 206 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8B%E1%89%A3%E1%88%9B" title="አላባማ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አላባማ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ألاباما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألاباما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A0%DC%92%DC%90%DC%A1%DC%90" title="ܐܠܒܐܡܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܠܒܐܡܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alav%C3%A1ma" title="Alaváma – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Alaváma" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_suyu" title="Alabama suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Alabama suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="آلاباما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلاباما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="অ্যালাবামা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যালাবামা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алабама – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Алабама" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алабама – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алабама" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алабама – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Алабама" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="अलबामा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अलबामा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алабама – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алабама" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨ་ལ་པ་མ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨ་ལ་པ་མ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_(stad)" title="Alabama (stad) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alabama (stad)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алабама – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Алабама" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Алабама (штат) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Алабама (штат)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ألاباما – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ألاباما" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81eezh_%C5%81ichx%C3%ADi%CA%BCii_Hahoodzo" title="Łeezh Łichxíiʼii Hahoodzo – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Łeezh Łichxíiʼii Hahoodzo" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Αλαμπάμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλαμπάμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alab%C3%A0ma" title="Alabàma – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Alabàma" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabamo" title="Alabamo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alabamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="آلاباما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلاباما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E9%A6%AC%E5%B7%9E" title="阿拉巴馬州 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="阿拉巴馬州" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="آلاباما – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آلاباما" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE" title="અલાબામા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અલાબામા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌼𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌼𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A8%EB%9D%BC%EB%B0%B0%EB%A7%88%EC%A3%BC" title="앨라배마주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앨라배마주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAlapama" title="ʻAlapama – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻAlapama" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1_(%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3)" title="Ալաբամա (նահանգ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալաբամա (նահանգ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="अलबामा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अलबामा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="আলাবামা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="আলাবামা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8B%E1%93%9B%E1%90%B9%E1%92%AB" title="ᐋᓛᐹᒫ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐋᓛᐹᒫ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alapaama" title="Alapaama – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Alapaama" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%C3%A6" title="Алабамæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Алабамæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Alabhama" title="I-Alabhama – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Alabhama" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%94" title="אלבמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלבמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabamaa" title="Alabamaa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Alabamaa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE" title="ಅಲಬಾಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಲಬಾಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ალაბამა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალაბამა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алабама – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алабама" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алабама – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Алабама" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Алабама (штат) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Алабама (штат)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alab%C3%A0ma" title="Alabàma – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Alabàma" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/alybamas" title="alybamas – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="alybamas" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="अलाबामा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अलाबामा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алабама – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алабама" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE" title="അലബാമ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അലബാമ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapama" title="Arapama – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Arapama" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="अलाबामा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अलाबामा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ალაბამა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალაბამა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="الاباما – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاباما" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="آلاباما – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلاباما" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯑꯥꯂꯥꯕꯥꯃꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯥꯂꯥꯕꯥꯃꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алабама – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Алабама" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="အလာဘားမားပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလာဘားမားပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="अलाबामा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अलाबामा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="अलाबामा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अलाबामा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%90%E3%83%9E%E5%B7%9E" title="アラバマ州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラバマ州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алабама – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Алабама" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алабама – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Алабама" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅਲਾਬਾਮਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲਾਬਾਮਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="अलाबामा – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="अलाबामा" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="الاباما – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الاباما" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="آلاباما – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آلاباما" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_suyu" title="Alabama suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alabama suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алабама – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алабама" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алабама – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Алабама" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alapama" title="Alapama – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Alapama" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="अलाबामा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अलाबामा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F" title="ඇලබාමා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇලබාමා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="الاباما – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="الاباما" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ئەلاباما – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلاباما" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алабама – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алабама" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE" title="அலபாமா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அலபாமா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алабама – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Алабама" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE" title="అలబామా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అలబామా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2" title="รัฐแอละแบมา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐแอละแบมา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алабама – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алабама" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAlapama" title="ʻAlapama – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻAlapama" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A1%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%86%E1%8E%B9" title="ᎡᎳᏆᎹ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎡᎳᏆᎹ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алабама – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алабама" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="الاباما – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الاباما" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Shitati" title="Alabama Shitati – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Alabama Shitati" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E9%A6%AC%E5%B7%9E" title="阿拉巴馬州 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="阿拉巴馬州" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E9%A9%AC%E5%B7%9E" title="阿拉巴马州 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿拉巴马州" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90" title="אלאבאמא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלאבאמא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cp%C3%ADnl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_Alabama" title="Ìpínlẹ̀ Alabama – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìpínlẹ̀ Alabama" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E9%A6%AC%E5%B7%9E" title="阿拉巴馬州 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿拉巴馬州" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alabama" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E9%A9%AC%E5%B7%9E" title="亚拉巴马州 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚拉巴马州" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li 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.geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alabama&params=33_N_87_W_dim:300000_region:US-AL_type:adm1st&title=State+of+Alabama">33°N 87°W / 33°N 87°W / 33; -87 (State of Alabama)</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">U.S. state</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the river of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Alabama_River" title="Alabama River">Alabama River</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Alabama_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Alabama (disambiguation)">Alabama (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in the United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Alabama</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Alabama.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Alabama"><img alt="Flag of Alabama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/125px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/188px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/250px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Alabama" title="Flag of Alabama">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Alabama.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Alabama"><img alt="Official seal of Alabama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Seal_of_Alabama.svg/100px-Seal_of_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Seal_of_Alabama.svg/150px-Seal_of_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Seal_of_Alabama.svg/200px-Seal_of_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="368" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Alabama" title="Seal of Alabama">Seal</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_nicknames" title="List of U.S. state and territory nicknames">Nicknames</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">the <a href="/wiki/Northern_flicker" title="Northern flicker">Yellowhammer</a> State, the Heart of <a href="/wiki/Dixie" title="Dixie">Dixie</a>, the Cotton State</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_mottos" title="List of U.S. state and territory mottos">Motto(s)</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Audemus_jura_nostra_defendere" title="Audemus jura nostra defendere">Audemus jura nostra defendere</a> (We dare defend our rights)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_songs" title="List of U.S. state songs">Anthem:</a> "<a href="/wiki/Alabama_(state_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama (state song)">Alabama</a>"</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama_in_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the United States with Alabama highlighted"><img alt="Map of the United States with Alabama highlighted" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alabama_in_United_States.svg/300px-Alabama_in_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alabama_in_United_States.svg/450px-Alabama_in_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alabama_in_United_States.svg/600px-Alabama_in_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Map of the United States with Alabama highlighted</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before statehood</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Territory" title="Alabama Territory">Alabama Territory</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admitted to the Union</a></th><td class="infobox-data">December 14, 1819 (22nd)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">Capital</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of largest cities of U.S. states and territories by population">Largest city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_populous_counties_by_U.S._state" title="List of the most populous counties by U.S. state">Largest county or equivalent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Jefferson County, Alabama">Jefferson</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_area_(United_States)" title="Statistical area (United States)">Largest metro</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">urban</a> areas</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_metropolitan_area,_Alabama" title="Birmingham metropolitan area, Alabama">Greater Birmingham</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Alabama">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kay_Ivey" title="Kay Ivey">Kay Ivey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Alabama" title="Lieutenant Governor of Alabama">Lieutenant governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Will_Ainsworth" title="Will Ainsworth">Will Ainsworth</a> (R)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Legislature" title="Alabama Legislature">Alabama Legislature</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Senate" title="Alabama Senate">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alabama_House_of_Representatives" title="Alabama House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Alabama" title="Supreme Court of Alabama">Supreme Court of Alabama</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Alabama" title="List of United States senators from Alabama">U.S. senators</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Tuberville" title="Tommy Tuberville">Tommy Tuberville</a> (R) <a href="/wiki/Katie_Britt" title="Katie Britt">Katie Britt</a> (R)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Alabama" title="List of United States representatives from Alabama">U.S. House delegation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6 Republicans 1 <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Alabama" title="United States congressional delegations from Alabama">list</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">52,419 sq mi (135,765 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">50,744 sq mi (131,426 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">1,675 sq mi (4,338 km2)  3.2%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">30th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Length</th><td class="infobox-data">330 mi (531 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Width</th><td class="infobox-data">190 mi (305 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">500 ft (150 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Cheaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Cheaha">Mount Cheaha</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,413 ft (735.5 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS-2">[2]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 ft (0 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2020)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,024,279<a href="#cite_note-Bureau_2021-4">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by population">24th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">99.2/sq mi (38.3/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">  • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_population_density" title="List of states and territories of the United States by population density">27th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Median household income</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">$52,000<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Income rank<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_income#States_and_territories_ranked_by_median_household_income" title="List of U.S. states and territories by income">46th</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adjectivals_and_demonyms_for_U.S._states" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjectivals and demonyms for U.S. states">Alabamian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adjectivals_and_demonyms_for_U.S._states" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjectivals and demonyms for U.S. states">Alabaman</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Language<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Official language</a></th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Spoken language</a></th><td class="infobox-data">As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama&action=edit">[update]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> <ul><li>English 95.1%</li> <li>Spanish 3.1%</li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zones</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entire state (legally)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%80%93_06:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC– 06:00">UTC– 06:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">Central</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%80%93_05:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC– 05:00">UTC– 05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Daylight Time">CDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phenix_City,_Alabama" title="Phenix City, Alabama">Phenix City</a> area (unofficially)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%80%93_05:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC– 05:00">UTC– 05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%80%93_04:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC– 04:00">UTC– 04:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">EDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_abbreviations" title="List of U.S. state and territory abbreviations">USPS abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">AL</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:US" title="ISO 3166-2:US">US-AL</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_abbreviations" title="List of U.S. state and territory abbreviations">Traditional abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Ala.</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latitude</th><td class="infobox-data">30°11' N to 35° N</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Longitude</th><td class="infobox-data">84°53' W to 88°28' W</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alabama.gov">alabama.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style><table class="infobox ib-region-symbols"><caption class="infobox-title">State symbols of Alabama</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:85%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alabama_state_symbols" title="List of Alabama state symbols">List of state symbols</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Alabama.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/250px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/375px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/500px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Alabama" title="Flag of Alabama">Flag of Alabama</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Alabama.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Seal_of_Alabama.svg/150px-Seal_of_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Seal_of_Alabama.svg/225px-Seal_of_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Seal_of_Alabama.svg/300px-Seal_of_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="368" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Alabama" title="Seal of Alabama">Seal of Alabama</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Alabama.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Coat_of_arms_of_Alabama.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Coat_of_arms_of_Alabama.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_of_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Coat_of_arms_of_Alabama.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="149" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Alabama" title="Coat of arms of Alabama">Coat of arms of Alabama</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_nicknames" title="List of U.S. state and territory nicknames">Slogan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Share The Wonder, Alabama the beautiful, Where America finds its voice, Sweet Home Alabama</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid">Living insignia</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_amphibians" title="List of U.S. state amphibians">Amphibian</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Red_Hills_salamander" title="Red Hills salamander">Red Hills salamander</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds" title="List of U.S. state birds">Bird</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northern_flicker" title="Northern flicker">Yellowhammer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey">wild turkey</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_insects" title="List of U.S. state insects">Butterfly</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_tiger_swallowtail" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern tiger swallowtail">Eastern tiger swallowtail</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_fish" title="List of U.S. state fish">Fish</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Largemouth_bass" title="Largemouth bass">Largemouth bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_tarpon" title="Atlantic tarpon">fighting tarpon</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_flowers" title="List of U.S. state and territory flowers">Flower</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Camellia" title="Camellia">Camellia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrangea_quercifolia" title="Hydrangea quercifolia">oak-leaf hydrangea</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mammals" title="List of U.S. state mammals">Horse breed</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Racking_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Racking horse">Racking horse</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_insects" title="List of U.S. state insects">Insect</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">Monarch butterfly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mammals" title="List of U.S. state mammals">Mammal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_reptiles" title="List of U.S. state reptiles">Reptile</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alabama_red-bellied_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama red-bellied turtle">Alabama red-bellied turtle</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_trees" title="List of U.S. state and territory trees">Tree</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Longleaf_pine" title="Longleaf pine">Longleaf pine</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid">Inanimate insignia</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_beverages" title="List of U.S. state beverages">Beverage</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conecuh_Ridge_Whiskey" title="Conecuh Ridge Whiskey">Conecuh Ridge Whiskey</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_colors" title="List of U.S. state colors">Color</a>(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Red, white</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_dances" title="List of U.S. state dances">Dance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Square_dance" title="Square dance">Square dance</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_foods" title="List of U.S. state foods">Food</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pecan" title="Pecan">Pecan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">blackberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peach</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_fossils" title="List of U.S. state fossils">Fossil</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Basilosaurus" title="Basilosaurus">Basilosaurus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_minerals,_rocks,_stones_and_gemstones" title="List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones">Gemstone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Star_blue_quartz" class="mw-redirect" title="Star blue quartz">Star blue quartz</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_minerals,_rocks,_stones_and_gemstones" title="List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones">Mineral</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">Hematite</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_minerals,_rocks,_stones_and_gemstones" title="List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones">Rock</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_shells" title="List of U.S. state shells">Shell</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scaphella_junonia" title="Scaphella junonia">Johnstone's junonia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_soils" title="List of U.S. state soils">Soil</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bama_(soil)" title="Bama (soil)">Bama</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States#State_highways" title="Numbered highways in the United States">State route marker</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama_3.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Route marker"><img alt="Route marker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Alabama_3.svg/85px-Alabama_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Alabama_3.svg/128px-Alabama_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Alabama_3.svg/170px-Alabama_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/50_State_quarters" title="50 State quarters">State quarter</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:2003_AL_Proof.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Alabama quarter dollar coin"><img alt="Alabama quarter dollar coin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/2003_AL_Proof.png/85px-2003_AL_Proof.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/2003_AL_Proof.png/128px-2003_AL_Proof.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/2003_AL_Proof.png/169px-2003_AL_Proof.png 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="1123" /></a><div>Released in 2003</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_state_symbols" title="Lists of United States state symbols">Lists of United States state symbols</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 300px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme" style="width: 300px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="200" data-overlays="["_1b46af921bb4e1f090a1b07748a50bd2e1f322fc"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,300x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Alabama&revid=1258573487&groups=_1b46af921bb4e1f090a1b07748a50bd2e1f322fc" width="300" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,300x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Alabama&revid=1258573487&groups=_1b46af921bb4e1f090a1b07748a50bd2e1f322fc 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Interactive map</div></div></div> Alabama (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌæləˈbæmə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">AL-ə-BAM-ə</a>)<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a> region of the United States. It borders <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> to the west. Alabama is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">30th largest by area</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by population">24th-most populous</a> of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">50 U.S. states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Alabama is nicknamed the <a href="/wiki/Northern_flicker" title="Northern flicker">Yellowhammer</a> State, after the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds" title="List of U.S. state birds">state bird</a>. Alabama is also known as the "Heart of <a href="/wiki/Dixie" title="Dixie">Dixie</a>" and the "Cotton State". The state has diverse geography, with the north dominated by the mountainous <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley" title="Tennessee Valley">Tennessee Valley</a> and the south by <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Bay" title="Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a>, a historically significant port. Alabama's capital is <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a>, and its largest city by population and area is <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-al.com-13">[12]</a> Its oldest city is <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creoles</a>) in 1702 as the capital of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French Louisiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pelican-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-15">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_metropolitan_area,_Alabama" title="Birmingham metropolitan area, Alabama">Greater Birmingham</a> is Alabama's largest metropolitan area and its economic center.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Politically, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>, or "<a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a>", Alabama is a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> state, and is known for its <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Culture of the Southern United States">Southern culture</a>. Within Alabama, <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>, particularly at the <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">college</a> level, plays a major part of the state's culture. Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century until the French acquired it in the early eighteenth century. The British won the territory in 1763 until losing it in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. Spain held Mobile as part of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Florida" title="Spanish West Florida">Spanish West Florida</a> until 1813. In December 1819, Alabama was recognized as a state. During the antebellum period, Alabama was a major <a href="/wiki/Cotton_production_in_the_United_States" title="Cotton production in the United States">producer of cotton</a>, and widely used <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slave labor</a>. In 1861, the state seceded from the United States to become part of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>, with Montgomery acting as its first capital, and rejoined the Union in 1868. Following the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Alabama would suffer decades of economic hardship, in part due to agriculture and a few <a href="/wiki/Cash_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash crops">cash crops</a> being the main driver of the state's economy. Similar to other former slave states, Alabamian legislators employed <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> from the late 19th century up until the 1960s. High-profile events such as the <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a> made the state a major focal point of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> in the 1950s and 1960s. During and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Alabama grew as the state's <a href="/wiki/Economic_diversity" title="Economic diversity">economy diversified</a> with new industries. In 1960, the establishment of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> in Huntsville helped boost Alabama's economic growth by developing a local <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> industry. Alabama's economy in the 21st century is based on automotive, finance, tourism, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, and technology.<a href="#cite_note-alaindustrial-17">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The name of the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_River" title="Alabama River">Alabama River</a> and state is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_people" title="Alabama people">Alabama people</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean-speaking tribe</a> whose members lived just below the <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Coosa_River" title="Coosa River">Coosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tallapoosa_River" title="Tallapoosa River">Tallapoosa</a> rivers on the upper reaches of the river.<a href="#cite_note-Read-18">[17]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama language</a>, the word for a person of Alabama lineage is Albaamo (or variously Albaama or Albàamo in different dialects; the plural form is Albaamaha).<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> The word's spelling varies significantly among historical sources.<a href="#cite_note-ADAH1-20">[19]</a> The first usage appears in three accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a> expedition of 1540: <a href="/wiki/Inca_Garcilaso_de_la_Vega" title="Inca Garcilaso de la Vega">Garcilaso de la Vega</a> used Alibamo, while the Knight of Elvas and Rodrigo Ranjel wrote Alibamu and Limamu, respectively, in <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterations</a> of the term.<a href="#cite_note-ADAH1-20">[19]</a> As early as 1702, the French called the tribe the Alibamon, with French maps identifying the river as Rivière des Alibamons.<a href="#cite_note-Read-18">[17]</a> Other spellings of the name have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, and Allibamou.<a href="#cite_note-ADAH1-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wills-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Griffith-22">[21]</a> The use of state names derived from <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American languages</a> is common in the U.S.; an estimated 26 states have names of Native American origin.<a href="#cite_note-Weiss-23">[22]</a> Sources disagree on the word's meaning. Some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw alba (meaning 'plants' or 'weeds') and amo (meaning 'to cut', 'to trim', or 'to gather').<a href="#cite_note-ADAH1-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swanton1-25">[24]</a> The meaning may have been 'clearers of the thicket'<a href="#cite_note-Rogers-24">[23]</a> or 'herb gatherers',<a href="#cite_note-Swanton1-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swanton2-26">[25]</a> referring to clearing land for cultivation<a href="#cite_note-Wills-21">[20]</a> or collecting medicinal plants.<a href="#cite_note-Swanton2-26">[25]</a> The state has numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_place_names_of_Native_American_origin_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="List of place names of Native American origin in Alabama">place names of Native American origin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> An 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant 'Here We Rest'.<a href="#cite_note-ADAH1-20">[19]</a> This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Beaufort_Meek" title="Alexander Beaufort Meek">Alexander Beaufort Meek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ADAH1-20">[19]</a> Experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation.<a href="#cite_note-Read-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADAH1-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">History of Alabama</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-European_settlement">Pre-European settlement</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moundville_Archaeological_Site_Alabama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Moundville_Archaeological_Site_Alabama.jpg/220px-Moundville_Archaeological_Site_Alabama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Moundville_Archaeological_Site_Alabama.jpg/330px-Moundville_Archaeological_Site_Alabama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Moundville_Archaeological_Site_Alabama.jpg/440px-Moundville_Archaeological_Site_Alabama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville Archaeological Site</a> in Hale County. It was occupied by Native Americans of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> from 1000 to 1450 CE.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a> of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization. Trade with the northeastern tribes by the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> began during the Burial Mound Period (1000 BCE – 700 CE) and continued until <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European contact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NewYorkTimesAlmanac-29">[28]</a> The agrarian <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 CE, with one of its major centers built at what is now the <a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville Archaeological Site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moundville,_Alabama" title="Moundville, Alabama">Moundville, Alabama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> This is the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era, after <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, which was the center of the culture. Analysis of <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> from <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">archaeological</a> excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars' formulating the characteristics of the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a> (SECC).<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no direct links to <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> culture but developed independently. The Ceremonial Complex represents a major component of the religion of the Mississippian peoples; it is one of the primary means by which their religion is understood.