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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> This <b>martial arts timeline</b> is designed to help describe the history of the <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a> in a linear fashion. Many of the articles for particular styles have discussions of their history. This article is designed to help visualize the development of these arts, to help better understand the progression of the separate styles and illustrate where they interrelate. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_martial_arts" title="History of martial arts">history of martial arts</a> is challenging to document precisely, because of the lack of historical records, secretive nature of the teacher-student relationships and political circumstances during much of its history. It is likely that many techniques were learned, forgotten, and re-learned during human history. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronze_Age_(3000_to_1000_BCE)"><span id="Bronze_Age_.283000_to_1000_BCE.29"></span>Bronze Age (3000 to 1000 BCE)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts_timeline&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Bronze Age (3000 to 1000 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>20th century BCE – Murals were first in tomb 15 at <a href="/wiki/Beni_Hasan" title="Beni Hasan">Beni Hasan</a>, depicting wrestling techniques, in present-day Egypt (in Africa).</li> <li>19th century BCE - Celtic wrestling (which evolved into <a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collar-and-elbow" title="Collar-and-elbow">Collar-and-elbow wrestling</a>, etc) was described as being part of the <a href="/wiki/Tailteann_Games_(ancient)" title="Tailteann Games (ancient)">Tailteann Games</a> which continued until the time of the Normans.<sup id="cite_ref-Nally2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nally2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>18th century BCE – The newly created Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_epic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgamesh epic">Gilgamesh epic</a> included the major hand-held weapons (sword, axe, bow and spear) used prior to the gunpowder era.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iron_Age_and_Antiquity_(1000_BCE_to_CE_500)"><span id="Iron_Age_and_Antiquity_.281000_BCE_to_CE_500.29"></span>Iron Age and Antiquity (1000 BCE to CE 500)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts_timeline&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Iron Age and Antiquity (1000 BCE to CE 500)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>8th century BCE – Roughly the start of Greek Olympic Competition. Through the popularity of the Olympics, martial arts like <a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">pankration</a> flourished.</li> <li>8th century BCE – <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s newly created<i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> described many scenes of hand-to-hand combat in detail.</li> <li>6th century BCE – Ten styles of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aastravidy%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Śastravidyā">Śastravidyā</a> were said to have been created in India at this time.</li> <li>c.4th century BCE – Newly created <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Indian epic poetry</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> gave the earliest written mention of <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_martial_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian martial arts">South Asian martial arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zarrilli1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zarrilli1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>50 BCE – The earliest records of a Korean martial art, namely <a href="/wiki/Taekkyon" title="Taekkyon">taekkyon</a>, were created at this time and found in paintings in the Muyong-chong, a royal tomb from the Goguryeo dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>CE 72 – The <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> opened in Rome, providing the public with the world's largest martial arts venue for over the next three hundred years.</li> <li>CE 1st century – Buddhist texts of this time such as the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a> mentioned a number of South Asian fighting arts,<sup id="cite_ref-Haines_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haines-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Khandhaka" title="Khandhaka">Khandhaka</a> discouraged their practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Draeger_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draeger-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>CE 2nd century – <a href="/wiki/P.Oxy._III_466" class="mw-redirect" title="P.Oxy. III 466">P.Oxy. III 466</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> manuscript on <a href="/wiki/Greek_wrestling" title="Greek wrestling">wrestling</a>, was written. It is the earliest known <a href="/wiki/Fechtbuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Fechtbuch">European martial arts manual</a>.</li> <li>CE 477 – The first abbot of <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a> was <a href="/wiki/Batuo" title="Batuo">Buddhabadra</a>, an <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism">Dhyana</a> master who came to China in AD 464 to translate Buddhist texts to Chinese. The <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaolin Temple">Shaolin Temple</a> was built at the western base of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Mount_Song" title="Mount Song">Songshan</a> mountain range, at the orders of Emperor Xiaowen. Successive Chinese emperors authorized fighting monks to train in the temple.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages_(500_to_1500)"><span id="Middle_Ages_.28500_to_1500.29"></span>Middle Ages (500 to 1500)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts_timeline&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Ages (500 to 1500)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>550 – <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> monk <a href="/wiki/Bodhidarma" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhidarma">Bodhidarma</a> taught what will be called <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Ch%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Chán">Chan Buddhism</a>. While there is no evidence he was involved in the martial arts, folklore later linked him to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">qigong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaolinquan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaolinquan">Shaolin fist</a>, as well as crediting him with introducing <a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">forms</a> into <a href="/wiki/Silat" title="Silat">silat</a>. Chán and its Japanese offshoot <a href="/wiki/Zen_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a> were influential among martial artists.</li> <li>c.700 – Kuvalaymala described non-keshatriya students learning martial arts from Hindu priests at <a href="/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula">gurukula</a> or traditional educational institutions.</li> <li>728 – This was the date of the "combat stele" at the <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a>.</li> <li>782 – At this time the Japanese Heian period began, and curved swords called <i><a href="/wiki/Tachi" title="Tachi">tachi</a></i> (large sword) appeared. Although <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> did not technically appear until the 12th century, in appearance these are the early curved swords commonly recognized as "samurai swords."<sup id="cite_ref-Flashing_Steel_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flashing_Steel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>c.800–900 – The newly created <a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a>, the earliest known manual of <a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">dhanurveda</a>, listed over 130 weapons, described dozens of fighting stances, named techniques for various weapons, and provided a detailed discussion on archery.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>966–979 – A stone inscription dated 966 AD from Prasat Ta Siu temple in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, known as the inscription of Kok Samron, recounted a boxing match ordered by royal decree.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another inscription dated 979 AD from Prasat Char temple mentions the names of four boxers: <i>Dan</i>, <i>In</i>, <i>Ayak</i>, and <i>Vit</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1124–1138 – <i>Manasollasa</i>, written by King Someswara, gave the names of Indian wrestling techniques, training exercises and diet.<sup id="cite_ref-Alter1992b_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alter1992b-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1156–1185 – The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> class emerged during the warring period between the Taira and Minamoto families. The warrior code of <a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">bushido</a> also emerged during this time.</li> <li>c.1200 – <a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a> is a martial art developed in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>; although its origin is unknown, according to historians, it was practiced since "at least" the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1200–1300 – Bas-reliefs in <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> depicted armed and unarmed combat.