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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancient history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_London_prize_ring_rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_London_prize_ring_rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early London prize ring rules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_London_prize_ring_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marquess_of_Queensberry_rules_(1867)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marquess_of_Queensberry_rules_(1867)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Marquess of Queensberry rules (1867)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marquess_of_Queensberry_rules_(1867)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_19th_and_early_20th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_19th_and_early_20th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Late 19th and early 20th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_19th_and_early_20th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_boxing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_boxing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Modern boxing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_boxing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_vs._amateur_boxing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_vs._amateur_boxing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Professional vs. amateur boxing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Professional_vs._amateur_boxing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Professional vs. amateur boxing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Professional_vs._amateur_boxing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amateur_boxing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amateur_boxing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Amateur boxing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amateur_boxing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_boxing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_boxing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Professional boxing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_boxing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boxing_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boxing_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Boxing styles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Boxing_styles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Boxing styles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Boxing_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition_of_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_of_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Definition of style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_of_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boxer/out-fighter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boxer/out-fighter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Boxer/out-fighter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boxer/out-fighter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boxer-puncher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boxer-puncher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.1</span> <span>Boxer-puncher</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boxer-puncher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counter_puncher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counter_puncher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.2</span> <span>Counter puncher</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counter_puncher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brawler/slugger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brawler/slugger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Brawler/slugger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brawler/slugger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swarmer/in-fighter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swarmer/in-fighter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Swarmer/in-fighter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swarmer/in-fighter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combinations_of_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combinations_of_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Combinations of styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combinations_of_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style_matchups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style_matchups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Style matchups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style_matchups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Technique</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technique-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technique subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Stance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Punches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Defense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unorthodox_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unorthodox_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Unorthodox strategies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unorthodox_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ring_corner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ring_corner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ring corner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ring_corner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Health concerns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_concerns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health concerns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possible_health_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_health_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Possible health benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_health_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boxing_Halls_of_Fame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boxing_Halls_of_Fame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Boxing Halls of Fame</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boxing_Halls_of_Fame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governing_and_sanctioning_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governing_and_sanctioning_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Governing and sanctioning bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governing_and_sanctioning_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boxing_rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boxing_rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Boxing rankings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boxing_rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Boxing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 131 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-131" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">131 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boks" title="Boks – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Boks" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C8%B3stl%C4%81c" title="Fȳstlāc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fȳstlāc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Абокс – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Абокс" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9" title="ملاكمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملاكمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxeyo" title="Boxeyo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Boxeyo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box%C3%A9u" title="Boxéu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Boxéu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boks" title="Boks – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Boks" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="بوکس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بوکس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="মুষ্টিযুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুষ্টিযুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gucuh" title="Gucuh – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Gucuh" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%CC%8Dk-s%C3%ACn-guh" title="Bo̍k-sìn-guh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bo̍k-sìn-guh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бокс – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бокс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бокс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бокс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бокс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бокс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бокс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бокс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁུར་འཛིང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁུར་འཛིང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boks" title="Boks – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Boks" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boks" title="Boks – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Boks" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxa" title="Boxa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Boxa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box" title="Box – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Box" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiva" title="Tsiva – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Tsiva" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paffio" title="Paffio – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Paffio" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boksning" title="Boksning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Boksning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3" title="بوكس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بوكس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boksen" title="Boksen – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Boksen" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxen" title="Boxen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Boxen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poks" title="Poks – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Poks" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πυγμαχία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πυγμαχία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxeo" title="Boxeo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Boxeo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boksado" title="Boksado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Boksado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosseu" title="Bosseu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bosseu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxeo" title="Boxeo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Boxeo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="بوکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevaleikur" title="Nevaleikur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Nevaleikur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxe" title="Boxe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Boxe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boksen" title="Boksen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Boksen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorn%C3%A1la%C3%ADocht" title="Dornálaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dornálaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B2rnaireachd" title="Dòrnaireachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dòrnaireachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxeo" title="Boxeo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Boxeo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%CC%8Dk-sin-k%C3%BA" title="Po̍k-sin-kú – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Po̍k-sin-kú" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B6%8C%ED%88%AC" title="권투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="권투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%BC%D5%B6%D6%81%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Բռնցքամարտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բռնցքամարտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80" title="मुक्केबाज़ी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुक्केबाज़ी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boks" title="Boks – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Boks" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxo" title="Boxo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Boxo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boksingero" title="Boksingero – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Boksingero" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinju" title="Tinju – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tinju" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxa" title="Boxa – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Boxa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бокс – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бокс" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanqindi" title="Amanqindi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Amanqindi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnefaleikar" title="Hnefaleikar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hnefaleikar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugilato" title="Pugilato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pugilato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A3_(%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98)" title="אגרוף (ספורט) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אגרוף (ספורט)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinju" title="Tinju – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tinju" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬಾಕ್ಸಿಂಗ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಾಕ್ಸಿಂಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="კრივი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კრივი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscowani%C3%A9" title="Piscowanié – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Piscowanié" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бокс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бокс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mchezo_wa_ngumi" title="Mchezo wa ngumi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mchezo wa ngumi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2ks" title="Bòks – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bòks" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бокс – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бокс" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugilatio_(moderna)" title="Pugilatio (moderna) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pugilatio (moderna)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokss" title="Bokss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bokss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxen" title="Boxen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Boxen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бокс – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Бокс" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boksas" title="Boksas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Boksas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobuni_bwa_mak%C9%94%CC%81fi" title="Bobuni bwa makɔ́fi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bobuni bwa makɔ́fi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96k%C3%B6lv%C3%ADv%C3%A1s" title="Ökölvívás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ökölvívás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бокс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бокс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="ബോക്സിങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബോക്സിങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="बॉक्सिंग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बॉक्सिंग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85%D9%87" title="ملاكمه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ملاكمه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinju" title="Tinju – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tinju" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinju" title="Tinju – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Tinju" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxe" title="Boxe – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Boxe" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бокс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бокс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7%E1%80%91%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="လက်ဝှေ့ထိုးခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လက်ဝှေ့ထိုးခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boksen" title="Boksen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boksen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="मुक्केबाजी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मुक्केबाजी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="ボクシング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボクシング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugilato" title="Pugilato – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Pugilato" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бокс – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бокс" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boksing" title="Boksing – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Boksing" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boksing" title="Boksing – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Boksing" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2xa_anglesa" title="Bòxa anglesa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bòxa anglesa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boks" title="Boks – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Boks" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80" title="ਮੁੱਕੇਬਾਜ਼ੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੁੱਕੇਬਾਜ਼ੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxin" title="Baxin – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Baxin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2cs" title="Bòcs – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Bòcs" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxen" title="Boxen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Boxen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boks" title="Boks – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Boks" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxe" title="Boxe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Boxe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boks" title="Boks – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Boks" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box" title="Box – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Box" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqmanakuy" title="Saqmanakuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Saqmanakuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бокс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бокс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бокс – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бокс" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="मुष्टिकाताडनक्रीडा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मुष्टिकाताडनक्रीडा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxin" title="Boxin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Boxin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boksi" title="Boksi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Boksi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puggilatu" title="Puggilatu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Puggilatu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82" title="බොක්සිං – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බොක්සිං" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Boxing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%AA%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF" title="باڪسنگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="باڪسنگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_(%C5%A1port)" title="Box (šport) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Box (šport)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boks" title="Boks – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Boks" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedh_(ciyaar)" title="Feedh (ciyaar) – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Feedh (ciyaar)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مستانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مستانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бокс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бокс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boks" title="Boks – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Boks" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinju" title="Tinju – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tinju" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyrkkeily" title="Nyrkkeily – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nyrkkeily" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxning" title="Boxning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Boxning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boksing" title="Boksing – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Boksing" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="குத்துச்சண்டை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குத்துச்சண்டை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бокс – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бокс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5" title="มวยสากล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มวยสากล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Муштзанӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Муштзанӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boks" title="Boks – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Boks" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boks" title="Boks – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Boks" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бокс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бокс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%92_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="مکے بازی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مکے بازی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxe" title="Boxe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Boxe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quy%E1%BB%81n_Anh" title="Quyền Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quyền Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boksingero" title="Boksingero – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Boksingero" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%B3%E5%87%BB" title="拳击 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拳击" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="באקס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באקס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%B3%E6%93%8A" title="拳擊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="拳擊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%B3%E5%87%BB" title="拳击 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拳击" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boksen" title="Boksen – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Boksen" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Boxing%22">"Boxing"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Boxing%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Boxing%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Boxing%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Boxing%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Boxing%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Boxing</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boxing_Tournament_in_Aid_of_King_George%27s_Fund_For_Sailors_at_the_Royal_Naval_Air_Station,_Henstridge,_Somerset,_July_1945_A29806.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Boxing_Tournament_in_Aid_of_King_George%27s_Fund_For_Sailors_at_the_Royal_Naval_Air_Station%2C_Henstridge%2C_Somerset%2C_July_1945_A29806.jpg/200px-Boxing_Tournament_in_Aid_of_King_George%27s_Fund_For_Sailors_at_the_Royal_Naval_Air_Station%2C_Henstridge%2C_Somerset%2C_July_1945_A29806.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Boxing_Tournament_in_Aid_of_King_George%27s_Fund_For_Sailors_at_the_Royal_Naval_Air_Station%2C_Henstridge%2C_Somerset%2C_July_1945_A29806.jpg/300px-Boxing_Tournament_in_Aid_of_King_George%27s_Fund_For_Sailors_at_the_Royal_Naval_Air_Station%2C_Henstridge%2C_Somerset%2C_July_1945_A29806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Boxing_Tournament_in_Aid_of_King_George%27s_Fund_For_Sailors_at_the_Royal_Naval_Air_Station%2C_Henstridge%2C_Somerset%2C_July_1945_A29806.jpg/400px-Boxing_Tournament_in_Aid_of_King_George%27s_Fund_For_Sailors_at_the_Royal_Naval_Air_Station%2C_Henstridge%2C_Somerset%2C_July_1945_A29806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="594" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Two <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> men boxing for charity (1945). The modern sport was codified in England in the 19th and early 20th centuries.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also known as</th><td class="infobox-data">Western boxing, pugilism<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Focus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Punch_(combat)" title="Punch (combat)">Punching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">striking</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">The sport itself: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient history</a>, possibly <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">Prehistoric</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Queensberry_Rules" title="Marquess of Queensberry Rules">Modern rules</a>: United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Olympic sport</th><td class="infobox-data">688 BC (ancient Greece)<br />1904 (modern)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Boxing</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martial_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial art">martial art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking place in a <a href="/wiki/Boxing_ring" title="Boxing ring">boxing ring</a>, it involves two people – usually wearing protective equipment, such as <a href="/wiki/Boxing_glove" title="Boxing glove">protective gloves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hand_wrap" title="Hand wrap">hand wraps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mouthguard" title="Mouthguard">mouthguards</a> – throwing <a href="/wiki/Punch_(combat)" title="Punch (combat)">punches</a> at each other for a predetermined amount of time. </p><p>Although the term "boxing" is commonly attributed to western boxing, in which only fists are involved, it has developed in different ways in different geographical areas and cultures of the World. In global terms, "boxing" today is also a set of combat sports focused on <a href="/wiki/Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">striking</a>, in which two opponents face each other in a fight using at least their fists, and possibly involving other actions, such as <a href="/wiki/Kick" title="Kick">kicks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbow_(strike)" title="Elbow (strike)">elbow strikes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knee_(strike)" title="Knee (strike)">knee strikes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Headbutt" title="Headbutt">headbutts</a>, depending on the rules. Some of these variants are the <a href="/wiki/Bare-knuckle_boxing" title="Bare-knuckle boxing">bare-knuckle boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">kickboxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lethwei" title="Lethwei">Lethwei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savate" title="Savate">savate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanda_(sport)" title="Sanda (sport)">sanda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boxing techniques have been incorporated into many <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">military systems</a>, and other combat sports. </p><p>Humans have engaged in <a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">hand-to-hand combat</a> since the earliest days of human history. The origins of boxing in any of its forms as a sport remain uncertain,<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some sources suggest that it has prehistoric roots in what is now <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, emerging as early as the sixth millennium BC. It is believed that when the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>, they adopted boxing from the local populace, subsequently popularizing it in Egypt. From there, the sport of boxing spread to various regions, including <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a>, eastward to <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, and northward to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest visual evidence of any type of boxing is from Egypt and Sumer, both from the third millennia,<sup id="cite_ref-olympics.com_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olympics.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can be seen in Sumerian carvings from the third and second millennia BC.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopaediaBritannicaEntry_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopaediaBritannicaEntry-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence of boxing rules dates back to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, where boxing was established as an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic game</a> in 688 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopaediaBritannicaEntry_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopaediaBritannicaEntry-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights, largely in Great Britain, to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Queensberry_Rules" title="Marquess of Queensberry Rules">Marquess of Queensberry Rules</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amateur_boxing" title="Amateur boxing">Amateur boxing</a> is both an <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> sport and is a standard fixture in most international games—it also has its world championships. Boxing is overseen by a <a href="/wiki/Referee_(boxing)" title="Referee (boxing)">referee</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over a series of one-to-three-minute intervals called "rounds". </p><p>A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing, disqualifies an opponent, or the opponent <a href="/wiki/Submission_(combat_sports)" title="Submission (combat sports)">resigns</a>. When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing, the <a href="/wiki/Professional_boxing#Scoring" title="Professional boxing">judges' scorecards</a> determine the victor. In case both fighters gain equal scores from the judges, a professional bout is considered a <a href="/wiki/Tie_(draw)" title="Tie (draw)">draw</a>. In Olympic boxing, because a winner must be declared, judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_boxing" title="Ancient Greek boxing">Ancient Greek boxing</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_physical_training_and_fitness" title="History of physical training and fitness">History of physical training and fitness</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_boxers_fresco,_Akrotiri,_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Young_boxers_fresco%2C_Akrotiri%2C_Greece.jpg/150px-Young_boxers_fresco%2C_Akrotiri%2C_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Young_boxers_fresco%2C_Akrotiri%2C_Greece.jpg/225px-Young_boxers_fresco%2C_Akrotiri%2C_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Young_boxers_fresco%2C_Akrotiri%2C_Greece.jpg/300px-Young_boxers_fresco%2C_Akrotiri%2C_Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="3148" /></a><figcaption>A painting of <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> youths boxing, from an <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_(prehistoric_city)" title="Akrotiri (prehistoric city)">Akrotiri</a> fresco circa 1650 BC. This is the earliest documented use of <a href="/wiki/Boxing_gloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxing gloves">boxing gloves</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Greece,_Boxers_(youths),_Panathenaic_Amphora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ancient_Greece%2C_Boxers_%28youths%29%2C_Panathenaic_Amphora.jpg/220px-Ancient_Greece%2C_Boxers_%28youths%29%2C_Panathenaic_Amphora.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ancient_Greece%2C_Boxers_%28youths%29%2C_Panathenaic_Amphora.jpg/330px-Ancient_Greece%2C_Boxers_%28youths%29%2C_Panathenaic_Amphora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ancient_Greece%2C_Boxers_%28youths%29%2C_Panathenaic_Amphora.jpg/440px-Ancient_Greece%2C_Boxers_%28youths%29%2C_Panathenaic_Amphora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>A boxing scene depicted on a Panathenaic amphora from Ancient Greece, circa 336 BC, British Museum</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">Hitting</a> with different extremities of the body, such as <a href="/wiki/Kick" title="Kick">kicks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punch_(combat)" title="Punch (combat)">punches</a>, as an act of human <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a>, has existed across the world throughout <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a>, being a combat system as old as <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>. However, in terms of <a href="/wiki/Sports_competition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports competition">sports competition</a>, due to the lack of <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric times</a> and the lack of references, it is not possible to determine rules of any kind of boxing in prehistory, and in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient times</a> only can be inferred from the few intact sources and references to the sport. </p><p>The origin of the sport of boxing is unknown,<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however according to some sources boxing in any of its forms has prehistoric origins in present-day <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, where it appeared in the sixth millennium BC. When the Egyptians invaded <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> they learned the art of boxing from the local population, and they took the sport to Egypt where it became popular. From Egypt, boxing spread to other countries including <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, eastward to Mesopotamia, and northward to Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest visual evidence of any type of boxing comes from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> both from the third millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-olympics.com_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olympics.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopaediaBritannicaEntry_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopaediaBritannicaEntry-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A relief sculpture from <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Thebes">Egyptian Thebes</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1350 BC</span>) shows both boxers and spectators.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopaediaBritannicaEntry_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopaediaBritannicaEntry-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early Middle-Eastern and Egyptian depictions showed contests where fighters were either bare-fisted or had a band supporting the wrist.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopaediaBritannicaEntry_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopaediaBritannicaEntry-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence of use of gloves can be found in <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span>–1400 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopaediaBritannicaEntry_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopaediaBritannicaEntry-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various types of boxing existed in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a>. The earliest references to <i><a href="/wiki/Musti-yuddha" title="Musti-yuddha">musti-yuddha</a></i> come from <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">classical Vedic epics</a> such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a></i> (<abbr>c.</abbr> 1500–1000 BCE) and <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> (<abbr>c.