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Among the historical tribes of Native American people living in present-day Alabama at the time of European contact were the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian language</a> people; and the <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muskogean-speaking</a> Alabama (Alibamu), <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a>, Creek, and <a href="/wiki/Coushatta" title="Coushatta">Koasati</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> While part of the same large language family, the <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muskogee tribes</a> developed distinct cultures and languages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_settlement">European settlement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana (New France)</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Louisiana (New Spain)</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve (1763)</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Florida" title="Spanish West Florida">Spanish West Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_West_Florida" title="Republic of West Florida">Republic of West Florida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi Territory</a></div> The Spanish were the first Europeans to reach Alabama during their exploration of North America in the 16th century. The expedition of Hernando de Soto passed through <a href="/wiki/Mabila" title="Mabila">Mabila</a> and other parts of the state in 1540. More than 160 years later, the French founded the region's first European settlement at <a href="/wiki/Old_Mobile_Site" title="Old Mobile Site">Old Mobile</a> in 1702.<a href="#cite_note-US50-35">[34]</a> The city was moved to the current site of Mobile in 1711. This area was claimed by the French from 1702 to 1763 as part of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">La Louisiane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-alahisttmln-36">[35]</a> After the French lost to the British in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, it became part of British <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> from 1763 to 1783. After the U.S. victory in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, the territory was divided between the United States and Spain. The latter retained control of this western territory from 1783 until the surrender of the Spanish garrison at Mobile to U.S. forces on April 13, 1813.<a href="#cite_note-alahisttmln-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-annexed1-37">[36]</a> Thomas Bassett, a <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">loyalist</a> to the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British monarchy</a> during the Revolutionary era, was one of the earliest white settlers in the state outside Mobile. He settled in the <a href="/wiki/Tombigbee_District" title="Tombigbee District">Tombigbee District</a> during the early 1770s.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> The district's boundaries were roughly limited to the area within a few miles of the <a href="/wiki/Tombigbee_River" title="Tombigbee River">Tombigbee River</a> and included portions of what is today southern <a href="/wiki/Clarke_County,_Alabama" title="Clarke County, Alabama">Clarke County</a>, northernmost <a href="/wiki/Mobile_County,_Alabama" title="Mobile County, Alabama">Mobile County</a>, and most of <a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Alabama" title="Washington County, Alabama">Washington County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oldsw-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-colonial_mobile-40">[39]</a> What are now <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_County,_Alabama" title="Baldwin County, Alabama">Baldwin</a> and Mobile counties became part of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Florida" title="Spanish West Florida">Spanish West Florida</a> in 1783, part of the independent <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_West_Florida" title="Republic of West Florida">Republic of West Florida</a> in 1810, and finally part of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi Territory</a> in 1812. Most of what is now the northern two-thirds of Alabama was known as the <a href="/wiki/Yazoo_lands" title="Yazoo lands">Yazoo lands</a> beginning during the British colonial period. It was claimed by the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Province of Georgia</a> from 1767 onwards. Following the Revolutionary War, it remained a part of Georgia, although heavily disputed.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-pickett-42">[41]</a> With the exception of the area around Mobile and the Yazoo lands, what is now the lower one-third of Alabama was made part of the Mississippi Territory when it was organized in 1798. The Yazoo lands were added to the territory in 1804, following the <a href="/wiki/Yazoo_land_scandal" title="Yazoo land scandal">Yazoo land scandal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pickett-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Spain kept a claim on its former Spanish West Florida territory in what would become the coastal counties until the <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a> officially ceded it to the U.S. in 1819.<a href="#cite_note-annexed1-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Organic_act#List_of_organic_acts" title="Organic act">Organic act § List of organic acts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Territory" title="Alabama Territory">Alabama Territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippiterritory.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mississippiterritory.PNG/200px-Mississippiterritory.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mississippiterritory.PNG/300px-Mississippiterritory.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mississippiterritory.PNG/400px-Mississippiterritory.PNG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Before <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi's admission</a> to statehood on December 10, 1817, the more sparsely settled eastern half of the territory was separated and named the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Territory" title="Alabama Territory">Alabama Territory</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> created the Alabama Territory on March 3, 1817. <a href="/wiki/St._Stephens,_Alabama" title="St. Stephens, Alabama">St. Stephens</a>, now abandoned, served as the territorial capital from 1817 to 1819.<a href="#cite_note-eoaststephens-44">[43]</a> Alabama was admitted as the 22nd state on December 14, 1819, with Congress selecting <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a> as the site for the first <a href="/wiki/Constituent_assembly" title="Constituent assembly">Constitutional Convention</a>. From July 5 to August 2, 1819, delegates met to prepare the new state constitution. Huntsville served as temporary capital from 1819 to 1820, when the seat of government moved to <a href="/wiki/Cahaba,_Alabama" title="Cahaba, Alabama">Cahaba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dallas_County,_Alabama" title="Dallas County, Alabama">Dallas County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cahaba,_Alabama" title="Cahaba, Alabama">Cahaba</a>, now a <a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">ghost town</a>, was the first permanent state capital from 1820 to 1825.<a href="#cite_note-Cahaw-46">[45]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Fever" title="Alabama Fever">Alabama Fever</a> land rush was underway when the state was admitted to the Union, with settlers and land speculators pouring into the state to take advantage of fertile land suitable for cotton cultivation.<a href="#cite_note-fever-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-adahtalafvr-48">[47]</a> Part of the frontier in the 1820s and 1830s, its constitution provided for universal suffrage for white men.<a href="#cite_note-SSpaces-49">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thornhill_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Thornhill_01.jpg/220px-Thornhill_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Thornhill_01.jpg/330px-Thornhill_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Thornhill_01.jpg/440px-Thornhill_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6144" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>The main house, built in 1833, at <a href="/wiki/Thornhill_(Forkland,_Alabama)" title="Thornhill (Forkland, Alabama)">Thornhill</a> in Greene County. It is a former <a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_(region_of_Alabama)" title="Black Belt (region of Alabama)">Black Belt</a> plantation.</figcaption></figure> Southeastern planters and traders from the <a href="/wiki/Upper_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper South">Upper South</a> brought <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Alabama" title="History of slavery in Alabama">slaves</a> with them as the cotton <a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Alabama" title="List of plantations in Alabama">plantations in Alabama</a> expanded. The economy of the central <a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_(region_of_Alabama)" title="Black Belt (region of Alabama)">Black Belt</a> (named for its dark, productive soil) was built around large cotton <a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">plantations</a> whose owners' wealth grew mainly from slave labor.<a href="#cite_note-SSpaces-49">[48]</a> The area also drew many poor, disenfranchised people who became <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence farmers</a>. Alabama had an estimated population of under 10,000 people in 1810, but it increased to more than 300,000 people by 1830.<a href="#cite_note-fever-47">[46]</a> Most Native American tribes were <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">completely removed</a> from the state within a few years of the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a> by Congress in 1830.<a href="#cite_note-ala-50">[49]</a> From 1826 to 1846, <a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a> served as Alabama's capital. On January 30, 1846, the Alabama legislature announced it had voted to move the capital city from Tuscaloosa to Montgomery. The first legislative session in the new capital met in December 1847.<a href="#cite_note-capitols-51">[50]</a> A new capitol building was erected under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Decatur_Button" title="Stephen Decatur Button">Stephen Decatur Button</a> of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. The first structure burned down in 1849, but was rebuilt on the same site in 1851. This second capitol building in Montgomery remains to the present day. It was designed by Barachias Holt of <a href="/wiki/Exeter,_Maine" title="Exeter, Maine">Exeter, Maine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-alcatalog-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-alarchitecture-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_War_and_Reconstruction">Civil War and Reconstruction</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Secession" title="Ordinance of Secession">Ordinance of Secession</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama in the American Civil War</a></div> By 1860, the population had increased to 964,201 people, of which nearly half, 435,080, were enslaved African Americans, and 2,690 were <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a>.<a href="#cite_note-adahtmln-54">[53]</a> On January 11, 1861, Alabama declared its <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">secession</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>. After remaining an independent republic for a few days, it joined the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>. The Confederacy's capital was initially at Montgomery. Alabama was heavily <a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">involved in the American Civil War</a>. Although comparatively few battles were fought in the state, Alabama contributed about 120,000 soldiers to the war effort. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huntsville_Courthouse_Square_1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Huntsville_Courthouse_Square_1864.jpg/220px-Huntsville_Courthouse_Square_1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Huntsville_Courthouse_Square_1864.jpg/330px-Huntsville_Courthouse_Square_1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Huntsville_Courthouse_Square_1864.jpg/440px-Huntsville_Courthouse_Square_1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> troops occupying Courthouse Square in Huntsville, following its capture and occupation by federal forces in 1864</figcaption></figure> A company of cavalry soldiers from Huntsville, Alabama, joined <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Nathan Bedford Forrest</a>'s battalion in <a href="/wiki/Hopkinsville,_Kentucky" title="Hopkinsville, Kentucky">Hopkinsville, Kentucky</a>. The company wore new uniforms with yellow trim on the sleeves, collar and coattails. This led to them being greeted with "Yellowhammer", and the name later was applied to all Alabama troops in the Confederate Army.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Alabama's slaves were freed by the 13th Amendment in 1865.<a href="#cite_note-HistDocs-56">[55]</a> Alabama was under military rule from the end of the war in May 1865 until its official restoration to the Union in 1868. From 1867 to 1874, with most white citizens barred temporarily from voting and freedmen enfranchised, many African Americans emerged as political leaders in the state. Alabama was represented in Congress during this period by three African-American congressmen: <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Haralson" title="Jeremiah Haralson">Jeremiah Haralson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_S._Turner" title="Benjamin S. Turner">Benjamin S. Turner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_T._Rapier" title="James T. Rapier">James T. Rapier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-alrecnstrctn-57">[56]</a> Following the war, the state remained chiefly agricultural, with an economy tied to cotton. During Reconstruction, state legislators ratified a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Alabama" title="Constitution of Alabama">new state constitution</a> in 1868 which created the state's first public school system and expanded women's rights. Legislators funded numerous public road and railroad projects, although these were plagued with allegations of fraud and <a href="/wiki/Misappropriation" title="Misappropriation">misappropriation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-alrecnstrctn-57">[56]</a> Organized <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgent</a>, resistance groups tried to suppress the freedmen and Republicans. These groups included The <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>, the Pale Faces, <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camellia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-alrecnstrctn-57">[56]</a> Reconstruction in Alabama ended in 1874, when the Democrats regained control of the legislature and governor's office through an election dominated by fraud and violence. They wrote another constitution in 1875,<a href="#cite_note-alrecnstrctn-57">[56]</a> and the legislature passed the <a href="/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">Blaine Amendment</a>, prohibiting public money from being used to finance religious-affiliated schools.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> The same year, legislation was approved that called for <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racially segregated</a> schools.<a href="#cite_note-jimcrowala-59">[58]</a> Railroad passenger cars were segregated in 1891.<a href="#cite_note-jimcrowala-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_Alabama_skyline_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Birmingham_Alabama_skyline_1915.jpg/220px-Birmingham_Alabama_skyline_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Birmingham_Alabama_skyline_1915.jpg/330px-Birmingham_Alabama_skyline_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Birmingham_Alabama_skyline_1915.jpg/440px-Birmingham_Alabama_skyline_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>The developing skyline of Birmingham in 1915</figcaption></figure> The new 1901 Constitution of Alabama included provisions for <a href="/wiki/Voter_registration" title="Voter registration">voter registration</a> that effectively <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">disenfranchised</a> large portions of the population, including nearly all African Americans and Native Americans, and tens of thousands of poor European Americans, through making voter registration difficult, requiring a <a href="/wiki/Poll_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Poll taxes in the United States">poll tax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literacy_test" title="Literacy test">literacy test</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> The 1901 constitution required racial segregation of public schools. By 1903 only 2,980 African Americans were registered in Alabama, although at least 74,000 were <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literate</a>. This compared to more than 181,000 African Americans eligible to vote in 1900. The numbers dropped even more in later decades.<a href="#cite_note-epzzsd-61">[60]</a> The state legislature passed additional racial segregation laws related to public facilities into the 1950s: jails were segregated in 1911; hospitals in 1915; toilets, hotels, and restaurants in 1928; and bus stop waiting rooms in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-jimcrowala-59">[58]</a> While the planter class had persuaded poor whites to vote for this legislative effort to suppress black voting, the new restrictions resulted in their disenfranchisement as well, due mostly to the imposition of a cumulative poll tax.<a href="#cite_note-epzzsd-61">[60]</a> By 1941, whites constituted a slight majority of those disenfranchised by these laws: 600,000 whites vs. 520,000 African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-epzzsd-61">[60]</a> Nearly all Blacks had lost the ability to vote. Despite numerous legal challenges which succeeded in overturning certain provisions, the state legislature would create new ones to maintain disenfranchisement. The exclusion of blacks from the political system persisted until after passage of federal civil rights legislation in 1965 to enforce their constitutional rights as citizens.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> The rural-dominated Alabama legislature consistently underfunded schools and services for the disenfranchised African Americans, but it did not relieve them of paying taxes.<a href="#cite_note-SSpaces-49">[48]</a> Partially as a response to chronic underfunding of education for African Americans in the South, the <a href="/wiki/Rosenwald_Fund" title="Rosenwald Fund">Rosenwald Fund</a> began funding the construction of what came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Rosenwald_School" title="Rosenwald School">Rosenwald Schools</a>. In Alabama, these schools were designed, and the construction partially financed with Rosenwald funds, which paid one-third of the construction costs. The fund required the local community and state to raise matching funds to pay the rest. Black residents effectively taxed themselves twice, by raising additional monies to supply matching funds for such schools, which were built in many rural areas. They often donated land and labor as well.<a href="#cite_note-rosenwaldal-63">[62]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Sinai_School_Autauga_County_July_2011_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mount_Sinai_School_Autauga_County_July_2011_1.jpg/220px-Mount_Sinai_School_Autauga_County_July_2011_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mount_Sinai_School_Autauga_County_July_2011_1.jpg/330px-Mount_Sinai_School_Autauga_County_July_2011_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mount_Sinai_School_Autauga_County_July_2011_1.jpg/440px-Mount_Sinai_School_Autauga_County_July_2011_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The former <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_School" title="Mount Sinai School">Mount Sinai School</a> in rural Autauga County, completed in 1919. It was one of the 387 <a href="/wiki/Rosenwald_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosenwald Schools">Rosenwald Schools</a> built in the state.</figcaption></figure> Beginning in 1913, the first 80 Rosenwald Schools were built in Alabama for African American children. A total of 387 schools, seven teachers' houses, and several vocational buildings were completed by 1937 in the state. Several of the <a href="/wiki/The_Rosenwald_School_Building_Fund_and_Associated_Buildings_Multiple_Property_Submission" title="The Rosenwald School Building Fund and Associated Buildings Multiple Property Submission">surviving school buildings</a> in the state are now listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rosenwaldal-63">[62]</a> Continued racial discrimination and <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynchings</a>, agricultural depression, and the failure of the cotton crops due to <a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil" title="Boll weevil">boll weevil</a> infestation led tens of thousands of African Americans from rural Alabama and other states to seek opportunities in northern and midwestern cities during the early decades of the 20th century as part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> out of the South.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Reflecting this emigration, the population growth rate in Alabama (see "historical populations" table below) dropped by nearly half from 1910 to 1920.<a href="#cite_note-census_data-66">[65]</a> At the same time, many rural people migrated to the city of Birmingham to work in new industrial jobs. Birmingham experienced such rapid growth it was called the "Magic City".<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> By 1920, Birmingham was the 36th-largest city in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Heavy industry and mining were the basis of its economy. Its residents were under-represented for decades in the state legislature, which refused to redistrict after each decennial census according to population changes, as it was required by the state constitution. This did not change until the late 1960s following a lawsuit and court order.<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[68]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Beginning in the 1940s, when the courts started taking the first steps to recognize the voting rights of black voters, the Alabama legislature took several counter-steps designed to disfranchise black voters. The legislature passed, and the voters ratified [as these were mostly white voters], a state constitutional amendment that gave local registrars greater latitude to disqualify voter registration applicants. Black citizens in Mobile successfully challenged this amendment as a violation of the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment</a>. The legislature also changed the boundaries of <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee,_Alabama" title="Tuskegee, Alabama">Tuskegee</a> to a 28-sided figure designed to fence out blacks from the city limits. The Supreme Court unanimously held that this racial "<a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">gerrymandering</a>" violated the Constitution. In 1961, ... the Alabama legislature also intentionally diluted the effect of the black vote by instituting numbered place requirements for local elections.<a href="#cite_note-vra-70">[69]</a></blockquote> Industrial development related to the demands of World War II brought a level of prosperity to the state not seen since before the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-SSpaces-49">[48]</a> Rural workers poured into the largest cities in the state for better jobs and a higher standard of living. One example of this massive influx of workers occurred in Mobile. Between 1940 and 1943, more than 89,000 people moved into the city to work for war-related industries.<a href="#cite_note-thomason2-71">[70]</a> Cotton and other <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crops</a> faded in importance as the state developed a manufacturing and service base. Despite massive population changes in the state from 1901 to 1961, the rural-dominated legislature refused to reapportion House and Senate seats based on population, as required by the state constitution to follow the results of decennial censuses. They held on to old representation to maintain political and economic power in agricultural areas. One result was that <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Jefferson County, Alabama">Jefferson County</a>, containing Birmingham's industrial and economic powerhouse, contributed more than one-third of all tax revenue to the state, but did not receive a proportional amount in services. Urban interests were consistently underrepresented in the legislature. A 1960 study noted that because of rural domination, "a minority of about 25% of the total state population is in majority control of the Alabama legislature."<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-pjhwpa-72">[71]</a> In the United States Supreme Court cases of <a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Carr" title="Baker v. Carr">Baker v. Carr</a> (1962) and <a href="/wiki/Reynolds_v._Sims" title="Reynolds v. Sims">Reynolds v. Sims</a> (1964), the court ruled that the principle of "<a href="/wiki/One_man,_one_vote" title="One man, one vote">one man, one vote</a>" needed to be the basis of both houses of state legislatures, and that their districts had to be based on population rather than geographic counties.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> African Americans continued to press in the 1950s and 1960s to end disenfranchisement and segregation in the state through the civil rights movement, including legal challenges. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> that public schools had to be <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States" title="Desegregation in the United States">desegregated</a>, but Alabama was slow to comply. During the 1960s, under Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a>, Alabama resisted compliance with federal demands for desegregation.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> The civil rights movement had notable events in Alabama, including the <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> (1955–1956), <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Rides" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom Rides">Freedom Rides</a> in 1961, and 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> These contributed to Congressional passage and enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a> by the U.S. Congress.<a href="#cite_note-cra64-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Legal segregation ended in the states in 1964, but Jim Crow customs often continued until specifically challenged in court.<a href="#cite_note-USDOJ-80">[79]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, by 2017, many of Alabama's African Americans were living in Alabama's cities such as Birmingham and Montgomery. Also, the Black Belt region across central Alabama "is home to largely poor counties that are predominantly African-American. These counties include Dallas, <a href="/wiki/Lowndes_County,_Alabama" title="Lowndes County, Alabama">Lowndes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marengo_County,_Alabama" title="Marengo County, Alabama">Marengo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Alabama" title="Perry County, Alabama">Perry</a>."<a href="#cite_note-NYT_2017-81">[80]</a> In 1972, for the first time since 1901, the legislature completed the congressional redistricting based on the decennial census. This benefited the urban areas that had developed, as well as all in the population who had been underrepresented for more than sixty years.<a href="#cite_note-pjhwpa-72">[71]</a> Other changes were made to implement representative state house and senate districts. Alabama has made some changes since the late 20th century and has used new types of voting to increase representation. In the 1980s, an omnibus redistricting case, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dillard_v._Crenshaw_County&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dillard v. Crenshaw County (page does not exist)">Dillard v. Crenshaw County</a>, challenged the <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a> voting for representative seats of 180 Alabama jurisdictions, including counties and school boards. At-large voting had diluted the votes of any minority in a county, as the majority tended to take all seats. Despite African Americans making up a significant minority in the state, they had been unable to elect any representatives in most of the at-large jurisdictions.<a href="#cite_note-vra-70">[69]</a> As part of settlement of this case, five Alabama cities and counties, including <a href="/wiki/Chilton_County,_Alabama" title="Chilton County, Alabama">Chilton County</a>, adopted a system of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">cumulative voting</a> for election of representatives in multi-seat jurisdictions. This has resulted in more proportional representation for voters. In another form of proportional representation, 23 jurisdictions use <a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">limited voting</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Conecuh_County,_Alabama" title="Conecuh County, Alabama">Conecuh County</a>. In 1982, limited voting was first tested in Conecuh County. Together use of these systems has increased the number of African Americans and women being elected to local offices, resulting in governments that are more representative of their citizens.<a href="#cite_note-cum-82">[81]</a> Beginning in the 1960s, the state's economy shifted away from its traditional lumber, steel, and textile industries because of increased foreign competition. Steel jobs, for instance, declined from 46,314 in 1950 to 14,185 in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> However, the state, particularly Huntsville, benefited from the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">George C. Marshall Space Flight Center</a> in 1960, a major facility in the development of the Saturn rocket program and the space shuttle. Technology and manufacturing industries, such as automobile assembly, replaced some the state's older industries in the late twentieth century, but the state's economy and growth lagged behind other states in the area, such as Georgia and Florida.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> In 2001, Alabama Supreme Court chief justice <a href="/wiki/Roy_Moore" title="Roy Moore">Roy Moore</a> installed a statue of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> in the capitol in Montgomery. In 2002, the 11th US Circuit Court ordered the statue removed, but Moore refused to follow the court order, which led to protests around the capitol in favor of keeping the monument. The monument was removed in August 2003.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> A few natural disasters have occurred in the state in the twenty-first century. In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan" title="Hurricane Ivan">Hurricane Ivan</a>, a category 3 storm upon landfall, struck the state and caused over $18 billion of damage. It was among the most destructive storms to strike the state in its modern history.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> A <a href="/wiki/2011_Super_Outbreak" title="2011 Super Outbreak">super outbreak</a> of 62 tornadoes hit the state in April 2011 and killed 238 people, devastating many communities.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Alabama" title="Geography of Alabama">Geography of Alabama</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Alabama_counties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Alabama counties">List of Alabama counties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Alabama" title="Geology of Alabama">Geology of Alabama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Alabama_terrain_NA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Map_of_Alabama_terrain_NA.jpg/220px-Map_of_Alabama_terrain_NA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Map_of_Alabama_terrain_NA.jpg/330px-Map_of_Alabama_terrain_NA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Map_of_Alabama_terrain_NA.jpg/440px-Map_of_Alabama_terrain_NA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1340" /></a><figcaption>Map of Alabama from the <a href="/wiki/National_Atlas_of_the_United_States" title="National Atlas of the United States">National Atlas of the United States</a> (2007)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OnoIslandAl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/OnoIslandAl.jpg/220px-OnoIslandAl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/OnoIslandAl.jpg/330px-OnoIslandAl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/OnoIslandAl.jpg/440px-OnoIslandAl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ono_Island,_Alabama" title="Ono Island, Alabama">Ono Island</a> in Baldwin County</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MonteSanoStateParkhsval.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/MonteSanoStateParkhsval.jpg/220px-MonteSanoStateParkhsval.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/MonteSanoStateParkhsval.jpg/330px-MonteSanoStateParkhsval.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/MonteSanoStateParkhsval.jpg/440px-MonteSanoStateParkhsval.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monte_Sano_State_Park" title="Monte Sano State Park">Monte Sano State Park</a> in Huntsville</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_Cavern_2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cathedral_Cavern_2019.png/220px-Cathedral_Cavern_2019.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cathedral_Cavern_2019.png/330px-Cathedral_Cavern_2019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cathedral_Cavern_2019.png/440px-Cathedral_Cavern_2019.png 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Caverns_State_Park" title="Cathedral Caverns State Park">Cathedral Caverns</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marshall_County,_Alabama" title="Marshall County, Alabama">Marshall County</a></figcaption></figure> Alabama is the thirtieth-largest state in the United States with 52,419 square miles (135,760 km2) of total area: 3.2% of the area is water, making Alabama 23rd in the amount of surface water, also giving it the second-largest inland waterway system in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> About three-fifths of the land area is part of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coastal_Plain" title="Gulf Coastal Plain">Gulf Coastal Plain</a>, a gentle plain with a general descent towards the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> and the Gulf of Mexico. The <a href="/wiki/North_Alabama" title="North Alabama">North Alabama</a> region is mostly mountainous, with the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee River</a> cutting a large valley and creating numerous creeks, streams, rivers, mountains, and lakes.<a href="#cite_note-NetState-89">[88]</a> Alabama is bordered by the states of Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama has coastline at the Gulf of Mexico, in the extreme southern edge of the state.<a href="#cite_note-NetState-89">[88]</a> The state ranges in elevation from sea level<a href="#cite_note-usgs-90">[89]</a> at Mobile Bay to more than 2,000 feet (610 m) in the <a href="/wiki/Sand_Mountain_(Alabama)" title="Sand Mountain (Alabama)">northeast</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Cheaha_Mountain" title="Cheaha Mountain">Mount Cheaha</a><a href="#cite_note-NetState-89">[88]</a> at 2,413 ft (735 m).<a href="#cite_note-ngs-91">[90]</a> Alabama's land consists of 22 million acres (89,000 km2) of forest or 67% of the state's total land area.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Suburban <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_County,_Alabama" title="Baldwin County, Alabama">Baldwin County</a>, along the Gulf Coast, is the largest county in the state in both land area and water area.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NaturalBridgeAl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/NaturalBridgeAl.jpg/220px-NaturalBridgeAl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/NaturalBridgeAl.jpg/330px-NaturalBridgeAl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/NaturalBridgeAl.jpg/440px-NaturalBridgeAl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The Natural Bridge Rock in <a href="/wiki/Winston_County,_Alabama" title="Winston County, Alabama">Winston County</a> is the longest natural bridge east of the Rockies.</figcaption></figure> Areas in Alabama administered by the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> include <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Bend_National_Military_Park" title="Horseshoe Bend National Military Park">Horseshoe Bend National Military Park</a> near <a href="/wiki/Alexander_City,_Alabama" title="Alexander City, Alabama">Alexander City</a>; <a href="/wiki/Little_River_Canyon_National_Preserve" title="Little River Canyon National Preserve">Little River Canyon National Preserve</a> near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Payne,_Alabama" title="Fort Payne, Alabama">Fort Payne</a>; <a href="/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave National Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Alabama" title="Bridgeport, Alabama">Bridgeport</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen_National_Historic_Site" title="Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site">Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site</a> in Tuskegee; and <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Institute_National_Historic_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site">Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site</a> near Tuskegee.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Additionally, Alabama has four <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Forest">National Forests</a>: <a href="/wiki/Conecuh_National_Forest" title="Conecuh National Forest">Conecuh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talladega_National_Forest" title="Talladega National Forest">Talladega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_National_Forest" title="Tuskegee National Forest">Tuskegee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead_National_Forest" title="William B. Bankhead National Forest">William B. Bankhead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Alabama also contains the <a href="/wiki/Natchez_Trace_Parkway" title="Natchez Trace Parkway">Natchez Trace Parkway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Selma_To_Montgomery_National_Historic_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Selma To Montgomery National Historic Trail">Selma To Montgomery National Historic Trail</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears National Historic Trail</a>. Natural wonders include the <a href="/wiki/Natural_Bridge,_Alabama" title="Natural Bridge, Alabama">"Natural Bridge"</a> rock, the longest <a href="/wiki/Natural_arch" title="Natural arch">natural bridge</a> east of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rockies</a>, just south of <a href="/wiki/Haleyville,_Alabama" title="Haleyville, Alabama">Haleyville</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Caverns_State_Park" title="Cathedral Caverns State Park">Cathedral Caverns</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Marshall_County,_Alabama" title="Marshall County, Alabama">Marshall County</a>, named for its cathedral-like appearance, which features one of the largest cave entrances and one of the largest stalagmites in the world; Ecor Rouge, in <a href="/wiki/Fairhope,_Alabama" title="Fairhope, Alabama">Fairhope</a>, the highest coastline point between <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> and Mexico;<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/DeSoto_Caverns" class="mw-redirect" title="DeSoto Caverns">DeSoto Caverns</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Childersburg,_Alabama" title="Childersburg, Alabama">Childersburg</a>, the first officially recorded cave in the United States;<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Noccalula_Falls_Park" title="Noccalula Falls Park">Noccalula Falls</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Gadsden,_Alabama" title="Gadsden, Alabama">Gadsden</a>, which has a 90-foot waterfall; <a href="/wiki/Dismals_Canyon" title="Dismals Canyon">Dismals Canyon</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Phil_Campbell,_Alabama" title="Phil Campbell, Alabama">Phil Campbell</a>, which is home to two waterfalls and six natural bridges and is said to have been a hideout of <a href="/wiki/Jesse_James" title="Jesse James">Jesse James</a>;<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Stephens Gap Cave, in <a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Alabama" title="Jackson County, Alabama">Jackson County</a>, which has a 143-foot pit and two waterfalls and is one of the most photographed wild cave scenes in America;<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Little River Canyon, near Fort Payne, one of the nation's longest mountaintop rivers; <a href="/wiki/Rickwood_Caverns_State_Park" title="Rickwood Caverns State Park">Rickwood Caverns</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Warrior,_Alabama" title="Warrior, Alabama">Warrior</a>, which has an underground pool, blind cave-fish, and 260-million-year-old limestone formations; and the <a href="/wiki/The_Walls_of_Jericho_(canyon)" title="The Walls of Jericho (canyon)">Walls of Jericho</a> canyon, on the Alabama–Tennessee border. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cliffs_inside_the_Wetumpka_impact_crater_in_Wetumpka,_Alabama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cliffs_inside_the_Wetumpka_impact_crater_in_Wetumpka%2C_Alabama.jpg/220px-Cliffs_inside_the_Wetumpka_impact_crater_in_Wetumpka%2C_Alabama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cliffs_inside_the_Wetumpka_impact_crater_in_Wetumpka%2C_Alabama.jpg/330px-Cliffs_inside_the_Wetumpka_impact_crater_in_Wetumpka%2C_Alabama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cliffs_inside_the_Wetumpka_impact_crater_in_Wetumpka%2C_Alabama.jpg/440px-Cliffs_inside_the_Wetumpka_impact_crater_in_Wetumpka%2C_Alabama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Cliffs at the rim of the <a href="/wiki/Wetumpka_crater" title="Wetumpka crater">Wetumpka meteorite crater</a></figcaption></figure> A 5-mile (8 km)-wide meteorite impact crater is located in <a href="/wiki/Elmore_County,_Alabama" title="Elmore County, Alabama">Elmore County</a>, just north of Montgomery. This is the <a href="/wiki/Wetumpka_crater" title="Wetumpka crater">Wetumpka crater</a>, the site of "Alabama's greatest natural disaster". A 1,000-foot (300 m)-wide meteorite hit the area about 80 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-mlvguh-100">[99]</a> The hills just east of downtown <a href="/wiki/Wetumpka,_Alabama" title="Wetumpka, Alabama">Wetumpka</a> showcase the eroded remains of the impact crater that was blasted into the bedrock, with the area labeled the Wetumpka crater or astrobleme ("star-wound") because of the concentric rings of fractures and zones of shattered rock that can be found beneath the surface.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> In 2002, Christian Koeberl with the Institute of Geochemistry University of Vienna published evidence and established the site as the 157th recognized impact crater on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Alabama" title="Climate of Alabama">Climate of Alabama</a></div> The state is classified as <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical</a> (Cfa) under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Koppen Climate Classification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> The average annual temperature is 64 °F (18 °C). Temperatures tend to be warmer in the southern part of the state with its proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, while the northern parts of the state, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> in the northeast, tend to be slightly cooler.<a href="#cite_note-cprgsw-104">[103]</a> Generally, Alabama has very hot summers and mild winters with copious precipitation throughout the year. Alabama receives an average of 56 inches (1,400 mm) of rainfall annually and enjoys a lengthy growing season of up to 300 days in the southern part of the state.<a href="#cite_note-cprgsw-104">[103]</a> Summers in Alabama are among the hottest in the U.S., with high temperatures averaging over 90 °F (32 °C) throughout the summer in some parts of the state. Alabama is also prone to <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical storms and hurricanes</a>. Areas of the state far away from the Gulf are not immune to the effects of the storms, which often dump tremendous amounts of rain as they move inland and weaken. South Alabama reports many <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorms</a>. The Gulf Coast, around Mobile Bay, averages between 70 and 80 days per year with thunder reported. This activity decreases somewhat further north in the state, but even the far north of the state reports thunder on about 60 days per year. Occasionally, thunderstorms are severe with frequent <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> and large <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a>; the central and northern parts of the state are most vulnerable to this type of storm. Alabama ranks ninth in the number of deaths from lightning and tenth in the number of deaths from lightning strikes per capita.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phil_Campbell_tornado_damage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phil_Campbell_tornado_damage.jpg/220px-Phil_Campbell_tornado_damage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phil_Campbell_tornado_damage.jpg/330px-Phil_Campbell_tornado_damage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phil_Campbell_tornado_damage.jpg/440px-Phil_Campbell_tornado_damage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Tornado damage in <a href="/wiki/Phil_Campbell,_Alabama" title="Phil Campbell, Alabama">Phil Campbell</a> following the statewide <a href="/wiki/2011_Super_Outbreak" title="2011 Super Outbreak">April 27, 2011, tornado outbreak</a></figcaption></figure> Alabama, along with <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, has the most confirmed <a href="/wiki/Fujita_scale" title="Fujita scale">F5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Fujita_scale" title="Enhanced Fujita scale">EF5</a> tornadoes of any state, according to statistics from the <a href="/wiki/National_Climatic_Data_Center" title="National Climatic Data Center">National Climatic Data Center</a> for the period January 1, 1950, to June 2013.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Several long-tracked F5/EF5 tornadoes have contributed to Alabama reporting more tornado fatalities since 1950 than any other state. The state was affected by the <a href="/wiki/1974_Super_Outbreak" title="1974 Super Outbreak">1974 Super Outbreak</a> and was devastated tremendously by the 2011 Super Outbreak. The 2011 Super Outbreak produced a record amount of tornadoes in the state. The tally reached 62.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> The peak season for tornadoes varies from the northern to southern parts of the state. Alabama is one of the few places in the world that has a secondary tornado season in November and December besides the typically severe spring. The northern part—along the Tennessee River Valley—is most vulnerable. The area of Alabama and Mississippi most affected by tornadoes is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Alley" title="Dixie Alley">Dixie Alley</a>, as distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Tornado_Alley" title="Tornado Alley">Tornado Alley</a> of the Southern Plains. Winters are generally mild in Alabama, as they are throughout most of the Southeastern United States, with average January low temperatures around 40 °F (4 °C) in Mobile and around 32 °F (0 °C) in Birmingham. Although snow is a rare event in much of Alabama, areas of the state north of Montgomery may receive a dusting of snow a few times every winter, with an occasional moderately heavy snowfall every few years. Historic snowfall events include <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve_1963_snowstorm" title="New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm">New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1993_Storm_of_the_Century" title="1993 Storm of the Century">1993 Storm of the Century</a>. The annual average snowfall for the Birmingham area is 2 inches (51 mm) per year. In the southern Gulf coast, snowfall is less frequent, sometimes going several years without any snowfall. Alabama's highest temperature of 112 °F (44 °C) was recorded on September 5, 1925, in the unincorporated community of <a href="/wiki/Centerville,_Alabama" title="Centerville, Alabama">Centerville</a>. The record low of −27 °F (−33 °C) occurred on January 30, 1966, in <a href="/wiki/New_Market,_Alabama" title="New Market, Alabama">New Market</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center; margin:auto;"> <caption>Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Alabama cities [°F (°C)] </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Month </th> <th>Jan </th> <th>Feb </th> <th>Mar </th> <th>Apr </th> <th>May </th> <th>Jun </th> <th>Jul </th> <th>Aug </th> <th>Sep </th> <th>Oct </th> <th>Nov </th> <th>Dec </th> <th style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th> <td rowspan="11"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px"><div style="position:relative;width:150px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Alabama_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alabama is located in Alabama"><img alt="Alabama is located in Alabama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/USA_Alabama_location_map.svg/150px-USA_Alabama_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/USA_Alabama_location_map.svg/225px-USA_Alabama_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/USA_Alabama_location_map.svg/300px-USA_Alabama_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="1200" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:9.177%;left:52.847%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Huntsville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.182%;left:47.278%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Birmingham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.553%;left:60.521%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Montgomery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.011%;left:16.424%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Mobile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Alabama_location_map.svg" title="File:USA Alabama location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Cities in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alabama</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Huntsville<a href="#cite_note-HSV_WX-109">[108]</a> </th> <th>Average high </th> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">48.9 (9.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">54.6 (12.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">63.4 (17.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">72.3 (22.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">79.6 (26.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">86.5 (30.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">89.4 (31.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">89.0 (31.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">83.0 (28.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">72.9 (22.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">61.6 (16.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">52.4 (11.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium">71.1 (21.7) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Average low </th> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">30.7 (-0.7) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">34.0 (1.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">41.2 (5.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">48.4 (9.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">57.5 (14.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">65.4 (18.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">69.5 (20.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">68.1 (20.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">61.7 (16.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">49.6 (9.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">40.7 (4.8) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">33.8 (1.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium">50.1 (10.1) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Birmingham<a href="#cite_note-BHM_WX-110">[109]</a> </th> <th>Average high </th> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">52.8 (11.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">58.3 (14.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">66.5 (19.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">74.1 (23.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">81.0 (27.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">87.5 (30.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">90.6 (32.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">90.2 (32.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">84.6 (29.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">74.9 (23.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">64.5 (18.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">56.0 (13.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium">73.4 (23.0) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Average low </th> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">32.3 (0.2) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">35.4 (1.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">42.4 (5.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">48.4 (9.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">57.6 (14.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">65.4 (18.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">69.7 (20.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">68.9 (20.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">63.0 (17.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">50.9 (10.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">41.8 (5.4) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">35.2 (1.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium">50.9 (10.5) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Montgomery <a href="#cite_note-MGM_WX-111">[110]</a> </th> <th>Average high </th> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">57.6 (14.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">62.4 (16.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">70.5 (21.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">77.5 (25.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">84.6 (29.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">90.6 (32.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">92.7 (33.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">92.2 (33.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">87.7 (30.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">78.7 (25.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">68.7 (20.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">60.3 (15.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium">77.0 (25.0) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Average low </th> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">35.5 (1.9) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">38.6 (3.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">45.4 (7.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">52.1 (11.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">60.1 (15.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">67.3 (19.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">70.9 (21.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">70.1 (21.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">64.9 (18.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">52.2 (11.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">43.5 (6.4) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">37.6 (3.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium">53.2 (11.8) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Mobile<a href="#cite_note-MOB_WX-112">[111]</a> </th> <th>Average high </th> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">60.7 (15.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">64.5 (18.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">71.2 (21.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">77.4 (25.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">84.2 (29.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">89.4 (31.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">91.2 (32.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">90.8 (32.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">86.8 (30.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">79.2 (26.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">70.1 (21.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">62.9 (17.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium">77.4 (25.2) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Average low </th> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">39.5 (4.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">42.4 (5.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">49.2 (9.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">54.8 (12.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">62.8 (17.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">69.2 (20.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">71.8 (22.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">71.7 (22.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">67.6 (19.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">56.3 (13.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">47.8 (8.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">41.6 (5.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium">56.2 (13.4) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_amphibians_of_Alabama" title="List of amphibians of Alabama">List of amphibians of Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Alabama" title="List of mammals of Alabama">List of mammals of Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_reptiles_of_Alabama" title="List of reptiles of Alabama">List of reptiles of Alabama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Champion_Tree_Program" title="Alabama Champion Tree Program">Trees of Alabama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CahabaRiverNWR1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/CahabaRiverNWR1.jpg/220px-CahabaRiverNWR1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/CahabaRiverNWR1.jpg/330px-CahabaRiverNWR1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/CahabaRiverNWR1.jpg/440px-CahabaRiverNWR1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3282" data-file-height="2119" /></a><figcaption>A stand of <a href="/wiki/Hymenocallis_coronaria" title="Hymenocallis coronaria">Cahaba lilies</a> (Hymenocallis coronaria) in the <a href="/wiki/Cahaba_River" title="Cahaba River">Cahaba River</a>, within the <a href="/wiki/Cahaba_River_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Cahaba River National Wildlife Refuge">Cahaba River National Wildlife Refuge</a></figcaption></figure> Alabama is home to a diverse array of <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> in habitats that range from the Tennessee Valley, <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Plateau" title="Appalachian Plateau">Appalachian Plateau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians</a> of the north to the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canebrake_(region_of_Alabama)" title="Canebrake (region of Alabama)">Canebrake</a>, and Black Belt of the central region to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coastal_Plain" title="Gulf Coastal Plain">Gulf Coastal Plain</a> and beaches along the Gulf of Mexico in the south. The state is usually ranked among the top in nation for its range of overall <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-alawildlife-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-outalawildlife-114">[113]</a> Alabama is in the subtropical coniferous forest biome and once boasted huge expanses of pine forest, which still form the largest proportion of forests in the state.<a href="#cite_note-alawildlife-113">[112]</a> It currently ranks fifth in the nation for the diversity of its flora. It is home to nearly 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Pteridophyte" title="Pteridophyte">pteridophyte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">spermatophyte</a> plant species.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Native_species" title="Native species">Indigenous</a> animal species in the state include 62 <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>,<a href="#cite_note-outalamam-116">[115]</a> 93 reptile species,<a href="#cite_note-outalarep-117">[116]</a> 73 <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibian</a> species,<a href="#cite_note-outalaamphi-118">[117]</a> roughly 307 native <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">freshwater fish</a> species,<a href="#cite_note-alawildlife-113">[112]</a> and 420 bird species that spend at least part of their year within the state.<a href="#cite_note-outalabird-119">[118]</a> Invertebrates include 97 <a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a> species and 383 <a href="/wiki/Mollusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusk">mollusk</a> species. 113 of these mollusk species have never been collected outside the state.<a href="#cite_note-outalamollusk-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-outalacray-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Census-designated_and_metropolitan_areas">Census-designated and metropolitan areas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Alabama" title="List of metropolitan areas of Alabama">List of metropolitan areas of Alabama</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Combined statistical areas<a href="#cite_note-auto-122">[121]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Combined statistical area </th> <th>Population (2021 estimate) </th> <th>Population (2020 census) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_metropolitan_area,_Alabama" title="Birmingham metropolitan area, Alabama">Birmingham–Hoover–Talladega</a> </td> <td align="center">1,350,646 </td> <td align="center">1,290,744 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga%E2%80%93Cleveland%E2%80%93Dalton,_TN%E2%80%93GA%E2%80%93AL_Combined_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattanooga–Cleveland–Dalton, TN–GA–AL Combined Statistical Area">Chattanooga–Cleveland–Dalton</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[CSA 1]</a> </td> <td align="center">1,000,303 </td> <td align="center">951,434 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mobile_metropolitan_area" title="Mobile metropolitan area">Mobile–Daphne–Fairhope</a> </td> <td align="center">661,964 </td> <td align="center">612,838 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huntsville-Decatur-Albertville,_AL_Combined_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Huntsville-Decatur-Albertville, AL Combined Statistical Area">Huntsville–Decatur–Albertville</a> </td> <td align="center">648,217 </td> <td align="center">571,422 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbus%E2%80%93Auburn%E2%80%93Opelika,_GA%E2%80%93AL_CSA" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbus–Auburn–Opelika, GA–AL CSA">Columbus–Auburn–Opelika</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[CSA 2]</a> </td> <td align="center">503,124 </td> <td align="center">448,035 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dothan%E2%80%93Enterprise%E2%80%93Ozark_Combined_Statistical_Area" title="Dothan–Enterprise–Ozark Combined Statistical Area">Dothan–Enterprise–Ozark</a> </td> <td align="center">200,333 </td> <td align="center">195,890 </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> In Alabama, only Jackson County (2019 population: 51,626; 2010 population: 53,227) is included in the Chattanooga CSA </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> In Alabama, only Lee, Russell, and Chambers Counties (total 2019 population: 255,757; total 2010 population: 227,409) are included in the Columbus CSA </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Metropolitan areas<a href="#cite_note-auto-122">[121]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Metropolitan area </th> <th>Population (2021 estimate) </th> <th>Population (2020 census) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_metropolitan_area,_Alabama" title="Birmingham metropolitan area, Alabama">Birmingham–Hoover</a> </td> <td align="center">1,114,262 </td> <td align="center">1,115,289 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huntsville_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Huntsville Metropolitan Area">Huntsville</a> </td> <td align="center">502,728 </td> <td align="center">491,723 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mobile_metropolitan_area" title="Mobile metropolitan area">Mobile</a> </td> <td align="center">429,536 </td> <td align="center">430,573 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_metropolitan_area" title="Montgomery metropolitan area">Montgomery</a> </td> <td align="center">385,798 </td> <td align="center">386,047 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama_metropolitan_area" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama metropolitan area">Tuscaloosa</a> </td> <td align="center">268,191 </td> <td align="center">268,674 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_County,_Alabama" title="Baldwin County, Alabama">Daphne–Fairhope–Foley</a> </td> <td align="center">239,294 </td> <td align="center">231,767 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Auburn_metropolitan_area,_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Auburn metropolitan area, Alabama">Auburn–Opelika</a> </td> <td align="center">177,218 </td> <td align="center">174,241 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Decatur_metropolitan_area,_Alabama" title="Decatur metropolitan area, Alabama">Decatur</a> </td> <td align="center">156,758 </td> <td align="center">156,494 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dothan_metropolitan_area,_Alabama" title="Dothan metropolitan area, Alabama">Dothan</a> </td> <td align="center">151,618 </td> <td align="center">151,007 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florence%E2%80%93Muscle_Shoals_metropolitan_area" title="Florence–Muscle Shoals metropolitan area">Florence–Muscle Shoals</a> </td> <td align="center">147,970 </td> <td align="center">147,137 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anniston%E2%80%93Oxford_metropolitan_area" title="Anniston–Oxford metropolitan area">Anniston–Oxford–Jacksonville</a> </td> <td align="center">115,972 </td> <td align="center">116,441 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gadsden,_AL_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadsden, AL Metropolitan Statistical Area">Gadsden</a> </td> <td align="center">103,162 </td> <td align="center">103,436 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities">Cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in Alabama">List of cities and towns in Alabama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bronze_replica_(one-fifth_size)_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty,_Birmingham,_Alabama_LCCN2010639411.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/A_bronze_replica_%28one-fifth_size%29_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty%2C_Birmingham%2C_Alabama_LCCN2010639411.tif/lossy-page1-200px-A_bronze_replica_%28one-fifth_size%29_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty%2C_Birmingham%2C_Alabama_LCCN2010639411.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/A_bronze_replica_%28one-fifth_size%29_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty%2C_Birmingham%2C_Alabama_LCCN2010639411.tif/lossy-page1-300px-A_bronze_replica_%28one-fifth_size%29_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty%2C_Birmingham%2C_Alabama_LCCN2010639411.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/A_bronze_replica_%28one-fifth_size%29_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty%2C_Birmingham%2C_Alabama_LCCN2010639411.tif/lossy-page1-400px-A_bronze_replica_%28one-fifth_size%29_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty%2C_Birmingham%2C_Alabama_LCCN2010639411.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6144" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Liberty replica at Liberty Park in Vestavia Hills</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dauphin_St_Mobile_Al.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dauphin_St_Mobile_Al.jpg/200px-Dauphin_St_Mobile_Al.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dauphin_St_Mobile_Al.jpg/300px-Dauphin_St_Mobile_Al.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dauphin_St_Mobile_Al.jpg/400px-Dauphin_St_Mobile_Al.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Dauphin Street in Mobile</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Guntersville_Lighthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lake_Guntersville_Lighthouse.jpg/200px-Lake_Guntersville_Lighthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lake_Guntersville_Lighthouse.jpg/300px-Lake_Guntersville_Lighthouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lake_Guntersville_Lighthouse.jpg/400px-Lake_Guntersville_Lighthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Lighthouse on <a href="/wiki/Guntersville_Lake" title="Guntersville Lake">Guntersville Lake</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Largest cities<a href="#cite_note-al.com-13">[12]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Rank </th> <th scope="col">City </th> <th scope="col">Population (2020 census) </th> <th scope="col">County(ies) </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:right">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">221,933 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Alabama" title="Madison County, Alabama">Madison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone_County,_Alabama" title="Limestone County, Alabama">Limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_Alabama" title="Morgan County, Alabama">Morgan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:right">2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">196,986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Alabama" title="Montgomery County, Alabama">Montgomery</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:right">3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">196,910 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Jefferson County, Alabama">Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Shelby County, Alabama">Shelby</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:right">4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">183,289 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mobile_County,_Alabama" title="Mobile County, Alabama">Mobile</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:right">5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">110,602 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa_County,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa County, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:right">6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hoover,_Alabama" title="Hoover, Alabama">Hoover</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">92,435 </td> <td>Jefferson, Shelby </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:right">7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Auburn,_Alabama" title="Auburn, Alabama">Auburn</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">80,006 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lee_County,_Alabama" title="Lee County, Alabama">Lee</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:right">8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dothan,_Alabama" title="Dothan, Alabama">Dothan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">71,235 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Houston_County,_Alabama" title="Houston County, Alabama">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dale_County,_Alabama" title="Dale County, Alabama">Dale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_County,_Alabama" title="Henry County, Alabama">Henry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:right">9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Alabama" title="Madison, Alabama">Madison</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">59,785 </td> <td>Madison, Limestone </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:right">10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Alabama" title="Decatur, Alabama">Decatur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">57,922 </td> <td>Morgan, Limestone </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:right">11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florence,_Alabama" title="Florence, Alabama">Florence</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">41,690 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lauderdale_County,_Alabama" title="Lauderdale County, Alabama">Lauderdale</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:right">12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prattville,_Alabama" title="Prattville, Alabama">Prattville</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">38,776 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Autauga_County,_Alabama" title="Autauga County, Alabama">Autauga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elmore_County,_Alabama" title="Elmore County, Alabama">Elmore</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:right">13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vestavia_Hills,_Alabama" title="Vestavia Hills, Alabama">Vestavia Hills</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">38,292 </td> <td>Jefferson, Shelby </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:right">14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phenix_City,_Alabama" title="Phenix City, Alabama">Phenix City</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">38,267 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russell_County,_Alabama" title="Russell County, Alabama">Russell</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:right">15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabaster,_Alabama" title="Alabaster, Alabama">Alabaster</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">33,945 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Shelby County, Alabama">Shelby</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Alabama" title="Demographics of Alabama">Demographics of Alabama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama_population_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Alabama_population_map.png/220px-Alabama_population_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Alabama_population_map.png/330px-Alabama_population_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Alabama_population_map.png/440px-Alabama_population_map.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Alabama's population density, 2010</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style>Note</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_census" title="1800 United States census">1800</a></th><td>1,250</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census">1810</a></th><td>9,046</td><td></td><td>623.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">1820</a></th><td>144,317</td><td><a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a></td><td>1,495.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830</a></th><td>309,527</td><td></td><td>114.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td>590,756</td><td></td><td>90.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td>771,623</td><td></td><td>30.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>964,201</td><td></td><td>25.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>996,992</td><td></td><td>3.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>1,262,505</td><td></td><td>26.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>1,513,401</td><td></td><td>19.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>1,828,697</td><td></td><td>20.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>2,138,093</td><td></td><td>16.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>2,348,174</td><td></td><td>9.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>2,646,248</td><td></td><td>12.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>2,832,961</td><td></td><td>7.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>3,061,743</td><td></td><td>8.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>3,266,740</td><td></td><td>6.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>3,444,165</td><td></td><td>5.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>3,893,888</td><td></td><td>13.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>4,040,587</td><td></td><td>3.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>4,447,100</td><td></td><td>10.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>4,779,736</td><td></td><td>7.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>5,024,279</td><td></td><td>5.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2023 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">5,108,468</td><td></td><td>1.7%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote" style="text-align: center">Sources: 1910–2020<a href="#cite_note-Census2010-127">[123]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_Origins_in_Alabama.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ethnic_Origins_in_Alabama.png/220px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Alabama.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ethnic_Origins_in_Alabama.png/330px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Alabama.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ethnic_Origins_in_Alabama.png/440px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Alabama.png 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="3842" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic origins in Alabama</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama_counties_by_race.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Alabama_counties_by_race.svg/174px-Alabama_counties_by_race.svg.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Alabama_counties_by_race.svg/260px-Alabama_counties_by_race.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Alabama_counties_by_race.svg/347px-Alabama_counties_by_race.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption>Map of counties in Alabama by racial plurality, per the 2020 census<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Legend</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> Non-Hispanic White <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  40–50%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  50–60%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  60–70%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  70–80%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  80–90%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  90%+</div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> Black or African American <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  40–50%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  50–60%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  70–80%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  80–90%</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </li></ul> </div></figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 United States census</a> the population of Alabama was 5,024,279 on April 1, 2020, which represents an increase of 244,543 or 5.12%, since the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> This includes a natural increase since the last census of 121,054 (502,457 births minus 381,403 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 104,991 into the state.<a href="#cite_note-census_cum-129">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> from outside the U.S. resulted in a net increase of 31,180 people, and migration within the country produced a net gain of 73,811 people.<a href="#cite_note-census_cum-129">[125]</a> The state had 108,000 foreign-born (2.4% of the state population), of which an estimated 22.2% were undocumented (24,000). The top countries of origin for immigrants were Mexico, China, India, Germany and <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Center_of_population" title="Center of population">center of population</a> of Alabama is located in Chilton County, outside the town of <a href="/wiki/Jemison,_Alabama" title="Jemison, Alabama">Jemison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">HUD</a>'s 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 3,752 <a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Alabama">homeless people in Alabama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h3></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption style="font-size:90%">Racial and ethnic composition as of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race and ethnicity<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Alone </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino whites">White (non-Hispanic)</a> </td> <td align="right">63.1% </td> <td align="left">63.1<div style="width:126.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td> <td align="right">66.5% </td> <td align="left">66.5<div style="width:133px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American (non-Hispanic)</a> </td> <td align="right">25.6% </td> <td align="left">25.6<div style="width:51.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td> <td align="right">26.9% </td> <td align="left">26.9<div style="width:53.8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[b]</a> </td> <td align="right">— </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">5.3% </td> <td align="left">5.3<div style="width:10.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:green"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td align="right">1.5% </td> <td align="left">1.5<div style="width:3px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td> <td align="right">2.0% </td> <td align="left">2<div style="width:4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Native American </td> <td align="right">0.5% </td> <td align="left">0.5<div style="width:1px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gold"> </div> </td> <td align="right">2.2% </td> <td align="left">2.2<div style="width:4.4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gold"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> </td> <td align="right">0.1% </td> <td align="left">0.1<div style="width:0.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:pink"> </div> </td> <td align="right">0.1% </td> <td align="left">0.1<div style="width:0.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:pink"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other </td> <td align="right">0.3% </td> <td align="left">0.3<div style="width:0.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:brown"> </div> </td> <td align="right">0.8% </td> <td align="left">0.8<div style="width:1.