</li> <li>c.1200 – <a href="/wiki/Malla_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Malla Purana">Malla Purana</a>, the oldest known text describing the techniques of <a href="/wiki/Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">malla-yuddha</a>, was created.<sup id="cite_ref-Alter1992b_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alter1992b-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>c.1300 – <a href="/wiki/MS_I.33" class="mw-redirect" title="MS I.33">MS I.33</a>, the oldest extant <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_manual" title="Martial arts manual">martial arts manual</a> detailing armed combat, was created.</li> <li>1338 – This was the beginning of the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashikaga era">Ashikaga era</a>, during which the samurai class expanded its influence further. Many schools of swordsmanship flourished. The period ended around 1500.</li> <li>1346 - The first annual <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1rkp%C4%B1nar" title="Kırkpınar">Kırkpınar</a> tournament was held in Edirne in Turkish Thrace</li> <li>1400 – China sent delegations to <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>, which then began trading extensively with China and Japan. The indigenous Okinawan unarmed combat art called <i>ti</i> or <i>te</i> (hand) was likely influenced by Chinese and Japanese arts over the next three centuries, forming the basis for modern <a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">karate</a>.</li> <li>1477 – The Okinawan king Sho Shin, influenced by the Japanese, banned the carrying of arms. Similar bans occurred in Japan in 1586.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both apparently led to the underground development of striking arts and may have encouraged unarmed combat techniques designed for use against armored soldiers, such as <a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">jujutsu</a>.</li> <li>1400s - Stanton became the Cornish wrestling champion of Cornwall at a tournament in <a href="/wiki/Penzance" title="Penzance">Penzance</a>, in the fifteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-WDP19021875_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDP19021875-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Modern_period_(1500_to_1800)"><span id="Early_Modern_period_.281500_to_1800.29"></span>Early Modern period (1500 to 1800)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts_timeline&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Modern period (1500 to 1800)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>c. 1500 – Firearms become increasingly prevalent in Europe, diminishing the importance of traditional armed fighting systems.</li> <li>1520 – At the <a href="/wiki/Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold" title="Field of the Cloth of Gold">Field of the Cloth of Gold</a> (the summit meeting between the English <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">King Henry VIII</a> and the French <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">King Francis I</a>) there were extensive <a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a> matches, including between the monarchs themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Romance_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romance-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frenchstuff_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frenchstuff-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MMA1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMA1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BOA_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1521 – Spanish conquistadors arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, recording that the native population fought them off with broadswords and bamboo spears.</li> <li>1527 – <a href="/wiki/Mughal_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal (tribe)">Mughals</a> invaded India, bringing Middle Eastern weaponry to South Asia and, indirectly, to the Malay Archipelago. Indigenous malla-yuddha was supplanted by the Persian-derived <a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">pehlwani</a>.</li> <li>16th–19th centuries – Most of South and Southeast Asia gradually came under European colonial rule. Martial practices were discouraged, in some places banned outright and preserved in secret.</li> <li>1549 – Hayashizaki Minamoto was born, later founding the art of <i>iajutsu</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Iaido" title="Iaido">iaido</a></i>, the art of drawing and cutting with the sword in a single motion. Successive masters of his school can be traced to the present day.</li> <li>1600 – A newer style samurai sword, called a <i><a href="/wiki/Katana" title="Katana">katana</a></i> or <i>daito</i>, was widely used. Afro-Brazilian slaves began to develop the art of <a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">capoeira</a>.</li> <li>1621 – <i><a href="/wiki/Wubei_Zhi" title="Wubei Zhi">Wubei Zhi</a></i> was compiled by Mao Yuanyi; it included individual martial arts training with different weapons such as the spear and <a href="/wiki/Dao_(Chinese_sword)" title="Dao (Chinese sword)">Dao</a>.</li> <li>1641 – Chinese rebels under <a href="/wiki/Li_Zicheng" title="Li Zicheng">Li Zicheng</a> sacked the Shaolin Monastery for its support of the Ming government. While the monastery would be later rebuilt and patronized by the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing government</a>, it lost its fighting force and its place as a center of martial arts development.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1643 – Legendary Japanese swordsman <a href="/wiki/Miyamoto_Musashi" title="Miyamoto Musashi">Miyamoto Musashi</a> is believed to have written <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Five_Rings" title="The Book of Five Rings">The Book of Five Rings</a></i> at this time; it is a seminal work regarding the art and philosophy of the samurai and swordsmanship.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1669 - Charles II provided £1000 in prize money for a <a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a> competition in <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Park" title="St James's Park">St James's Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Evelyn1818_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evelyn1818-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1674 – The <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> was founded by the warrior <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a>, bringing his native art of <a href="/wiki/Mardani_khel" title="Mardani khel">mardani khel</a> to prominence.</li> <li>1699 – Faced with growing intolerance from the Mughal rulers, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> militarized the Sikh community in order to defend their faith and independence. Sikhs and Panjabis in general subsequently became renowned as a warrior community.</li> <li>1700s – Chinese temple frescoes depicted Shaolin monks practicing unarmed combat. Okinawan te and Chinese Shaolin boxing styles mixed as part of trade between the countries. <a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a> was also founded in Yunnan.</li> <li>1713 – <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Parkyns,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Parkyns, 2nd Baronet">Sir Thomas Parkyns</a>, known as the ‘Wrestling Baronet’, published his detailed book on Cornish wrestling, <i>The Inn-Play: or, the Cornish Hugg-Wrestler</i>, which was reprinted many times.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-G26101826_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G26101826-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hugg_Wrestler_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugg_Wrestler-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1743 – <a href="/wiki/Jack_Broughton" title="Jack Broughton">Jack Broughton</a>, an <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Bare-knuckle_boxing" title="Bare-knuckle boxing">bare-knuckle</a> fighter, wrote the first rules of boxing, later to become the <a href="/wiki/London_Prize_Ring_rules" class="mw-redirect" title="London Prize Ring rules">London Prize Ring rules</a> in 1838.</li> <li>1750 – Techniques of <a href="/wiki/Taijiquan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taijiquan">taijiquan</a> were written down.</li> <li>1752 – The ‘Cornwall and Devon Wrestling Society’ was formed; it ran Cornish wrestling tournaments and matches in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Duke of Cornwall">Duke of Cornwall</a>) as patron.<sup id="cite_ref-SL01041863_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SL01041863-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MA01041844_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MA01041844-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CAR12061868_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAR12061868-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1767 – Burmese forces captured <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Siam</a>’s capital of <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayutthaya kingdom">Ayutthaya</a> and burned the kingdom's archives, including manuals on boxing and swordsmanship.<sup id="cite_ref-Draeger_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draeger-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1790 – <i><a href="/wiki/Muyedobotongji" title="Muyedobotongji">Muyedobotongji</a></i> was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Jeongjo_of_Joseon" title="Jeongjo of Joseon">King Jeongjo</a> of Korea and written by Yi Deokmu, Pak Jega, and Baek Dongsu. It is one of the most comprehensive pre-modern military manuals of East Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts_timeline&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1800–1900 – Brazilian police periodically arrested anyone caught practicing capoeira. In 1862 alone, 404 people were arrested for capoeira.