</abbr> 700–400 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> describes two combatants boxing with clenched fists and fighting with kicks, finger strikes, knee strikes and headbutts during the time of King <a href="/wiki/Virata" title="Virata">Virata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duels (<i>niyuddham</i>) were often fought to the death. During the period of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a>, the ruler <a href="/wiki/Rudradaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudradaman">Rudradaman</a>—in addition to being well-versed in "the great sciences" which included <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit grammar</a>, and logic—was said to be an excellent horseman, charioteer, elephant rider, swordsman and boxer.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Gurbilas Shemi</i>, an 18th-century Sikh text, gives numerous references to <i>musti-yuddha</i>. The martial art is related to other forms of martial arts found in other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Indian cultural sphere</a> including <a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a> in Thailand, <a href="/wiki/Muay_Lao" title="Muay Lao">Muay Lao</a> in Laos, <a href="/wiki/Pradal_Serey" class="mw-redirect" title="Pradal Serey">Pradal Serey</a> in Cambodia and <a href="/wiki/Lethwei" title="Lethwei">Lethwei</a> in Myanmar.<sup id="cite_ref-DraegerComp_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DraegerComp-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Ancient Greece boxing was a well developed sport called <i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_boxing" title="Ancient Greek boxing">pygmachia</a></i>, and enjoyed consistent popularity. In Olympic terms, it was first introduced in the 23rd <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympiad</a>, 688 BC. The boxers would wind leather thongs around their hands in order to protect them. There were no rounds and boxers fought until one of them acknowledged defeat or could not continue. Weight categories were not used, which meant heavier fighters had a tendency to dominate. The style of boxing practiced typically featured an advanced left leg stance, with the left arm semi-extended as a guard, in addition to being used for striking, and with the right arm drawn back ready to strike. It was the head of the opponent which was primarily targeted, and there is little evidence to suggest that targeting the body or the use of kicks was common,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which it resembled modern western boxing. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naples_Museum_18_(14972772469).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Naples_Museum_18_%2814972772469%29.jpg/220px-Naples_Museum_18_%2814972772469%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Naples_Museum_18_%2814972772469%29.jpg/330px-Naples_Museum_18_%2814972772469%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Naples_Museum_18_%2814972772469%29.jpg/440px-Naples_Museum_18_%2814972772469%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3568" data-file-height="2624" /></a><figcaption>A boxer and a rooster in a Roman mosaic of first century AD at the <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Naples" title="National Archaeological Museum, Naples">National Archaeological Museum, Naples</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Boxing was a popular spectator sport in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fighters protected their knuckles with leather strips wrapped around their fists. Eventually harder leather was used and the strips became a weapon. Metal studs were introduced to the strips to make the <a href="/wiki/Cestus" title="Cestus">cestus</a>. Fighting events were held at Roman <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">amphitheatres</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_London_prize_ring_rules">Early London prize ring rules</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blow2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Blow2.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="286" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>A straight right demonstrated in Edmund Price's <i>The Science of Defence: A Treatise on Sparring and Wrestling</i>, 1867</figcaption></figure> <p>Records of boxing activity disappeared in the west after the fall of the Western <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> when the wearing of weapons became common once again and interest in fighting with the fists waned. However, there are detailed records of various fist-fighting sports that were maintained in different cities and provinces of Italy between the 12th and 17th centuries. There was also a sport in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Rus">ancient Rus</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_fist_fighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian fist fighting">kulachniy boy</a></i> or 'fist fighting'.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the wearing of swords became less common, there was renewed interest in fencing with the fists. The sport later resurfaced in England during the early 16th century in the form of <a href="/wiki/Bare-knuckle_boxing" title="Bare-knuckle boxing">bare-knuckle boxing</a>, sometimes referred to as <i>prizefighting</i>. The first documented account of a bare-knuckle fight in England appeared in 1681 in the <i>London Protestant Mercury</i>, and the first English bare-knuckle champion was <a href="/wiki/James_Figg" title="James Figg">James Figg</a> in 1719.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts-1999_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-1999-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also the time when the word "boxing" first came to be used. This earliest form of modern boxing was very different. Contests in Mr. Figg's time, in addition to fist fighting, also contained fencing and cudgeling. On 6 January 1681, the first recorded boxing match took place in Britain when <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Monck" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Monck">Christopher Monck</a>, 2nd <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Albemarle" title="Duke of Albemarle">Duke of Albemarle</a> (and later <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica">Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica</a>), engineered a bout between his butler and his butcher with the latter winning the prize. </p><p>Early fighting had no written rules. There were no weight divisions or round limits, and no referee. In general, it was extremely chaotic. An early article on boxing was published in Nottingham in 1713, by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Parkyns,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Parkyns, 2nd Baronet">Sir Thomas Parkyns, 2nd Baronet</a>, a wrestling patron from <a href="/wiki/Bunny,_Nottinghamshire" title="Bunny, Nottinghamshire">Bunny, Nottinghamshire</a>, who had practised the techniques he described. The article, a single page in his manual of wrestling and fencing, <i>Progymnasmata: The inn-play, or Cornish-hugg wrestler</i>, described a system of headbutting, punching, eye-gouging, chokes, and hard throws, not recognized in boxing today.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first boxing rules, called the <a href="/wiki/Broughton_Rules" title="Broughton Rules">Broughton Rules</a>, were introduced by champion <a href="/wiki/Jack_Broughton" title="Jack Broughton">Jack Broughton</a> in 1743 to protect fighters in the ring where deaths sometimes occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under these rules, if a man went down and could not continue after a count of 30 seconds, the fight was over. Hitting a downed fighter and grasping below the waist were prohibited. Broughton encouraged the use of "mufflers", a form of padded bandage or mitten, to be used in "jousting" or sparring sessions in training, and in exhibition matches. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cribb_vs_Molineaux_1811.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cribb_vs_Molineaux_1811.jpg/220px-Cribb_vs_Molineaux_1811.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cribb_vs_Molineaux_1811.jpg/330px-Cribb_vs_Molineaux_1811.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cribb_vs_Molineaux_1811.jpg/440px-Cribb_vs_Molineaux_1811.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tom_Molineaux" title="Tom Molineaux">Tom Molineaux</a> (left) vs <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cribb" title="Tom Cribb">Tom Cribb</a> in a re-match for the heavyweight championship of England, 1811</figcaption></figure> <p>These rules did allow the fighters an advantage not enjoyed by today's boxers; they permitted the fighter to drop to one knee to end the round and begin the 30-second count at any time. Thus a fighter realizing he was in trouble had an opportunity to recover. However, this was considered "unmanly"<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was frequently disallowed by additional rules negotiated by the seconds of the boxers.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern boxing, there is a three-minute limit to rounds (unlike the downed fighter ends the round rule). Intentionally going down in modern boxing will cause the recovering fighter to lose points in the scoring system. Furthermore, as the contestants did not have heavy leather gloves and wristwraps to protect their hands, they used different punching technique to preserve their hands because the head was a common target to hit full out.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (August 2018)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Boxing#Dubious" title="Talk:Boxing">discuss</a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Almost all period manuals have powerful straight punches with the whole body behind them to the face (including forehead) as the basic blows.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2018)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The British sportswriter <a href="/wiki/Pierce_Egan" title="Pierce Egan">Pierce Egan</a> coined the term "the sweet science" as an epithet for prizefighting – or more fully "the sweet science of bruising" as a description of England's bare-knuckle fight scene in the early nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boxing could also be used to settle disputes even by females. In 1790 in Waddington, Lincolnshire Mary Farmery and Susanna Locker both laid claim to the affections of a young man; this produced a challenge from the former to fight for the prize, which was accepted by the latter. Proper sidesmen were chosen, and every matter conducted in form. After several knock-down blows on both sides, the battle ended in favour of Mary Farmery.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/London_Prize_Ring_Rules" title="London Prize Ring Rules">London Prize Ring Rules</a> introduced measures that remain in effect for professional boxing to this day, such as outlawing butting, gouging, scratching, kicking, hitting a man while down, holding the ropes, and using resin, stones or hard objects in the hands, and biting.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marquess_of_Queensberry_rules_(1867)"><span id="Marquess_of_Queensberry_rules_.281867.29"></span>Marquess of Queensberry rules (1867)</h3></div> <p>In 1867, the <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Queensberry_rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquess of Queensberry rules">Marquess of Queensberry rules</a> were drafted by <a href="/wiki/John_Graham_Chambers" title="John Graham Chambers">John Chambers</a> for amateur championships held at <a href="/wiki/Lillie_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Lillie Bridge">Lillie Bridge</a> in London for <a href="/wiki/Lightweight" title="Lightweight">lightweights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middleweight" title="Middleweight">middleweights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavyweight" title="Heavyweight">heavyweights</a>. The rules were published under the patronage of the <a href="/wiki/John_Sholto_Douglas,_9th_Marquess_of_Queensberry" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sholto Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry">Marquess of Queensberry</a>, whose name has always been associated with them. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm/220px--Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="Leonard-Cushing_fight_(1894).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Leonard-Cushing_fight_(1894).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>The June 1894 Leonard–Cushing bout. Each of the six one-minute rounds recorded by the <a href="/wiki/Kinetoscope" title="Kinetoscope">Kinetograph</a> was made available to exhibitors for $22.50.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Customers who watched the final round saw Leonard score a knockdown.</figcaption></figure> <p>There were twelve rules in all, and they specified that fights should be "a fair stand-up boxing match" in a 24-foot-square or similar ring. Rounds were three minutes with one-minute rest intervals between rounds. Each fighter was given a ten-second count if he was knocked down, and wrestling was banned. The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Boxing_gloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxing gloves">gloves</a> of "fair-size" also changed the nature of the bouts. An average pair of boxing gloves resembles a bloated pair of mittens and are laced up around the wrists.<sup id="cite_ref-Marquess-of_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marquess-of-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gloves can be used to block an opponent's blows. As a result of their introduction, bouts became longer and more strategic with greater importance attached to defensive maneuvers such as slipping, bobbing, countering and angling. Because less defensive emphasis was placed on the use of the forearms and more on the gloves, the classical forearms outwards, torso leaning back stance of the bare knuckle boxer was modified to a more modern stance in which the torso is tilted forward and the hands are held closer to the face. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_19th_and_early_20th_centuries">Late 19th and early 20th centuries</h3></div> <p>Through the late nineteenth century, the martial art of boxing or prizefighting was primarily a sport of dubious legitimacy. Outlawed in England and much of the United States, prizefights were often held at gambling venues and broken up by police.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brawling and wrestling tactics continued, and riots at prizefights were common occurrences. Still, throughout this period, there arose some notable bare knuckle champions who developed fairly sophisticated fighting tactics. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amateur_Boxing_Club,_Porthaethwy_(7005565417).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Amateur_Boxing_Club%2C_Porthaethwy_%287005565417%29.jpg/220px-Amateur_Boxing_Club%2C_Porthaethwy_%287005565417%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Amateur_Boxing_Club%2C_Porthaethwy_%287005565417%29.jpg/330px-Amateur_Boxing_Club%2C_Porthaethwy_%287005565417%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Amateur_Boxing_Club%2C_Porthaethwy_%287005565417%29.jpg/440px-Amateur_Boxing_Club%2C_Porthaethwy_%287005565417%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Amateur Boxing Club, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>The English case of <i><a href="/wiki/R_v._Coney" class="mw-redirect" title="R v. Coney">R v. Coney</a></i> in 1882 found that a bare-knuckle fight was an <a href="/wiki/Assault_occasioning_actual_bodily_harm" title="Assault occasioning actual bodily harm">assault occasioning actual bodily harm</a>, despite the consent of the participants. This marked the end of widespread public bare-knuckle contests in England. </p><p>The first world heavyweight champion under the Queensberry Rules was <a href="/wiki/James_J._Corbett" title="James J. Corbett">"Gentleman Jim" Corbett</a>, who defeated <a href="/wiki/John_L._Sullivan" title="John L. Sullivan">John L. Sullivan</a> in 1892 at the Pelican Athletic Club in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first instance of film censorship in the United States occurred in 1897 when several states banned the showing of prize fighting films from the state of Nevada,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it was legal at the time. </p><p>Throughout the early twentieth century, boxers struggled to achieve legitimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were aided by the influence of promoters like <a href="/wiki/Tex_Rickard" title="Tex Rickard">Tex Rickard</a> and the popularity of great champions such as John L. Sullivan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_boxing">Modern boxing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Helenius_vs._Attila_Levin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Robert_Helenius_vs._Attila_Levin.jpg/220px-Robert_Helenius_vs._Attila_Levin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Robert_Helenius_vs._Attila_Levin.jpg/330px-Robert_Helenius_vs._Attila_Levin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Robert_Helenius_vs._Attila_Levin.jpg/440px-Robert_Helenius_vs._Attila_Levin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Helenius" title="Robert Helenius">Robert Helenius</a> (on the right) vs. <a href="/wiki/Attila_Levin" title="Attila Levin">Attila Levin</a> (on the left) at <a href="/wiki/Hartwall_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartwall Arena">Hartwall Arena</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland, on 27 November 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern sport arose from illegal venues and outlawed prizefighting and has become a multibillion-dollar commercial enterprise. A majority of young talent still comes from poverty-stricken areas around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Places like Mexico, Africa, South America, and Eastern Europe prove to be filled with young aspiring athletes who wish to become the future of boxing. Even in the U.S., places like the inner cities of New York, and Chicago have given rise to promising young talent. According to Rubin, "boxing lost its appeal with the American middle class, and most of who boxes in modern America come from the streets and are street fighters".