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:brown"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"> <caption>Historical racial demographics 1990–2020 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Racial and ethnic composition</th> <th>1990<a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a></th> <th>2000<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a></th> <th>2010<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a></th> <th>2020<a href="#cite_note-2020DP1-139">[134]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White</a></td> <td>73.6%</td> <td>71.1%</td> <td>68.5%</td> <td>64.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">Black</a></td> <td>25.3%</td> <td>26%</td> <td>26.2%</td> <td>25.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a></td> <td>0.5%</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native</a></td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>0.5%</td> <td>0.6%</td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiian" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Hawaiian">Native Hawaiian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islander American">other Pacific Islander</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States Census">Other race</a></td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.6%</td> <td>2%</td> <td>2.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial American">Two or more races</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>1%</td> <td>1.5%</td> <td>5.1% </td></tr></tbody></table> Those citing "American" ancestry in Alabama are of overwhelmingly English extraction. Demographers estimate that a minimum of 20–23% of people in Alabama are of predominantly <a href="/wiki/English_American" class="mw-redirect" title="English American">English</a> ancestry and state that the figure is probably much higher. In the 1980 census 1,139,976 people in Alabama cited that they were of <a href="/wiki/English_American" class="mw-redirect" title="English American">English</a> ancestry out of a total state population of 2,824,719 making them 41% of the state at the time and the largest ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> Alabama has the 5th highest African American population among US states at 25.8% as of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> In 2011, 46.6% of Alabama's population younger than age 1 were minorities.<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> The largest reported ancestry groups in Alabama are American (13.4%), <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a> (10.5%), <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a> (10.2%), <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> (7.9%), and <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scots-Irish</a> (2.5%) based on 2006–2008 Census data.<a href="#cite_note-factfinder.census.gov-145">[140]</a> The Scots-Irish were the largest non-English immigrant group from the British Isles before the American Revolution, and many settled in the South, later moving into the Deep South as it was developed.<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a> In 1984, under the Davis–Strong Act, the state legislature established the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Indian_Affairs_Commission" title="Alabama Indian Affairs Commission">Alabama Indian Affairs Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aiac-147">[142]</a> Native American groups within the state had increasingly been demanding recognition as ethnic groups and seeking an end to discrimination. Given the long history of slavery and associated racial segregation, the Native American peoples, who have sometimes been of mixed race, have insisted on having their cultural identification respected. In the past, their self-identification was often overlooked as the state tried to impose a binary breakdown of society into white and black. The state has <a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">officially recognized</a> nine American Indian tribes in the state, descended mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a> of the American Southeast. These are the following.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poarch_Band_of_Creek_Indians" title="Poarch Band of Creek Indians">Poarch Band of Creek Indians</a> (who also have federal recognition)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOWA_Band_of_Choctaw_Indians" title="MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians">MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians</a></li> <li>Star Clan of Muscogee Creeks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echota_Cherokee_Tribe_of_Alabama" title="Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama">Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Tribe_of_Northeast_Alabama" title="Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama">Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama</a></li> <li>Cher-O-Creek Intra Tribal Indians</li> <li>Ma-Chis Lower Creek Indian Tribe</li> <li>Piqua <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a> Tribe</li> <li>Ani-Yun-Wiya Nation</li></ul> The state government has promoted recognition of Native American contributions to the state, including the designation in 2000 for Columbus Day to be jointly celebrated as American Indian Heritage Day.<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> In 2020, 33,625 identified as being Native American alone, and 97,405 did in combination with one or more other races.<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> Most Alabama residents (95.1% of those five and older) spoke only English at home in 2010, a minor decrease from 96.1% in 2000. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:1em; float:center"> <caption>Top non-English languages spoken in Alabama </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th>Percentage of population (as of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama&action=edit">[update]</a>)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </th></tr> <tr> <td>Spanish</td> <td>2.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>German</td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>French (incl. <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Patois" title="Jamaican Patois">Patois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cajun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun language">Cajun</a>)</td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chinese, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, Arabic, <a href="/wiki/African_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="African languages">African languages</a>, Japanese, and Italian (tied)</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Highlands_UMC_Birmingham_Dec_2012_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Highlands_UMC_Birmingham_Dec_2012_2.jpg/220px-Highlands_UMC_Birmingham_Dec_2012_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Highlands_UMC_Birmingham_Dec_2012_2.jpg/330px-Highlands_UMC_Birmingham_Dec_2012_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Highlands_UMC_Birmingham_Dec_2012_2.jpg/440px-Highlands_UMC_Birmingham_Dec_2012_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Highlands United Methodist Church in Birmingham, part of the Five Points South Historic District</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_B%27Nai_Sholom_Dec2009_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Temple_B%27Nai_Sholom_Dec2009_01.jpg/170px-Temple_B%27Nai_Sholom_Dec2009_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Temple_B%27Nai_Sholom_Dec2009_01.jpg/255px-Temple_B%27Nai_Sholom_Dec2009_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Temple_B%27Nai_Sholom_Dec2009_01.jpg/340px-Temple_B%27Nai_Sholom_Dec2009_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Temple_B%27nai_Sholom_(Huntsville,_Alabama)" title="Temple B'nai Sholom (Huntsville, Alabama)">Temple B'Nai Sholom</a> in Huntsville, established in 1876. It is the oldest synagogue building in continuous use in the state.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_Center_of_Tuscaloosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Islamic_Center_of_Tuscaloosa.jpg/170px-Islamic_Center_of_Tuscaloosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Islamic_Center_of_Tuscaloosa.jpg/255px-Islamic_Center_of_Tuscaloosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Islamic_Center_of_Tuscaloosa.jpg/340px-Islamic_Center_of_Tuscaloosa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The Islamic Center of Tuscaloosa</figcaption></figure> In the 2008 <a href="/wiki/American_Religious_Identification_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="American Religious Identification Survey">American Religious Identification Survey</a>, 86% of Alabama respondents reported their religion as Christian, including 6% Catholic, with 11% as having no religion.<a href="#cite_note-ARIS2008-151">[146]</a> The composition of other traditions is 0.5% Mormon, 0.5% Jewish, 0.5% Muslim, 0.5% Buddhist, and 0.5% Hindu.<a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption style="font-size:100%">Religious affiliation in Alabama (2014)<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Affiliation </th> <th colspan="2">% of population </th></tr> <tr> <td>Christian </td> <td align="right">86 </td> <td align="left">86<div style="width:172px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:darkblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> </td> <td align="right">78 </td> <td align="left">78<div style="width:156px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestant">Evangelical Protestant</a> </td> <td align="right">49 </td> <td align="left">49<div style="width:98px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"><a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline Protestant</a> </td> <td align="right">13 </td> <td align="left">13<div style="width:26px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> </td> <td align="right">16 </td> <td align="left">16<div style="width:32px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> </td> <td align="right">7 </td> <td align="left">7<div style="width:14px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left">1<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> </td> <td align="right">0.1 </td> <td align="left">0.1<div style="width:0.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> </td> <td align="right">0.1 </td> <td align="left">0.1<div style="width:0.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;">Other Christian </td> <td align="right">0.1 </td> <td align="left">0.1<div style="width:0.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Unaffiliated</a> </td> <td align="right">12 </td> <td align="left">12<div style="width:24px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;">Nothing in particular </td> <td align="right">9 </td> <td align="left">9<div style="width:18px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#A020F0"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;">Agnostic </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left">1<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#A020F0"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheist</a> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left">1<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#A020F0"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Non-Christian faiths </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left">1<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:darkgreen"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;">Jewish </td> <td align="right">0.2 </td> <td align="left">0.2<div style="width:0.4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> </td> <td align="right">0.2 </td> <td align="left">0.2<div style="width:0.4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> </td> <td align="right">0.2 </td> <td align="left">0.2<div style="width:0.4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> </td> <td align="right">0.2 </td> <td align="left">0.2<div style="width:0.4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;">Other Non-Christian faiths </td> <td align="right">0.2 </td> <td align="left">0.2<div style="width:0.4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Don't know/refused answer </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left">1<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#A020F0"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>100 </td> <td align="left">100<div style="width:200px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:grey"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on Christianity in Alabama: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Baptists_in_Alabama" title="History of Baptists in Alabama">History of Baptists in Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Baptist_churches_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Baptist churches in Alabama">List of Baptist churches in Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Alabama" title="Episcopal Diocese of Alabama">Episcopal Diocese of Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_the_Central_Gulf_Coast" title="Episcopal Diocese of the Central Gulf Coast">Episcopal Diocese of the Central Gulf Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Mobile" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mobile">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Birmingham_in_Alabama" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Birmingham in Alabama">Roman Catholic Diocese of Birmingham in Alabama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Alabama" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Alabama">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Alabama</a></div> Alabama is located in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a>, a region of numerous <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> Christians. Alabama has been identified as one of the most religious states in the United States, with about 58% of the population attending church regularly.<a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> A majority of people in the state identify as Evangelical Protestant. As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama&action=edit">[update]</a>, the three largest denominational groups in Alabama are the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_United_Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="The United Methodist Church">The United Methodist Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">non-denominational</a> Evangelical Protestant.<a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a> In Alabama, the Southern Baptist Convention has the highest number of adherents with 1,380,121; this is followed by the United Methodist Church with 327,734 adherents, non-denominational Evangelical Protestant with 220,938 adherents, and the Catholic Church with 150,647 adherents. Many Baptist and Methodist congregations became established in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakening</a> of the early 19th century, when preachers proselytized across the South. The <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a> had almost 60,000 members, the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a> had nearly 120,000 members. The <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian churches</a>, strongly associated with Scots-Irish immigrants of the 18th century and their descendants, had a combined membership around 75,000 (<a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Presbyterian Church in America">PCA</a>—28,009 members in 108 congregations, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)">PC(USA)</a>—26,247 members in 147 congregations,<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Presbyterian_Church" title="Cumberland Presbyterian Church">Cumberland Presbyterian Church</a>—6,000 members in 59 congregations, the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America">Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America</a>—5,000 members and fifty congregations plus the <a href="/wiki/Edgewater_Presbyterian_Church" title="Edgewater Presbyterian Church">EPC</a> and Associate Reformed Presbyterians with 230 members and nine congregations).<a href="#cite_note-thearda-157">[152]</a> In a 2007 survey, nearly 70% of respondents could name all four of the Christian <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a>. Of those who indicated a religious preference, 59% said they possessed a "full understanding" of their faith and needed no further learning.<a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a> In a 2007 poll, 92% of Alabamians reported having at least some confidence in churches in the state.<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> Although in much smaller numbers, many other religious faiths are represented in the state as well, including Judaism, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thearda-157">[152]</a> Jews have been present in what is now Alabama since 1763, during the colonial era of Mobile, when <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> immigrated from London.<a href="#cite_note-shomayim-161">[156]</a> The oldest Jewish congregation in the state is <a href="/wiki/Congregation_Sha%27arai_Shomayim_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim (Mobile, Alabama)">Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim</a> in Mobile. It was formally recognized by the state legislature on January 25, 1844.<a href="#cite_note-shomayim-161">[156]</a> Later immigrants in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries tended to be <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> from eastern Europe. Jewish denominations in the state include two <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a>, four <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a>, ten <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a>, and one <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a> synagogue.<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a> Muslims have been increasing in Alabama, with 31 mosques built by 2011, many by African-American converts.<a href="#cite_note-2011muslim-163">[158]</a> Several Hindu temples and cultural centers in the state have been founded by Indian immigrants and their descendants, the best-known being the Shri Swaminarayan Mandir in Birmingham, the Hindu Temple and Cultural Center of Birmingham in <a href="/wiki/Pelham,_Alabama" title="Pelham, Alabama">Pelham</a>, the Hindu Cultural Center of North Alabama in <a href="/wiki/Capshaw,_Alabama" title="Capshaw, Alabama">Capshaw</a>, and the Hindu Mandir and Cultural Center in Tuscaloosa.<a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a> There are six <a href="/wiki/Dharma_centre" title="Dharma centre">Dharma centers</a> and organizations for <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhists.<a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> Most monastic Buddhist temples are concentrated in southern Mobile County, near <a href="/wiki/Bayou_La_Batre,_Alabama" title="Bayou La Batre, Alabama">Bayou La Batre</a>. This area has attracted an <a href="/wiki/Indochina_refugee_crisis" title="Indochina refugee crisis">influx of refugees from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam</a> during the 1970s and thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> The four temples within a ten-mile radius of Bayou La Batre, include Chua Chanh Giac, Wat Buddharaksa, and Wat Lao Phoutthavihan.<a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a> The first community of adherents of the Baháʼí Faith in Alabama was founded in 1896 by Paul K. Dealy, who moved from Chicago to Fairhope. Baháʼí centers in Alabama exist in Birmingham, Huntsville, and <a href="/wiki/Florence,_Alabama" title="Florence, Alabama">Florence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> In 2018, life expectancy in Alabama was 75.1 years, below the national average of 78.7 years and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">third lowest life expectancy</a> in the country. Factors that can cause lower life expectancy are maternal mortality, suicide, and gun crimes.<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> study in 2008 showed that obesity in Alabama is a problem, with most counties having more than 29% of adults obese, except for ten which had a rate between 26% and 29%.<a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> Residents of the state, along with those in five other states, were least likely in the nation to be physically active during leisure time.<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a> Alabama, and the southeastern U.S. in general, has one of the highest incidences of adult onset <a href="/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" title="Type 2 diabetes">diabetes</a> in the country, exceeding 10% of adults.<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Alabama" title="Economy of Alabama">Economy of Alabama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alabama_locations_by_per_capita_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama locations by per capita income">Alabama locations by per capita income</a></div> The state has invested in aerospace, education, health care, banking, and various heavy industries, including automobile manufacturing, mineral extraction, steel production and <a href="/wiki/Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">fabrication</a>. By 2006, crop and animal production in Alabama was valued at $1.5 billion. In contrast to the primarily agricultural economy of the previous century, this was only about one percent of the state's gross domestic product. The number of private farms has declined at a steady rate since the 1960s, as land has been sold to developers, timber companies, and large farming conglomerates.<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RTJattheshoals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/RTJattheshoals.jpg/220px-RTJattheshoals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/RTJattheshoals.jpg/330px-RTJattheshoals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/RTJattheshoals.jpg/440px-RTJattheshoals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Robert_Trent_Jones_Golf_Trail" title="Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail">Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail</a> has a large economic impact on the state.</figcaption></figure> Non-agricultural employment in 2008 was 121,800 in management occupations; 71,750 in business and financial operations; 36,790 in computer-related and mathematical occupation; 44,200 in architecture and engineering; 12,410 in life, physical, and social sciences; 32,260 in community and social services; 12,770 in legal occupations; 116,250 in education, training, and library services; 27,840 in art, design and media occupations; 121,110 in healthcare; 44,750 in fire fighting, law enforcement, and security; 154,040 in food preparation and serving; 76,650 in building and grounds cleaning and maintenance; 53,230 in personal care and services; 244,510 in sales; 338,760 in office and administration support; 20,510 in farming, fishing, and forestry; 120,155 in construction and mining, gas, and oil extraction; 106,280 in installation, maintenance, and repair; 224,110 in production; and 167,160 in transportation and material moving.<a href="#cite_note-alaindustrial-17">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Center_Court_of_the_Riverchase_Galleria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Center_Court_of_the_Riverchase_Galleria.jpg/170px-Center_Court_of_the_Riverchase_Galleria.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Center_Court_of_the_Riverchase_Galleria.jpg/255px-Center_Court_of_the_Riverchase_Galleria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Center_Court_of_the_Riverchase_Galleria.jpg/340px-Center_Court_of_the_Riverchase_Galleria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Riverchase_Galleria" title="Riverchase Galleria">Riverchase Galleria</a> in Hoover, one of the largest shopping centers in the southeast</figcaption></figure> According to the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Economic_Analysis" title="Bureau of Economic Analysis">Bureau of Economic Analysis</a>, the 2008 total <a href="/wiki/Gross_regional_domestic_product" title="Gross regional domestic product">gross state product</a> was $170 billion, or $29,411 per capita. Alabama's 2012 GDP increased 1.2% from the previous year. The single largest increase came in the area of information.<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> In 2010, per capita income for the state was $22,984.<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> The state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 5.8% in April 2015.<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> This compared to a nationwide seasonally adjusted rate of 5.4%.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> Alabama has no minimum wage and in February 2016 passed legislation preventing municipalities from setting one. (A Birmingham city ordinance would have raised theirs to $10.10.)<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama&action=edit">[update]</a>, Alabama has the sixth highest poverty rate among states in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> In 2017, United Nations Special Rapporteur <a href="/wiki/Philip_Alston" title="Philip Alston">Philip Alston</a> toured parts of rural Alabama and observed environmental conditions he said were poorer than anywhere he had seen in the developed world.<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_employers">Largest employers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enterprise_lifted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Enterprise_lifted.jpg/170px-Enterprise_lifted.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Enterprise_lifted.jpg/255px-Enterprise_lifted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Enterprise_lifted.jpg/340px-Enterprise_lifted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise" title="Space Shuttle Enterprise">Space Shuttle Enterprise</a> being tested at Marshall Space Flight Center in 1978</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyundai_Motor_Manufacturing_Alabama_Highsmith_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hyundai_Motor_Manufacturing_Alabama_Highsmith_01.jpg/220px-Hyundai_Motor_Manufacturing_Alabama_Highsmith_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hyundai_Motor_Manufacturing_Alabama_Highsmith_01.jpg/330px-Hyundai_Motor_Manufacturing_Alabama_Highsmith_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hyundai_Motor_Manufacturing_Alabama_Highsmith_01.jpg/440px-Hyundai_Motor_Manufacturing_Alabama_Highsmith_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama in Montgomery in 2010</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shelbyhallcomputing.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Shelbyhallcomputing.JPG/220px-Shelbyhallcomputing.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Shelbyhallcomputing.JPG/330px-Shelbyhallcomputing.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Shelbyhallcomputing.JPG 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>Shelby Hall, School of Computing, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Alabama" title="University of South Alabama">University of South Alabama</a> in Mobile</figcaption></figure> The five employers that employed the most employees in Alabama in April 2011 were:<a href="#cite_note-bbjournal-185">[180]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Employer </th> <th>Employees </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Redstone_Arsenal" title="Redstone Arsenal">Redstone Arsenal</a> </td> <td>25,373 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_at_Birmingham" title="University of Alabama at Birmingham">University of Alabama at Birmingham</a> (includes <a href="/wiki/UAB_Hospital" title="UAB Hospital">UAB Hospital</a>) </td> <td>18,750 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Air_Force_Base" title="Maxwell Air Force Base">Maxwell Air Force Base</a> </td> <td>12,280 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Alabama" title="Government of Alabama">State of Alabama</a> </td> <td>9,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mobile_County_Public_School_System" title="Mobile County Public School System">Mobile County Public School System</a> </td> <td>8,100 </td></tr></tbody></table> The next twenty largest employers, as of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama&action=edit">[update]</a>, included:<a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Employer </th> <th>Location </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anniston_Army_Depot" title="Anniston Army Depot">Anniston Army Depot</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anniston,_Alabama" title="Anniston, Alabama">Anniston</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Inc.">AT&T</a> </td> <td>Multiple </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Auburn_University" title="Auburn University">Auburn University</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Auburn,_Alabama" title="Auburn, Alabama">Auburn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Baptist Medical Center South </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_Schools" title="Birmingham City Schools">Birmingham City Schools</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">City of Birmingham</a> </td> <td>Birmingham </td></tr> <tr> <td>DCH Health System </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Huntsville_City_Schools" title="Huntsville City Schools">Huntsville City Schools</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Huntsville_Hospital_System" title="Huntsville Hospital System">Huntsville Hospital System</a> </td> <td>Huntsville </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Manufacturing_Alabama" title="Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama">Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama</a> </td> <td>Montgomery </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infirmary Health System </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County_Schools_(Alabama)" title="Jefferson County Schools (Alabama)">Jefferson County Board of Education</a> </td> <td>Birmingham </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> </td> <td>Huntsville </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_U.S._International" title="Mercedes-Benz U.S. International">Mercedes-Benz U.S. International</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vance,_Alabama" title="Vance, Alabama">Vance</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Public_Schools" title="Montgomery Public Schools">Montgomery Public Schools</a> </td> <td>Montgomery </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Regions_Financial_Corporation" title="Regions Financial Corporation">Regions Financial Corporation</a> </td> <td>Multiple </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> </td> <td>Multiple </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a> </td> <td>Tuscaloosa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Alabama" title="University of South Alabama">University of South Alabama</a> </td> <td>Mobile </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a> </td> <td>Multiple </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> Alabama's agricultural outputs include poultry and <a href="/wiki/Egg_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg as food">eggs</a>, cattle, fish, plant nursery items, peanuts, cotton, grains such as <a href="/wiki/Corn_production_in_the_United_States" title="Corn production in the United States">corn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, vegetables, milk, <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a>, and peaches. Although known as "<a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_nicknames" title="List of U.S. state and territory nicknames">The Cotton State</a>", Alabama ranks between eighth and tenth in <a href="/wiki/Cotton_production_in_the_United_States" title="Cotton production in the United States">national cotton production</a>, according to various reports,<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, Georgia and Mississippi comprising the top three. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a> is a large part of the economy of Alabama.<a href="#cite_note-:1-189">[184]</a> Alabamians began to practice aquaculture in the early 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-:2-190">[185]</a> U.S. <a href="/wiki/Farm-raised_catfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Farm-raised catfish">farm-raised catfish</a> is the 8th most popular seafood product in America.<a href="#cite_note-:3-191">[186]</a> By 2008, approximately 4,000 people in Alabama were employed by the catfish industry and Alabama produced 132 million pounds of catfish.<a href="#cite_note-:1-189">[184]</a> In 2020, Alabama produced <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄3 of the United States' farm-raised catfish.<a href="#cite_note-:3-191">[186]</a> The total 2020 sales of catfish raised in Alabama equaled $307 million but by 2020 the total employment of Alabamians fell to 2,442.<a href="#cite_note-:3-191">[186]</a> From the early 2000s to 2020, the Alabamian catfish industry has declined from 250 farms and 4 processors to 66 farms and 2 processors.<a href="#cite_note-:3-191">[186]</a> Reasons for this decline include increased feed prices, catfish alternatives, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>'s impact on restaurant sales, disease, and fish size.<a href="#cite_note-:3-191">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3></div> Alabama's industrial outputs include iron and steel products (including cast-iron and steel pipe); paper, <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a>, and wood products; mining (mostly coal); plastic products; cars and trucks; and <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">apparel</a>. In addition, Alabama produces <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic</a> products, mostly in the Huntsville area, the location of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s George C. Marshall Space Flight Center and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Materiel_Command" title="United States Army Materiel Command">U.S. Army Materiel Command</a>, headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Redstone_Arsenal" title="Redstone Arsenal">Redstone Arsenal</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercedes_Benz_US_International_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mercedes_Benz_US_International_01.jpg/220px-Mercedes_Benz_US_International_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mercedes_Benz_US_International_01.jpg/330px-Mercedes_Benz_US_International_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mercedes_Benz_US_International_01.jpg/440px-Mercedes_Benz_US_International_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_U.S._International" title="Mercedes-Benz U.S. International">Mercedes-Benz U.S. International</a> in Tuscaloosa County was the first automotive facility to locate within the state.</figcaption></figure> A great deal of Alabama's economic growth since the 1990s has been due to the state's expanding automotive manufacturing industry. Located in the state are <a href="/wiki/Honda_Manufacturing_of_Alabama" title="Honda Manufacturing of Alabama">Honda Manufacturing of Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Manufacturing_Alabama" title="Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama">Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_U.S._International" title="Mercedes-Benz U.S. International">Mercedes-Benz U.S. International</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing_Alabama" title="Toyota Motor Manufacturing Alabama">Toyota Motor Manufacturing Alabama</a>, as well as their various suppliers. Since 1993, the automobile industry has generated more than 67,800 new jobs in the state. Alabama currently ranks 4th in the nation for vehicle exports.<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> Automakers accounted for approximately a third of the industrial expansion in the state in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> The eight models produced at the state's auto factories totaled combined sales of 74,335 vehicles for 2012. The strongest model sales during this period were the <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Elantra" title="Hyundai Elantra">Hyundai Elantra</a> compact car, the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_GLS-Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz GLS-Class">Mercedes-Benz GL-Class</a> sport utility vehicle and the <a href="/wiki/Honda_Ridgeline" title="Honda Ridgeline">Honda Ridgeline</a> sport utility truck.<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airbus_Mobile_Engineering_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Airbus_Mobile_Engineering_Center.jpg/220px-Airbus_Mobile_Engineering_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Airbus_Mobile_Engineering_Center.jpg/330px-Airbus_Mobile_Engineering_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Airbus_Mobile_Engineering_Center.jpg/440px-Airbus_Mobile_Engineering_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2404" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Airbus Mobile Engineering Center at the Brookley Aeroplex in Mobile</figcaption></figure> Steel producers <a href="/wiki/Outokumpu" title="Outokumpu">Outokumpu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nucor" title="Nucor">Nucor</a>, <a href="/wiki/SSAB" title="SSAB">SSAB</a>, <a href="/wiki/ThyssenKrupp" title="ThyssenKrupp">ThyssenKrupp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a> have facilities in Alabama and employ more than 10,000 people. In May 2007, German steelmaker ThyssenKrupp selected <a href="/wiki/Calvert,_Alabama" title="Calvert, Alabama">Calvert</a> in Mobile County for a 4.65 billion combined <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_steel" title="Carbon steel">carbon steel</a> processing facility.<a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> ThyssenKrupp's stainless steel division, Inoxum, including the stainless portion of the Calvert plant, was sold to Finnish stainless steel company Outokumpu in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a> The remaining portion of the ThyssenKrupp plant had final bids submitted by <a href="/wiki/ArcelorMittal" title="ArcelorMittal">ArcelorMittal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Steel" title="Nippon Steel">Nippon Steel</a> for $1.6 billion in March 2013. <a href="/wiki/Companhia_Sider%C3%BArgica_Nacional" title="Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional">Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional</a> submitted a combined bid for the mill at Calvert, plus a majority stake in the ThyssenKrupp mill in Brazil, for $3.8 billion.<a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a> In July 2013, the plant was sold to ArcelorMittal and Nippon Steel.<a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hunt_Refining_Company" title="Hunt Refining Company">Hunt Refining Company</a>, a subsidiary of Hunt Consolidated, Inc., is based in Tuscaloosa and operates a refinery there. The company also operates terminals in Mobile, Melvin, and Moundville.<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC America, Inc.</a> operates an <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical disc</a> replication and packaging plant in Tuscaloosa.<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company" title="Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company">Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company</a> operates a large plant in Gadsden which employs about 1,400 people. It has been in operation since 1929. Construction of an <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_family" title="Airbus A320 family">Airbus A320 family</a> aircraft assembly plant in Mobile was formally announced by <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Fabrice_Br%C3%A9gier" title="Fabrice Brégier">Fabrice Brégier</a> from the Mobile Convention Center on July 2, 2012. The plans include a $600 million factory at the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Aeroplex_at_Brookley" title="Mobile Aeroplex at Brookley">Brookley Aeroplex</a> for the assembly of the A319, A320 and A321 aircraft. Construction began in 2013, with plans for it to become operable by 2015 and produce up to 50 aircraft per year by 2017.b<a href="#cite_note-apconfirm-201">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcconfirm-202">[197]</a> The assembly plant is the company's first factory to be built within the United States.<a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a> It was announced on February 1, 2013, that Airbus had hired Alabama-based <a href="/wiki/Hoar_Construction" title="Hoar Construction">Hoar Construction</a> to oversee construction of the facility.<a href="#cite_note-airbusasby-204">[199]</a> The factory officially opened on September 14, 2015, covering one million square feet on 53 acres of flat grassland.<a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism_and_entertainment">Tourism and entertainment</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_Beach,_Alabama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Orange_Beach%2C_Alabama.jpg/220px-Orange_Beach%2C_Alabama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Orange_Beach%2C_Alabama.jpg/330px-Orange_Beach%2C_Alabama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Orange_Beach%2C_Alabama.jpg/440px-Orange_Beach%2C_Alabama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Alabama's beaches are one of the state's major tourist destinations.