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1825–1900 – <a href="/wiki/Savate" title="Savate">Savate</a> shifted from its street-fighting roots to a modern sport.</li> <li>1826 – <a href="/wiki/James_Polkinghorne" title="James Polkinghorne">James Polkinghorne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Cann" title="Abraham Cann">Abraham Cann</a> had a famous <a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a> match (with a disputed outcome), in 23 October at <a href="/wiki/Devonport,_Plymouth" title="Devonport, Plymouth">Devonport</a>, with an audience of 17,000.<sup id="cite_ref-M_Tripp_Thesis_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M_Tripp_Thesis-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-G26101826_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G26101826-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1867 – <a href="/wiki/John_Graham_Chambers" title="John Graham Chambers">John Graham Chambers</a> published a revised set of rules for <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>. They were publicly endorsed by <a href="/wiki/John_Douglas,_9th_Marquess_of_Queensberry" title="John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry">John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry</a>, leading the rules to become known as the "<a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Queensberry_rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquess of Queensberry rules">Marquess of Queensberry rules</a>".</li> <li>1872 - A <a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a> tournament in Japan was organised by the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Marines" title="History of the Royal Marines">Royal Marine Light Infantry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TJWM_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TJWM-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1882 – <a href="/wiki/Kan%C5%8D_Jigor%C5%8D" title="Kanō Jigorō">Jigoro Kano</a> modified traditional Japanese <a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">jujutsu</a> to develop the art of <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>. He opened a school, <a href="/wiki/Kodokan_Judo_Institute" title="Kodokan Judo Institute">Kodokan Judo Institute</a>. One of his training methods, called <i><a href="/wiki/Randori" title="Randori">randori</a></i>, removed more dangerous striking techniques to emphasize grappling and submission locks between students practising at full-force. His students taught judo using randori around the world during the early 20th century.</li> <li>1892 – The first world <a href="/wiki/Heavyweight" title="Heavyweight">heavyweight</a> <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a> championship was fought under the <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Queensberry_rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquess of Queensberry rules">Marquess of Queensberry rules</a> of 1867, which are similar to those used today. <a href="/wiki/James_J._Corbett" title="James J. Corbett">Jim Corbett</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/John_L._Sullivan" title="John L. Sullivan">John L. Sullivan</a>.</li> <li>1890s – The British introduction of western <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a> to India resulted in a decline of native <a href="/wiki/Musti-yuddha" title="Musti-yuddha">musti-yuddha</a> until it survived only in <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Draeger_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draeger-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1893–1901 – <a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Barton-Wright" title="Edward William Barton-Wright">Edward William Barton-Wright</a> studied <a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">jujutsu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and created <a href="/wiki/Bartitsu" title="Bartitsu">Bartitsu</a> upon returning to England, one of the earliest introductions of Japanese martial arts in the West and the first known system to combine Asian and European fighting styles.</li> <li>1896 – <a href="/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1896 Summer Olympics">Fencing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics" title="Wrestling at the 1896 Summer Olympics">Greco-Roman wrestling</a> became Olympic sports, along with shooting.</li> <li>1899 – New York governor <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> started <a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a> training<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MJ21011906_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJ21011906-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> three times a week under Professor Mike J. Dwyer, who would go on to gain the world title in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-WD14021902_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WD14021902-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1900 - Archery made its debut at the Olympics.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts_timeline&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Early 1900s - In the early 1900s<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edith_Garrud" title="Edith Garrud">Edith Garrud</a> became the first British female teacher of <a href="/wiki/Jiu-jitsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiu-jitsu">jiu-jitsu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the first female martial arts instructors in the Western world.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1904 - <a href="/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics" title="Wrestling at the 1904 Summer Olympics">Freestyle wrestling</a> became an Olympic sport.</li> <li>1904–1906 - <a href="/wiki/Yamashita_Yoshitsugu" title="Yamashita Yoshitsugu">Yamashita Yoshitsugu</a> gave judo lessons to President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> in 1904 and taught judo at the U.S. Naval Academy in 1905 and 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-svinth_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-svinth-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1908 – Amateur <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a> became an <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic Sport">Olympic Sport</a>.</li> <li>1920–1925 – <a href="/wiki/Mitsuyo_Maeda" title="Mitsuyo Maeda">Mitsuyo Maeda</a>, a student of Jigoro Kano's, traveled to Brazil (among other places) to spread judo. In 1925, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gracie" title="Carlos Gracie">Carlos Gracie</a>, a student of Mitsuyo Maeda, opened his school, the first for <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu">Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu</a>. The art was further refined by the <a href="/wiki/Gracie_family" title="Gracie family">Gracie family</a> thereafter, particularly by Carlos' brother <a href="/wiki/Helio_Gracie" class="mw-redirect" title="Helio Gracie">Helio Gracie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1920s–30s – Timed rounds, weight classes and standardized rules were introduced to Southeast Asian kickboxing under European influence. Modern gloves were made compulsory, replacing the hemp rope bindings, resulting in less grievous injuries and fewer deaths but also making many traditional techniques illegal. In Thailand, the newer ring-style became known as <a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">muay Thai</a> (Thai boxing) while the older form became known as <a href="/wiki/Muay_boran" title="Muay boran">muay boran</a> (ancient boxing).</li> <li>1923 - The different regional <a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a> associations within Cornwall merged into the Cornwall County Wrestling Association ("CCWA"), under the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Nicholl" title="Edward Nicholl">Commander Sir Edward Nicholl</a><sup id="cite_ref-TA09101928_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TA09101928-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and presidency of <a href="/wiki/Baron_St_Levan" title="Baron St Levan">Lord St Levan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TA09101928_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TA09101928-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1925 - <a href="/wiki/Seishiro_Okazaki" title="Seishiro Okazaki">Seishiro Okazaki</a> (1890–1951) founded <a href="/wiki/Danzan-ry%C5%AB" title="Danzan-ryū">Danzan-ryū</a> (檀山流), a <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%AB_(school)" title="Ryū (school)">ryū</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">jujutsu</a>, in Hawaii. The <a href="/wiki/Danzan_Ryu_Lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzan Ryu Lists">Danzan-ryū syllabus</a> is syncretic, and includes non-Japanese elements.</li> <li>1926 - Women have trained in the <a href="/wiki/Kodokan_Judo_Institute" title="Kodokan Judo Institute">Kodokan Judo Institute</a> since 1926, but originally always separately from men.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson1974_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson1974-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1962, after "pulverizing" the other students in the women's training group, <a href="/wiki/Rena_Kanokogi" title="Rena Kanokogi">Rena Kanokogi</a> became the first woman allowed to train in the men's group at the Kodokan.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1928 – Shaolin temple records were burned, destroying many documents and records of earlier martial arts.