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rules">Rules</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Queensberry_Rules" title="Marquess of Queensberry Rules">Marquess of Queensberry Rules</a></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Queensberry_Rules" title="Marquess of Queensberry Rules">Marquess of Queensberry Rules</a></i> have been the general rules governing modern boxing since their publication in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-Marquess-of_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marquess-of-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A boxing match typically consists of a determined number of three-minute rounds, a total of up to 9 to 12 rounds with a minute spent between each round with the fighters resting in their assigned corners and receiving advice and attention from their coach and staff. The fight is controlled by a referee who works within the ring to judge and control the conduct of the fighters, rule on their ability to fight safely, count knocked-down fighters, and rule on fouls. </p><p>Up to three judges are typically present at ringside to score the bout and assign points to the boxers, based on punches and elbows that connect, defense, knockdowns, hugging and other, more subjective, measures. Because of the open-ended style of boxing judging, many fights have controversial results, in which one or both fighters believe they have been "robbed" or unfairly denied a victory. Each fighter has an assigned corner of the ring, where their coach, as well as one or more "seconds" may administer to the fighter at the beginning of the fight and between rounds. Each boxer enters into the ring from their assigned corners at the beginning of each round and must cease fighting and return to their corner at the signalled end of each round. </p><p>A bout in which the predetermined number of rounds passes is decided by the judges, and is said to "go the distance". The fighter with the higher score at the end of the fight is ruled the winner. With three judges, unanimous and split decisions are possible, as are draws. A boxer may win the bout before a decision is reached through a knock-out; such bouts are said to have ended "inside the distance". If a fighter is knocked down during the fight, determined by whether the boxer touches the canvas floor of the ring with any part of their body other than the feet as a result of the opponent's punch and not a slip, as determined by the referee, the referee begins counting until the fighter returns to their feet and can continue. Some jurisdictions <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_eight_count" title="Mandatory eight count">require the referee to count to eight</a> regardless of if the fighter gets up before. </p><p>Should the referee count to ten, then the knocked-down boxer is ruled "knocked out" (whether unconscious or not) and the other boxer is ruled the winner by <a href="/wiki/Knockout" title="Knockout">knockout</a> (KO). A "technical knock-out" (TKO) is possible as well, and is ruled by the referee, fight doctor, or a fighter's corner if a fighter is unable to safely continue to fight, based upon injuries or being judged unable to effectively defend themselves. Many jurisdictions and sanctioning agencies also have a "three-knockdown rule", in which three knockdowns in a given round result in a TKO. A TKO is considered a knockout in a fighter's record. A "standing eight" count rule may also be in effect. This gives the referee the right to step in and administer a count of eight to a fighter that the referee feels may be in danger, even if no knockdown has taken place. After counting the referee will observe the fighter, and decide if the fighter is fit to continue. For scoring purposes, a standing eight count is treated as a knockdown. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ingemar_Johansson_and_Floyd_Pattersson_1959.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ingemar_Johansson_and_Floyd_Pattersson_1959.JPG/220px-Ingemar_Johansson_and_Floyd_Pattersson_1959.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ingemar_Johansson_and_Floyd_Pattersson_1959.JPG/330px-Ingemar_Johansson_and_Floyd_Pattersson_1959.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ingemar_Johansson_and_Floyd_Pattersson_1959.JPG/440px-Ingemar_Johansson_and_Floyd_Pattersson_1959.JPG 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ingemar_Johansson" title="Ingemar Johansson">Ingemar Johansson</a> of Sweden KO's heavyweight champion <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Patterson" title="Floyd Patterson">Floyd Patterson</a>, 26 June 1959</figcaption></figure> <p>In general, boxers are prohibited from hitting below the belt, holding, tripping, pushing, biting, or spitting. The boxer's shorts are raised so the opponent is not allowed to hit to the groin area with intent to cause pain or injury. Failure to abide by the former may result in a foul. They also are prohibited from kicking, head-butting, or hitting with any part of the arm other than the knuckles of a closed fist (including hitting with the elbow, shoulder or forearm, as well as with open gloves, the wrist, the inside, back or side of the hand). They are prohibited as well from hitting the back, back of the head or neck (called a "rabbit-punch") or the kidneys. They are prohibited from holding the ropes for support when punching, holding an opponent while punching, or ducking below the belt of their opponent (dropping below the waist of your opponent, no matter the distance between). </p><p>If a "clinch" – a defensive move in which a boxer wraps their opponent's arms and holds on to create a pause – is broken by the referee, each fighter must take a full step back before punching again (alternatively, the referee may direct the fighters to "punch out" of the clinch). When a boxer is knocked down, the other boxer must immediately cease fighting and move to the furthest neutral corner of the ring until the referee has either ruled a knockout or called for the fight to continue. </p><p>Violations of these rules may be ruled "fouls" by the referee, who may issue warnings, deduct points, or disqualify an offending boxer, causing an automatic loss, depending on the seriousness and intentionality of the foul. An intentional foul that causes injury that prevents a fight from continuing usually causes the boxer who committed it to be disqualified. A fighter who suffers an accidental low-blow may be given up to five minutes to recover, after which they may be ruled knocked out if they are unable to continue. Accidental fouls that cause injury ending a bout may lead to a "no contest" result, or else cause the fight to go to a decision if enough rounds (typically four or more, or at least three in a four-round fight) have passed. </p><p>Unheard of in the modern era, but common during the early 20th Century in North America, a "newspaper decision (NWS)" might be made after a no decision bout had ended. A "no decision" bout occurred when, by law or by pre-arrangement of the fighters, if both boxers were still standing at the fight's conclusion and there was no knockout, no official decision was rendered and neither boxer was declared the winner. But this did not prevent the pool of ringside newspaper reporters from declaring a consensus result among themselves and printing a newspaper decision in their publications. Officially, however, a "no decision" bout resulted in neither boxer winning or losing. Boxing historians sometimes use these unofficial newspaper decisions in compiling fight records for illustrative purposes only. Often, media outlets covering a match will personally score the match, and post their scores as an independent sentence in their report. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_vs._amateur_boxing">Professional vs. amateur boxing</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prvoslav_Vuj%C4%8Di%C4%87_and_Roberto_Dur%C3%A1n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Prvoslav_Vuj%C4%8Di%C4%87_and_Roberto_Dur%C3%A1n.jpg/230px-Prvoslav_Vuj%C4%8Di%C4%87_and_Roberto_Dur%C3%A1n.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Prvoslav_Vuj%C4%8Di%C4%87_and_Roberto_Dur%C3%A1n.jpg/345px-Prvoslav_Vuj%C4%8Di%C4%87_and_Roberto_Dur%C3%A1n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Prvoslav_Vuj%C4%8Di%C4%87_and_Roberto_Dur%C3%A1n.jpg/460px-Prvoslav_Vuj%C4%8Di%C4%87_and_Roberto_Dur%C3%A1n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Dur%C3%A1n" title="Roberto Durán">Roberto Durán</a> (right) held world championships in four weight classes: lightweight, welterweight, light middleweight and middleweight.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DEGAN_Gabin_(_female_boxing).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/DEGAN_Gabin_%28_female_boxing%29.jpg/220px-DEGAN_Gabin_%28_female_boxing%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/DEGAN_Gabin_%28_female_boxing%29.jpg/330px-DEGAN_Gabin_%28_female_boxing%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/DEGAN_Gabin_%28_female_boxing%29.jpg/440px-DEGAN_Gabin_%28_female_boxing%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="4649" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_boxing" title="Women's boxing">Women's Amateur Boxing</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the 17th to 19th centuries, boxing bouts were motivated by money, as the fighters competed for prize money, promoters controlled the gate, and spectators bet on the result. </p><p>The modern Olympic movement revived interest in amateur sports, and amateur boxing became an Olympic sport in 1908. In their current form, Olympic and other amateur bouts are typically limited to three or four rounds, scoring is computed by points based on the number of clean blows landed, regardless of impact, and fighters wear protective headgear, reducing the number of injuries, knockdowns, and knockouts.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently scoring blows in amateur boxing are subjectively counted by ringside judges, but the Australian Institute for Sport has demonstrated a prototype of an <a href="/wiki/Automated_Boxing_Scoring_System" title="Automated Boxing Scoring System">Automated Boxing Scoring System</a>, which introduces scoring objectivity, improves safety, and arguably makes the sport more interesting to spectators. Professional boxing remains by far the most popular form of the sport globally, though amateur boxing is dominant in Cuba and some former Soviet republics. For most fighters, an amateur career, especially at the Olympics, serves to develop skills and gain experience in preparation for a professional career. Western boxers typically participate in one Olympics and then turn pro, while Cubans and boxers from other socialist countries have an opportunity to collect multiple medals.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, professional boxers were admitted in the <a href="/wiki/Boxing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Boxing at the Summer Olympics">Olympic Games</a> and other tournaments sanctioned by <a href="/wiki/International_Boxing_Association_(amateur)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Boxing Association (amateur)">AIBA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was done in part to level the playing field and give all of the athletes the same opportunities government-sponsored boxers from socialist countries and post-Soviet republics have.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/List_of_boxing_organisations#Professional_organisations" title="List of boxing organisations">professional organizations</a> strongly opposed that decision.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amateur_boxing">Amateur boxing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amateur_boxing" title="Amateur boxing">Amateur boxing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicola_adams_crop.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Nicola_adams_crop.PNG/320px-Nicola_adams_crop.PNG" decoding="async" width="320" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Nicola_adams_crop.PNG/480px-Nicola_adams_crop.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Nicola_adams_crop.PNG 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Adams" title="Nicola Adams">Nicola Adams</a> (left) is the first female boxer to win an Olympic gold medal. Here with <a href="/wiki/Mary_Kom" title="Mary Kom">Mary Kom</a> of India.</figcaption></figure> <p>Amateur boxing may be found at the collegiate level, at the Olympic Games, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a>, etc. In many other venues sanctioned by amateur boxing associations. Amateur boxing has a point scoring system that measures the number of clean blows landed rather than physical damage. Bouts consist of three rounds of three minutes in the Olympic and Commonwealth Games, and three rounds of three minutes in a national ABA (Amateur Boxing Association) bout, each with a one-minute interval between rounds. </p><p>Competitors wear protective headgear and gloves with a white strip or circle across the knuckle. There are cases however, where white ended gloves are not required but any solid color may be worn. The white end is just a way to make it easier for judges to score clean hits. Each competitor must have their hands properly wrapped, pre-fight, for added protection on their hands and for added cushion under the gloves. Gloves worn by the fighters must be twelve ounces in weight unless the fighters weigh under 165 pounds (75 kg), thus allowing them to wear ten ounce gloves. A punch is considered a scoring punch only when the boxers connect with the white portion of the gloves. Each punch that lands cleanly on the head or torso with sufficient force is awarded a point. A referee monitors the fight to ensure that competitors use only legal blows. A belt worn over the torso represents the lower limit of punches – any boxer repeatedly landing low blows <a href="/wiki/Below_the_belt" title="Below the belt">below the belt</a> is disqualified. Referees also ensure that the boxers don't use holding tactics to prevent the opponent from swinging. If this occurs, the referee separates the opponents and orders them to continue boxing. Repeated holding can result in a boxer being penalized or ultimately disqualified. Referees will stop the bout if a boxer is seriously injured, if one boxer is significantly dominating the other or if the score is severely imbalanced.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amateur bouts which end this way may be noted as "RSC" (referee stopped contest) with notations for an outclassed opponent (RSCO), outscored opponent (RSCOS), injury (RSCI) or head injury (RSCH). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_boxing">Professional boxing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Professional_boxing" title="Professional boxing">Professional boxing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bellows_George_Dempsey_and_Firpo_1924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bellows_George_Dempsey_and_Firpo_1924.jpg/220px-Bellows_George_Dempsey_and_Firpo_1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bellows_George_Dempsey_and_Firpo_1924.jpg/330px-Bellows_George_Dempsey_and_Firpo_1924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bellows_George_Dempsey_and_Firpo_1924.jpg/440px-Bellows_George_Dempsey_and_Firpo_1924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1947" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luis_%C3%81ngel_Firpo" title="Luis Ángel Firpo">Firpo</a> sending <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dempsey" title="Jack Dempsey">Dempsey</a> outside the ring; painting by <a href="/wiki/George_Bellows" title="George Bellows">George Bellows</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Professional bouts are usually much longer than amateur bouts, typically ranging from ten to twelve rounds, though four-round fights are common for less experienced fighters or club fighters. There are also some two- and three-round professional bouts, especially in Australia. Through the early 20th century, it was common for fights to have unlimited rounds, ending only when one fighter quit, benefiting high-energy fighters like <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dempsey" title="Jack Dempsey">Jack Dempsey</a>. Fifteen rounds remained the internationally recognized limit for championship fights for most of the 20th century until the <a href="/wiki/Boxing_in_the_1980s" title="Boxing in the 1980s">early 1980s</a>, when the death of boxer <a href="/wiki/Kim_Duk-koo" title="Kim Duk-koo">Kim Duk-koo</a> eventually prompted the <a href="/wiki/World_Boxing_Council" title="World Boxing Council">World Boxing Council</a> and other organizations sanctioning professional boxing to reduce the limit to twelve rounds. </p><p>Headgear is not permitted in professional bouts, and boxers are generally allowed to take much more damage before a fight is halted. At any time, the referee may stop the contest if he believes that one participant cannot defend himself due to injury. In that case, the other participant is awarded a technical knockout win. A technical knockout would also be awarded if a fighter lands a punch that opens a cut on the opponent, and the opponent is later deemed not fit to continue by a doctor because of the cut. For this reason, fighters often employ <a href="/wiki/Cutman" title="Cutman">cutmen</a>, whose job is to treat cuts between rounds so that the boxer is able to continue despite the cut. If a boxer simply quits fighting, or if his corner stops the fight, then the winning boxer is also awarded a technical knockout victory. In contrast with amateur boxing, professional male boxers have to be bare-chested.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boxing_styles">Boxing styles</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boxing_styles_and_technique#Boxing_styles" title="Boxing styles and technique">Boxing styles and technique § Boxing styles</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition_of_style">Definition of style</h3></div> <p>"Style" is often defined as the strategic approach a fighter takes during a bout. No two fighters' styles are alike, as each is determined by that individual's physical and mental attributes. Three main styles exist in boxing: outside fighter ("boxer"), brawler (or "slugger"), and inside fighter ("swarmer"). These styles may be divided into several special subgroups, such as counter puncher, etc. The main philosophy of the styles is, that each style has an advantage over one, but disadvantage over the other one. It follows the <a href="/wiki/Rock_paper_scissors" title="Rock paper scissors">rock paper scissors</a> scenario – boxer beats brawler, brawler beats swarmer, and swarmer beats boxer.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boxer/out-fighter"><span id="Boxer.2Fout-fighter"></span>Boxer/out-fighter</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg/220px-Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg/330px-Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg/440px-Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2932" data-file-height="3669" /></a><figcaption>Heavyweight champion <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a> was a typical example of an out-fighter.