</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>, Alabama ranked 14th in most popular states to visit in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> An estimated 26 million tourists visited the state in 2017 and spent $14.3 billion, providing directly or indirectly 186,900 jobs in the state,<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a> which includes 362,000 International tourists spending $589 million.<a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a> The state is home to various attractions, natural features, parks and events that attract visitors from around the globe, notably the annual <a href="/wiki/Hangout_Music_Festival" title="Hangout Music Festival">Hangout Music Festival</a>, held on the public beaches of <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Shores,_Alabama" title="Gulf Shores, Alabama">Gulf Shores</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Shakespeare_Festival" title="Alabama Shakespeare Festival">Alabama Shakespeare Festival</a>, one of the ten largest <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_festival" title="Shakespeare festival">Shakespeare festivals</a> in the world;<a href="#cite_note-encyclo-209">[204]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Trent_Jones_Golf_Trail" title="Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail">Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail</a>, a collection of championship caliber golf courses distributed across the state; casinos such as <a href="/wiki/Victoryland" title="Victoryland">Victoryland</a>; amusement parks such as <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Splash_Adventure" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama Splash Adventure">Alabama Splash Adventure</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Riverchase_Galleria" title="Riverchase Galleria">Riverchase Galleria</a>, one of the largest shopping centers in the southeast; <a href="/wiki/Guntersville_Lake" title="Guntersville Lake">Guntersville Lake</a>, voted the best lake in Alabama by <a href="/wiki/Southern_Living" title="Southern Living">Southern Living</a> Magazine readers;<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Alabama Museum of Natural History">Alabama Museum of Natural History</a>, the oldest museum in the state.<a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mardi_Gras_Mobile_Order_of_Inca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mardi_Gras_Mobile_Order_of_Inca.jpg/170px-Mardi_Gras_Mobile_Order_of_Inca.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mardi_Gras_Mobile_Order_of_Inca.jpg/255px-Mardi_Gras_Mobile_Order_of_Inca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mardi_Gras_Mobile_Order_of_Inca.jpg/340px-Mardi_Gras_Mobile_Order_of_Inca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Mobile is the birthplace of Mardi Gras in the U.S.</figcaption></figure> Mobile is known for having the oldest organized <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama">Mardi Gras</a> celebration in the United States, beginning in 1703.<a href="#cite_note-MoMtime-212">[207]</a> It was also host to the first formally organized Mardi Gras parade in the U.S. in 1830, a tradition that continues to this day.<a href="#cite_note-MoMtime-212">[207]</a> Mardi Gras is an official state holiday in Mobile and Baldwin counties.<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> In 2018, Mobile's <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama">Mardi Gras parade</a> was the state's top event, producing the most tourists with an attendance of 892,811. The top attraction was the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Space_%26_Rocket_Center" title="U.S. Space & Rocket Center">U.S. Space & Rocket Center</a> in Huntsville with an attendance of 849,981, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Zoo" title="Birmingham Zoo">Birmingham Zoo</a> with 543,090. Of the parks and natural destinations, Alabama's Gulf Coast topped the list with 6,700,000 visitors.<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a> Alabama has historically been a popular region for film shoots due to its diverse landscapes and contrast of environments.<a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> Movies filmed in Alabama include <a href="/wiki/Close_Encounters_of_the_Third_Kind" title="Close Encounters of the Third Kind">Close Encounters of the Third Kind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Get_Out" title="Get Out">Get Out</a>, <a href="/wiki/42_(film)" title="42 (film)">42</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)">Selma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Fish" title="Big Fish">Big Fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Final_Destination" title="The Final Destination">The Final Destination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Due_Date" title="Due Date">Due Date</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Need_for_Speed_(film)" title="Need for Speed (film)">Need for Speed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/UAB_Hospital" title="UAB Hospital">UAB Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Alabama" title="University of South Alabama">USA Health University Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huntsville_Hospital_System" title="Huntsville Hospital System">Huntsville Hospital</a>, and Children's Hospital of Alabama are the only <a href="/wiki/Trauma_center" title="Trauma center">Level I trauma centers</a> in Alabama.<a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a> UAB is the largest state government employer in Alabama, with a workforce of about 18,000.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> A 2017 study found that Alabama had the least competitive health insurance market in the country, with <a href="/wiki/Blue_Cross_and_Blue_Shield_of_Alabama" title="Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Alabama">Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Alabama</a> having a market share of 84% followed by <a href="/wiki/UnitedHealth_Group" title="UnitedHealth Group">UnitedHealth Group</a> at 7%.<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking">Banking</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_skyscrapers_Nov_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Birmingham_skyscrapers_Nov_2011.jpg/220px-Birmingham_skyscrapers_Nov_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Birmingham_skyscrapers_Nov_2011.jpg/330px-Birmingham_skyscrapers_Nov_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Birmingham_skyscrapers_Nov_2011.jpg/440px-Birmingham_skyscrapers_Nov_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Regions-Harbert_Plaza" title="Regions-Harbert Plaza">Regions-Harbert Plaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regions_Center_(Birmingham)" title="Regions Center (Birmingham)">Regions Center</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo_Tower_(Birmingham)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wells Fargo Tower (Birmingham)">Wells Fargo Tower</a> in Birmingham's financial district</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Regions_Financial_Corporation" title="Regions Financial Corporation">Regions Financial Corporation</a> is the largest bank headquartered in or operating in Alabama. <a href="/wiki/PNC_Financial_Services" title="PNC Financial Services">PNC Financial Services</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo" title="Wells Fargo">Wells Fargo</a> also have a major presence in Alabama.<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo" title="Wells Fargo">Wells Fargo</a> has a regional headquarters, an operations center campus, and a $400 million data center in Birmingham. Many smaller banks are also headquartered in the Birmingham area, including ServisFirst and New South Federal Savings Bank. Birmingham also serves as the headquarters for several large investment management companies, including <a href="/wiki/Harbert_Management_Corporation" title="Harbert Management Corporation">Harbert Management Corporation</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronics_and_communications">Electronics and communications</h3></div> Telecommunications provider <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>, formerly <a href="/wiki/BellSouth" title="BellSouth">BellSouth</a>, has a major presence in Alabama with several large offices in Birmingham. Many technology companies are headquartered in Huntsville, such as <a href="/wiki/ADTRAN" class="mw-redirect" title="ADTRAN">ADTRAN</a>, a network access company; <a href="/wiki/Intergraph" title="Intergraph">Intergraph</a>, a computer graphics company; and <a href="/wiki/Avocent" title="Avocent">Avocent</a>, an IT infrastructure company. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Brasfield_%26_Gorrie" title="Brasfield & Gorrie">Brasfield & Gorrie</a>, <a href="/wiki/BE%26K" title="BE&K">BE&K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoar_Construction" title="Hoar Construction">Hoar Construction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/B.L._Harbert_International" title="B.L. Harbert International">B.L. Harbert International</a>, based in Alabama and subsidiaries of <a href="/wiki/URS_Corporation" title="URS Corporation">URS Corporation</a>, are all routinely are included in the Engineering News-Record lists of top design, international construction, and engineering firms. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_and_government">Law and government</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_government">State government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Alabama" title="Government of Alabama">Government of Alabama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama_Capitol_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Alabama_Capitol_Building.jpg/220px-Alabama_Capitol_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Alabama_Capitol_Building.jpg/330px-Alabama_Capitol_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Alabama_Capitol_Building.jpg/440px-Alabama_Capitol_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Alabama_State_Capitol" title="Alabama State Capitol">State Capitol Building</a> in Montgomery, completed in 1851</figcaption></figure> The foundational document for Alabama's government is the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Alabama" title="Constitution of Alabama">Alabama Constitution</a>, the current one having been adopted in 2022. The former Alabama <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Constitution_of_1901" title="Alabama Constitution of 1901">constitution adopted in 1901</a> was, with over 850 amendments and almost 87,000 words, by some accounts the world's longest constitution and roughly forty times the length of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post-223">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-Constitution-224">[219]</a> There has been a significant movement to rewrite and modernize Alabama's constitution.<a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a> Critics have argued that Alabama's constitution maintains highly centralized power with the state legislature, leaving practically no power in local hands. Most counties do not have home rule. Any policy changes proposed in different areas of the state must be approved by the entire Alabama legislature and, frequently, by state referendum. The former constitution was particularly criticized for its complexity and length intentionally codifying segregation and racism. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ala_Supreme_Court_Building_Feb_2012_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ala_Supreme_Court_Building_Feb_2012_01.jpg/220px-Ala_Supreme_Court_Building_Feb_2012_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ala_Supreme_Court_Building_Feb_2012_01.jpg/330px-Ala_Supreme_Court_Building_Feb_2012_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ala_Supreme_Court_Building_Feb_2012_01.jpg/440px-Ala_Supreme_Court_Building_Feb_2012_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Judicial_Building" title="Alabama Judicial Building">Heflin-Torbert Judicial Building</a> in Montgomery. It houses the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Alabama" title="Supreme Court of Alabama">Supreme Court of Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Court_of_Civil_Appeals" title="Alabama Court of Civil Appeals">Alabama Court of Civil Appeals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals">Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals</a>.</figcaption></figure> Alabama's government is divided into three coequal branches. The <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative branch</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Legislature" title="Alabama Legislature">Alabama Legislature</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> assembly composed of the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_House_of_Representatives" title="Alabama House of Representatives">Alabama House of Representatives</a>, with 105 members, and the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Senate" title="Alabama Senate">Alabama Senate</a>, with 35 members. The Legislature is responsible for writing, debating, passing, or defeating state legislation. The <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> currently holds a majority in both houses of the Legislature. The Legislature has the power to override a gubernatorial veto by a simple majority (most state Legislatures require a two-thirds majority to override a veto). Until 1964, the state elected state senators on a geographic basis by county, with one per county. It had not redistricted congressional districts since passage of its constitution in 1901; as a result, urbanized areas were grossly underrepresented. It had not changed legislative districts to reflect the decennial censuses, either. In Reynolds v. Sims (1964), the U.S. Supreme Court implemented the principle of "one man, one vote", ruling that congressional districts had to be reapportioned based on censuses (as the state already included in its constitution but had not implemented.) Further, the court ruled that both houses of bicameral state legislatures had to be apportioned by population, as there was no constitutional basis for states to have geographically based systems. At that time, Alabama and many other states had to change their legislative districting, as many across the country had systems that underrepresented urban areas and districts. This had caused decades of underinvestment in such areas. For instance, Birmingham and Jefferson County taxes had supplied one-third of the state budget, but Jefferson County received only 1/67th of state services in funding. Through the legislative delegations, the Alabama legislature kept control of county governments. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Governor_Kay_Ivey_2017_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Governor_Kay_Ivey_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Governor_Kay_Ivey_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Governor_Kay_Ivey_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Governor_Kay_Ivey_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Governor_Kay_Ivey_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Governor_Kay_Ivey_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Kay_Ivey" title="Kay Ivey">Kay Ivey</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Alabama">governor of Alabama</a> as of 2024.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive branch</a> is responsible for the execution and oversight of laws. It is headed by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Alabama" title="List of governors of Alabama">governor of Alabama</a>. Other members of the executive branch include the cabinet, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lieutenant governors of Alabama">lieutenant governor of Alabama</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Alabama" title="Attorney General of Alabama">Attorney General of Alabama</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Alabama" title="Secretary of State of Alabama">Alabama Secretary of State</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_State_Treasurer" title="Alabama State Treasurer">Alabama State Treasurer</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/State_Auditor_of_Alabama" title="State Auditor of Alabama">State Auditor of Alabama</a>. The current governor is Republican <a href="/wiki/Kay_Ivey" title="Kay Ivey">Kay Ivey</a>. The members of the Legislature take office immediately after the November elections. Statewide officials, such as the governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, and other constitutional officers, take office the following January.<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> is responsible for interpreting the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Alabama" title="Constitution of Alabama">Constitution of Alabama</a> and applying the law in state criminal and civil cases. The <a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">state's highest court</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Alabama" title="Supreme Court of Alabama">Supreme Court of Alabama</a>. Alabama uses partisan elections to select judges. Since the 1980s judicial campaigns have become increasingly politicized.<a href="#cite_note-AJS-227">[222]</a> The current <a href="/wiki/Chief_justice" title="Chief justice">chief justice</a> of the Alabama Supreme Court is Republican <a href="/wiki/Tom_Parker_(judge)" title="Tom Parker (judge)">Tom Parker</a>. All sitting justices on the Alabama Supreme Court are members of the Republican Party. There are two intermediate <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">appellate courts</a>, the Court of Civil Appeals and the Court of Criminal Appeals, and four <a href="/wiki/Trial_court" title="Trial court">trial courts</a>: the circuit court (trial court of general jurisdiction), and the district, probate, and municipal courts.<a href="#cite_note-AJS-227">[222]</a> Alabama has the death penalty with authorized methods of execution that include the <a href="/wiki/Electric_chair" title="Electric chair">electric chair</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chamber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a> Some critics believe the election of judges has contributed to an exceedingly high rate of executions.<a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a> Alabama has the highest per capita <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Alabama" title="Capital punishment in Alabama">death penalty rate</a> in the country. In some years, it imposes more death sentences than does Texas, a state which has a population five times larger.<a href="#cite_note-npr.org-230">[225]</a> However, executions per capita are significantly higher in Texas.<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a> Some of its cases have been highly controversial; the U.S. Supreme Court has overturned<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a> 24 convictions in death penalty cases.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It was the only state to allow judges to override jury decisions in whether or not to use a death sentence; in 10 cases judges overturned sentences of <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment without parole</a> that were voted unanimously by juries.<a href="#cite_note-npr.org-230">[225]</a> This judicial authority was removed in April 2017.<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> On May 14, 2019, Alabama passed the <a href="/wiki/Human_Life_Protection_Act" title="Human Life Protection Act">Human Life Protection Act</a>, banning abortion at any stage of pregnancy unless there is a "serious health risk", with no exceptions for rape and <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a>. The law subjects doctors who perform abortions with 10 to 99 years imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a> The law was originally supposed to take effect the following November, but on October 29, 2019, U.S. District Judge <a href="/wiki/Myron_H._Thompson" title="Myron H. Thompson">Myron Thompson</a> blocked the law from taking effect due to it being in conflict with the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> case <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> On June 24, 2022, after the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in <a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a>, Judge Thompson lifted the injunction, allowing the law to go into effect.<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> Alabama is one of the few states that does not allow the creation of state lotteries.<a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxes">Taxes</h3></div> Taxes are collected by the Alabama Department of Revenue.<a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a> Alabama levies a 2%, 4%, or 5% <a href="/wiki/State_income_tax" title="State income tax">personal income tax</a>, depending on the amount earned and filing status.<a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a> Taxpayers are allowed to deduct their <a href="/wiki/Income_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Income tax in the United States">federal income tax</a> from their Alabama state tax, even if taking the <a href="/wiki/Standard_deduction" title="Standard deduction">standard deduction</a>; those who itemize can also deduct <a href="/wiki/Federal_Insurance_Contributions_Act_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax">FICA</a> (the Social Security and Medicare tax).<a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a> The state's general sales tax rate is 4%.<a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a> Sales tax rates for cities and counties are also added to purchases.<a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> For example, the total sales tax rate in <a href="/wiki/Mobile_County,_Alabama" title="Mobile County, Alabama">Mobile County, Alabama</a> is 10% and there is an additional restaurant tax of 1%, which means a diner in <a href="/wiki/Mobile_County,_Alabama" title="Mobile County, Alabama">Mobile County, Alabama</a> would pay an 11% tax on a meal. In 2020, sales and excise taxes in Alabama accounted for 38% of all state and local revenue.<a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a> Only Alabama, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> tax groceries at the full state sales tax rate.<a href="#cite_note-244">[239]</a> The corporate income tax rate in Alabama is 6.5%. The overall federal, state, and local tax burden in Alabama ranks the state as the second least tax-burdened state in the country.<a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">Property taxes</a> of .40% of assessed value per year, are the second-lowest in the U.S., after Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a> The state constitution currently requires a voter referendum to raise property taxes. Historically, an Alabama excise tax "on the storage, use or other consumption in this state of tangible personal property purchased at retail for storage, use or other consumption in this state" was the focus of a 1941 <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U S Supreme Court</a> ruling, Curry v United States.<a href="#cite_note-247">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="County_and_local_governments">County and local governments</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Alabama" title="List of counties in Alabama">List of counties in Alabama</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Alabama_counties_map.png/275px-Alabama_counties_map.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="410" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Alabama_counties_map.png/413px-Alabama_counties_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Alabama_counties_map.png/550px-Alabama_counties_map.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="865" usemap="#ImageMap_7e82f6f28110eb33" resource="/wiki/File:Alabama_counties_map.png" /><map name="ImageMap_7e82f6f28110eb33"><area href="/wiki/Lauderdale_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="100,39,99,39,94,36,89,36,83,33,81,33,78,35,71,37,69,40,64,41,58,35,56,31,55,28,51,27,49,27,47,28,44,27,40,19,103,20,103,34,100,37,100,39" alt="Lauderdale County, Alabama" title="Lauderdale County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Colbert_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="90,36,89,42,88,47,85,47,83,54,43,52,46,28,49,27,51,27,55,30,57,33,58,36,64,40,68,41,72,37,78,35,81,33,84,33" alt="Colbert County, Alabama" title="Colbert County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="82,54,43,52,41,73,82,74" alt="Franklin County, Alabama" title="Franklin County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="75,104,76,74,41,73,38,93,53,93,53,96,55,96,55,104" alt="Marion County, Alabama" title="Marion County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Lamar_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="55,135,34,134,38,93,53,93,53,96,55,96,55,134,55,135" alt="Lamar County, Alabama" title="Lamar County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Pickens_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="62,135,34,134,28,175,39,175,41,174,41,172,46,173,46,171,48,172,49,172,49,171,53,169,54,169,55,166,62,164" alt="Pickens County, Alabama" title="Pickens County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="70,175,70,174,62,174,62,164,55,166,54,169,49,171,48,172,47,173,46,171,46,172,44,173,44,172,42,172,39,175,40,177,40,179,38,178,38,179,39,180,37,181,39,186,41,186,39,188,40,189,41,189,44,191,46,191,46,193,44,193,45,197,43,199,44,200,47,199,47,203,46,204,46,207,55,203,57,205,60,205,61,207,60,207,60,206,58,206,57,207,59,209,59,211,60,212,60,210,62,211,63,212,64,212,63,210,64,210,64,207,66,209,68,208,67,205,64,206,63,204,66,203,66,204,67,202,65,202,64,198,62,198,62,197,63,196,62,193,59,194,59,193,63,191,62,187,64,183,66,183,66,181,69,179,68,177,70,176" alt="Greene County, Alabama" title="Greene County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Sumter_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="61,213,61,212,58,211,58,209,57,207,58,206,60,207,61,206,60,205,56,205,55,204,50,206,46,207,45,203,46,202,46,200,48,200,47,198,46,200,43,199,43,198,45,198,43,192,46,192,46,191,46,191,44,191,42,188,41,189,39,188,40,187,40,185,38,182,37,181,37,180,38,180,40,179,38,179,39,178,40,179,40,178,39,175,28,175,22,228,54,229,54,228,51,227,49,224,47,224,47,219,51,217,52,217,56,212,60,213" alt="Sumter County, Alabama" title="Sumter County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Choctaw_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="55,231,55,229,22,228,18,260,19,276,44,276,43,272,40,272,37,267,41,260,46,259,46,258,42,257,43,256,45,256,45,254,44,252,44,253,42,253,42,248,44,247,46,248,47,247,46,245,47,242,48,242,49,233,48,232,49,231,50,231,50,230,50,230,53,230,54,231,55,229" alt="Choctaw County, Alabama" title="Choctaw County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="44,276,18,276,20,321,27,321,27,319,47,320,49,317,51,318,53,318,52,315,54,313,52,311,50,311,50,310,52,310,52,307,52,306,54,307,56,303,56,301,54,296,56,293,53,290,51,290,46,287,48,287,48,285,46,285,44,284,45,283,44,280,45,279" alt="Washington County, Alabama" title="Washington County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Mobile_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="53,320,51,320,51,318,49,318,47,320,27,319,27,321,19,321,22,396,46,397,49,356,47,351,47,350,47,347,49,347,49,346,52,345,52,343,50,341,50,340,52,336,54,336,54,335,51,333,53,326,52,325,50,324" alt="Mobile County, Alabama" title="Mobile County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Baldwin_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="46,397,49,356,47,348,49,347,49,345,52,345,53,343,50,341,50,340,53,336,54,336,54,335,51,333,53,326,51,324,53,320,52,320,51,318,53,318,53,316,55,316,59,315,61,309,63,310,64,310,62,306,63,306,64,308,69,308,71,311,73,312,75,312,74,331,76,331,76,334,73,341,76,345,79,348,81,351,89,356,89,358,89,363,85,368,86,369,87,370,87,372,89,374,91,374,91,375,89,377,87,377,85,383,82,384,82,385,85,385,84,386,71,389,60,391" alt="Baldwin County, Alabama" title="Baldwin County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Escambia_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="135,331,75,331,74,312,78,313,83,311,131,311,131,316,136,316" alt="Escambia County, Alabama" title="Escambia County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="122,267,82,267,83,268,82,268,82,277,78,277,78,288,74,291,78,294,78,298,76,300,74,299,73,298,69,300,67,302,67,305,66,305,65,302,64,306,64,308,68,308,71,311,75,312,79,314,83,311,87,311,88,309,92,306,93,304,100,296,102,296,105,290,107,282,112,279,112,276,116,276,122,273" alt="Monroe County, Alabama" title="Monroe County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Clarke_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="82,266,75,266,75,263,71,263,72,254,45,254,45,256,42,256,42,258,45,258,44,260,41,260,38,268,40,272,42,271,44,274,44,280,44,281,45,284,47,286,53,290,55,292,55,296,57,301,56,304,55,306,51,311,52,316,55,316,61,310,63,311,64,308,64,305,65,302,67,305,67,302,73,298,76,299,79,294,75,291,79,289,79,277,82,277" alt="Clarke County, Alabama" title="Clarke County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Marengo_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="84,229,82,230,82,216,68,216,68,212,63,212,62,211,61,210,61,213,56,212,53,217,50,218,47,219,47,224,48,224,52,227,55,229,55,231,53,229,49,231,49,241,47,247,46,248,44,247,42,248,43,254,44,253,45,254,72,254,72,252,75,253,75,243,82,243,82,233,85,233" alt="Marengo County, Alabama" title="Marengo County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Hale_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="89,176,69,175,68,178,68,181,65,183,62,185,63,191,59,194,63,194,64,196,62,198,62,198,64,198,64,202,67,202,67,204,64,204,64,206,68,206,67,207,65,210,62,213,68,213,68,216,82,216,82,202,85,202,86,189,89,189" alt="Hale County, Alabama" title="Hale County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="89,128,89,121,82,122,82,108,75,108,75,105,55,104,55,134,73,134,73,130,75,130,75,128" alt="Fayette County, Alabama" title="Fayette County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="99,136,96,136,96,129,92,130,91,128,76,128,76,131,73,131,73,135,62,135,62,174,69,174,70,175,95,175,96,168,97,165,104,165,104,160,107,157,108,157,109,159,112,156,112,154,106,151,100,145,94,140,94,137,98,138" alt="Tuscaloosa County, Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Bibb_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="114,156,111,156,110,159,109,158,107,158,103,161,103,165,98,165,96,168,96,175,89,176,89,186,95,185,95,189,125,189,124,172,119,170,119,169,119,168,118,164,115,163" alt="Bibb County, Alabama" title="Bibb County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="115,189,95,189,95,185,89,185,89,189,86,189,85,202,82,203,82,229,88,229,88,215,109,215,115,197" alt="Perry County, Alabama" title="Perry County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Dallas_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="121,202,116,202,115,198,109,215,89,216,89,229,84,229,85,233,87,233,105,250,122,250,122,237,129,237,125,232,128,230,127,228,129,226,122,210" alt="Dallas County, Alabama" title="Dallas County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Wilcox_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="126,256,126,250,104,250,92,237,86,232,82,233,82,243,74,243,75,252,71,253,72,263,75,263,75,267,122,266,122,256" alt="Wilcox County, Alabama" title="Wilcox County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Conecuh_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="136,290,127,291,122,282,122,273,116,275,111,275,111,279,106,282,102,295,87,311,132,311,132,317,135,316,135,304,137,303,138,298,136,298" alt="Conecuh County, Alabama" title="Conecuh County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Covington_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="170,331,170,297,165,296,163,290,155,296,155,291,136,291,137,298,138,298,138,302,136,305,137,331" alt="Covington County, Alabama" title="Covington County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Crenshaw_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="170,256,163,256,162,250,155,250,155,256,153,256,152,280,149,280,149,291,155,290,156,296,164,290,164,296,166,297,170,297,169,290,171,290,173,289,173,283,170,283,173,279,173,270,169,270,171,260" alt="Crenshaw County, Alabama" title="Crenshaw County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="188,232,184,228,180,220,176,221,169,219,166,214,162,217,162,221,158,219,153,223,149,226,150,232,155,234,155,249,162,250,163,256,182,256,183,234,183,232" alt="Montgomery County, Alabama" title="Montgomery County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Butler_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="153,256,122,256,122,282,127,291,150,291,149,281,153,281" alt="Butler County, Alabama" title="Butler County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Lowndes_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="155,256,155,234,150,232,150,227,146,227,146,225,144,225,142,226,142,221,139,222,139,225,137,226,135,226,135,222,130,223,131,227,130,230,128,230,125,233,128,235,129,236,123,236,122,250,125,249,126,256" alt="Lowndes County, Alabama" title="Lowndes County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Autauga_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="155,199,135,199,135,203,122,202,123,210,122,211,128,225,128,230,131,227,130,223,135,222,136,227,140,225,139,222,141,222,142,226,145,225,147,227,150,227,155,221" alt="Autauga County, Alabama" title="Autauga County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Chilton_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="148,174,146,174,141,170,125,170,124,189,115,189,115,201,135,202,135,199,154,199,155,195,157,195,152,190,153,187,151,186,150,186,148,179,149,177" alt="Chilton County, Alabama" title="Chilton County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="150,133,148,133,148,136,146,136,143,139,138,139,128,149,118,155,115,156,115,163,118,163,119,168,124,172,124,171,142,171,146,174,147,174,149,167,152,165,149,162,158,153,158,149,160,148,157,146,157,137,151,137" alt="Shelby County, Alabama" title="Shelby County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="146,116,140,116,132,110,124,110,115,116,113,124,103,129,103,133,95,138,95,140,100,145,107,152,113,156,117,156,125,150,127,150,127,147,131,147,137,140,142,140,148,133,146,132,146,128,148,124" alt="Jefferson County, Alabama" title="Jefferson County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Walker_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="119,110,116,108,116,106,110,106,107,98,75,98,75,107,82,108,82,122,89,122,89,128,92,129,92,130,96,130,96,135,99,137,104,133,103,129,113,124,115,116,119,113" alt="Walker County, Alabama" title="Walker County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Winston_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="110,74,76,74,76,98,109,98" alt="Winston County, Alabama" title="Winston County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="110,45,108,41,100,38,100,39,98,39,94,35,89,36,89,40,87,47,82,54,82,73,109,75" alt="Lawrence County, Alabama" title="Lawrence County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Limestone_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="130,21,103,20,103,35,99,37,100,39,103,39,111,46,116,48,121,52,128,55,130,55" alt="Limestone County, Alabama" title="Limestone County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="131,21,130,55,131,55,136,53,137,53,138,55,140,55,142,53,145,53,147,59,149,61,153,61,156,57,160,58,161,52,158,48,158,41,159,39,160,33,158,30,161,27,161,25,162,25,164,26,165,25,161,21" alt="Madison County, Alabama" title="Madison County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="206,21,161,21,165,25,164,27,161,25,159,27,157,48,162,52,171,52,172,56,175,57,176,63,181,61,195,50,200,40,201,40,204,33,208,31" alt="Jackson County, Alabama" title="Jackson County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/DeKalb_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="208,31,205,33,204,37,201,40,200,41,194,50,184,58,176,62,174,65,174,82,191,82,191,79,195,78,208,63,208,61,212,56" alt="DeKalb County, Alabama" title="DeKalb County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="219,100,212,56,208,61,209,63,195,78,191,80,192,89,195,87,198,100" alt="Cherokee County, Alabama" title="Cherokee County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Etowah_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="199,100,194,88,192,90,192,82,174,82,174,83,170,83,160,95,158,103,160,103,163,99,165,101,169,99,178,110,182,108,185,104,186,106,188,106,187,102,192,101,198,103" alt="Etowah County, Alabama" title="Etowah County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Marshall_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="162,90,169,84,175,83,174,64,176,63,175,57,172,56,172,51,161,52,160,56,160,58,155,57,154,60,149,60,146,56,144,74,150,74" alt="Marshall County, Alabama" title="Marshall County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="145,57,146,54,143,53,139,55,137,54,137,52,135,52,132,56,128,55,115,48,110,46,110,73,144,74" alt="Morgan County, Alabama" title="Morgan County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Cullman_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="152,78,150,75,110,73,109,99,107,98,111,104,110,106,111,107,116,107,117,109,119,110,122,108,122,105,130,100,136,93,136,91,137,91,142,89,146,84,146,82,147,79" alt="Cullman County, Alabama" title="Cullman County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Blount_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="162,91,152,78,147,79,146,84,142,89,137,91,131,100,122,105,121,108,119,109,120,113,125,110,133,110,139,116,145,117,144,113,147,113,152,111,153,112,159,107,159,105,161,103,161,102,157,102" alt="Blount County, Alabama" title="Blount County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/St._Clair_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="178,110,177,108,175,108,174,105,171,105,170,101,169,99,164,101,163,99,161,102,159,107,154,112,151,112,144,114,144,117,146,116,147,122,145,131,148,134,151,134,151,137,157,137,157,145,162,139,163,136,164,136,165,138,166,137,170,133,167,130,170,127,171,124,168,122,170,121,171,123,173,123,172,120,174,120,178,117,179,116,177,114" alt="St. Clair County, Alabama" title="St. Clair County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Calhoun_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="212,102,212,100,199,100,198,103,192,101,188,103,188,105,186,106,185,104,182,109,178,110,178,116,174,119,172,121,172,123,178,124,181,129,182,130,195,130,195,132,198,132,198,128,205,125,205,116,208,111,209,110,204,110,204,107,207,107,207,106,212,106" alt="Calhoun County, Alabama" title="Calhoun County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Cleburne_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="220,100,213,101,212,102,211,106,208,106,208,108,205,107,205,110,209,110,208,113,205,115,205,125,200,129,198,132,194,132,190,137,189,139,196,139,197,137,227,137" alt="Cleburne County, Alabama" title="Cleburne County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Talladega_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="195,132,194,129,182,130,182,128,180,129,180,125,178,123,171,123,169,121,168,121,170,125,170,128,168,128,169,130,167,130,169,133,167,136,166,137,164,138,164,136,163,137,158,144,157,145,158,146,159,149,157,149,158,153,156,155,153,154,154,156,153,157,152,156,152,160,150,160,149,162,152,166,149,168,170,168,171,161,174,160,174,153,183,153,183,146,185,146,187,145,187,141,187,140,188,137,191,137,195,134" alt="Talladega County, Alabama" title="Talladega County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Coosa_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="181,167,149,168,147,174,148,182,151,186,152,185,153,188,152,190,157,195,182,195" alt="Coosa County, Alabama" title="Coosa County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Clay_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="205,137,198,137,195,139,190,139,191,137,187,137,187,144,183,146,183,153,174,153,174,161,170,160,170,168,205,167" alt="Clay County, Alabama" title="Clay County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Randolph_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="226,137,204,137,204,167,232,167" alt="Randolph County, Alabama" title="Randolph County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Tallapoosa_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="181,168,208,167,209,195,207,198,203,198,202,200,201,208,196,208,195,214,190,215,189,213,189,202,188,200,190,195,182,194" alt="Tallapoosa County, Alabama" title="Tallapoosa County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Chambers_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="232,167,208,167,208,196,228,196,228,194,240,195" alt="Chambers County, Alabama" title="Chambers County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Lee_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="239,195,229,195,228,197,208,196,207,197,203,198,202,208,216,215,219,214,220,221,226,221,226,217,244,217,244,214,248,213" alt="Lee County, Alabama" title="Lee County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Elmore_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="190,195,155,195,155,221,156,220,161,222,162,220,161,219,164,215,169,219,178,221,183,219,190,218,191,216,189,215,189,203,188,200" alt="Elmore County, Alabama" title="Elmore County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Macon_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="219,214,216,215,205,209,205,208,195,208,196,214,190,215,190,218,183,219,181,220,183,227,185,228,188,232,189,229,191,231,191,235,219,235" alt="Macon County, Alabama" title="Macon County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Russell_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="248,213,244,213,244,216,226,216,227,221,219,221,220,242,231,241,237,248,245,248,257,233,250,213" alt="Russell County, Alabama" title="Russell County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Barbour_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="246,248,237,248,231,241,220,241,220,252,215,252,214,253,209,253,204,265,205,270,204,272,202,273,200,283,221,283,221,276,235,276,235,274,240,270,240,261,244,257" alt="Barbour County, Alabama" title="Barbour County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Coffee_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="173,283,196,283,197,316,170,316,170,291,173,290" alt="Coffee County, Alabama" title="Coffee County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Pike_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="205,263,196,262,196,256,190,256,189,250,186,248,183,250,183,256,170,256,171,261,169,270,173,270,172,279,170,283,200,283,202,273,204,272,205,270" alt="Pike County, Alabama" title="Pike County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Bullock_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="220,235,192,235,191,232,191,231,190,229,189,232,183,233,183,249,184,251,185,249,189,250,189,256,197,256,196,263,205,263,210,254,214,254,215,252,220,252" alt="Bullock County, Alabama" title="Bullock County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Geneva_County,_Alabama" shape="rect" coords="170,316,217,332" alt="Geneva County, Alabama" title="Geneva County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Dale_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="221,283,197,283,196,316,201,316,203,312,206,310,217,312,217,309,221,309" alt="Dale County, Alabama" title="Dale County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Henry_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="240,269,235,273,235,276,221,276,222,306,244,306,247,292,247,281" alt="Henry County, Alabama" title="Henry County, Alabama" /><area href="/wiki/Houston_County,_Alabama" shape="poly" coords="244,306,221,306,221,309,218,309,216,312,207,309,202,316,217,316,217,331,251,331" alt="Houston County, Alabama" title="Houston County, Alabama" /></map><figcaption>Alabama counties (clickable map)</figcaption></figure> Alabama has 67 <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a>. Each county has its own elected legislative branch, usually called the county commission. It also has limited executive authority in the county. Because of the constraints of the Alabama Constitution, which centralizes power in the state legislature, only seven counties (Jefferson, Lee, Mobile, Madison, Montgomery, Shelby, and Tuscaloosa) in the state have limited <a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">home rule</a>. Instead, most counties in the state must lobby the Local Legislation Committee of the state legislature to get simple local policies approved, ranging from waste disposal to land use zoning. The state legislature has retained power over local governments by refusing to pass a constitutional amendment establishing home rule for counties, as recommended by the 1973 Alabama Constitutional Commission.