</li> <li>1930s – <a href="/wiki/Imi_Lichtenfeld" title="Imi Lichtenfeld">Imi Lichtenfeld</a> began developing <a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a> in <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li>1932 – <a href="/wiki/Mestre_Bimba" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestre Bimba">Mestre Bimba</a> opened the first capoeira school, calling the style <i>Luta Regional Baiana</i> ("regional fight from <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>"), because capoeira was still illegal in name.<sup id="cite_ref-bimba_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bimba-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1935 – “Karate” became the official name of the Okinawan martial arts, based on the traditional art of <i>te</i> (hand) and the term <i>kara</i> (empty or unarmed).</li> <li>1936 – <a href="/wiki/Gichin_Funakoshi" title="Gichin Funakoshi">Gichin Funakoshi</a> published the first edition of his book <i>Karate-Do Kyohan</i>, documenting much of the philosophy and traditional kata (forms) of modern karate. A second edition was published in 1973, many years after his death in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1936 - <a href="/wiki/James_Mitose" title="James Mitose">James Masayoshi Mitose</a> started in the United States the art of <a href="/wiki/Kenp%C5%8D" title="Kenpō">Kenpo</a>, which he learned in Japan. His style, known as <a href="/wiki/Kosho_shorei-ryu_kempo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosho shorei-ryu kempo">Kosho Shorei-Ryū Kenpo</a>, became an important martial art in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>.</li> <li>1938 – <a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a> was presented by <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Kharlampiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatoly Kharlampiev">Anatoly Kharlampiev</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_L%E1%BB%99c" title="Nguyễn Lộc">Nguyễn Lộc</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Vovinam" title="Vovinam">Vovinam</a> to the public.</li> <li>1938 - <a href="/wiki/Bokator" title="Bokator">Bokator</a> appeared in the first Khmer dictionary.</li> <li>1942 – <a href="/wiki/Morihei_Ueshiba" title="Morihei Ueshiba">Morihei Ueshiba</a> began using the term <a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">aikido</a> to describe his art, which is related to <a href="/wiki/Aiki-jujutsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Aiki-jujutsu">aiki-jujutsu</a>.</li> <li>1943 – Judo, karate, and various Chinese systems were officially introduced in <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, likely beginning to mix with the <a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">indigenous Korean arts</a>.</li> <li>1944 - <a href="/wiki/William_Kwai_Sun_Chow" class="mw-redirect" title="William Kwai Sun Chow">William Kwai Sun Chow</a>, a <a href="/wiki/James_Mitose" title="James Mitose">James Mitose</a> Kenpo student in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> (Hawaii), began to teach his particular style of Kenpo developed in the 1930s, called <a href="/wiki/Kara-Ho_Kempo" title="Kara-Ho Kempo">Kara-Ho Kempo</a>, which would be the fundamental base for the <a href="/wiki/American_Kenpo" title="American Kenpo">American Kenpo Karate</a>.</li> <li>1944-1945 – <a href="/wiki/Hwang_Kee" title="Hwang Kee">Hwang Kee</a> opened the first Korean <a href="/wiki/Tang_Soo_Do" title="Tang Soo Do">Tang Soo Do</a> <i>dojang</i> or martial arts schools in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>. Many other schools followed. Korean military personnel received training in martial arts.</li> <li>1945 – Choi Yong-sool traveled back to Korea after living in Japan with <a href="/wiki/Sokaku_Takeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokaku Takeda">Sokaku Takeda</a>. He began teaching Dai Dong Yusool (<a href="/wiki/Dait%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB_aiki-j%C5%ABjutsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Daitō-ryū aiki-jūjutsu">daitō-ryū aiki-jūjutsu</a>), later to become known as <a href="/wiki/Hapkido" title="Hapkido">hapkido</a>.</li> <li>1945 – <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> ended, with many more American and British soldiers stationed in Asia exposed to the region's fighting systems. This includes the American <a href="/wiki/Robert_Trias" title="Robert Trias">Robert Trias</a> who began teaching Asian-based martial arts in Phoenix, Arizona.</li> <li>1948 - The Indonesian Pencak Silat Association (IPSI) was founded.</li> <li>1949–1950 – <a href="/wiki/Ip_Man" title="Ip Man">Ip Man</a> left Foshan and moved to Hong Kong to escape the communist government and began teaching <a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a> to his first Hong Kong student Leung Sheung.</li> <li>1950 - <a href="/wiki/Adriano_Directo_Emperado" title="Adriano Directo Emperado">Adriano Emperado</a>, a <a href="/wiki/William_Kwai_Sun_Chow" class="mw-redirect" title="William Kwai Sun Chow">William Chow</a> student, opened his first school of a hybrid martial art called <a href="/wiki/Kajukenbo" title="Kajukenbo">Kajukenbo</a> (the first American mixed martial art), developed in <a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oahu</a> (Hawaii) with four other Masters: Joseph Holck (<a href="/wiki/Kodokan_Judo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodokan Judo">Kodokan Judo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danzan-ry%C5%AB" title="Danzan-ryū">Danzan-ryu</a> Jujutsu), Peter Young Yil Choo (<a href="/wiki/Tang_Soo_Do" title="Tang Soo Do">Tang soo doo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shotokan" title="Shotokan">Shotokan Karate</a>), Frank Ordonez (<a href="/wiki/Danzan-ry%C5%AB" title="Danzan-ryū">Danzan-ryu</a> Jujutsu) and Clarence Chang (<a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Kung_Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaolin Kung Fu">Sil-Lum Pai Gongfu</a>).</li> <li>1954 - <a href="/wiki/Ed_Parker" title="Ed Parker">Ed Parker</a>, another <a href="/wiki/William_Kwai_Sun_Chow" class="mw-redirect" title="William Kwai Sun Chow">William Chow</a> student, opened the first school in the western United States in Provo, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, of a new style developed on the Chow's <a href="/wiki/Kara-Ho_Kempo" title="Kara-Ho Kempo">Kara-Ho Kempo</a>: the famous <a href="/wiki/American_Kenpo" title="American Kenpo">American Kenpo</a> Karate.</li> <li>1955 – On April 11 General Choi called a meeting between Korean masters to unify the Korean martial arts.</li> <li>1957 – Nine Korean training halls united under the name <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">taekwondo</a> (way of the foot and fist).</li> <li>1959 – <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a> arrived in America and began to teach Chinese <a href="/wiki/Wing_chun" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing chun">Wing chun</a>\Kung Fu style to his first student, African American <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Glover" title="Jesse Glover">Jesse Glover</a>, the first documented instance of a westerner learning Chinese martial arts.</li> <li>1959-1960 - Attempts were made to unify kwons (KTA) and change the name from <a href="/wiki/Tang_Soo_Do" title="Tang Soo Do">Tang Soo Do</a> to <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a>. Not all schools followed this, resulting in different style names with their own <a href="/wiki/Hyeong" title="Hyeong">Hyeong</a>.</li> <li>1962 - Women have trained in the <a href="/wiki/Kodokan_Judo_Institute" title="Kodokan Judo Institute">Kodokan Judo Institute</a> since 1926, but originally always separately from men.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson1974_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson1974-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1962, after "pulverizing" the other students in the women's training group, <a href="/wiki/Rena_Kanokogi" title="Rena Kanokogi">Rena Kanokogi</a> became the first woman allowed to train in the men's group at the Kodokan.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1964 – <a href="/wiki/Kyokushin_Kaikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyokushin Kaikan">Kyokushin Kaikan</a>, a style of stand-up full-contact karate, was founded by Masutatsu Oyama.</li> <li>1964 – Men's <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a> became an Olympic sport.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1966 – The <a href="/wiki/International_Taekwon-Do_Federation" title="International Taekwon-Do Federation">International Taekwon-Do Federation</a> (ITF) was formed.</li> <li>1967 – <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a> founded the hybrid martial art system <a href="/wiki/Jeet_Kune_Do" title="Jeet Kune Do">Jeet Kune Do</a> which derives aspects from various stand-up and ground style martial arts including Chinese Kung Fu.</li> <li>1969 - Mike Sandos and Al Dacascos traveled to China and learned to integrate the soft method to their Kajukenbo and developed Wun Hop Kuen Do.</li> <li>1969 – Greek-American <a href="/wiki/Jim_Arvanitis" title="Jim Arvanitis">Jim Arvanitis</a> introduced a modern reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">pankration</a>.</li> <li>1972 - The first <a href="/wiki/Kajukenbo" title="Kajukenbo">Kajukenbo</a> school in Europe appeared: a second generation <a href="/wiki/Adriano_Directo_Emperado" title="Adriano Directo Emperado">Emperado</a> student, Sergeant Ed Sheppard, Air Force, arrived at <a href="/wiki/Torrej%C3%B3n_de_Ardoz" title="Torrejón de Ardoz">Torrejon de Ardoz</a> Air Base (Madrid - Spain) and opened his first Kajukenbo school for basic soldiers.