</figcaption></figure> <p>A classic "boxer" or stylist (also known as an "out-fighter") seeks to maintain distance between himself and his opponent, fighting with faster, longer range punches, most notably the jab, and gradually wearing his opponent down. Due to this reliance on weaker punches, out-fighters tend to win by point decisions rather than by knockout, though some out-fighters have notable knockout records. They are often regarded as the best boxing strategists due to their ability to control the pace of the fight and lead their opponent, methodically wearing him down and exhibiting more skill and finesse than a brawler.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out-fighters need reach, hand speed, reflexes, and footwork. </p><p>Notable out-fighters include <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Holmes" title="Larry Holmes">Larry Holmes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Calzaghe" title="Joe Calzaghe">Joe Calzaghe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilfredo_G%C3%B3mez" title="Wilfredo Gómez">Wilfredo Gómez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Salvador Sánchez">Salvador Sánchez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Br%C3%A6khus" title="Cecilia Brækhus">Cecilia Brækhus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Tunney" title="Gene Tunney">Gene Tunney</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ezzard_Charles" title="Ezzard Charles">Ezzard Charles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Willie_Pep" title="Willie Pep">Willie Pep</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Meldrick_Taylor" title="Meldrick Taylor">Meldrick Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_L%C3%B3pez_(boxer)" title="Ricardo López (boxer)">Ricardo "Finito" López</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Mayweather_Jr." title="Floyd Mayweather Jr.">Floyd Mayweather Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jones_Jr." title="Roy Jones Jr.">Roy Jones Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Leonard" title="Sugar Ray Leonard">Sugar Ray Leonard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_V%C3%A1zquez" title="Miguel Vázquez">Miguel Vázquez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mart%C3%ADnez_(boxer)" title="Sergio Martínez (boxer)">Sergio "Maravilla" Martínez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Klitschko" title="Wladimir Klitschko">Wladimir Klitschko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Rigondeaux" title="Guillermo Rigondeaux">Guillermo Rigondeaux</a>. This style was also used by fictional boxer <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Creed" title="Apollo Creed">Apollo Creed</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Boxer-puncher">Boxer-puncher</h5></div> <p>A boxer-puncher is a well-rounded boxer who is able to fight at close range with a combination of technique and power, often with the ability to knock opponents out with a combination and in some instances a single shot. Their movement and tactics are similar to that of an out-fighter (although they are generally not as mobile as an out-fighter),<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but instead of winning by decision, they tend to wear their opponents down using combinations and then move in to score the knockout. A boxer must be well rounded to be effective using this style. </p><p>Notable boxer-punchers include Muhammad Ali, <a href="/wiki/Canelo_%C3%81lvarez" title="Canelo Álvarez">Canelo Álvarez</a>, Sugar Ray Leonard, Roy Jones Jr., Wladimir Klitschko, <a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Lomachenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasyl Lomachenko">Vasyl Lomachenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lennox_Lewis" title="Lennox Lewis">Lennox Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilfredo Gómez, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_De_La_Hoya" title="Oscar De La Hoya">Oscar De La Hoya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archie_Moore" title="Archie Moore">Archie Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Cotto" title="Miguel Cotto">Miguel Cotto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonito_Donaire" title="Nonito Donaire">Nonito Donaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Langford" title="Sam Langford">Sam Langford</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Armstrong" title="Henry Armstrong">Henry Armstrong</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Robinson" title="Sugar Ray Robinson">Sugar Ray Robinson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Zale" title="Tony Zale">Tony Zale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Monz%C3%B3n" title="Carlos Monzón">Carlos Monzón</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Arg%C3%BCello" title="Alexis Argüello">Alexis Argüello</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89rik_Morales" class="mw-redirect" title="Érik Morales">Érik Morales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Norris_(boxer)" title="Terry Norris (boxer)">Terry Norris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marco_Antonio_Barrera" title="Marco Antonio Barrera">Marco Antonio Barrera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naseem_Hamed" title="Naseem Hamed">Naseem Hamed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hearns" title="Thomas Hearns">Thomas Hearns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Jackson_(boxer)" title="Julian Jackson (boxer)">Julian Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Golovkin" title="Gennady Golovkin">Gennady Golovkin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Counter_puncher">Counter puncher</h5></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Counterpunch_(boxing)" title="Counterpunch (boxing)">Counter punchers</a> are slippery, defensive style fighters who often rely on their opponent's mistakes in order to gain the advantage, whether it be on the score cards or more preferably a knockout. They use their well-rounded defense to avoid or block shots and then immediately catch the opponent off guard with a well placed and timed punch. A fight with a skilled counter-puncher can turn into a war of attrition, where each shot landed is a battle in itself. Thus, fighting against counter punchers requires constant feinting and the ability to avoid telegraphing one's attacks. To be truly successful using this style they must have good reflexes, a high level of prediction and awareness, pinpoint accuracy and speed, both in striking and in footwork. </p><p>Notable counter punchers include Muhammad Ali, Joe Calzaghe, <a href="/wiki/Vitali_Klitschko" title="Vitali Klitschko">Vitali Klitschko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evander_Holyfield" title="Evander Holyfield">Evander Holyfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Schmeling" title="Max Schmeling">Max Schmeling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Byrd" title="Chris Byrd">Chris Byrd</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_J_Corbett" class="mw-redirect" title="James J Corbett">Jim Corbett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Hopkins" title="Bernard Hopkins">Bernard Hopkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laszlo_Papp" class="mw-redirect" title="Laszlo Papp">Laszlo Papp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Quarry" title="Jerry Quarry">Jerry Quarry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anselmo_Moreno" title="Anselmo Moreno">Anselmo Moreno</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Toney" title="James Toney">James Toney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Hagler" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvin Hagler">Marvin Hagler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Juan Manuel Márquez">Juan Manuel Márquez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humberto_Soto" title="Humberto Soto">Humberto Soto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Mayweather_Jr." title="Floyd Mayweather Jr.">Floyd Mayweather Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Mayweather" title="Roger Mayweather">Roger Mayweather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pernell_Whitaker" title="Pernell Whitaker">Pernell Whitaker</a>, Sergio Martínez and Guillermo Rigondeaux. This style of boxing is also used by fictional boxer <a href="/wiki/Little_Mac_(Punch-Out!!)" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Mac (Punch-Out!!)">Little Mac</a>. </p><p>Counter punchers usually wear their opponents down by causing them to miss their punches. The more the opponent misses, the faster they tire, and the psychological effects of being unable to land a hit will start to sink in. The counter puncher often tries to outplay their opponent entirely, not just in a physical sense, but also in a mental and emotional sense. This style can be incredibly difficult, especially against seasoned fighters, but winning a fight without getting hit is often worth the pay-off. They usually try to stay away from the center of the ring, in order to outmaneuver and chip away at their opponents. A large advantage in counter-hitting is the forward momentum of the attacker, which drives them further into your return strike. As such, knockouts are more common than one would expect from a defensive style. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brawler/slugger"><span id="Brawler.2Fslugger"></span>Brawler/slugger</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Foreman_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/George_Foreman_2009.jpg/220px-George_Foreman_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/George_Foreman_2009.jpg/330px-George_Foreman_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/George_Foreman_2009.jpg/440px-George_Foreman_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Famous brawler <a href="/wiki/George_Foreman" title="George Foreman">George Foreman</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A brawler is a fighter who generally lacks finesse and footwork in the ring, but makes up for it through sheer punching power. Many brawlers tend to lack mobility, preferring a less mobile, more stable platform and have difficulty pursuing fighters who are fast on their feet. They may also have a tendency to ignore combination punching in favor of continuous beat-downs with one hand and by throwing slower, more powerful single punches (such as hooks and uppercuts). Their slowness and predictable punching pattern (single punches with obvious leads) often leaves them open to counter punches, so successful brawlers must be able to absorb a substantial amount of punishment. However, not all brawler/slugger fighters are not mobile; some can move around and switch styles if needed but still have the brawler/slugger style such as Wilfredo Gómez, Prince Naseem Hamed and <a href="/wiki/Danny_Garcia_(boxer)" title="Danny Garcia (boxer)">Danny García</a>. </p><p>A brawler's most important assets are power and chin (the ability to absorb punishment while remaining able to continue boxing). Examples of this style include <a href="/wiki/George_Foreman" title="George Foreman">George Foreman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Marciano" title="Rocky Marciano">Rocky Marciano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Julio César Chávez">Julio César Chávez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dempsey" title="Jack Dempsey">Jack Dempsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riddick_Bowe" title="Riddick Bowe">Riddick Bowe</a>, Danny García, Wilfredo Gómez, <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Liston" title="Sonny Liston">Sonny Liston</a>, John L. Sullivan, <a href="/wiki/Max_Baer_(boxer)" title="Max Baer (boxer)">Max Baer</a>, Prince Naseem Hamed, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Mancini" title="Ray Mancini">Ray Mancini</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Tua" title="David Tua">David Tua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Gatti" title="Arturo Gatti">Arturo Gatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micky_Ward" title="Micky Ward">Micky Ward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandon_R%C3%ADos" title="Brandon Ríos">Brandon Ríos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Provodnikov" title="Ruslan Provodnikov">Ruslan Provodnikov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Katsidis" title="Michael Katsidis">Michael Katsidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Kirkland_(boxer)" title="James Kirkland (boxer)">James Kirkland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Maidana" title="Marcos Maidana">Marcos Maidana</a>, Vitali Klitschko, <a href="/wiki/Jake_LaMotta" title="Jake LaMotta">Jake LaMotta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manny_Pacquiao" title="Manny Pacquiao">Manny Pacquiao</a>, and Ireland's <a href="/wiki/John_Duddy" title="John Duddy">John Duddy</a>. This style of boxing was also used by fictional boxers <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Balboa" title="Rocky Balboa">Rocky Balboa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clubber_Lang" title="Clubber Lang">James "Clubber" Lang</a>. </p><p>Brawlers tend to be more predictable and easy to hit but usually fare well enough against other fighting styles because they train to take punches very well. They often have a higher chance than other fighting styles to score a knockout against their opponents because they focus on landing big, powerful hits, instead of smaller, faster attacks. Oftentimes they place focus on training on their upper body instead of their entire body, to increase power and endurance. They also aim to intimidate their opponents because of their power, stature and ability to take a punch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Swarmer/in-fighter"><span id="Swarmer.2Fin-fighter"></span>Swarmer/in-fighter</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Armstrong_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Henry_Armstrong_1937.jpg/220px-Henry_Armstrong_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Henry_Armstrong_1937.jpg/330px-Henry_Armstrong_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Henry_Armstrong_1937.jpg/440px-Henry_Armstrong_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Armstrong" title="Henry Armstrong">Henry Armstrong</a> was known for his aggressive, non-stop assault style of fighting.</figcaption></figure> <p>In-fighters/swarmers (sometimes called "pressure fighters") attempt to stay close to an opponent, throwing intense flurries and combinations of <a href="/wiki/Hook_(boxing)" title="Hook (boxing)">hooks</a> and uppercuts. Mainly Mexican, Irish, Irish-American, Puerto Rican, and Mexican-American boxers popularized this style. A successful in-fighter often needs a good "<a href="/wiki/Chin_(boxing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chin (boxing)">chin</a>" because swarming usually involves being hit with many <a href="/wiki/Jab" title="Jab">jabs</a> before they can maneuver inside where they are more effective. In-fighters operate best at close range because they are generally shorter and have less reach than their opponents and thus are more effective at a short distance where the longer arms of their opponents make punching awkward. However, several fighters tall for their division have been relatively adept at in-fighting as well as out-fighting. </p><p>The essence of a swarmer is non-stop aggression. Many short in-fighters use their stature to their advantage, employing a bob-and-weave defense by bending at the waist to slip underneath or to the sides of incoming punches. Unlike blocking, causing an opponent to miss a punch disrupts his balance, this permits forward movement past the opponent's extended arm and keeps the hands free to counter. A distinct advantage that in-fighters have is when throwing uppercuts, they can channel their entire bodyweight behind the punch; <a href="/wiki/Mike_Tyson" title="Mike Tyson">Mike Tyson</a> was famous for throwing devastating uppercuts. <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Hagler" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvin Hagler">Marvin Hagler</a> was known for his hard "chin", punching power, body attack and the stalking of his opponents. Some in-fighters, like Mike Tyson, have been known for being notoriously hard to hit. The key to a swarmer is aggression, endurance, chin, and bobbing-and-weaving. </p><p>Notable in-fighters include <a href="/wiki/Henry_Armstrong" title="Henry Armstrong">Henry Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Pryor" title="Aaron Pryor">Aaron Pryor</a>, Julio César Chávez, Jack Dempsey, <a href="/wiki/Shawn_Porter" title="Shawn Porter">Shawn Porter</a>, Miguel Cotto, <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Golovkin" title="Gennady Golovkin">Gennady Golovkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Frazier" title="Joe Frazier">Joe Frazier</a>, Danny García, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Tyson" title="Mike Tyson">Mike Tyson</a>, Manny Pacquiao, <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Marciano" title="Rocky Marciano">Rocky Marciano</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wayne_McCullough" title="Wayne McCullough">Wayne McCullough</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_J._Braddock" title="James J. Braddock">James Braddock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Penalosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerry Penalosa">Gerry Penalosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Greb" title="Harry Greb">Harry Greb</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Tua" title="David Tua">David Tua</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Toney" title="James Toney">James Toney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Hatton" title="Ricky Hatton">Ricky Hatton</a>. This style was also used by the <i>Street Fighter</i> character <a href="/wiki/Balrog_(Street_Fighter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balrog (Street Fighter)">Balrog</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combinations_of_styles">Combinations of styles</h3></div> <p>All fighters have primary skills with which they feel most comfortable, but truly elite fighters are often able to incorporate auxiliary styles when presented with a particular challenge. For example, an out-fighter will sometimes plant his feet and counter punch, or a slugger may have the stamina to pressure fight with his power punches. </p><p>Old history of the development of boxing and its prevalence contribute to fusion of various types of martial arts and the emergence of new ones that are based on them. For example, a combination of boxing and sportive sambo techniques gave rise to a combat sambo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style_matchups">Style