<a href="#cite_note-home-248">[243]</a> Legislative delegations retain certain powers over each county. United States Supreme Court decisions in Baker v. Carr (1964) required that both houses have districts established on the basis of population, and redistricted after each census, to implement the principle of "one man, one vote". Before that, each county was represented by one state senator, leading to under-representation in the state senate for more urbanized, populous counties. The rural bias of the state legislature, which had also failed to redistrict seats in the state house, affected politics well into the 20th century, failing to recognize the rise of industrial cities and urbanized areas. "The lack of home rule for counties in Alabama has resulted in the proliferation of local legislation permitting counties to do things not authorized by the state constitution. Alabama's constitution has been amended more than 700 times, and almost one-third of the amendments are local in nature, applying to only one county or city. A significant part of each legislative session is spent on local legislation, taking away time and attention of legislators from issues of statewide importance."<a href="#cite_note-home-248">[243]</a> Alabama is an <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage_control_state" title="Alcoholic beverage control state">alcoholic beverage control state</a>, meaning the state government holds a monopoly on the sale of alcohol. The <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Alcoholic_Beverage_Control_Board" title="Alabama Alcoholic Beverage Control Board">Alabama Alcoholic Beverage Control Board</a> controls the sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages in the state. A total of 25 of the 67 counties are "<a href="/wiki/Dry_county" title="Dry county">dry counties</a>" which ban the sale of alcohol, and there are many dry municipalities in counties which permit alcohol sales.<a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>County</th> <th>Population (2019 Estimate)</th> <th>Population (2010 Census)</th> <th>Seat</th> <th>Largest city </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Jefferson County, Alabama">Jefferson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">658,573 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">658,158 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Birmingham </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mobile_County,_Alabama" title="Mobile County, Alabama">Mobile</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">413,210 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">412,992 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Mobile </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Alabama" title="Madison County, Alabama">Madison</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">372,909 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">334,811 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Huntsville </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Alabama" title="Montgomery County, Alabama">Montgomery</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">226,486 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">229,363 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Montgomery </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Shelby County, Alabama">Shelby</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">217,702 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">195,085 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Columbiana,_Alabama" title="Columbiana, Alabama">Columbiana</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Hoover,_Alabama" title="Hoover, Alabama">Hoover</a> (part) <a href="/wiki/Alabaster,_Alabama" title="Alabaster, Alabama">Alabaster</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_County,_Alabama" title="Baldwin County, Alabama">Baldwin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">223,234 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">182,265 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bay_Minette,_Alabama" title="Bay Minette, Alabama">Bay Minette</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Daphne,_Alabama" title="Daphne, Alabama">Daphne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa_County,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa County, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">209,355 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">194,656 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Tuscaloosa </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lee_County,_Alabama" title="Lee County, Alabama">Lee</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">164,542 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">140,247 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Opelika,_Alabama" title="Opelika, Alabama">Opelika</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Auburn,_Alabama" title="Auburn, Alabama">Auburn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_Alabama" title="Morgan County, Alabama">Morgan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">119,679 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">119,490 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Alabama" title="Decatur, Alabama">Decatur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Decatur </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calhoun_County,_Alabama" title="Calhoun County, Alabama">Calhoun</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">113,605 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">118,572 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Anniston,_Alabama" title="Anniston, Alabama">Anniston</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Anniston </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Houston_County,_Alabama" title="Houston County, Alabama">Houston</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">105,882 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">101,547 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dothan,_Alabama" title="Dothan, Alabama">Dothan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Dothan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Etowah_County,_Alabama" title="Etowah County, Alabama">Etowah</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">102,268 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">104,303 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gadsden,_Alabama" title="Gadsden, Alabama">Gadsden</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Gadsden </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Limestone_County,_Alabama" title="Limestone County, Alabama">Limestone</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">98,915 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">82,782 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Athens,_Alabama" title="Athens, Alabama">Athens</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Athens </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marshall_County,_Alabama" title="Marshall County, Alabama">Marshall</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">96,774 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">93,019 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Guntersville,_Alabama" title="Guntersville, Alabama">Guntersville</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Albertville,_Alabama" title="Albertville, Alabama">Albertville</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lauderdale_County,_Alabama" title="Lauderdale County, Alabama">Lauderdale</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">92,729 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">92,709 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Florence,_Alabama" title="Florence, Alabama">Florence</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Florence </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> During Reconstruction following the American Civil War, Alabama was occupied by federal troops of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Military_District" title="Third Military District">Third Military District</a> under <a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">General John Pope</a>. In 1874, the political coalition of white Democrats known as the <a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a> took control of the state government from the Republicans, in part by suppressing the black vote through violence, fraud, and intimidation. After 1890, a coalition of White Democratic politicians passed laws to segregate and disenfranchise African American residents, a process completed in provisions of the 1901 constitution. Provisions which disenfranchised blacks resulted in excluding many poor Whites. By 1941 more Whites than Blacks had been disenfranchised: 600,000 to 520,000. The total effects were greater on the black community, as almost all its citizens were disfranchised and relegated to separate and unequal treatment under the law. From 1901 through the 1960s, the state did not redraw election districts as population grew and shifted within the state during urbanization and industrialization of certain areas. As counties were the basis of election districts, the result was a rural minority that dominated state politics through nearly three-quarters of the century, until a series of federal court cases required redistricting in 1972 to meet equal representation. Alabama state politics gained nationwide and international attention in the 1950s and 1960s during the civil rights movement, when whites bureaucratically, and at times violently, resisted protests for electoral and social reform. Governor George Wallace, the state's only four-term governor, was a controversial figure who vowed to maintain segregation. Only after passage of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964<a href="#cite_note-cra64-78">[77]</a> and Voting Rights Act of 1965 did African Americans regain the ability to exercise suffrage, among other civil rights. In many jurisdictions, they continued to be excluded from representation by at-large electoral systems, which allowed the majority of the population to dominate elections. Some changes at the county level have occurred following court challenges to establish <a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">single-member districts</a> that enable a more diverse representation among county boards. In 2007, the Alabama Legislature passed, and Republican governor <a href="/wiki/Bob_Riley" title="Bob Riley">Bob Riley</a> signed a resolution expressing "profound regret" over slavery and its lingering impact. In a symbolic ceremony, the bill was signed in the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_State_Capitol" title="Alabama State Capitol">Alabama State Capitol</a>, which housed Congress of the Confederate States of America.<a href="#cite_note-250">[245]</a> In 2010, Republicans won control of both houses of the legislature for the first time in 136 years.<a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a> As of February 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are a total of 3,707,233 registered voters, with 3,318,679 active, and the others inactive in the state.<a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a> The 2023 American Values Atlas by <a href="/wiki/Public_Religion_Research_Institute" title="Public Religion Research Institute">Public Religion Research Institute</a> found that a majority of Alabama residents support <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">same-sex marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Alabama" title="Elections in Alabama">Elections in Alabama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doug_Jones_Biden_Event.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Doug_Jones_Biden_Event.jpg/220px-Doug_Jones_Biden_Event.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Doug_Jones_Biden_Event.jpg/330px-Doug_Jones_Biden_Event.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Doug_Jones_Biden_Event.jpg/440px-Doug_Jones_Biden_Event.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Senator <a href="/wiki/Doug_Jones_(politician)" title="Doug Jones (politician)">Doug Jones</a> won a <a href="/wiki/2017_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Alabama" title="2017 United States Senate special election in Alabama">special election</a> in 2017.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_elections">State elections</h4></div> With the disfranchisement of Blacks in 1901, the state became part of the "<a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a>", a system in which the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> operated as effectively the only viable political party in every Southern state. For nearly a hundred years local and state elections in Alabama were decided in the Democratic Party <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary</a>, with generally only token <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> challengers running in the general election. Since the mid- to late 20th century, however, white conservatives started shifting to the Republican Party. In Alabama, majority-white districts are now expected to regularly elect Republican candidates to federal, state and local office. Members of the nine seats on the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Alabama" title="Supreme Court of Alabama">Supreme Court of Alabama</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a> and all ten seats on the state appellate courts are elected to office. Until 1994, no Republicans held any of the court seats. In that general election, the then-incumbent chief justice, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_C._Hornsby" title="Ernest C. Hornsby">Ernest C. Hornsby</a>, refused to leave office after losing the election by approximately 3,000 votes to Republican <a href="/wiki/Perry_Hooper_Sr." title="Perry Hooper Sr.">Perry O. Hooper Sr.</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a> Hornsby sued Alabama and defiantly remained in office for nearly a year before finally giving up the seat after losing in court.<a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a> The Democrats lost the last of the nineteen court seats in August 2011 with the resignation of the last Democrat on the bench. In the early 21st century, Republicans hold all seven of the statewide elected executive branch offices. Republicans hold six of the eight elected seats on the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_State_Board_of_Education" title="Alabama State Board of Education">Alabama State Board of Education</a>. In 2010, Republicans took large majorities of both chambers of the state legislature, giving them control of that body for the first time in 136 years. The last remaining statewide Democrat, who served on the Alabama Public Service Commission, was defeated in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a> Only three Republican lieutenant governors have been elected since the end of Reconstruction, when Republicans generally represented Reconstruction government, including the newly emancipated freedmen who had gained the franchise. The three GOP lieutenant governors are <a href="/wiki/Steve_Windom" title="Steve Windom">Steve Windom</a> (1999–2003), <a href="/wiki/Kay_Ivey" title="Kay Ivey">Kay Ivey</a> (2011–2017), and <a href="/wiki/Will_Ainsworth" title="Will Ainsworth">Will Ainsworth</a> (2019–present). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Local_elections">Local elections</h4></div> Many local offices (county commissioners, boards of education, tax assessors, mayors, etc.) in the state are still held by Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-260">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a> Many metropolitan and suburban counties have voters who are majority Democrats, resulting in local elections being decided in the Democratic primary. Similarly most rural counties are majority-Republican and elections are effectively decided in the Republican Primary. However, since local governments in Alabama are weaker than in other parts of the country, Republicans have the upper hand in government. Alabama's 67 county sheriffs are elected in partisan, at-large races, and Republicans retain the vast majority of those posts. The current split is 18 <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Democrats</a>, and 49 <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Republicans</a> as of 2023. However, most of the Democratic sheriffs preside over urban and more populated counties. The majority of Republican sheriffs have been elected in the more rural counties with lower population. The state of Alabama has and 11 African-American sheriffs.<a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_elections">Federal elections</h4></div> The state's two <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. senators</a> are <a href="/wiki/Katie_Britt" title="Katie Britt">Katie Britt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Tuberville" title="Tommy Tuberville">Tommy Tuberville</a>, both of whom are Republican. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>, the state is represented by seven members, six of whom are Republicans (<a href="/wiki/Jerry_Carl" title="Jerry Carl">Jerry Carl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Rogers_(Alabama_politician)" title="Mike Rogers (Alabama politician)">Mike Rogers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aderholt" title="Robert Aderholt">Robert Aderholt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dale_Strong" title="Dale Strong">Dale Strong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Moore_(American_politician)" title="Barry Moore (American politician)">Barry Moore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Palmer_(politician)" title="Gary Palmer (politician)">Gary Palmer</a>) and one Democrat <a href="/wiki/Terri_Sewell" title="Terri Sewell">Terri Sewell</a>, who represents the Black Belt as well as most of the predominantly black portions of Birmingham, Tuscaloosa and Montgomery. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Alabama" title="Education in Alabama">Education in Alabama</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vestavia_Hills_High_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Vestavia_Hills_High_School.jpg/220px-Vestavia_Hills_High_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Vestavia_Hills_High_School.jpg/330px-Vestavia_Hills_High_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Vestavia_Hills_High_School.jpg/440px-Vestavia_Hills_High_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vestavia_Hills_High_School" title="Vestavia Hills High School">Vestavia Hills High School</a> in the suburbs of Birmingham</figcaption></figure> Public primary and secondary education in Alabama is under the purview of the Alabama State Board of Education as well as local oversight by 67 county school boards and 60 city boards of education. Together, 1,496 individual schools provide education for 744,637 elementary and secondary students.<a href="#cite_note-qfacts-263">[258]</a> Public school funding is appropriated through the Alabama Legislature through the Education Trust Fund. In FY 2006–2007, Alabama appropriated $3,775,163,578 for primary and secondary education. That represented an increase of $444,736,387 over the previous fiscal year. In 2007, more than 82 percent of schools made adequate yearly progress (AYP) toward student proficiency under the National <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind</a> law, using measures determined by the state of Alabama. While Alabama's public education system has improved in recent decades, it lags behind in achievement compared to other states. According to U.S. Census data (2000), Alabama's high school graduation rate (75%) is the fourth lowest in the U.S. (after <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> and Mississippi).<a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a> The largest educational gains were among people with some college education but without degrees.<a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a> According to National Assessment of Educational Progress (NEAP), Alabama ranks 39 in reading and 40 in math among fourth-grade students in the rankings from 2022.<a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a> Generally prohibited in the West at large, <a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment" title="School corporal punishment">school corporal punishment</a> is not unusual in Alabama, with 27,260 public school students <a href="/wiki/Paddle_(spanking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddle (spanking)">paddled</a> at least one time, according to government data for the 2011–2012 school year.<a href="#cite_note-267">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-CORPUN_US_SCHOOL-268">[262]</a> The rate of school corporal punishment in Alabama is surpassed by only Mississippi and Arkansas.<a href="#cite_note-CORPUN_US_SCHOOL-268">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Alabama" title="List of colleges and universities in Alabama">List of colleges and universities in Alabama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harrison-plaza2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Harrison-plaza2.jpg/220px-Harrison-plaza2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Harrison-plaza2.jpg/330px-Harrison-plaza2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Harrison-plaza2.jpg/440px-Harrison-plaza2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Harrison Plaza at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Alabama" title="University of North Alabama">University of North Alabama</a> in Florence. The school was chartered as LaGrange College by the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Legislature" title="Alabama Legislature">Alabama Legislature</a> in 1830.</figcaption></figure> Alabama's programs of higher education include 14 four-year public universities, two-year community colleges, and 17 private, undergraduate and graduate universities. In the state are four medical schools (as of fall 2015) <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_at_Birmingham_School_of_Medicine" title="University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine">UAB Heersink School of Medicine</a>, University of South Alabama and <a href="/wiki/Alabama_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine">Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine</a> and The Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine—Auburn Campus), two veterinary colleges (Auburn University and <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_University" title="Tuskegee University">Tuskegee University</a>), a dental school (<a href="/wiki/UAB_School_of_Dentistry" class="mw-redirect" title="UAB School of Dentistry">UAB School of Dentistry</a>, an optometry college (UAB School of Optometry), two pharmacy schools (Auburn University and <a href="/wiki/Samford_University" title="Samford University">Samford University</a>), and five law schools (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_School_of_Law" title="University of Alabama School of Law">University of Alabama School of Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_School_of_Law" title="Birmingham School of Law">Birmingham School of Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_School_of_Law" title="Cumberland School of Law">Cumberland School of Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miles_Law_School" title="Miles Law School">Miles Law School</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Goode_Jones_School_of_Law" title="Thomas Goode Jones School of Law">Thomas Goode Jones School of Law</a>). Public, post-secondary education in Alabama is overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Commission_on_Higher_Education" title="Alabama Commission on Higher Education">Alabama Commission on Higher Education</a> and the Alabama Department of Postsecondary Education. Colleges and universities in Alabama offer degree programs from two-year associate degrees to a multitude of doctoral level programs.<a href="#cite_note-ache-269">[263]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_J._Samford_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/William_J._Samford_Hall.jpg/220px-William_J._Samford_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/William_J._Samford_Hall.jpg/330px-William_J._Samford_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/William_J._Samford_Hall.jpg/440px-William_J._Samford_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption>William J. Samford Hall at <a href="/wiki/Auburn_University" title="Auburn University">Auburn University</a></figcaption></figure> The largest single campus is the University of Alabama, located in Tuscaloosa, with 37,665 enrolled for fall 2016.<a href="#cite_note-270">[264]</a> Troy University was the largest institution in the state in 2010, with an enrollment of 29,689 students across four Alabama campuses (<a href="/wiki/Troy,_Alabama" title="Troy, Alabama">Troy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dothan,_Alabama" title="Dothan, Alabama">Dothan</a>, Montgomery, and <a href="/wiki/Phenix_City,_Alabama" title="Phenix City, Alabama">Phenix City</a>), as well as sixty learning sites in seventeen other states and eleven other countries. The oldest institutions are the public <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Alabama" title="University of North Alabama">University of North Alabama</a> in Florence and the Catholic Church-affiliated <a href="/wiki/Spring_Hill_College" title="Spring Hill College">Spring Hill College</a> in Mobile, both founded in 1830.<a href="#cite_note-una-271">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-shc-272">[266]</a> Accreditation of academic programs is through the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Association_of_Colleges_and_Schools" title="Southern Association of Colleges and Schools">Southern Association of Colleges and Schools</a> (SACS) as well as other subject-focused national and international accreditation agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Biblical_Higher_Education" title="Association for Biblical Higher Education">Association for Biblical Higher Education</a> (ABHE),<a href="#cite_note-273">[267]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Occupational_Education" title="Council on Occupational Education">Council on Occupational Education</a> (COE),<a href="#cite_note-274">[268]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Accrediting_Council_for_Independent_Colleges_and_Schools" title="Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools">Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools</a> (ACICS).<a href="#cite_note-275">[269]</a> According to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>, Alabama had three universities ranked in the top 100 Public Schools in America (<a href="/wiki/Auburn_University" title="Auburn University">Auburn University</a> at 47, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_at_Birmingham" title="University of Alabama at Birmingham">University of Alabama at Birmingham</a> (UAB) at 76, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a> at 91).<a href="#cite_note-276">[270]</a> According to the 2024 U.S. News & World Report, Alabama had four <a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings" title="College and university rankings">tier one</a> universities (Auburn University, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_in_Huntsville" title="University of Alabama in Huntsville">University of Alabama in Huntsville</a>).<a href="#cite_note-277">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Alabama" title="Category:Mass media in Alabama">Category:Mass media in Alabama</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Alabama" title="List of newspapers in Alabama">List of newspapers in Alabama</a></div> Major newspapers include <a href="/wiki/The_Birmingham_News" title="The Birmingham News">Birmingham News</a>, Mobile <a href="/wiki/Press-Register" title="Press-Register">Press-Register</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Advertiser" title="Montgomery Advertiser">Montgomery Advertiser</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[272]</a> Major television network affiliates in Alabama include: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WBMA-LD" title="WBMA-LD">WGWW</a> 40.2 ABC, Anniston</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBMA-LD" title="WBMA-LD">WBMA 58</a>/<a href="/wiki/WABM" title="WABM">WABM 68.2</a> ABC, Birmingham</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDHN" title="WDHN">WDHN</a> 18 ABC, Dothan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAAY-TV" title="WAAY-TV">WAAY</a> 31 ABC, Huntsville</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WEAR-TV" title="WEAR-TV">WEAR</a> 3 ABC Pensacola, Florida/Mobile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WNCF" title="WNCF">WNCF</a> 32 ABC, Montgomery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBMA-LD" title="WBMA-LD">WDBB</a> 17.2 ABC, Tuscaloosa</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WIAT" title="WIAT">WIAT</a> 42 CBS, Birmingham</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTVY_(TV)" title="WTVY (TV)">WTVY</a> 4 CBS, Dothan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHNT" class="mw-redirect" title="WHNT">WHNT</a> 19 CBS, Huntsville</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WKRG" class="mw-redirect" title="WKRG">WKRG</a> 5 CBS, Mobile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAKA" class="mw-redirect" title="WAKA">WAKA</a> 8 CBS, Selma/Montgomery</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WBRC" title="WBRC">WBRC</a> 6 FOX, Birmingham</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WZDX" title="WZDX">WZDX</a> 54 FOX, Huntsville</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WALA" class="mw-redirect" title="WALA">WALA</a> 10 FOX, Mobile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WCOV-TV" title="WCOV-TV">WCOV</a> 20 FOX, Montgomery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDFX-TV" title="WDFX-TV">WDFX</a> 34 FOX, Ozark/Dothan</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WVTM" class="mw-redirect" title="WVTM">WVTM</a> 13 NBC, Birmingham</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRGX-LD" title="WRGX-LD">WRGX</a> 23 NBC, Dothan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAFF_(TV)" title="WAFF (TV)">WAFF</a> 48 NBC, Huntsville</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPMI" class="mw-redirect" title="WPMI">WPMI</a> 15 NBC, Mobile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSFA" title="WSFA">WSFA</a> 12 NBC, Montgomery</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alabama_Public_Television" title="Alabama Public Television">Alabama Public Television</a> <ul><li>WBIQ 10 PBS, Birmingham</li> <li>WIIQ 41 PBS, Demopolis</li> <li>WDIQ 2 PBS, Dozier</li> <li>WFIQ 36 PBS, Florence</li> <li>WHIQ 25 PBS, Huntsville</li> <li>WGIQ 43 PBS, Louisville<a href="#cite_note-279">[273]</a></li> <li>WEIQ 42 PBS, Mobile</li> <li>WAIQ 26 PBS, Montgomery</li> <li>WCIQ 7 PBS, Mount Cheaha</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">The CW</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WTTO" title="WTTO">WTTO</a> 21, Homewood/Birmingham</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTVY_(TV)" title="WTVY (TV)">WTVY</a> 4.3, Dothan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHDF" title="WHDF">WHDF</a> 15, Florence/Huntsville</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WFNA_(TV)" title="WFNA (TV)">WFNA</a> 55, Gulf Shores/Mobile/Pensacola, FL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDBB" title="WDBB">WDBB</a> 17, Tuscaloosa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBMM" title="WBMM">WBMM</a> 22, Tuskegee/Montgomery</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AAlabama&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+22+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Alabama">making an edit request</a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> . (March 2017)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alabama_literature" title="Alabama literature">Alabama literature</a></div> Alabama literature is characterized by themes of race and issues of gender and war, and is influenced by events such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. Some notable examples of Alabama literature include Harper Lee's <a href="/wiki/To_Kill_A_Mockingbird" class="mw-redirect" title="To Kill A Mockingbird">To Kill A Mockingbird</a>, Winston Groom's <a href="/wiki/Forrest_Gump_(novel)" title="Forrest Gump (novel)">Forrest Gump</a>, Fannie Flagg's <a href="/wiki/Fried_Green_Tomatoes_at_the_Whistlestop_Cafe" class="mw-redirect" title="Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistlestop Cafe">Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistlestop Cafe</a>, and the biographies of <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bryant%E2%80%93Denny_Stadium,_Tuscaloosa_AL,_North_view_20160714_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bryant%E2%80%93Denny_Stadium%2C_Tuscaloosa_AL%2C_North_view_20160714_1.jpg/220px-Bryant%E2%80%93Denny_Stadium%2C_Tuscaloosa_AL%2C_North_view_20160714_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bryant%E2%80%93Denny_Stadium%2C_Tuscaloosa_AL%2C_North_view_20160714_1.jpg/330px-Bryant%E2%80%93Denny_Stadium%2C_Tuscaloosa_AL%2C_North_view_20160714_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bryant%E2%80%93Denny_Stadium%2C_Tuscaloosa_AL%2C_North_view_20160714_1.jpg/440px-Bryant%E2%80%93Denny_Stadium%2C_Tuscaloosa_AL%2C_North_view_20160714_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6616" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bryant%E2%80%93Denny_Stadium" title="Bryant–Denny Stadium">Bryant–Denny Stadium</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a> in Tuscaloosa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RegionsFieldBham.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/RegionsFieldBham.png/220px-RegionsFieldBham.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/RegionsFieldBham.png/330px-RegionsFieldBham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/RegionsFieldBham.png/440px-RegionsFieldBham.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Regions_Field" title="Regions Field">Regions Field</a> in Birmingham</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Von_Braun_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Aerial_view_of_Von_Braun_Center.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_of_Von_Braun_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Aerial_view_of_Von_Braun_Center.jpg/330px-Aerial_view_of_Von_Braun_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Aerial_view_of_Von_Braun_Center.jpg/440px-Aerial_view_of_Von_Braun_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3186" data-file-height="1647" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Von_Braun_Center" title="Von Braun Center">Von Braun Center</a> in Huntsville</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham%E2%80%93Jefferson_Convention_Complex,_Legacy_Arena_tennis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Birmingham%E2%80%93Jefferson_Convention_Complex%2C_Legacy_Arena_tennis.jpg/220px-Birmingham%E2%80%93Jefferson_Convention_Complex%2C_Legacy_Arena_tennis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Birmingham%E2%80%93Jefferson_Convention_Complex%2C_Legacy_Arena_tennis.jpg/330px-Birmingham%E2%80%93Jefferson_Convention_Complex%2C_Legacy_Arena_tennis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Birmingham%E2%80%93Jefferson_Convention_Complex%2C_Legacy_Arena_tennis.jpg/440px-Birmingham%E2%80%93Jefferson_Convention_Complex%2C_Legacy_Arena_tennis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Birmingham%E2%80%93Jefferson_Convention_Complex" title="Birmingham–Jefferson Convention Complex">Birmingham–Jefferson Convention Complex</a> in Birmingham</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Professional_sports">Professional sports</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_sports_teams_in_Alabama" title="List of professional sports teams in Alabama">List of professional sports teams in Alabama</a></div> Alabama has several professional and semi-professional sports teams, including three <a href="/wiki/Minor_league_baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor league baseball">minor league baseball</a> teams. <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Club </th> <th>City </th> <th>Sport </th> <th>League </th> <th>Venue </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AFC_Mobile" title="AFC Mobile">AFC Mobile</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a> </td> <td>Soccer </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_Premier_League" title="Gulf Coast Premier League">Gulf Coast Premier League</a> </td> <td>Archbishop Lipscomb Athletic Complex </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Bulls_(SPHL)" title="Birmingham Bulls (SPHL)">Birmingham Bulls</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pelham,_Alabama" title="Pelham, Alabama">Pelham</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Professional_Hockey_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Professional Hockey League">Southern Professional Hockey League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pelham_Civic_Center" title="Pelham Civic Center">Pelham Civic Center</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Legion_FC" title="Birmingham Legion FC">Birmingham Legion FC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a> </td> <td>Soccer </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USL_Championship" title="USL Championship">USL Championship</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PNC_Field_(Birmingham,_Alabama)" title="PNC Field (Birmingham, Alabama)">PNC Field</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Barons" title="Birmingham Barons">Birmingham Barons</a> </td> <td>Birmingham </td> <td>Baseball </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_League_(1964%E2%80%93present)" title="Southern League (1964–present)">Southern League</a> (Double-A) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regions_Field" title="Regions Field">Regions Field</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Stallions_(2022)" title="Birmingham Stallions (2022)">Birmingham Stallions</a> </td> <td>Birmingham </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="American Football">Football</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2024)" title="United Football League (2024)">United Football League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protective_Stadium" title="Protective Stadium">Protective Stadium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Huntsville_Havoc" title="Huntsville Havoc">Huntsville Havoc</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a> </td> <td>Ice hockey </td> <td>Southern Professional Hockey League </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Von_Braun_Center" title="Von Braun Center">Von Braun Center</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Biscuits" title="Montgomery Biscuits">Montgomery Biscuits</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a> </td> <td>Baseball </td> <td>Southern League (Double-A) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Riverwalk_Stadium" title="Montgomery Riverwalk Stadium">Montgomery Riverwalk Stadium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rocket_City_Trash_Pandas" title="Rocket City Trash Pandas">Rocket City Trash Pandas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Alabama" title="Madison, Alabama">Madison</a> </td> <td>Baseball </td> <td>Southern League (Double-A) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Field_(Madison,_Alabama)" title="Toyota Field (Madison, Alabama)">Toyota Field</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Tigers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Valley Tigers">Tennessee Valley Tigers</a> </td> <td>Huntsville </td> <td>Football </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Football_League" title="Independent Women's Football League">Independent Women's Football League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Milton_Frank_Stadium" title="Milton Frank Stadium">Milton Frank Stadium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Talladega_Superspeedway" title="Talladega Superspeedway">Talladega Superspeedway</a> motorsports complex hosts a series of <a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a> events. It has a seating capacity of 143,000 and is the thirteenth largest stadium in the world and sixth largest stadium in America. Also, the <a href="/wiki/Barber_Motorsports_Park" title="Barber Motorsports Park">Barber Motorsports Park</a> has hosted <a href="/wiki/IndyCar_Series" title="IndyCar Series">IndyCar Series</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rolex_Sports_Car_Series" title="Rolex Sports Car Series">Rolex Sports Car Series</a> races. The <a href="/wiki/ATP_Birmingham" title="ATP Birmingham">ATP Birmingham</a> was a <a href="/wiki/World_Championship_Tennis" title="World Championship Tennis">World Championship Tennis</a> tournament held from 1973 to 1980. Alabama has hosted several professional golf tournaments, such as the 1984 and 1990 <a href="/wiki/PGA_Championship" title="PGA Championship">PGA Championship</a> at <a href="/wiki/Shoal_Creek_Golf_and_Country_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club">Shoal Creek</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Barbasol_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbasol Championship">Barbasol Championship</a> (<a href="/wiki/PGA_Tour" title="PGA Tour">PGA Tour</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_LPGA_Tournament_of_Champions" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile LPGA Tournament of Champions">Mobile LPGA Tournament of Champions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbus_LPGA_Classic" title="Airbus LPGA Classic">Airbus LPGA Classic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yokohama_Tire_LPGA_Classic" title="Yokohama Tire LPGA Classic">Yokohama Tire LPGA Classic</a> (<a href="/wiki/LPGA_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="LPGA Tour">LPGA Tour</a>), and <a href="/wiki/The_Tradition" title="The Tradition">The Tradition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Champions_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Champions Tour">Champions Tour</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="College_sports">College sports</h4></div> College football is extremely popular in Alabama, particularly the University of Alabama <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide" title="Alabama Crimson Tide">Crimson Tide</a> and Auburn University <a href="/wiki/Auburn_Tigers" title="Auburn Tigers">Tigers</a>, rivals in the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Conference" title="Southeastern Conference">Southeastern Conference</a>. Alabama averages over 100,000 fans per game and Auburn averages over 80,000—both numbers among the top twenty in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-280">[274]</a> Bryant–Denny Stadium is the home of the Alabama football team, and has a <a href="/wiki/Seating_capacity" title="Seating capacity">seating capacity</a> of 101,821,<a href="#cite_note-281">[275]</a> and is the fifth largest stadium in America.