</li> <li>1972 - In November 1972, following a letter campaign against the rule prohibiting women from being promoted to higher than 5th <a href="/wiki/Dan_(rank)" title="Dan (rank)">dan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keiko_Fukuda" title="Keiko Fukuda">Keiko Fukuda</a> and her <a href="/wiki/Senpai_and_k%C5%8Dhai" title="Senpai and kōhai">senpai</a> Masako Noritomi (1913–1982) became the first women promoted to 6th dan by the <a href="/wiki/Kodokan_Judo_Institute" title="Kodokan Judo Institute">Kodokan Judo Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goshinho2012_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goshinho2012-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walsh2009_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh2009-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1973 – The <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Enter_the_Dragon" title="Enter the Dragon">Enter the Dragon</a></i> popularized Chinese and other forms of Martial arts. He died that same year.</li> <li>1973 – The <a href="/wiki/World_Taekwondo_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Taekwondo Federation">World Taekwondo Federation</a> (WTF) was formed.</li> <li>1974 – The first <a href="/wiki/Professional_Karate_Association" title="Professional Karate Association">Professional Karate Association (PKA)</a> World Championships were held bringing Kickboxing to prominence in the United States.</li> <li>1975 – Bruce Lee's book <i><a href="/wiki/Tao_of_Jeet_Kune_Do" title="Tao of Jeet Kune Do">Tao of Jeet Kune Do</a></i> was published post-mortem. The book was based on the hybrid martial art and philosophies created by him, which created a different style in martial art system.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1980 - The first women's world championships in <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a> were held, in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1981 - <a href="/wiki/Mak_Yuree" title="Mak Yuree">Mak Yuree</a> formed the first <a href="/wiki/Butthan" title="Butthan">Butthan</a> school in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1982 – Tony Blauer created the "Panic Attack" drill that would become the <a href="/wiki/SPEAR_System" title="SPEAR System">Spear System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1985 – <a href="/wiki/Satoru_Sayama" title="Satoru Sayama">Satoru Sayama</a> formed <a href="/wiki/Shooto" title="Shooto">Shooto</a>, a shootwrestling organization. It would go on to become the first <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">mixed martial arts</a> organization in the world. A Ukrainian martial art based on Cossack combat traditions, <a href="/wiki/Combat_Hopak" title="Combat Hopak">Combat Hopak</a>, was formed.</li> <li>1988 – <a href="/wiki/World_Taekwondo_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Taekwondo Federation">WTF</a>-style taekwondo became an Olympic demonstration sport, later becoming a full-medal sport in 2000.</li> <li>1992 - Women's judo became an Olympic sport.</li> <li>1993 – The first <a href="/wiki/UFC_1" title="UFC 1">Ultimate Fighting Championship</a> (UFC) was held. <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu">Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu</a> practitioner <a href="/wiki/Royce_Gracie" title="Royce Gracie">Royce Gracie</a> won the event.</li> <li>1994 - <a href="/wiki/Keiko_Fukuda" title="Keiko Fukuda">Keiko Fukuda</a> became the first woman to be awarded a rare <a href="/wiki/Red_belt_(martial_arts)" title="Red belt (martial arts)">red belt</a> (at the time for women still marking the 8th <a href="/wiki/Dan_(rank)" title="Dan (rank)">dan</a> rank) in judo by the <a href="/wiki/Kodokan_Judo_Institute" title="Kodokan Judo Institute">Kodokan Judo Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goshinho2012_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goshinho2012-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts_timeline&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2000 - <a href="/wiki/Smackgirl" title="Smackgirl">Smackgirl</a> held their first <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_mixed_martial_arts" title="Women's mixed martial arts">women's mixed martial arts</a> competition.</li> <li>2000 - <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a> became an Olympic sport. It started as a demonstration event at the 1988 games in Seoul, a year after becoming a medal event at the <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_Pan_American_Games" title="Taekwondo at the Pan American Games">Pan Am Games</a>, and became an official medal event at the 2000 games in Sydney.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2001 – The <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">Marine Corps Martial Arts Program</a> (MCMAP) was formalized.</li> <li>2003 - <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Bravo" title="Eddie Bravo">Eddie Bravo</a> created <a href="/wiki/10th_Planet_Jiu-Jitsu" class="mw-redirect" title="10th Planet Jiu-Jitsu">10th Planet Jiu-Jitsu</a>.</li> <li>2006 - The <a href="/wiki/Kodokan_Judo_Institute" title="Kodokan Judo Institute">Kodokan Judo Institute</a> awarded <a href="/wiki/Keiko_Fukuda" title="Keiko Fukuda">Keiko Fukuda</a> the 9th degree black belt (9th dan), making her the first woman to hold this rank from any recognized Judo organization.<sup id="cite_ref-NWMAF_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWMAF-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2009 – <a href="/wiki/Modern_Arnis" title="Modern Arnis">Modern Arnis</a> was declared as the <a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">national sport</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.</li> <li>2011 - The Mongolian National Wrestling Match was held with the attendance of 6002 wrestlers, becoming the largest wrestling competition in the world.</li> <li>2011 - <a href="/wiki/Keiko_Fukuda" title="Keiko Fukuda">Keiko Fukuda</a> became the first woman promoted to a 10th degree black belt in judo.<sup id="cite_ref-May2011_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May2011-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2021 - <a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a> appeared as an Olympic sport for Tokyo 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts_timeline&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Nally2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nally2008_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFT._H._Nally2008" class="citation book cs1">T. H. Nally (30 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SObPJ02EiwMC"><i>The Aonac Tailteann and the Tailteann Games, Their History and Ancient Associations</i></a>. Jesson Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4097-8189-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4097-8189-9"><bdi>978-1-4097-8189-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aonac+Tailteann+and+the+Tailteann+Games%2C+Their+History+and+Ancient+Associations&rft.pub=Jesson+Press&rft.date=2008-06-30&rft.isbn=978-1-4097-8189-9&rft.au=T.+H.+Nally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSObPJ02EiwMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts+timeline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zarrilli1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zarrilli1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zarrilli, Phillip B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/power.html">A South Indian Martial Art and the Yoga and Ayurvedic Paradigms.</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Timechart History of India</i>. Robert Frederick Ltd. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7554-5162-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7554-5162-7"><bdi>0-7554-5162-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Timechart+History+of+India&rft.pub=Robert+Frederick+Ltd.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7554-5162-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts+timeline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Park, Yeon Hee. <i>Tae Kwon Do</i>. New York, NY: Checkmark Books, 1999. Page 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haines-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haines_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce A. Haines (1995). <i>Karate's History and Traditions</i> (p. 23-25). Tuttle Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8048-1947-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8048-1947-5">0-8048-1947-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Draeger-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Draeger_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Draeger_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Draeger_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonn_F._Draeger_and_Robert_W._Smith1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donn_F._Draeger" title="Donn F. Draeger">Donn F. Draeger</a> and Robert W. Smith (1969). <i>Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts</i>. Kondansha International Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Asian+Fighting+Arts&rft.pub=Kondansha+International+Limited&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Donn+F.+Draeger+and+Robert+W.+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts+timeline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flashing_Steel-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flashing_Steel_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shimbabukuro, Masayuki and Pellman, Leonard. <i>Flashing Steel – Mastering Eishin-Ryu Swordsmanship</i>. Berkeley, CA: Frog Ltd, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parmeshwaranand Swami, <i>Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Purāṇas</i>, Sarup & Sons, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-226-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-226-3">978-81-7625-226-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nmmkM0fVS-cC&pg=PA467">s.v. "dhanurveda"</a>; Gaṅgā Rām Garg, <i>Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World</i>, Concept Publishing Company, 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-376-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-376-4">978-81-7022-376-4</a>, s.v. "archery".