matchups</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_Louis_-_Max_Schmeling_-_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Joe_Louis_-_Max_Schmeling_-_1936.jpg/220px-Joe_Louis_-_Max_Schmeling_-_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Joe_Louis_-_Max_Schmeling_-_1936.jpg/330px-Joe_Louis_-_Max_Schmeling_-_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Joe_Louis_-_Max_Schmeling_-_1936.jpg/440px-Joe_Louis_-_Max_Schmeling_-_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2738" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Louis</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Max_Schmeling" title="Max Schmeling">Schmeling</a>, 1936</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Boxing" title="Special:EditPage/Boxing">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is a generally accepted rule of thumb about the success each of these boxing styles has against the others. In general, an in-fighter has an advantage over an out-fighter, an out-fighter has an advantage over a brawler, and a brawler has an advantage over an in-fighter; these form a cycle with each style being stronger relative to one, and weaker relative to another, with none dominating, as in rock paper scissors. Naturally, many other factors, such as the skill level and training of the combatants, determine the outcome of a fight, but the widely held belief in this relationship among the styles is embodied in the cliché amongst boxing fans and writers that "styles make fights". </p><p>Brawlers tend to overcome swarmers or in-fighters because, in trying to get close to the slugger, the in-fighter will invariably have to walk straight into the guns of the much harder-hitting brawler, so, unless the former has a very good chin and the latter's stamina is poor, the brawler's superior power will carry the day. A famous example of this type of match-up advantage would be George Foreman's knockout victory over Joe Frazier in their original bout "The Sunshine Showdown". </p><p>Although in-fighters struggle against heavy sluggers, they typically enjoy more success against out-fighters or boxers. Out-fighters prefer a slower fight, with some distance between themselves and the opponent. The in-fighter tries to close that gap and unleash furious flurries. On the inside, the out-fighter loses a lot of his combat effectiveness, because he cannot throw the hard punches. The in-fighter is generally successful in this case, due to his intensity in advancing on his opponent and his good agility, which makes him difficult to evade. For example, the swarming Joe Frazier, though easily dominated by the slugger George Foreman, was able to create many more problems for the boxer Muhammad Ali in their three fights. Joe Louis, after retirement, admitted that he hated being crowded, and that swarmers like untied/undefeated champ Rocky Marciano would have caused him style problems even in his prime. </p><p>The boxer or out-fighter tends to be most successful against a brawler, whose slow speed (both hand and foot) and poor technique makes him an easy target to hit for the faster out-fighter. The out-fighter's main concern is to stay alert, as the brawler only needs to land one good punch to finish the fight. If the out-fighter can avoid those power punches, he can often wear the brawler down with fast jabs, tiring him out. If he is successful enough, he may even apply extra pressure in the later rounds in an attempt to achieve a knockout. Most classic boxers, such as Muhammad Ali, enjoyed their best successes against sluggers. </p><p>An example of a style matchup was the historical fight of Julio César Chávez, a swarmer or in-fighter, against <a href="/wiki/Meldrick_Taylor" title="Meldrick Taylor">Meldrick Taylor</a>, the boxer or out-fighter (see <a href="/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez_vs._Meldrick_Taylor" title="Julio César Chávez vs. Meldrick Taylor">Julio César Chávez vs. Meldrick Taylor</a>). The match was nicknamed "Thunder Meets Lightning" as an allusion to punching power of Chávez and blinding speed of Taylor. Chávez was the epitome of the "Mexican" style of boxing. Taylor's hand and foot speed and boxing abilities gave him the early advantage, allowing him to begin building a large lead on points. Chávez remained relentless in his pursuit of Taylor and due to his greater punching power Chávez slowly punished Taylor. Coming into the later rounds, Taylor was bleeding from the mouth, his entire face was swollen, the bones around his eye socket had been broken, he had swallowed a considerable amount of his own blood, and as he grew tired, Taylor was increasingly forced into exchanging blows with Chávez, which only gave Chávez a greater chance to cause damage. While there was little doubt that Taylor had solidly won the first three quarters of the fight, the question at hand was whether he would survive the final quarter. Going into the final round, Taylor held a secure lead on the scorecards of two of the three judges. Chávez would have to knock Taylor out to claim a victory, whereas Taylor merely needed to stay away from the Mexican legend. However, Taylor did not stay away, but continued to trade blows with Chávez. As he did so, Taylor showed signs of extreme exhaustion, and every tick of the clock brought Taylor closer to victory unless Chávez could knock him out. With about a minute left in the round, Chávez hit Taylor squarely with several hard punches and stayed on the attack, continuing to hit Taylor with well-placed shots. Finally, with about 25 seconds to go, Chávez landed a hard right hand that caused Taylor to stagger forward towards a corner, forcing Chávez back ahead of him. Suddenly Chávez stepped around Taylor, positioning him so that Taylor was trapped in the corner, with no way to escape from Chávez' desperate final flurry. Chávez then nailed Taylor with a tremendous right hand that dropped the younger man. By using the ring ropes to pull himself up, Taylor managed to return to his feet and was given the mandatory 8-count. Referee Richard Steele asked Taylor twice if he was able to continue fighting, but Taylor failed to answer. Steele then concluded that Taylor was unfit to continue and signaled that he was ending the fight, resulting in a TKO victory for Chávez with only two seconds to go in the bout. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2></div> <p>Since boxing involves forceful, repetitive punching, precautions must be taken to prevent <a href="/wiki/Boxer%27s_fracture" title="Boxer's fracture">damage to bones in the hand</a>. Most trainers do not allow boxers to train and spar without <a href="/wiki/Wrist_wraps" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrist wraps">wrist wraps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boxing_gloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxing gloves">boxing gloves</a>. Hand wraps are used to secure the bones in the hand, and the gloves are used to protect the hands from blunt injury, allowing boxers to throw punches with more force than if they did not use them. Gloves have been required in competition since the late nineteenth century, though modern boxing gloves are much heavier than those worn by early twentieth-century fighters. Prior to a bout, both boxers agree upon the weight of gloves to be used in the bout, with the understanding that lighter gloves allow heavy punchers to inflict more damage. The brand of gloves can also affect the impact of punches, so this too is usually stipulated before a bout. Both sides are allowed to inspect the wraps and gloves of the opponent to help ensure both are within agreed upon specifications and no tampering has taken place. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Mouthguard" title="Mouthguard">mouthguard</a> is important to protect the teeth<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and gums from injury, and to cushion the jaw, resulting in a decreased chance of knockout. Both fighters must wear soft soled shoes to reduce the damage from accidental (or intentional) stepping on feet. While older boxing boots more commonly resembled those of a professional wrestler, modern boxing shoes and boots tend to be quite similar to their amateur wrestling counterparts. </p><p>Boxers practice their skills on several types of punching bags. A small, tear-drop-shaped "speed bag" is used to hone reflexes and repetitive punching skills, while a large cylindrical "heavy bag" filled with sand, a synthetic substitute, or water is used to practice power punching and body blows. The double-end bag is usually connected by elastic on the top and bottom and moves randomly upon getting struck and helps the fighter work on accuracy and reflexes. In addition to these distinctive pieces of equipment, boxers also use sport-nonspecific training equipment to build strength, speed, agility, and stamina. Common training equipment includes free weights, rowing machines, <a href="/wiki/Jump_rope" class="mw-redirect" title="Jump rope">jump rope</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medicine_balls" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine balls">medicine balls</a>. </p><p>Boxers also use punch/focus mitts in which a trainer calls out certain combinations and the fighter strikes the mitts accordingly. This is a great exercise for stamina as the boxer isn't allowed to go at his own pace but that of the trainer, typically forcing the fighter to endure a higher output and volume than usual. In addition, they also allow trainers to make boxers utilize footwork and distances more accurately. Recently boxing clubs have started using something called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_boxing_machines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music boxing machines (page does not exist)">music boxing machines</a> to train newbies in a more musical way to gain rhythm. </p><p>Boxing matches typically take place in a <a href="/wiki/Boxing_ring" title="Boxing ring">boxing ring</a>, a raised platform surrounded by ropes attached to posts rising in each corner. The term "ring" has come to be used as a metaphor for many aspects of prize fighting in general. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technique">Technique</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boxing_styles_and_technique" title="Boxing styles and technique">Boxing styles and technique</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stance">Stance</h3></div> <p>The modern boxing stance differs substantially from the typical boxing stances of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The modern stance has a more upright vertical-armed guard, as opposed to the more horizontal, knuckles-facing-forward guard adopted by early 20th century hook users such as <a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Attitude_droite1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Upright stance"><img alt="Upright stance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Attitude_droite1.jpg/103px-Attitude_droite1.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Attitude_droite1.jpg/154px-Attitude_droite1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Attitude_droite1.jpg/206px-Attitude_droite1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="1196" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Upright stance</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Attitude_semi-enroul%C3%A9e1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Semi-crouch"><img alt="Semi-crouch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Attitude_semi-enroul%C3%A9e1.jpg/70px-Attitude_semi-enroul%C3%A9e1.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Attitude_semi-enroul%C3%A9e1.jpg/106px-Attitude_semi-enroul%C3%A9e1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Attitude_semi-enroul%C3%A9e1.jpg/141px-Attitude_semi-enroul%C3%A9e1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="1040" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Semi-crouch</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Attitude_enroul%C3%A9e1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Full crouch"><img alt="Full crouch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Attitude_enroul%C3%A9e1.jpg/60px-Attitude_enroul%C3%A9e1.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Attitude_enroul%C3%A9e1.jpg/90px-Attitude_enroul%C3%A9e1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Attitude_enroul%C3%A9e1.jpg/120px-Attitude_enroul%C3%A9e1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="1062" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Full crouch</i></div> </li> </ul> <p>In a fully upright stance, the boxer stands with the legs shoulder-width apart and the rear foot a half-step in front of the lead man. Right-handed or orthodox boxers lead with the left foot and fist (for most penetration power). Both feet are parallel, and the right heel is off the ground. The lead (left) fist is held vertically about six inches in front of the face at eye level. The rear (right) fist is held beside the chin and the elbow tucked against the ribcage to protect the body. The chin is tucked into the chest to avoid punches to the jaw which commonly cause knock-outs and is often kept slightly off-center. Wrists are slightly bent to avoid damage when punching and the elbows are kept tucked in to protect the ribcage. Some boxers fight from a crouch, leaning forward and keeping their feet closer together. The stance described is considered the "textbook" stance and fighters are encouraged to change it around once it's been mastered as a base. Case in point, many fast fighters have their hands down and have almost exaggerated footwork, while brawlers or bully fighters tend to slowly stalk their opponents. In order to retain their stance boxers take 'the first step in any direction with the foot already leading in that direction.'<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different stances allow for bodyweight to be differently positioned and emphasised; this may in turn alter how powerfully and explosively a type of punch can be delivered. For instance, a crouched stance allows for the bodyweight to be positioned further forward over the lead left leg. If a lead left hook is thrown from this position, it will produce a powerful springing action in the lead leg and produce a more explosive punch. This springing action could not be generated effectively, for this punch, if an upright stance was used or if the bodyweight was positioned predominantly over the back leg.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mike Tyson was a keen practitioner of a crouched stance and this style of power punching. The preparatory positioning of the bodyweight over the bent lead leg is also known as an <a href="/wiki/Isometric_exercise#Isometric_presses_as_preparation_for_explosive_power_movements" title="Isometric exercise">isometric preload</a>. </p><p>Left-handed or southpaw fighters use a mirror image of the orthodox stance, which can create problems for orthodox fighters unaccustomed to receiving jabs, hooks, or crosses from the opposite side. The <a href="/wiki/Southpaw_stance" title="Southpaw stance">southpaw stance</a>, conversely, is vulnerable to a straight right hand. </p><p>North American fighters tend to favor a more balanced stance, facing the opponent almost squarely, while many European fighters stand with their torso turned more to the side. The positioning of the hands may also vary, as some fighters prefer to have both hands raised in front of the face, risking exposure to body shots. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punches">Punches</h3></div> <p>There are four basic punches in boxing: the <a href="/wiki/Jab" title="Jab">jab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cross_(boxing)" title="Cross (boxing)">cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hook_(boxing)" title="Hook (boxing)">hook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uppercut" title="Uppercut">uppercut</a>. Any punch other than a jab is considered a power punch. If a boxer is right-handed (orthodox), their left hand is the lead hand and his right hand is the rear hand. For a left-handed boxer or southpaw, the hand positions are reversed. For clarity, the following assumes a right-handed boxer. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jab7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jab"><img alt="Jab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Jab7.jpg/105px-Jab7.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Jab7.jpg/158px-Jab7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Jab7.jpg/210px-Jab7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1127" data-file-height="1053" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Jab" title="Jab">Jab</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drop3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross – in counter-punch with a looping"><img alt="Cross – in counter-punch with a looping" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Drop3.jpg/105px-Drop3.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Drop3.jpg/158px-Drop3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Drop3.jpg/210px-Drop3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="983" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Cross_(boxing)" title="Cross (boxing)">Cross</a> </i> – in counter-punch with a looping</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crochet1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hook"><img alt="Hook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Crochet1.jpg/104px-Crochet1.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Crochet1.jpg/156px-Crochet1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Crochet1.jpg/209px-Crochet1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1118" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Hook_(boxing)" title="Hook (boxing)">Hook</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uppercut2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uppercut"><img alt="Uppercut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Uppercut2.jpg/105px-Uppercut2.