<a href="#cite_note-282">[276]</a> Jordan-Hare Stadium is the home field of the Auburn football team and seats up to 87,451.<a href="#cite_note-283">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/Protective_Stadium" title="Protective Stadium">Protective Stadium</a> is home of the <a href="/wiki/UAB_Blazers" title="UAB Blazers">UAB Blazers</a> football program and the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Bowl" title="Birmingham Bowl">Birmingham Bowl</a>. It seats 45,000.<a href="#cite_note-284">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ladd%E2%80%93Peebles_Stadium" title="Ladd–Peebles Stadium">Ladd–Peebles Stadium</a> in Mobile is the home of the University of South Alabama football team, and serves as the home of the NCAA <a href="/wiki/Senior_Bowl" title="Senior Bowl">Senior Bowl</a>, <a href="/wiki/LendingTree_Bowl" class="mw-redirect" title="LendingTree Bowl">LendingTree Bowl</a>, and Alabama-Mississippi All Star Classic; the stadium seats 40,646.<a href="#cite_note-285">[279]</a> In 2009, Bryant–Denny Stadium and Jordan-Hare Stadium became the homes of the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_High_School_Athletic_Association" title="Alabama High School Athletic Association">Alabama High School Athletic Association</a> state football championship games, after previously being held at Legion Field in Birmingham.<a href="#cite_note-286">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Alabama" title="Transportation in Alabama">Transportation in Alabama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montgomery_Regional_Airport_New_Terminal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Montgomery_Regional_Airport_New_Terminal.JPG/220px-Montgomery_Regional_Airport_New_Terminal.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Montgomery_Regional_Airport_New_Terminal.JPG/330px-Montgomery_Regional_Airport_New_Terminal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Montgomery_Regional_Airport_New_Terminal.JPG/440px-Montgomery_Regional_Airport_New_Terminal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Terminal at the <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Regional_Airport" title="Montgomery Regional Airport">Montgomery Regional Airport</a> in Montgomery</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I20I59Birmingham.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/I20I59Birmingham.JPG/220px-I20I59Birmingham.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/I20I59Birmingham.JPG/330px-I20I59Birmingham.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/I20I59Birmingham.JPG/440px-I20I59Birmingham.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Interstate_59" title="Interstate 59">Interstate 59</a> (co-signed with <a href="/wiki/Interstate_20" title="Interstate 20">Interstate 20</a>) approaching <a href="/wiki/Interstate_65" title="Interstate 65">Interstate 65</a> in downtown Birmingham</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_Alabama_harbor_aerial_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mobile_Alabama_harbor_aerial_view.jpg/220px-Mobile_Alabama_harbor_aerial_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mobile_Alabama_harbor_aerial_view.jpg/330px-Mobile_Alabama_harbor_aerial_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mobile_Alabama_harbor_aerial_view.jpg/440px-Mobile_Alabama_harbor_aerial_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the port of Mobile</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aviation">Aviation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Alabama" title="Aviation in Alabama">Aviation in Alabama</a></div> Major airports with sustained operations in Alabama include <a href="/wiki/Birmingham-Shuttlesworth_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport">Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport</a> (BHM), <a href="/wiki/Huntsville_International_Airport" title="Huntsville International Airport">Huntsville International Airport</a> (HSV), <a href="/wiki/Dothan_Regional_Airport" title="Dothan Regional Airport">Dothan Regional Airport</a> (DHN), <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Regional_Airport" title="Mobile Regional Airport">Mobile Regional Airport</a> (MOB), <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Regional_Airport" title="Montgomery Regional Airport">Montgomery Regional Airport</a> (MGM), <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Alabama_Regional_Airport" title="Northwest Alabama Regional Airport">Northwest Alabama Regional Airport</a> (MSL) and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Alabama_Regional_Airport" title="Northeast Alabama Regional Airport">Northeast Alabama Regional Airport</a> (GAD). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249493202">.mw-parser-output .RMbox{box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12),0 3px 1px -2px rgba(0,0,0,.2)}.mw-parser-output .RMinline{float:none;width:100%;margin:0;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.routemap{padding:0;border:0;border-collapse:collapse;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2;margin:auto}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMcollapse{margin:0;border-collapse:collapse;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMreplace{margin:0;border-collapse:collapse;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;bottom:0}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMsi{display:inline;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMir{padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output table.routemap 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.RMsplit{font-weight:inherit;color:black;background:transparent;margin-top:-3px;margin-bottom:-3px;width:initial!important;box-sizing:initial;display:inline-table;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMl>.RMsplit,.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMr>.RMsplit{font-size:90%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox{background:inherit!important;color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox img{filter:contrast(0.4)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets a abbr{color:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox th{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-bottom:solid 1px #be2d2c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox small{color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMsplit{color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox img{filter:contrast(0.4)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets a abbr{color:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox{background:inherit!important;color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox th{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-bottom:solid 1px #be2d2c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox small{color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMsplit{color:white}}</style> <table class="collapsible RMbox" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="float:right;clear:right;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1em;margin-left:1em;empty-cells:show;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="color:#FFF;background:#27404E;text-align:center;padding:5px"><div><div style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:55px;margin-left:55px;font-size:113.63636363636%">Alabama train stations</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:normal;padding:4px 5px"><div class="selfreference noprint" style="text-align:right;font-size:97%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Railway_line_legend" title="Template:Railway line legend">Legend</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 6px 6px"> <table class="nogrid routemap" style="font-size:107.95454545455%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;font-style:italic;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Crescent_(train)" title="Crescent (train)">Crescent</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">to <a href="/wiki/New_York_Penn_Station" title="New York Penn Station">New York</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BSicon_CONTg.svg/20px-BSicon_CONTg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BSicon_CONTg.svg/30px-BSicon_CONTg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BSicon_CONTg.svg/40px-BSicon_CONTg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2">Suspended 2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Anniston_station" title="Anniston station">Anniston</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BSicon_HSTACC.svg/20px-BSicon_HSTACC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BSicon_HSTACC.svg/30px-BSicon_HSTACC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BSicon_HSTACC.svg/40px-BSicon_HSTACC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/BSicon_exCONTg.svg/20px-BSicon_exCONTg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/BSicon_exCONTg.svg/30px-BSicon_exCONTg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/BSicon_exCONTg.svg/40px-BSicon_exCONTg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;font-style:italic;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Limited" title="Sunset Limited">Sunset Limited</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">to <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Health/Amtrak_station" title="Orlando Health/Amtrak station">Orlando</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_station_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham station (Alabama)">Birmingham</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/BSicon_ACC.svg/20px-BSicon_ACC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/BSicon_ACC.svg/30px-BSicon_ACC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/BSicon_ACC.svg/40px-BSicon_ACC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/BSicon_exHSTACC.svg/20px-BSicon_exHSTACC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/BSicon_exHSTACC.svg/30px-BSicon_exHSTACC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/BSicon_exHSTACC.svg/40px-BSicon_exHSTACC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Atmore_station" title="Atmore station">Atmore</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa_station" title="Tuscaloosa station">Tuscaloosa</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/BSicon_ACC.svg/20px-BSicon_ACC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/BSicon_ACC.svg/30px-BSicon_ACC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/BSicon_ACC.svg/40px-BSicon_ACC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BSicon_exBHF.svg/20px-BSicon_exBHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BSicon_exBHF.svg/30px-BSicon_exBHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BSicon_exBHF.svg/40px-BSicon_exBHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_station_(Amtrak)" title="Mobile station (Amtrak)">Mobile</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;font-style:italic;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Crescent_(train)" title="Crescent (train)">Crescent</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Union_Passenger_Terminal" title="New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal">New Orleans</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_CONTf.svg/20px-BSicon_CONTf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_CONTf.svg/30px-BSicon_CONTf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_CONTf.svg/40px-BSicon_CONTf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/BSicon_exCONTf.svg/20px-BSicon_exCONTf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/BSicon_exCONTf.svg/30px-BSicon_exCONTf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/BSicon_exCONTf.svg/40px-BSicon_exCONTf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;font-style:italic;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Limited" title="Sunset Limited">Sunset Limited</a> to <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Los_Angeles)" title="Union Station (Los Angeles)">Los Angeles</a> (Suspended)</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_Limited" title="Gulf Coast Limited">Gulf Coast Limited</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Union_Passenger_Terminal" title="New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal">New Orleans</a> (Planned)</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 3px 0 0;"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="padding:0 0 0 3px;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:normal;padding:0px 5px 3px;text-align:center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist">This diagram: <ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alabama_rail_network" title="Template:Alabama rail network">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alabama_rail_network" title="Template talk:Alabama rail network">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alabama_rail_network" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alabama rail network">edit</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> For rail transport, <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> schedules the <a href="/wiki/Crescent_(train)" title="Crescent (train)">Crescent</a>, a daily passenger train, running from New York to New Orleans with station stops at <a href="/wiki/Anniston_station" title="Anniston station">Anniston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_station_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham station (Alabama)">Birmingham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa_station" title="Tuscaloosa station">Tuscaloosa</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3></div> Alabama has six major interstate routes: <a href="/wiki/Interstate_65_in_Alabama" title="Interstate 65 in Alabama">Interstate 65</a> (I-65) travels north–south roughly through the middle of the state; <a href="/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Alabama" title="Interstate 20 in Alabama">I-20</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interstate_59_in_Alabama" title="Interstate 59 in Alabama">I-59</a> travel from the central west Mississippi state line to Birmingham, where I-59 continues to the north-east corner of the state and I-20 continues east towards <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>; <a href="/wiki/Interstate_85_in_Alabama" title="Interstate 85 in Alabama">I-85</a> originates in Montgomery and travels east-northeast to the Georgia state line, providing a main thoroughfare to Atlanta; and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Alabama" title="Interstate 10 in Alabama">I-10</a> traverses the southernmost portion of the state, traveling from west to east through Mobile. <a href="/wiki/Interstate_22_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 22 in Alabama">I-22</a> enters the state from Mississippi and connects Birmingham with <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>. In addition, there are currently five auxiliary interstate routes in the state: <a href="/wiki/Interstate_165_(Alabama)" title="Interstate 165 (Alabama)">I-165</a> in Mobile, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_359" title="Interstate 359">I-359</a> in Tuscaloosa, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_459" title="Interstate 459">I-459</a> around Birmingham, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_565" title="Interstate 565">I-565</a> in Decatur and Huntsville, and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_759" title="Interstate 759">I-759</a> in Gadsden. A sixth route, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_685_(Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 685 (Alabama)">I-685</a>, will be formed when I-85 is rerouted along a new southern bypass of Montgomery. A proposed northern bypass of Birmingham will be designated as <a href="/wiki/Interstate_422" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 422">I-422</a>. Since a direct connection from I-22 to I-422 will not be possible, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_222" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 222">I-222</a> has been proposed, as well. Several U.S. Highways also pass through the state, such as <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_11_in_Alabama" title="U.S. Route 11 in Alabama">U.S. Route 11</a> (US-11), <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_29_in_Alabama" title="U.S. Route 29 in Alabama">US-29</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_31_in_Alabama" title="U.S. Route 31 in Alabama">US-31</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_43_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 43 in Alabama">US-43</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_45_in_Alabama" title="U.S. Route 45 in Alabama">US-45</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_72_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 72 in Alabama">US-72</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_78_in_Alabama" title="U.S. Route 78 in Alabama">US-78</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Alabama" title="U.S. Route 80 in Alabama">US-80</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_82_in_Alabama" title="U.S. Route 82 in Alabama">US-82</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Alabama" title="U.S. Route 84 in Alabama">US-84</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_90_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 90 in Alabama">US-90</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_98_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 98 in Alabama">US-98</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_231_in_Alabama" title="U.S. Route 231 in Alabama">US-231</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_278_in_Alabama" title="U.S. Route 278 in Alabama">US-278</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_280_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 280 in Alabama">US-280</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_331_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 331 in Alabama">US-331</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_411_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 411 in Alabama">US-411</a>, and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_431_in_Alabama" title="U.S. Route 431 in Alabama">US-431</a>. There are four toll roads in the state: Montgomery Expressway in Montgomery; Northport/Tuscaloosa Western Bypass in Tuscaloosa and <a href="/wiki/Northport,_Alabama" title="Northport, Alabama">Northport</a>; Emerald Mountain Expressway in Wetumpka; and Beach Express in <a href="/wiki/Orange_Beach,_Alabama" title="Orange Beach, Alabama">Orange Beach</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ports">Ports</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Mobile" title="Port of Mobile">Port of Mobile</a>, Alabama's only saltwater port, is a large seaport on the Gulf of Mexico with inland waterway access to the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> by way of the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%E2%80%93Tombigbee_Waterway" title="Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway">Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway</a>. The Port of Mobile was ranked 12th by tons of traffic in the United States during 2009.<a href="#cite_note-tonstraffic-287">[281]</a> The newly expanded <a href="/wiki/Container_port" title="Container port">container terminal</a> at the Port of Mobile was ranked as the 25th busiest for container traffic in the nation during 2011.<a href="#cite_note-containers-288">[282]</a> The state's other ports are on rivers with access to the Gulf of Mexico. Water ports of Alabama, listed from north to south: <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Port name </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Connected to </th></tr> <tr> <td>Port of Florence</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florence,_Alabama" title="Florence, Alabama">Florence</a>/<a href="/wiki/Muscle_Shoals,_Alabama" title="Muscle Shoals, Alabama">Muscle Shoals</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Pickwick_Lake" title="Pickwick Lake">Pickwick Lake</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee River</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Decatur" title="Port of Decatur">Port of Decatur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Alabama" title="Decatur, Alabama">Decatur</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Lake" title="Wheeler Lake">Wheeler Lake</a></td> <td>Tennessee River </td></tr> <tr> <td>Port of Demopolis</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demopolis,_Alabama" title="Demopolis, Alabama">Demopolis</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Tombigbee_River" title="Tombigbee River">Tombigbee River</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee%E2%80%93Tombigbee_Waterway" title="Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway">Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Port of Guntersville</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guntersville,_Alabama" title="Guntersville, Alabama">Guntersville</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Guntersville" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Guntersville">Lake Guntersville</a></td> <td>Tennessee River </td></tr> <tr> <td>Port of Birmingham</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Black_Warrior_River" title="Black Warrior River">Black Warrior River</a></td> <td>Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway </td></tr> <tr> <td>Port of Tuscaloosa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a>, on Black Warrior River</td> <td>Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway </td></tr> <tr> <td>Port of Montgomery</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a>, on <a href="/wiki/R.E._%22Bob%22_Woodruff_Lake" title="R.E. "Bob" Woodruff Lake">Woodruff Lake</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabama_River" title="Alabama River">Alabama River</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Mobile" title="Port of Mobile">Port of Mobile</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Bay" title="Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/32px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/48px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/64px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Alabama" title="Portal:Alabama">Alabama portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Alabama-related_articles" title="Index of Alabama-related articles">Index of Alabama-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Alabama" title="Outline of Alabama">Outline of Alabama</a> — organized list of topics about Alabama</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Alabama" title="USS Alabama">USS Alabama</a>, 7 ships</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subnotes">Subnotes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> The relevant note on p. 10 erroneously switches the population values for Perry and Washington counties. The correct values can be found on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1820/1820a-02.pdf#page=109">page 121</a> of the final census report for 1820. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_notes">Other notes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Elevation adjusted to <a href="/wiki/North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988" title="North American Vertical Datum of 1988">North American Vertical Datum of 1988</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> This figure refers to only the number of students paddled, and does not refer to the number of instances of corporal punishment, which would be higher. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=DG3595">"Cheehahaw"</a>. 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Mobile: The New History of Alabama's First City. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. pp. 2–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1065-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1065-3"><bdi>978-0-8173-1065-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mobile%3A+The+New+History+of+Alabama%27s+First+City&rft.place=Tuscaloosa&rft.pages=2-21&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-1065-3&rft.aulast=Thomason&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-meltonmclaurin-15"><a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton_McLaurin,_Michael_Thomason1981" class="citation book cs1">Melton McLaurin, Michael Thomason (1981). Mobile the life and times of a great Southern city (1st ed.). United States of America: Windsor Publications. pp. 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41. 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 88, 92, 105, 119, 120, 123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mobile+the+life+and+times+of+a+great+Southern+city&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=12%2C+15%2C+16%2C+17%2C+18%2C+19%2C+20%2C+21%2C+24%2C+33%2C+34%2C+35%2C+36%2C+37%2C+38%2C+39%2C+41.+42%2C+43%2C+44%2C+45%2C+46%2C+49%2C+50%2C+51%2C+52%2C+53%2C+54%2C+55%2C+88%2C+92%2C+105%2C+119%2C+120%2C+123&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Windsor+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Melton+McLaurin%2C+Michael+Thomason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alabamanewscenter.com/2018/08/31/alabamas-largest-county-looks-to-continue-economic-development-momentum/">"Alabama's largest county looks to continue economic development momentum"</a>. August 31, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021223215/https://alabamanewscenter.com/2018/08/31/alabamas-largest-county-looks-to-continue-economic-development-momentum/">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alabama%27s+largest+county+looks+to+continue+economic+development+momentum&rft.date=2018-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alabamanewscenter.com%2F2018%2F08%2F31%2Falabamas-largest-county-looks-to-continue-economic-development-momentum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-alaindustrial-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alaindustrial_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alaindustrial_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117053325/http://www2.dir.alabama.gov/projections/Occupational/Proj2018/Statewide/alabama2008_2018.pdf">"Alabama Occupational Projections 2008–2018"</a> (PDF). Alabama Department of Industrial Relations. State of Alabama. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.dir.alabama.gov/projections/Occupational/Proj2018/Statewide/alabama2008_2018.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 17, 2013. Retrieved September 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alabama+Department+of+Industrial+Relations&rft.atitle=Alabama+Occupational+Projections+2008%E2%80%932018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.dir.alabama.gov%2Fprojections%2FOccupational%2FProj2018%2FStatewide%2Falabama2008_2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Read-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Read_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Read_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Read_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRead1984" class="citation book cs1">Read, William A. (1984). Indian Place Names in Alabama. University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0231-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0231-3"><bdi>978-0-8173-0231-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10724679">10724679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Place+Names+in+Alabama&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10724679&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-0231-3&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylestine,_CoraHardy,_HeatherMontler,_Timothy1993" class="citation book cs1">Sylestine, Cora; Hardy, Heather; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Montler" title="Timothy Montler">Montler, Timothy</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024054330/http://www.ling.unt.edu/~montler/Alabama/">Dictionary of the Alabama Language</a>. Austin: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73077-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73077-9"><bdi>978-0-292-73077-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26590560">26590560</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.unt.edu/~montler/Alabama/">the original</a> on October 24, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Alabama+Language&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26590560&rft.isbn=978-0-292-73077-9&rft.au=Sylestine%2C+Cora&rft.au=Hardy%2C+Heather&rft.au=Montler%2C+Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling.unt.edu%2F~montler%2FAlabama%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADAH1-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ADAH1_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADAH1_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADAH1_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADAH1_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADAH1_20-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADAH1_20-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADAH1_20-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070628215841/http://www.archives.alabama.gov/statenam.html">"Alabama: The State Name"</a>. All About Alabama. Alabama Department of Archives and History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.alabama.gov/statenam.html">the original</a> on June 28, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+About+Alabama&rft.atitle=Alabama%3A+The+State+Name&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.alabama.gov%2Fstatenam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wills-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wills_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wills_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills1995" class="citation book cs1">Wills, Charles A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalalbumo0000will_y2e2">A Historical Album of Alabama</a>. The Millbrook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56294-591-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56294-591-6"><bdi>978-1-56294-591-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32242468">32242468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Album+of+Alabama&rft.pub=The+Millbrook+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32242468&rft.isbn=978-1-56294-591-6&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricalalbumo0000will_y2e2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffith-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Griffith_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith1972" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Lucille (1972). 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University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0371-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0371-6"><bdi>978-0-8173-0371-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17530914">17530914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alabama%3A+A+Documentary+History+to+1900&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17530914&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-0371-6&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Lucille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiss-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Weiss_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss1999" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, Sonia (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeidiotsgu00weis_0">The Complete Idiot's Guide to Baby Names</a>. Macmillan USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-863367-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-863367-1"><bdi>978-0-02-863367-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/222611214">222611214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+Baby+Names&rft.pub=Macmillan+USA&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F222611214&rft.isbn=978-0-02-863367-1&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompleteidiotsgu00weis_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogers-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogersRobert_D._WardLeah_R._AtkinsWayne_Flynt1994" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, William W.; Robert D. Ward; Leah R. Atkins; Wayne Flynt (1994). Alabama: the History of a Deep South State. University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0712-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0712-7"><bdi>978-0-8173-0712-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28634588">28634588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alabama%3A+the+History+of+a+Deep+South+State&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28634588&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-0712-7&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft.au=Robert+D.+Ward&rft.au=Leah+R.+Atkins&rft.au=Wayne+Flynt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swanton1-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swanton1_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swanton1_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanton1953" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_R._Swanton" title="John R. Swanton">Swanton, John R.</a> (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiddenhistory.com/PAGE3/swsts/alabam-1.htm">"The Indian Tribes of North America"</a>. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin. 145: 153–174. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015005395804">2027/mdp.39015005395804</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070804025900/http://www.hiddenhistory.com/PAGE3/swsts/alabam-1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bureau+of+American+Ethnology+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Indian+Tribes+of+North+America&rft.volume=145&rft.pages=153-174&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015005395804&rft.aulast=Swanton&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiddenhistory.com%2FPAGE3%2Fswsts%2Falabam-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swanton2-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swanton2_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swanton2_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanton1937" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_R._Swanton" title="John R. Swanton">Swanton, John R.</a> (1937). "Review of Read, Indian Place Names of Alabama". American Speech. 12 (3): 212–215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F452431">10.2307/452431</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1283">0003-1283</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/452431">452431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Speech&rft.atitle=Review+of+Read%2C+Indian+Place+Names+of+Alabama&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=212-215&rft.date=1937&rft.issn=0003-1283&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F452431%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F452431&rft.aulast=Swanton&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_A._Read1994" class="citation web cs1">William A. Read (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.alabama.gov/tours/Previsit_Indian.pdf">"Southeastern Indian Place Names in what is now Alabama"</a> (PDF). Indian Place Names in Alabama. Alabama Department of Archives and History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001052323/http://www.archives.alabama.gov/tours/Previsit_Indian.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2011. 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Retrieved April 26, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Alabama%3A+Climate&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama&rft.date=2007-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofalabama.org%2Fface%2FArticle.jsp%3Fid%3Dh-1283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cprgsw-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cprgsw_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cprgsw_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-78303/Alabama">"Alabama Climate"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616140321/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-78303/Alabama">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2008. 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Retrieved July 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climatography+of+the+United+States+No.+20+%281971%E2%80%932000%29+-+Mobile+Rgnl+AP%2C+AL&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdo.ncdc.noaa.gov%2Fclimatenormals%2Fclim20%2Fal%2F015478.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-alawildlife-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alawildlife_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alawildlife_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alawildlife_113-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirarchi2004" class="citation book cs1">Mirarchi, Ralph E. (2004). Alabama Wildlife: Volume One. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. pp. 1–3, 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81735-1304" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81735-1304"><bdi>978-0-81735-1304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alabama+Wildlife%3A+Volume+One&rft.place=Tuscaloosa%2C+Alabama&rft.pages=1-3%2C+60&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-81735-1304&rft.aulast=Mirarchi&rft.aufirst=Ralph+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-outalawildlife-114"><a href="#cite_ref-outalawildlife_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121015045607/http://www.outdooralabama.com/watchable-wildlife/what/">"Alabama Wildlife and their Conservation Status"</a>. Outdoor Alabama. Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outdooralabama.com/watchable-wildlife/what/">the original</a> on October 15, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Outdoor+Alabama&rft.atitle=Alabama+Wildlife+and+their+Conservation+Status&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.outdooralabama.com%2Fwatchable-wildlife%2Fwhat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floraofalabama.org/">"About the Atlas"</a>. Alabama Plant Atlas. Alabama Herbarium Consortium and University of West Alabama. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029023054/http://www.floraofalabama.org/">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alabama+Plant+Atlas&rft.atitle=About+the+Atlas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.floraofalabama.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-outalamam-116"><a href="#cite_ref-outalamam_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525205745/http://www.outdooralabama.com/mammals">"Mammals"</a>. Outdoor Alabama. Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. 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Retrieved May 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Outdoor+Alabama&rft.atitle=Crayfish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.outdooralabama.com%2Fcrayfish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html">"Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020–2021"</a>. 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(1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/population-of-states-and-counties-us-1790-1990/population-of-states-and-counties-of-the-united-states-1790-1990.pdf#page=21">Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790 to 1990</a>. Washington: U.S. Bureau of the Census, pp. 8–11. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934213-48-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-934213-48-8">0-934213-48-8</a>. Retrieved May 19, 2021. Due to the late arrival of returns from the counties of <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Alabama" title="Lawrence County, Alabama">Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Alabama" title="Perry County, Alabama">Perry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Alabama" title="Washington County, Alabama">Washington</a>, the population of the state for 1820 was incorrectly listed as 127,901 in the official state total.<a href="#cite_note-125">[subnote 1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2010-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Census2010_127-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html">Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html">Archived</a> April 29, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141230025253/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=01">"2010 Census Interactive Population Search"</a>. 2010.census.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=01">the original</a> on December 30, 2014. Retrieved December 29, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+Census+Interactive+Population+Search&rft.pub=2010.census.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2F2010census%2Fpopmap%2Fipmtext.php%3Ffl%3D01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census_cum-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census_cum_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_cum_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205023552/http://www.census.gov/popest/states/tables/NST-EST2008-04.csv">"Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau. 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Retrieved December 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Estimates+of+the+Population+for+the+United+States%2C+Regions%2C+States%2C+and+Puerto+Rico%3A+April+1%2C+2010+to+July+1%2C+2012&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopest%2Fdata%2Fnational%2Ftotals%2F2012%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_alabama.pdf">"Immigrants in Alabama"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigrants+in+Alabama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanimmigrationcouncil.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fresearch%2Fimmigrants_in_alabama.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218235101/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt">"Population and Population Centers by State—2000"</a>. 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August 12, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815165418/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov&rft.atitle=Race+and+Ethnicity+in+the+United+States%3A+2010+Census+and+2020+Census&rft.date=2021-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fvisualizations%2Finteractive%2Frace-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141224151538/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html">"Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States"</a>. 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Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html">"Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815165418/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2021. 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WBHM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211007141807/https://wbhm.org/2021/a-new-stadium-has-been-a-35-year-conversation-in-birmingham-its-finally-here/amp/">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WBHM&rft.atitle=Legion+Field&rft.date=2021-10-01&rft.aulast=Short&rft.aufirst=Cody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwbhm.org%2F2021%2Fa-new-stadium-has-been-a-35-year-conversation-in-birmingham-its-finally-here%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laddpeebles.com/">"Welcome to Ladd Peebles Stadium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ladd%E2%80%93Peebles_Stadium" title="Ladd–Peebles Stadium">Ladd–Peebles Stadium</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220119060843/https://laddpeebles.com/">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Ladd+Peebles+Stadium&rft.pub=Ladd%E2%80%93Peebles+Stadium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fladdpeebles.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSentell2009" class="citation web cs1">Sentell, Jeff (April 8, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al.com/sentell/2009/04/super_6_byebye_birmingham.html">"Super 6 leaving Birmingham for Bryant-Denny, Jordan-Hare stadiums | al.com"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Birmingham_News" title="The Birmingham News">The Birmingham News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220119055340/https://www.al.com/sentell/2009/04/super_6_byebye_birmingham.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Birmingham+News&rft.atitle=Super+6+leaving+Birmingham+for+Bryant-Denny%2C+Jordan-Hare+stadiums+%26%23124%3B+al.com&rft.date=2009-04-08&rft.aulast=Sentell&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al.com%2Fsentell%2F2009%2F04%2Fsuper_6_byebye_birmingham.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tonstraffic-287"><a href="#cite_ref-tonstraffic_287-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019042444/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s1087.pdf">"Table 1086. Top U.S. Ports by Tons of Traffic: 2009"</a> (PDF). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s1087.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 19, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Army+Corps+of+Engineers&rft.atitle=Table+1086.+Top+U.S.+Ports+by+Tons+of+Traffic%3A+2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fcompendia%2Fstatab%2F2012%2Ftables%2F12s1087.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-containers-288"><a href="#cite_ref-containers_288-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103145509/http://www.navigationdatacenter.us/wcsc/by_porttons11.html">"U.S. Waterborne Container Traffic by Port/Waterway in 2011 (Loaded and Empty TEUS)"</a>. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navigationdatacenter.us/wcsc/by_porttons11.html">the original</a> on November 3, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Army+Corps+of+Engineers&rft.atitle=U.S.+Waterborne+Container+Traffic+by+Port%2FWaterway+in+2011+%28Loaded+and+Empty+TEUS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navigationdatacenter.us%2Fwcsc%2Fby_porttons11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a detailed bibliography, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">History of Alabama</a>.</div> <ul><li>Atkins, Leah Rawls, Wayne Flynt, William Warren Rogers, and David Ward. Alabama: The History of a Deep South State (1994).</li> <li>Flynt, Wayne. Alabama in the Twentieth Century (2004).</li> <li>Owen Thomas M. History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography (4 vols, 1921).</li> <li>Jackson, Harvey H. Inside Alabama: A Personal History of My State (2004).</li> <li>Mohl, Raymond A. "Latinization in the Heart of Dixie: Hispanics in Late-twentieth-century Alabama" <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama Review">Alabama Review</a> (2002, 55(4): 243–274). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0002-4341">0002-4341</a></li> <li>Peirce, Neal R. The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South States (1974).</li> <li>Williams, Benjamin Buford. A Literary History of Alabama: The Nineteenth Century (1979).</li> <li>WPA Guide to Alabama (1939).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Alabama" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Alabama">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alabama" class="extiw" title="c:Alabama">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Alabama" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Alabama">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alabama" class="extiw" title="q:Alabama">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Alabama" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Alabama">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Alabama" class="extiw" title="voy:Alabama">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alabama.gov/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/alabama/index.html">Alabama State Guide, from the Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalalabama.com">Your Not So Ordinary Alabama Tourist Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205174525/https://digitalalabama.com/">Archived</a> December 5, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.state.al.us/aaa.html">All About Alabama</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906181733/http://www.archives.state.al.us/aaa.html">Archived</a> September 6, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Department_of_Archives_and_History" title="Alabama Department of Archives and History">Alabama Department of Archives and History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107053602/http://www.legislature.state.al.us/CodeofAlabama/1975/coatoc.htm">Code of Alabama 1975</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=AL">USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Alabama</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070106165755/http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=AL">Archived</a> January 6, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070823032917/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/01000.html">Alabama QuickFacts</a> from the U.S. Census Bureau</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=01&StateName=Alabama">Alabama State Fact Sheet</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/161950">Alabama</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union</a> Admitted on December 14, 1819 (22nd) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Northern flicker">Yellowhammer</a> State, The Heart of <a href="/wiki/Dixie" title="Dixie">Dixie</a>, The Cotton State</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Alabama" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alabama" title="Template:Alabama"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alabama" title="Template talk:Alabama"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alabama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alabama"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Alabama" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alabama</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Alabama" title="Outline of Alabama">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Alabama-related_articles" title="Index of Alabama-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Alabama" title="Aviation in Alabama">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Alabama" title="Climate of Alabama">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Alabama" title="United States congressional delegations from Alabama">Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Alabama" title="Geography of Alabama">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Alabama" title="Geology of Alabama">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Alabama" title="Government of Alabama">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Alabama" title="List of governors of Alabama">governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alabama" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alabama">National Register of Historic Places</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Alabama" title="Category:Mass media in Alabama">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Alabama" title="List of newspapers in Alabama">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Alabama" title="List of radio stations in Alabama">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Alabama" title="List of television stations in Alabama">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Alabama" title="List of people from Alabama">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_sports_teams_in_Alabama" title="List of professional sports teams in Alabama">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alabama_state_symbols" title="List of Alabama state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Alabama" title="Transportation in Alabama">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Alabama" title="Abortion in Alabama">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Alabama" title="Crime in Alabama">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alabama_culture" title="Category:Alabama culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Alabama" title="Demographics of Alabama">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">African Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Alabama" title="Economy of Alabama">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Alabama" title="Education in Alabama">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Alabama" title="Elections in Alabama">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Alabama" title="Gun laws in Alabama">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Alabama">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Alabama">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Alabama">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Alabama" title="North Alabama">North Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Alabama" title="Central Alabama">Central Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Alabama" title="South Alabama">South Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_District" title="Birmingham District">Birmingham District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_(region_of_Alabama)" title="Black Belt (region of Alabama)">Black Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canebrake_(region_of_Alabama)" title="Canebrake (region of Alabama)">Canebrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau" title="Cumberland Plateau">Cumberland Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shore_(Alabama)" title="Eastern Shore (Alabama)">Eastern Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coastal_Plain" title="Gulf Coastal Plain">Gulf Coastal Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley" title="Tennessee Valley">Tennessee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiregrass_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiregrass Region">Wiregrass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amphibians_of_Alabama" title="List of amphibians of Alabama">Amphibians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_and_arboretums_in_Alabama" title="List of botanical gardens and arboretums in Alabama">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Alabama" title="List of mammals of Alabama">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reptiles_of_Alabama" title="List of reptiles of Alabama">Reptiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Champion_Tree_Program" title="Alabama Champion Tree Program">Trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in Alabama">Largest cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover,_Alabama" title="Hoover, Alabama">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auburn,_Alabama" title="Auburn, Alabama">Auburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dothan,_Alabama" title="Dothan, Alabama">Dothan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Alabama" title="Decatur, Alabama">Decatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Alabama" title="Madison, Alabama">Madison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Alabama" title="List of metropolitan areas of Alabama">Metros</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham%E2%80%93Hoover_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham–Hoover metropolitan area">Birmingham–Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville_metropolitan_area" title="Huntsville metropolitan area">Huntsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_metropolitan_area" title="Mobile metropolitan area">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_metropolitan_area" title="Montgomery metropolitan area">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama_metropolitan_area" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama metropolitan area">Tuscaloosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne-Fairhope-Foley,_AL_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Daphne-Fairhope-Foley, AL Metropolitan Statistical Area">Daphne–Fairhope–Foley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Alabama_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Decatur, Alabama metropolitan area">Decatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auburn_metropolitan_area,_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Auburn metropolitan area, Alabama">Auburn–Opelika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dothan_metropolitan_area,_Alabama" title="Dothan metropolitan area, Alabama">Dothan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence%E2%80%93Muscle_Shoals_metropolitan_area" title="Florence–Muscle Shoals metropolitan area">Florence–Muscle Shoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anniston%E2%80%93Oxford_metropolitan_area" title="Anniston–Oxford metropolitan area">Anniston–Oxford–Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadsden Metropolitan Statistical Area">Gadsden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Alabama" title="List of counties in Alabama">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autauga_County,_Alabama" title="Autauga County, Alabama">Autauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_County,_Alabama" title="Baldwin County, Alabama">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbour_County,_Alabama" title="Barbour County, Alabama">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibb_County,_Alabama" title="Bibb County, Alabama">Bibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blount_County,_Alabama" title="Blount County, Alabama">Blount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullock_County,_Alabama" title="Bullock County, Alabama">Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_County,_Alabama" title="Butler County, Alabama">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calhoun_County,_Alabama" title="Calhoun County, Alabama">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambers_County,_Alabama" title="Chambers County, Alabama">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Alabama" title="Cherokee County, Alabama">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilton_County,_Alabama" title="Chilton County, Alabama">Chilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_County,_Alabama" title="Choctaw County, Alabama">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarke_County,_Alabama" title="Clarke County, Alabama">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_Alabama" title="Clay County, Alabama">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleburne_County,_Alabama" title="Cleburne County, Alabama">Cleburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_County,_Alabama" title="Coffee County, Alabama">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colbert_County,_Alabama" title="Colbert County, Alabama">Colbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conecuh_County,_Alabama" title="Conecuh County, Alabama">Conecuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coosa_County,_Alabama" title="Coosa County, Alabama">Coosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covington_County,_Alabama" title="Covington County, Alabama">Covington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crenshaw_County,_Alabama" title="Crenshaw County, Alabama">Crenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullman_County,_Alabama" title="Cullman County, Alabama">Cullman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_County,_Alabama" title="Dale County, Alabama">Dale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County,_Alabama" title="Dallas County, Alabama">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeKalb_County,_Alabama" title="DeKalb County, Alabama">DeKalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmore_County,_Alabama" title="Elmore County, Alabama">Elmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escambia_County,_Alabama" title="Escambia County, Alabama">Escambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_County,_Alabama" title="Etowah County, Alabama">Etowah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Alabama" title="Fayette County, Alabama">Fayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Alabama" title="Franklin County, Alabama">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_County,_Alabama" title="Geneva County, Alabama">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Alabama" title="Greene County, Alabama">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hale_County,_Alabama" title="Hale County, Alabama">Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_County,_Alabama" title="Henry County, Alabama">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_County,_Alabama" title="Houston County, Alabama">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Alabama" title="Jackson County, Alabama">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Jefferson County, Alabama">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_County,_Alabama" title="Lamar County, Alabama">Lamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauderdale_County,_Alabama" title="Lauderdale County, Alabama">Lauderdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Alabama" title="Lawrence County, Alabama">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_County,_Alabama" title="Lee County, Alabama">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone_County,_Alabama" title="Limestone County, Alabama">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowndes_County,_Alabama" title="Lowndes County, Alabama">Lowndes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macon_County,_Alabama" title="Macon County, Alabama">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Alabama" title="Madison County, Alabama">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marengo_County,_Alabama" title="Marengo County, Alabama">Marengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Alabama" title="Marion County, Alabama">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_County,_Alabama" title="Marshall County, Alabama">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_County,_Alabama" title="Mobile County, Alabama">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Alabama" title="Monroe County, Alabama">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Alabama" title="Montgomery County, Alabama">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_Alabama" title="Morgan County, Alabama">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Alabama" title="Perry County, Alabama">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickens_County,_Alabama" title="Pickens County, Alabama">Pickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_County,_Alabama" title="Pike County, Alabama">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_County,_Alabama" title="Randolph County, Alabama">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_County,_Alabama" title="Russell County, Alabama">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_County,_Alabama" title="St. Clair County, Alabama">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Shelby County, Alabama">Shelby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumter_County,_Alabama" title="Sumter County, Alabama">Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talladega_County,_Alabama" title="Talladega County, Alabama">Talladega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallapoosa_County,_Alabama" title="Tallapoosa County, Alabama">Tallapoosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa_County,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa County, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_County,_Alabama" title="Walker County, Alabama">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Alabama" title="Washington County, Alabama">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilcox_County,_Alabama" title="Wilcox County, Alabama">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_County,_Alabama" title="Winston County, Alabama">Winston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/32px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/48px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/64px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Alabama" title="Portal:Alabama">Alabama portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_Alabama" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_Alabama" title="Template:Protected 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks and Historic Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Bend_National_Military_Park" title="Horseshoe Bend National Military Park">Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen_National_Historic_Site" title="Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site">Tuskegee Airmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_University" title="Tuskegee University">Tuskegee Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_monuments_of_the_United_States" title="List of national monuments of the United States">National Monuments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_National_Monument" title="Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument">Birmingham Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders_National_Monument" title="Freedom Riders National Monument">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_forest_(United_States)" title="National forest (United States)">National Forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conecuh_National_Forest" title="Conecuh National Forest">Conecuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talladega_National_Forest" title="Talladega National Forest">Talladega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_National_Forest" title="Tuskegee National Forest">Tuskegee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead_National_Forest" title="William B. Bankhead National Forest">William B. Bankhead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon_Secour_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge">Bon Secour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahaba_River_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Cahaba River National Wildlife Refuge">Cahaba River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Choctaw National Wildlife Refuge">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eufaula_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Eufaula National Wildlife Refuge">Eufaula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern_Cave_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Fern Cave National Wildlife Refuge">Fern Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Cave_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Key Cave National Wildlife Refuge">Key Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Longleaf_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Mountain Longleaf National Wildlife Refuge">Mountain Longleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauta_Cave_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Sauta Cave National Wildlife Refuge">Sauta Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watercress_Darter_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Watercress Darter National Wildlife Refuge">Watercress Darter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge">Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wilderness_Preservation_System" title="National Wilderness Preservation System">Wilderness areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheaha_Wilderness" title="Cheaha Wilderness">Cheaha Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugger_Mountain_Wilderness" title="Dugger Mountain Wilderness">Dugger Mountain Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipsey_Wilderness" title="Sipsey Wilderness">Sipsey Wilderness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Wild_and_Scenic_Rivers" title="List of National Wild and Scenic Rivers">National Wild and Scenic Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sipsey_Fork_of_the_Black_Warrior_River" title="Sipsey Fork of the Black Warrior River">Sipsey Fork</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">Other protected areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_River_Canyon_National_Preserve" title="Little River Canyon National Preserve">Little River Canyon National Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_Trace_Trail" title="Natchez Trace Trail">Natchez Trace Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhoti_National_Recreation_Trail" title="Pinhoti National Recreation Trail">Pinhoti National Recreation Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeks_Bay_National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve" title="Weeks Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve">Weeks Bay Reserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alabama_state_parks" title="List of Alabama state parks">State Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bladon_Springs_State_Park" title="Bladon Springs State Park">Bladon Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Springs_State_Park" title="Blue Springs State Park">Blue Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck%27s_Pocket_State_Park" title="Buck's Pocket State Park">Buck's Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Caverns_State_Park" title="Cathedral Caverns State Park">Cathedral Caverns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattahoochee_State_Park" title="Chattahoochee State Park">Chattahoochee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheaha_State_Park" title="Cheaha State Park">Cheaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chewacla_State_Park" title="Chewacla State Park">Chewacla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_State_Park_(Alabama)" title="Chickasaw State Park (Alabama)">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Park_(Marbury,_Alabama)" title="Confederate Memorial Park (Marbury, Alabama)">Confederate Memorial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeSoto_State_Park" title="DeSoto State Park">DeSoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florala_City_Park" title="Florala City Park">Florala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Jackson_State_Park" title="Frank Jackson State Park">Frank Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_State_Park" title="Gulf State Park">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Wheeler_State_Park" title="Joe Wheeler State Park">Joe Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Guntersville_State_Park" title="Lake Guntersville State Park">Lake Guntersville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Lurleen_State_Park" title="Lake Lurleen State Park">Lake Lurleen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakepoint_State_Park" title="Lakepoint State Park">Lakepoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaher_State_Park" title="Meaher State Park">Meaher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Sano_State_Park" title="Monte Sano State Park">Monte Sano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Mountain_State_Park" title="Oak Mountain State Park">Oak Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_M._Grist_State_Park" title="Paul M. Grist State Park">Paul M. Grist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickwood_Caverns_State_Park" title="Rickwood Caverns State Park">Rickwood Caverns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Cooper_State_Park" title="Roland Cooper State Park">Roland Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannehill_Ironworks" title="Tannehill Ironworks">Tannehill Ironworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_Creek_State_Park" title="Wind Creek State Park">Wind Creek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alabama_state_forests" title="List of Alabama state forests">State Forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choccolocco_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choccolocco State Forest (page does not exist)">Choccolocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_A._Hauss_State_Forest_Nursery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward A. Hauss State Forest Nursery (page does not exist)">Hauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_State_Forest" title="Geneva State Forest">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_River_State_Forest" title="Little River State Forest">Little River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macon_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macon State Forest (page does not exist)">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weogufka_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weogufka State Forest (page does not exist)">Weogufka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Wildlife_Management_Areas" title="Alabama Wildlife Management Areas">Wildlife Management Areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahaba_River_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Cahaba River Wildlife Management Area">Cahaba River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauderdale_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Lauderdale Wildlife Management Area">Lauderdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile%E2%80%93Tensaw_River_Delta" title="Mobile–Tensaw River Delta">Mobile-Tensaw Delta-W L Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaillard_Island" title="Gaillard Island">Gaillard Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;"><div><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Department_of_Conservation_and_Natural_Resources" title="Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources">Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outdooralabama.com/">web</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Southern_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_United_States" title="Template:Southern United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southern_United_States" title="Template talk:Southern United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southern_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southern United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southern_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Culture of the Southern United States">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States#Economy" title="Southern United States">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States#Geography" title="Southern United States">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Politics of the Southern United States">Government and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States#Sports" title="Southern United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston (SC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston (WV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hialeah,_Florida" title="Hialeah, Florida">Hialeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia" title="Portsmouth, Virginia">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina" title="Winston-Salem, North Carolina">Winston-Salem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">State capitals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston (WV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover,_Delaware" title="Dover, Delaware">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfort,_Kentucky" title="Frankfort, Kentucky">Frankfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_divisions_of_the_Confederate_States_(1861–1865)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Confederate_States_political_divisions" title="Template:Confederate States political divisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Confederate_States_political_divisions" title="Template talk:Confederate States political divisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Confederate_States_political_divisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Confederate States political divisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_divisions_of_the_Confederate_States_(1861–1865)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political divisions of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a> (1861–1865)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_West_Virginia" title="Confederate government of West Virginia">government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Confederate_States_of_America.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Confederate States"><img alt="Map of the Confederate States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Confederate_States_of_America.svg/175px-Confederate_States_of_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Confederate_States_of_America.svg/263px-Confederate_States_of_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Confederate_States_of_America.svg/350px-Confederate_States_of_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="572" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">Governments in exile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Kentucky" title="Confederate government of Kentucky">government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Missouri" title="Confederate government of Missouri">government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona Territory</a>2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Admitted to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">Union</a> June 20, 1863.</li> <li>2 Organized January 18, 1862.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template talk:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political divisions of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">List of states and territories</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Outlying islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">List of Indian reservations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Concessions_and_leases_in_international_relations" title="Concessions and leases in international relations">International concessions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituffik_Space_Base" title="Pituffik Space Base">Pituffik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404058517">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/131885589">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204694/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpYqQ3JMkcKwxCYmKd4v3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4084839-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79027034">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12065837f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12065837f">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00795011">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36524757">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge161044&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450675">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/vs687jwd4k8qzhb">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007554799305171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515741306706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/cffc0190-1aa2-489f-b6f9-43b9a9e01a91">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/176550216">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044371">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6p951z0">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alabama&params=33_N_87_W_dim:300000_region:US-AL_type:adm1st&title=State+of+Alabama">33°N 87°W / 33°N 87°W / 33; -87 (State of Alabama)</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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