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/oldkhmer/corpus.htm">"Corpus of Khmer Inscriptions"</a>. <i>SEA classics Khmer</i>. K.239. <q>This inscription records the construction of a sanctuary for Śrī Jagannāthakeśvara and the gift to the divinity by several persons of 10 tracts of riceland, together with slaves, cattle, and small articles. One ricefield (lines S: 34-35) is acquired by royal grant as the result of a boxing match (S: 39 to N: 1-3), while another field (N: 3-5) is conveyed to the divinity by a royal directive. The text is of routine grammatical interest.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SEA+classics+Khmer&rft.atitle=Corpus+of+Khmer+Inscriptions&rft.pages=K.239&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Foldkhmer%2Fcorpus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts+timeline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/oldkhmer/corpus.htm">"Corpus of Khmer Inscriptions"</a>. <i>SEA classics Khmer</i> (in French). K.257N. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Mratāñ Khloñ Çrī Narapativarman chargea . . . . neveu de Mratāñ Khloñ, d'amener à la Cour Vāp Dan, boxeur . . . Vāp In, khloñ jnvāl des boxeurs, Vāp Go mūla, Vāp Gāp mūla, Vāp Dan mūla, Vāp [Ayak] mūla des boxeurs du pays de Gamryāṅ'. [...]Il exposa que Vāp Vit, khloñ jnvāl des boxeurs, avait emprunté à intérêt un jyaṅ d'argent, un vodi pesant six jyaṅ, et dix yo de vêtements à Mratāñ Khloñ Çrī Narapativīravarman pour acheter . . . mandira</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SEA+classics+Khmer&rft.atitle=Corpus+of+Khmer+Inscriptions&rft.pages=K.257N&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Foldkhmer%2Fcorpus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts+timeline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alter1992b-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alter1992b_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alter1992b_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlter1992b" class="citation book cs1">Alter, Joseph S. (August 1992b). <i>The Wrestler's Body: Identity and Ideology in North India</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wrestler%27s+Body%3A+Identity+and+Ideology+in+North+India&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992-08&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Joseph+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts+timeline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreckenridge1995" class="citation book cs1">Breckenridge, Carol Appadurai (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t6Wbnd7XgbIC&pg=PA190"><i>Consuming Modernity: Public Culture in a South Asian World</i></a>. U of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-0031-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-0031-5"><bdi>978-1-4529-0031-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consuming+Modernity%3A+Public+Culture+in+a+South+Asian+World&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-4529-0031-5&rft.aulast=Breckenridge&rft.aufirst=Carol+Appadurai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt6Wbnd7XgbIC%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts+timeline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2005" class="citation book cs1">Mills, James H. (15 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_boPBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20"><i>Subaltern Sports: Politics and Sport in South Asia</i></a>. Anthem Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-167-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-167-6"><bdi>978-1-84331-167-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subaltern+Sports%3A+Politics+and+Sport+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2005-05-15&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-167-6&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_boPBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts+timeline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1us8AAAAMAAJ"><i>The Heritage</i></a>. Chandamama Publications. 1989. pp. 50–51<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heritage&rft.pages=50-51&rft.pub=Chandamama+Publications&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1us8AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts+timeline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reid, Howard and Croucher, Michael. <i>The Way of the Warrior – The Paradox of the Martial Arts</i>. New York, NY: Overlook Press, 1983. Page 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WDP19021875-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WDP19021875_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Stanton</i>, Western Daily Press - Friday 19 February 1875, p1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romance-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Romance_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Morris_(American_writer)" title="Charles Morris (American writer)">Morris, Charles</a>: <i>Historical Tales, the Romance of Reality</i>, JB Lippincott Company (Philadelphia) 1895, p212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frenchstuff-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frenchstuff_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Missing_Sewell" title="Elizabeth Missing Sewell">Sewell, Elizabeth Missing</a>: <i>Popular History of France</i>, Longmans Green and Co (London) 1876, p302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MMA1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MMA1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennings, LA: <i>Mixed Martial Arts: A History from Ancient Fighting Sports</i>, Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group 2021, p52-53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BOA-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BOA_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longhurst, Percy: <i>Cornish Wrestling</i>, The Boy's Own Annual, Volume 52, 1930, p167-169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shahar, Meir, <i>The Shaolin Monastery</i>, pp. 183–188, 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murry, Dian and Qin Baoqi, <i>The Origins of the Tiandihui: The Chinese Triads in Legend and History</i>, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804723244" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804723244">978-0804723244</a>), pp. 151–156, 168–170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorge, Peter A., <i>Chinese Martial Arts: From Antiquity to the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87881-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87881-4">978-0-521-87881-4</a>), pp. 202–205</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Musashi, Miyamoto. <i>The Book of Five Rings</i>. Translated by Thomas Cleary. New York, NY: Shambhala, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evelyn1818-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evelyn1818_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bray, William <i>Evelyn, John: Memoirs Illustrative of the Life and Writings of John Evelyn</i>, 1818.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hole, Christina (1949) <i>English Sports and Pastimes</i>. London: Batsford; p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-G26101826-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G26101826_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G26101826_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The great wrestling match</i>, Globe, 26 October 1826, p3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugg_Wrestler-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hugg_Wrestler_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Parkyns,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Parkyns, 2nd Baronet">Sir Thomas Parkyns</a>: <i>The Inn-play or Cornish Hugg Wrestler</i>, J Bailey (London) 1713</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SL01041863-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SL01041863_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Cornwall and Devon wrestling society's grand carnival</i>, Sporting Life, 1 April 1863, p3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MA01041844-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MA01041844_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chalk Farm Tavern and Tea Gardens</i>, Morning Advertiser. 