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Uppercut2.jpg/158px-Uppercut2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Uppercut2.jpg/210px-Uppercut2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="1047" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Uppercut" title="Uppercut">Uppercut</a></i></div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sa%C3%BAl_%C3%81lvarez_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sa%C3%BAl_%C3%81lvarez_2013.jpg/220px-Sa%C3%BAl_%C3%81lvarez_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sa%C3%BAl_%C3%81lvarez_2013.jpg/330px-Sa%C3%BAl_%C3%81lvarez_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sa%C3%BAl_%C3%81lvarez_2013.jpg/440px-Sa%C3%BAl_%C3%81lvarez_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="934" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Canelo_%C3%81lvarez" title="Canelo Álvarez">Canelo Álvarez</a> is known as an excellent <a href="/wiki/Counterpunch_(boxing)" title="Counterpunch (boxing)">counterpuncher</a>, being able to exploit openings in his opponents' guards while avoiding punches with head and body movement. He is also known as a formidable <a href="/wiki/Liver_shot" title="Liver shot">body puncher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Jab</b> – A quick, straight punch thrown with the lead hand from the guard position. The jab extends from the side of the torso and typically does not pass in front of it. It is accompanied by a small, clockwise rotation of the torso and hips, while the fist rotates 90 degrees, becoming horizontal upon impact. As the punch reaches full extension, the lead shoulder can be brought up to guard the chin. The rear hand remains next to the face to guard the jaw. After making contact with the target, the lead hand is retracted quickly to resume a guard position in front of the face. <ul><li>The jab is recognized as the most important punch in a boxer's arsenal because it provides a fair amount of its own cover and it leaves the least space for a counter punch from the opponent. It has the longest reach of any punch and does not require commitment or large weight transfers. Due to its relatively weak power, the jab is often used as a tool to gauge distances, probe an opponent's defenses, harass an opponent, and set up heavier, more powerful punches. A half-step may be added, moving the entire body into the punch, for additional power. Some notable boxers who have been able to develop relative power in their jabs and use it to punish or wear down their opponents to some effect include Larry Holmes and Wladimir Klitschko.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Cross</b> – A powerful, straight punch thrown with the rear hand. From the guard position, the rear hand is thrown from the chin, crossing the body and traveling towards the target in a straight line. The rear shoulder is thrust forward and finishes just touching the outside of the chin. At the same time, the lead hand is retracted and tucked against the face to protect the inside of the chin. For additional power, the torso and hips are rotated counter-clockwise as the cross is thrown. A measure of an ideally extended cross is that the shoulder of the striking arm, the knee of the front leg and the ball of the front foot are on the same vertical plane.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Weight is also transferred from the rear foot to the lead foot, resulting in the rear heel turning outwards as it acts as a fulcrum for the transfer of weight. Body rotation and the sudden weight transfer give the cross its power. Like the jab, a half-step forward may be added. After the cross is thrown, the hand is retracted quickly and the guard position resumed. It can be used to counter punch a jab, aiming for the opponent's head (or a counter to a cross aimed at the body) or to set up a hook. The cross is also called a "straight" or "right", especially if it does not cross the opponent's outstretched jab.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Hook</b> – A semi-circular punch thrown with the lead hand to the side of the opponent's head. From the guard position, the elbow is drawn back with a horizontal fist (palm facing down) though in modern times a wide percentage of fighters throw the hook with a vertical fist (palm facing themselves). The rear hand is tucked firmly against the jaw to protect the chin. The torso and hips are rotated clockwise, propelling the fist through a tight, clockwise arc across the front of the body and connecting with the target. <ul><li>At the same time, the lead foot pivots clockwise, turning the left heel outwards. Upon contact, the hook's circular path ends abruptly and the lead hand is pulled quickly back into the guard position. A hook may also target the lower body and this technique is sometimes called the "rip" to distinguish it from the conventional hook to the head. The hook may also be thrown with the rear hand. Notable left hookers include Joe Frazier, Roy Jones Jr. and Mike Tyson.</li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boxing080905_photoshop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Boxing080905_photoshop.jpg/220px-Boxing080905_photoshop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Boxing080905_photoshop.jpg/330px-Boxing080905_photoshop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Boxing080905_photoshop.jpg/440px-Boxing080905_photoshop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1797" data-file-height="1110" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Dominguez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ricardo Dominguez">Ricardo Dominguez</a> (<i>left</i>) throws an <a href="/wiki/Uppercut" title="Uppercut">uppercut</a> on Rafael Ortiz (<i>right</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Uppercut</b> – A vertical, rising punch thrown with the rear hand. From the guard position, the torso shifts slightly to the right, the rear hand drops below the level of the opponent's chest and the knees are bent slightly. From this position, the rear hand is thrust upwards in a rising arc towards the opponent's chin or torso. <ul><li>At the same time, the knees push upwards quickly and the torso and hips rotate anti-clockwise and the rear heel turns outward, mimicking the body movement of the cross. The strategic utility of the uppercut depends on its ability to "lift" an opponent's body, setting it off-balance for successive attacks. The right uppercut followed by a left hook is a deadly combination employing the uppercut to lift an opponent's chin into a vulnerable position, then the hook to knock the opponent out.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>These different punch types can be thrown in rapid succession to form combinations or "combos". The most common is the jab and cross combination, nicknamed the "one-two combo". This is usually an effective combination, because the jab blocks the opponent's view of the cross, making it easier to land cleanly and forcefully. </p><p>A large, swinging circular punch starting from a cocked-back position with the arm at a longer extension than the hook and all of the fighter's weight behind it is sometimes referred to as a "roundhouse", "haymaker", "overhand", or sucker-punch. Relying on body weight and centripetal force within a wide arc, the roundhouse can be a powerful blow, but it is often a wild and uncontrolled punch that leaves the fighter delivering it off balance and with an open guard. </p><p>Wide, looping punches have the further disadvantage of taking more time to deliver, giving the opponent ample warning to react and counter. For this reason, the haymaker or roundhouse is not a conventional punch, and is regarded by trainers as a mark of poor technique or desperation. Sometimes it has been used, because of its immense potential power, to finish off an already staggering opponent who seems unable or unlikely to take advantage of the poor position it leaves the puncher in. </p><p>Another unconventional punch is the rarely used <a href="/wiki/Bolo_punch" title="Bolo punch">bolo punch</a>, in which the opponent swings an arm out several times in a wide arc, usually as a distraction, before delivering with either that or the other arm. </p><p>An illegal punch to the back of the head or neck is known as a <a href="/wiki/Rabbit_punch" title="Rabbit punch">rabbit punch</a>. </p><p>Both the hook and uppercut may be thrown with both hands, resulting in differing footwork and positioning from that described above if thrown by the other hand. Generally the analogous opposite is true of the footwork and torso movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defense">Defense</h3></div> <p>There are several basic maneuvers a boxer can use in order to evade or block punches, depicted and discussed below. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slip1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Slipping"><img alt="Slipping" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Slip1.jpg/105px-Slip1.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Slip1.jpg/158px-Slip1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Slip1.jpg/210px-Slip1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="586" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Slipping" title="Slipping">Slipping</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slip2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bobbing"><img alt="Bobbing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Slip2.jpg/105px-Slip2.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Slip2.jpg/158px-Slip2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Slip2.jpg/210px-Slip2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="1196" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Bobbing_(boxing)" title="Bobbing (boxing)">Bobbing</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blocage1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blocking (with the arms)"><img alt="Blocking (with the arms)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Blocage1.jpg/105px-Blocage1.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Blocage1.jpg/158px-Blocage1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Blocage1.jpg/210px-Blocage1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="1047" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Blocking_(martial_arts)" title="Blocking (martial arts)">Blocking</a> (with the arms)</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protection_passive1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cover-Up (with the gloves)"><img alt="Cover-Up (with the gloves)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Protection_passive1.jpg/105px-Protection_passive1.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Protection_passive1.jpg/158px-Protection_passive1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Protection_passive1.jpg/210px-Protection_passive1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Covering_(martial_arts)" title="Covering (martial arts)">Cover-Up</a> (with the gloves)</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neutraliser1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clinching"><img alt="Clinching" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Neutraliser1.jpg/103px-Neutraliser1.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Neutraliser1.jpg/154px-Neutraliser1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Neutraliser1.jpg/206px-Neutraliser1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="1047" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Clinch_fighting" title="Clinch fighting">Clinching</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pas_de_retrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Footwork"><img alt="Footwork" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pas_de_retrait.jpg/105px-Pas_de_retrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pas_de_retrait.jpg/158px-Pas_de_retrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pas_de_retrait.jpg/210px-Pas_de_retrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="857" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Footwork_(martial_arts)" title="Footwork (martial arts)">Footwork</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrait2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pulling away"><img alt="Pulling away" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Retrait2.jpg/105px-Retrait2.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Retrait2.jpg/158px-Retrait2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Retrait2.jpg/210px-Retrait2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="1029" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Pulling away</i></div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b>Slip</b> – <a href="/wiki/Slipping" title="Slipping">Slipping</a> rotates the body slightly so that an incoming punch passes harmlessly next to the head. As the opponent's punch arrives, the boxer sharply rotates the hips and shoulders. This turns the chin sideways and allows the punch to "slip" past. Muhammad Ali was famous for extremely fast and close slips, as was an early Mike Tyson.</li> <li><b>Sway or fade</b> – To anticipate a punch and move the upper body or head back so that it misses or has its force appreciably lessened. Also called "rolling with the punch" or " Riding The Punch.</li> <li><b>Bob and weave</b> – <a href="/wiki/Bobbing_(boxing)" title="Bobbing (boxing)">Bobbing</a> moves the head laterally and beneath an incoming punch. As the opponent's punch arrives, the boxer bends the legs quickly and simultaneously shifts the body either slightly right or left. Once the punch has been evaded, the boxer "weaves" back to an upright position, emerging on either the outside or inside of the opponent's still-extended arm. To move outside the opponent's extended arm is called "bobbing to the outside". To move inside the opponent's extended arm is called "bobbing to the inside". Joe Frazier, Jack Dempsey, Mike Tyson and Rocky Marciano were masters of bobbing and weaving.</li> <li><b>Parry/block</b> – <a href="/wiki/Parrying" class="mw-redirect" title="Parrying">Parrying</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blocking_(martial_arts)" title="Blocking (martial arts)">blocking</a> uses the boxer's shoulder, hands or arms as defensive tools to protect against incoming attacks. A block generally receives a punch while a parry tends to deflect it. A "palm", "catch", or "cuff" is a defence which intentionally takes the incoming punch on the palm portion of the defender's glove.</li> <li><b>Cover-up</b> – Covering up is the last opportunity (other than rolling with a punch) to avoid an incoming strike to an unprotected face or body. Generally speaking, the hands are held high to protect the head and chin and the forearms are tucked against the torso to impede body shots. When protecting the body, the boxer rotates the hips and lets incoming punches "roll" off the guard. To protect the head, the boxer presses both fists against the front of the face with the forearms parallel and facing outwards. This type of guard is weak against attacks from below.</li> <li><b>Clinch</b> – <a href="/wiki/Grappling_position#Stand-up_positions" title="Grappling position">Clinching</a> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Trapping_(martial_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trapping (martial arts)">trapping</a> or a rough form of <a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">grappling</a> and occurs when the distance between both fighters has closed and straight punches cannot be employed. In this situation, the boxer attempts to <a href="/wiki/Grappling_hold" title="Grappling hold">hold</a> or "tie up" the opponent's hands so he is unable to throw hooks or <a href="/wiki/Uppercut" title="Uppercut">uppercuts</a>. To perform a clinch, the boxer loops both hands around the outside of the opponent's shoulders, scooping back under the forearms to grasp the opponent's arms tightly against his own body. In this position, the opponent's arms are pinned and cannot be used to attack. <a href="/wiki/Clinching_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinching position">Clinching</a> is a temporary match state and is quickly dissipated by the referee. Clinching is technically against the rules, and in amateur fights points are deducted fairly quickly for it. It is unlikely, however, to see points deducted for a clinch in professional boxing.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unorthodox_strategies">Unorthodox strategies</h3></div> <ul><li><b>Rope-a-dope</b> : Used by Muhammad Ali in his 1974 "<a href="/wiki/The_Rumble_in_the_Jungle" title="The Rumble in the Jungle">the Rumble in the Jungle</a>" bout against George Foreman, the rope-a-dope method involves lying back against the ropes, covering up defensively as much as possible and allowing the opponent to attempt numerous punches. The back-leaning posture, which does not cause the defending boxer to become as unbalanced as he would during normal backward movement, also maximizes the distance of the defender's head from his opponent, increasing the probability that punches will miss their intended target. Weathering the blows that do land, the defender lures the opponent into expending energy while conserving his/her own. If successful, the attacking opponent will eventually tire, creating defensive flaws which the boxer can exploit. In modern boxing, the <a href="/wiki/Rope-a-dope" title="Rope-a-dope">rope-a-dope</a> is generally discouraged since most opponents are not fooled by it and few boxers possess the physical toughness to withstand a prolonged, unanswered assault. Recently,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> however, <a href="/wiki/Octuple_champion" title="Octuple champion">eight-division world champion</a> Manny Pacquiao skillfully used the strategy to gauge the power of welterweight titlist Miguel Cotto in November 2009. Pacquiao followed up the rope-a-dope gambit with a withering knockdown. Tyson Fury also attempted this against Francesco Pianeto but did not pull it off as smoothly.</li> <li><i>Bolo punch</i>: Occasionally seen in Olympic boxing, the <a href="/wiki/Bolo_punch" title="Bolo punch">bolo punch</a> is an arm punch which owes its power to the shortening of a <a href="/wiki/Circular_arc" title="Circular arc">circular arc</a> rather than to transference of body weight; it tends to have more of an effect due to the surprise of the odd angle it lands at rather than the actual power of the punch. This is more of a gimmick than a technical maneuver; this punch is not taught, being on the same plane in boxing technicality as is the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Ali shuffle</a>. Nevertheless, a few professional boxers have used the bolo-punch to great effect, including former <a href="/wiki/Welterweight" title="Welterweight">welterweight</a> champions Sugar Ray Leonard, and <a href="/wiki/Kid_Gavil%C3%A1n" title="Kid Gavilán">Kid Gavilán</a> as well as current British fighter <a href="/wiki/Chris_Eubank_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Eubank Jr.">Chris Eubank Jr</a>. Middleweight champion <a href="/wiki/Ceferino_Garcia" title="Ceferino Garcia">Ceferino Garcia</a> is regarded as the inventor of the bolo punch.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Contre_bolo1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bolo punch"><img alt="Bolo punch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Contre_bolo1.jpg/114px-Contre_bolo1.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Contre_bolo1.jpg/171px-Contre_bolo1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Contre_bolo1.jpg/229px-Contre_bolo1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="1028" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <i><a href="/wiki/Bolo_punch" title="Bolo punch">Bolo punch</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drop1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Overhand (overcut)"><img alt="Overhand (overcut)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Drop1.jpg/100px-Drop1.