1 April 1844, p1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAR12061868-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CAR12061868_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Devon and Cornwall wrestling match</i>, Cornubian and Redruth Times, 12 June 1868, p3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yi Deok-mu, Pak Je-ga, and Baek Dong-su, et al. <i><a href="/wiki/Muyedobotongji" title="Muyedobotongji">Muyedobotongji</a></i>, 1790 (Preface by <a href="/wiki/Jeongjo_of_Joseon" title="Jeongjo of Joseon">King Jeongjo</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ASSUNÇÃO, Matthias Röhrig – <i>Capoeira: A History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art</i> (2005), <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-8086-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-8086-9">0-7146-8086-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M_Tripp_Thesis-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M_Tripp_Thesis_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tripp, Michael: <i>PERSISTENCE OF DIFFERENCE: A HISTORY OF CORNISH WRESTLING</i>, University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2009, Vol I p2-217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TJWM-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TJWM_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wrestling</i>, The Japan Weekly Mail, 30 March 1872, p162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT1_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gov. Roosevelt, a Wrestler</i>, New York Times, 1 December 1899</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MJ21011906-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MJ21011906_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wrestler has apparently defied all traditions of athletics and is throwing all comers</i>, The Minneapolis Journal, 21 January 1906</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WD14021902-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WD14021902_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>With the wrestlers, the Cornish style will attract much attention</i>, Waterbury Democrat, 14 February 1902, p7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2020" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Paul (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p-MJEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22edith+garrud%22+1909&pg=PA50"><i>The Invention of Martial Arts: Popular Culture Between Asia and America</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197540336" title="Special:BookSources/9780197540336"><bdi>9780197540336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Martial+Arts%3A+Popular+Culture+Between+Asia+and+America&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780197540336&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp-MJEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522edith%2Bgarrud%2522%2B1909%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts+timeline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrousse2001" class="citation book cs1">Brousse, Michel (2001). Christensen, Karen; Guttman, Allen; Pfister, Gertrud (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ILVpuAAACAAJ"><i>International Encyclopedia of Women and Sports</i></a>. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 614. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864954-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864954-2"><bdi>978-0-02-864954-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Women+and+Sports&rft.pages=614&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-02-864954-2&rft.aulast=Brousse&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DILVpuAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts+timeline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagne2020" class="citation book cs1">Gagne, Tammy (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9NniDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT2"><i>Trends in Martial Arts</i></a>. Dance and Fitness Trends. eBooks2go Incorporated. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5457-5146-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5457-5146-6"><bdi>978-1-5457-5146-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trends+in+Martial+Arts&rft.series=Dance+and+Fitness+Trends&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=eBooks2go+Incorporated&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5457-5146-6&rft.aulast=Gagne&rft.aufirst=Tammy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9NniDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts+timeline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New York Sun</i>, 17 April 1904.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-svinth-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-svinth_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejmas.com/jcs/jcsart_svinth1_1000.htm">"Journal of Combative Sport: Yamashita goes to Washington"</a>. <i>ejmas.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ejmas.com&rft.atitle=Journal+of+Combative+Sport%3A+Yamashita+goes+to+Washington&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejmas.com%2Fjcs%2Fjcsart_svinth1_1000.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts+timeline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gracie, Renzo and Gracie, Royler. <i>Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu</i>. Montpelier, VT: Invisible Cities Press, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TA09101928-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TA09101928_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TA09101928_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>CORNISH WRESTLING</i>, The Advertiser (Adelaide) 9 October 1928, p14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson1974-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson1974_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson1974_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, G. (1974): "A single reed that bends gracefully in the wind." <i>Black Belt</i>, 12(6):28–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222203350/http://www.womenssportsfoundation.org:80/Content/Articles/Athletes/About-Athletes/R/Rena-Kanokogi-Mother-of-Womens-Judo.aspx">"Rena Kanokogi, Mother of Women's Judo - Women's Sports Foundation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.womenssportsfoundation.org:80/Content/Articles/Athletes/About-Athletes/R/Rena-Kanokogi-Mother-of-Womens-Judo.aspx">the original</a> on 2010-12-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rena+Kanokogi%2C+Mother+of+Women%27s+Judo+-+Women%27s+Sports+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.womenssportsfoundation.org%3A80%2FContent%2FArticles%2FAthletes%2FAbout-Athletes%2FR%2FRena-Kanokogi-Mother-of-Womens-Judo.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts+timeline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bimba-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bimba_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SODRE, Muniz – <i>Mestre Bimba: Corpo de Mandiga</i> (2002), Livraria da Travessa, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-86218-13-8" title="Special:BookSources/85-86218-13-8">85-86218-13-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Funakoshi, Gichin. <i>Karate-Do Kyohan – The Master Text</i> Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1973.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judoinfo.com/olympic3.htm">"Olympic Judo History"</a>. <i>judoinfo.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=judoinfo.com&rft.atitle=Olympic+Judo+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjudoinfo.com%2Folympic3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts+timeline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120720203348/https://wp.usjudo.org/Files/Internal_Files/eLetter/2011/20110801fukudaarticle.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20120720203348/https://wp.usjudo.org/Files/Internal_Files/eLetter/2011/20110801fukudaarticle.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111026015359/http://shine.yahoo.com/event/vitality/98-year-old-woman-becomes-first-woman-ever-to-earn-judos-highest-degree-black-belt-2523297/">"98-year-old woman becomes first woman ever to earn Judo's highest-degree black belt on Shine"</a>. 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title="Indian martial arts">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_martial_arts" title="Indonesian martial arts">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_martial_arts" title="Italian martial arts">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_martial_arts" title="Okinawan martial arts">Okinawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_martial_arts" title="Mainland Southeast Asia martial arts">Mainland Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_martial_arts" title="Filipino martial arts">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_martial_arts" title="Vietnamese martial arts">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">Unarmed <br />techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arm strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">Chokehold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_(combat)" title="Punch (combat)">Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_(strike)" title="Elbow (strike)">Elbow strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinch_fighting" title="Clinch fighting">Clinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_fighting" title="Ground fighting">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headbutt" title="Headbutt">Headbutt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leg strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Footwork_(martial_arts)" title="Footwork (martial arts)">Footwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick" title="Kick">Kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_kick" title="Flying kick">Flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(strike)" title="Knee (strike)">Knee strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomp_(strike)" title="Stomp (strike)">Stomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hold" title="Grappling hold">Hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">Joint lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweep_(martial_arts)" title="Sweep (martial arts)">Sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_(grappling)" title="Takedown (grappling)">Takedown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throw_(grappling)" title="Throw (grappling)">Throw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_fighting" title="Stand-up fighting">Stand-up</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts_weapons" title="List of martial arts weapons">Weapons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Duel</a></li> <li>Melee weapons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knife_fight" title="Knife fight">Knife fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick-fighting" title="Stick-fighting">Stick-fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordsmanship" title="Swordsmanship">Swordsmanship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranged_weapon" title="Ranged weapon">Ranged weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">Training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">Kata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_glove" title="Boxing glove">Boxing glove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_practice_weapons" title="List of practice weapons">Practice weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punching_bag" title="Punching bag">Punching bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushing_hands" title="Pushing hands">Pushing hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randori" title="Randori">Randori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparring" title="Sparring">Sparring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barr%C3%B3g" title="Barróg">Barróg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Para_judo" title="Para judo">Para judo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luta_Livre" title="Luta Livre">Luta Livre esportiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">Malla-yuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">Pehlwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuai_jiao" title="Shuai jiao">Shuai jiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling">catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_wrestling" title="Mongolian wrestling">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_wrestling" title="Oil wrestling">oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_wrestling" title="Shoot wrestling">shoot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">Striking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando" title="Bando">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">Capoeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_boxing" title="Chess boxing">Chess boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choi_Kwang_Do" title="Choi Kwang Do">Choi Kwang Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambe" title="Dambe">Dambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kun_Khmer" title="Kun Khmer">Kun Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethwei" title="Lethwei">Lethwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Praying_Mantis" title="Northern Praying Mantis">Northern Praying Mantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_boxing" title="Russian boxing">Russian boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanda_(sport)" title="Sanda (sport)">Sanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_kung_fu" title="Shaolin kung fu">Shaolin kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_boxing" title="Shoot boxing">Shoot boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate" title="Savate">Savate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Soo_Do" title="Tang Soo Do">Tang Soo Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tien_Shan_Pai" title="Tien Shan Pai">Tien Shan Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vovinam" title="Vovinam">Vovinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudangquan" title="Wudangquan">Wudangquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshukai_Karate" title="Yoshukai Karate">Yoshukai Karate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dait%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB_Aiki-j%C5%ABjutsu" title="Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu">Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baguazhang" title="Baguazhang">Baguazhang</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xingyiquan" title="Xingyiquan">Xingyiquan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contact_sport#Full-contact" title="Contact sport">Full contact</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_boxing" title="Professional boxing">Professional boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_contact_karate" title="Full contact karate">Full contact karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">Pankration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shootfighting" title="Shootfighting">Shootfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submission_wrestling" title="Submission wrestling">Submission wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_Tudo" title="Vale Tudo">Vale Tudo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">Self-defense</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Combatives" title="Combatives">combatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Arnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartitsu" title="Bartitsu">Bartitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapkido" title="Hapkido">Hapkido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajukenbo" title="Kajukenbo">Kajukenbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieitaikakut%C5%8Djutsu" title="Jieitaikakutōjutsu">Jieitaikakutōjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">MCMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrajitsu" title="Suffrajitsu">Suffrajitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systema" title="Systema">Systema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekkyon" title="Taekkyon">Taekkyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To-Shin_Do" title="To-Shin Do">To-Shin Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silat_Melayu" title="Silat Melayu">Silat Melayu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism#Martial_arts" title="Eclecticism">Eclectic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_martial_arts" title="Hybrid martial arts">hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Kenpo" title="American Kenpo">American Kenpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angampora" title="Angampora">Angampora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chun_Kuk_Do" class="mw-redirect" title="Chun Kuk Do">Chun Kuk Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokutoryu_Ju-Jutsu" title="Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu">Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeet_Kune_Do" title="Jeet Kune Do">Jeet Kune Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooto" title="Shooto">Shooto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorinji_Kempo" title="Shorinji Kempo">Shorinji Kempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unifight" title="Unifight">Unifight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwan_Ki_Do" title="Qwan Ki Do">Qwan Ki Do</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battlefield" title="Battlefield">Battlefield</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banshay" title="Banshay">Banshay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokator" title="Bokator">Bokator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Historical European martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiyen_Lallong" title="Huiyen Lallong">Huiyen Lallong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krabi%E2%80%93krabong" title="Krabi–krabong">Krabi–krabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardani_khel" title="Mardani khel">Mardani khel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">Marine Corps Martial Arts Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_game" title="Fighting game">Fighting game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts film</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Chanbara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_combat" title="Stage combat">Stage combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricking_(martial_arts)" title="Tricking (martial arts)">Tricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: LightPurple;"><div id="International_games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International games</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Summer Olympics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Boxing at the Summer Olympics">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the Summer Olympics">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Judo at the Summer Olympics">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Karate at the Summer Olympics">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Taekwondo at the Summer Olympics">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Wrestling at the Summer Olympics">Wrestling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a>)</li> <li>Demonstration sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budo_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Budo at the 1964 Summer Olympics">Budō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_dueling" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic dueling">Pistol dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glima_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Glima at the 1912 Summer Olympics">Glima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Savate at the 1924 Summer Olympics">Savate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/World_Games_sports" title="World Games sports">World Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ju-jitsu_at_the_World_Games" title="Ju-jitsu at the World Games">Ju-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_World_Games" title="Karate at the World Games">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sumo at the World Games">Sumo</a></li> <li>Former official sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sambo at the World Games">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Invitational sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li> <li>2018 Only <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurash" title="Kurash">Kurash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/European_Games" title="European Games">European Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muaythai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" 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