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Drop1.jpg/150px-Drop1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Drop1.jpg/200px-Drop1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="942" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <i><a href="/wiki/Overhand_(boxing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhand (boxing)">Overhand (overcut)</a></i></div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b>Overhand</b>: The <a href="/wiki/Drop_(boxing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drop (boxing)">overhand</a> is a punch, thrown from the rear hand, not found in every boxer's arsenal. Unlike the cross, which has a trajectory parallel to the ground, the overhand has a looping circular arc as it is thrown over the shoulder with the palm facing away from the boxer. It is especially popular with smaller stature boxers trying to reach taller opponents. Boxers who have used this punch consistently and effectively include former heavyweight champions <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Marciano" title="Rocky Marciano">Rocky Marciano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Witherspoon" title="Tim Witherspoon">Tim Witherspoon</a>, as well as MMA champions <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Liddell" title="Chuck Liddell">Chuck Liddell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fedor_Emelianenko" title="Fedor Emelianenko">Fedor Emelianenko</a>. The overhand has become a popular weapon in other tournaments that involve fist striking. <a href="/wiki/Deontay_Wilder" title="Deontay Wilder">Deontay Wilder</a> heavily favours and is otherwise known for knocking many of his opponents out with one of his right overhands.</li> <li><b>Check hook</b>: A <a href="/wiki/Check_hook" title="Check hook">check hook</a> is employed to prevent aggressive boxers from lunging in. There are two parts to the check hook. The first part consists of a regular hook. The second, trickier part involves the footwork. As the opponent lunges in, the boxer should throw the hook and pivot on his left foot and swing his right foot 180 degrees around. If executed correctly, the aggressive boxer will lunge in and sail harmlessly past his opponent like a bull missing a matador. This is rarely seen in professional boxing as it requires a great disparity in skill level to execute. Technically speaking it has been said that there is no such thing as a check hook and that it is simply a hook applied to an opponent that has lurched forward and past his opponent who simply hooks him on the way past. Others have argued that the check hook exists but is an illegal punch due to it being a pivot punch which is illegal in the sport. Floyd Mayweather Jr. employed the use of a check hook against Ricky Hatton, which sent Hatton flying head first into the corner post and being knocked down.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ring_corner">Ring corner</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017-12-02_Tina_Rupprecht_-_Anne_Sophie_Da_Costa_-_DSC2771.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/2017-12-02_Tina_Rupprecht_-_Anne_Sophie_Da_Costa_-_DSC2771.jpg/220px-2017-12-02_Tina_Rupprecht_-_Anne_Sophie_Da_Costa_-_DSC2771.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/2017-12-02_Tina_Rupprecht_-_Anne_Sophie_Da_Costa_-_DSC2771.jpg/330px-2017-12-02_Tina_Rupprecht_-_Anne_Sophie_Da_Costa_-_DSC2771.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/2017-12-02_Tina_Rupprecht_-_Anne_Sophie_Da_Costa_-_DSC2771.jpg/440px-2017-12-02_Tina_Rupprecht_-_Anne_Sophie_Da_Costa_-_DSC2771.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Boxer <a href="/wiki/Tina_Rupprecht" title="Tina Rupprecht">Tina Rupprecht</a> receiving instructions from her trainer while being treated by her cutman in the ring corner between rounds.</figcaption></figure> <p>In boxing, each fighter is given a corner of the ring where they rest in between rounds for 1 minute and where their trainers stand. Typically, three individuals stand in the corner besides the boxer; these are the trainer, the assistant trainer and the cutman. The trainer and assistant typically give advice to the boxer on what they are doing wrong as well as encouraging them if they are losing. The cutman is a cutaneous <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">doctor</a> responsible for keeping the boxer's face and eyes free of cuts, blood and excessive swelling. This is of particular importance because many fights are stopped because of cuts or swelling that threaten the boxer's eyes. </p><p>In addition, the corner is responsible for stopping the fight if they feel their fighter is in grave danger of permanent injury. The corner will occasionally throw in a white towel to signify a boxer's surrender (the idiomatic phrase "to throw in the towel", meaning to give up, derives from this practice).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be seen in the fight between <a href="/wiki/Diego_Corrales" title="Diego Corrales">Diego Corrales</a> and Floyd Mayweather. In that fight, Corrales' corner surrendered despite Corrales' steadfast refusal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_concerns">Health concerns</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dementia_pugilistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Dementia pugilistica">Dementia pugilistica</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_distance_(boxing)#Distance_change_criticisms" title="The distance (boxing)">The distance (boxing) § Distance change criticisms</a></div> <p>Participating in boxing causes physical injuries. Injuries to the head are most commonly experienced by participants.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_due_to_injuries_sustained_in_boxing" title="List of deaths due to injuries sustained in boxing">Deaths of boxers during or after a bout</a> from injuries received in the ring do occur. A 2011 study of bouts from 1890 and 2011 calculated an average death rate of 13 participants per year, for the years studied.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Australian study from 2022 found that efforts passed to improve safety in the sport in 2011 were unsuccessful at preventing deaths of participants in the sport.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Knocking a person unconscious or even causing a <a href="/wiki/Concussion" title="Concussion">concussion</a> may cause permanent <a href="/wiki/Brain_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain damage">brain damage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no clear division between the force required to knock a person out and the force likely to kill a person.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, contact sports, especially combat sports, are directly related to a brain disease called <a href="/wiki/Chronic_traumatic_encephalopathy" title="Chronic traumatic encephalopathy">chronic traumatic encephalopathy</a>, abbreviated as CTE. This disease begins to develop during the life of the athlete, and continues to develop even after sports activity has ceased. </p><p>In March 1981, neurosurgeon Fred Sonstein sought to use CAT scans in an attempt to track the degeneration of boxers' cognitive functions after seeing the decline of <a href="/wiki/Bennie_Briscoe" title="Bennie Briscoe">Bennie Briscoe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1980 to 2007, more than 200 amateur boxers, professional boxers and <a href="/wiki/Toughman_Contest" title="Toughman Contest">Toughman</a> fighters died due to ring or training injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, editorials in the <i>Journal of the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a></i> called for a ban on boxing.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The editor, George Lundberg, called boxing an "obscenity" that "should not be sanctioned by any civilized society".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the British,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadian<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Australian<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical Associations have called for bans on boxing. </p><p>Supporters of the ban state that boxing is the only sport where hurting the other athlete is the goal. Bill O'Neill, boxing spokesman for the <a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Association" title="British Medical Association">British Medical Association</a>, has supported the BMA's proposed ban on boxing: "It is the only sport where the intention is to inflict serious injury on your opponent, and we feel that we must have a total ban on boxing."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opponents respond that such a position is misguided opinion, stating that amateur boxing is scored solely according to total connecting blows with no award for "injury". They observe that many skilled professional boxers have had rewarding careers without inflicting injury on opponents by accumulating scoring blows and avoiding punches winning rounds scored 10–9 by the <a href="/wiki/10-point_must_system" class="mw-redirect" title="10-point must system">10-point must system</a>, and they note that there are many other sports where concussions are much more prevalent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, the data shows that the concussion rate in boxing is the highest of all contact sports.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, repetitive and subconcussive blows to the head, and not just concussions, cause CTE,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the evidence indicates that brain damage and the effects of CTE are more severe in boxing.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, one study of amateur boxers showed that protective headgear did not prevent brain damage,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another found that amateur boxers faced a high risk of brain damage.<sup id="cite_ref-amatneuro_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amatneuro-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gothenburg study analyzed temporary levels of neurofilament light in cerebral spinal fluid which they conclude is evidence of damage, even though the levels soon subside. More comprehensive studies of neurological function on larger samples performed by Johns Hopkins University in 1994 and accident rates analyzed by <a href="/wiki/National_Safety_Council" title="National Safety Council">National Safety Council</a> in 2017 show amateur boxing is a comparatively safe sport due to the regulations of amateur boxing and a greater control of the athletes,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the studies did not focus on CTE or its long-term effects. In addition, a good training methodology and short career can reduce the effects of brain damage.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, the American Association of Professional Ringside Physicians was established to create medical protocols through research and education to prevent injuries in boxing.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Professional boxing is forbidden in Iceland,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran and North Korea. It was banned in Sweden until 2007 when the ban was lifted but strict restrictions, including four three-minute rounds for fights, were imposed.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boxing was banned in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> from 1965 until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">fall of Communism in 1991</a>. Norway legalized professional boxing in December 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The International Boxing Association (AIBA) restricted the use of head guards for senior males at the World Championships and Olympics after 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A literature review study analyses present knowledge about protecting headgear and injury prevention in boxing to determine if injury risks associated with not head guard usage increased. The research of the reviewed literature indicates that head guards cover well against lacerations and skull fractures. Therefore, AIBA's decision to terminate the head guard must be considered cautiously, and injury rates among (male) boxers should be continuously evaluated.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_health_benefits">Possible health benefits</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Boxing" title="Special:EditPage/Boxing">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Like other active and dynamic sports, boxing may be argued to provide some general health benefits, such as fat burning, increased muscle tone, strong bones and ligaments, cardiovascular fitness, muscular endurance, improved core stability, co-ordination and body awareness, strength and power, stress relief and self-esteem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boxing_Halls_of_Fame">Boxing Halls of Fame</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gene_Tunney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gene_Tunney.jpg/220px-Gene_Tunney.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Gene_Tunney.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Stamp honoring heavyweight champion <a href="/wiki/Gene_Tunney" title="Gene Tunney">Gene Tunney</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The sport of boxing has two internationally recognized boxing halls of fame; the <a href="/wiki/International_Boxing_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Boxing Hall of Fame">International Boxing Hall of Fame (IBHOF)</a><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Boxing Hall of Fame Las Vegas. The latter opened in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas, Nevada</a> in 2013 and was founded by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Lott" title="Steve Lott">Steve Lott</a>, former assistant manager for Mike Tyson.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Boxing_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Boxing Hall of Fame">International Boxing Hall of Fame</a> opened in <a href="/wiki/Canastota,_New_York" title="Canastota, New York">Canastota, New York</a> in 1989. The first inductees in 1990 included Jack Johnson, <a href="/wiki/Benny_Leonard" title="Benny Leonard">Benny Leonard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dempsey" title="Jack Dempsey">Jack Dempsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Armstrong" title="Henry Armstrong">Henry Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Robinson" title="Sugar Ray Robinson">Sugar Ray Robinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archie_Moore" title="Archie Moore">Archie Moore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a>. Other world-class figures<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> include <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Sanchez" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvador Sanchez">Salvador Sanchez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jose_Napoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Napoles">Jose Napoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Duran" class="mw-redirect" title="Roberto Duran">Roberto "Manos de Piedra" Durán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Lopez_(boxer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ricardo Lopez (boxer)">Ricardo Lopez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_%22Flash%22_Elorde" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel "Flash" Elorde">Gabriel "Flash" Elorde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Saldivar" title="Vicente Saldivar">Vicente Saldivar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ismael_Laguna" title="Ismael Laguna">Ismael Laguna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Pedroza" title="Eusebio Pedroza">Eusebio Pedroza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Monz%C3%B3n" title="Carlos Monzón">Carlos Monzón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azumah_Nelson" title="Azumah Nelson">Azumah Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Marciano" title="Rocky Marciano">Rocky Marciano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipino_Cuevas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipino Cuevas">Pipino Cuevas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Benitez" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilfred Benitez">Wilfred Benitez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilfredo_Gomez" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilfredo Gomez">Wilfredo Gomez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Trinidad">Felix Trinidad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ken_Buchanan" title="Ken Buchanan">Ken Buchanan</a>. The Hall of Fame's induction ceremony is held every June as part of a four-day event. The fans who come to Canastota for the Induction Weekend are treated to a number of events, including scheduled autograph sessions, boxing exhibitions, a parade featuring past and present inductees, and the induction ceremony itself. </p><p>The Boxing Hall of Fame Las Vegas features the $75 million ESPN Classic Sports fight film and tape library and radio broadcast collection. The collection includes the fights of many great champions, including: Muhammad Ali, Mike Tyson, George Foreman, Roberto Durán, Marvin Hagler, Jack Dempsey, Joe Louis, Joe Frazier, Rocky Marciano and Sugar Ray Robinson. It is this exclusive fight film library that will separate the Boxing Hall of Fame Las Vegas from the other halls of fame which do not have rights to any video of their sports. The inaugural inductees included Muhammad Ali, Henry Armstrong, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Canzoneri" title="Tony Canzoneri">Tony Canzoneri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezzard_Charles" title="Ezzard Charles">Ezzard Charles</a>, Julio César Chávez Sr., Jack Dempsey, Roberto Durán, Joe Louis, and Sugar Ray Robinson.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governing_and_sanctioning_bodies">Governing and sanctioning bodies</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_boxing_organisations" title="List of boxing organisations">List of boxing organisations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wladimir_Klitschko_(2008-12-13).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Wladimir_Klitschko_%282008-12-13%29.jpg/220px-Wladimir_Klitschko_%282008-12-13%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Wladimir_Klitschko_%282008-12-13%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption> Former <a href="/wiki/WBA_(Super)" class="mw-redirect" title="WBA (Super)">WBA (Super)</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Boxing_Federation" title="International Boxing Federation">IBF</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Boxing_Organization" title="World Boxing Organization">WBO</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Boxing_Organization" title="International Boxing Organization">IBO</a> heavyweight champion, Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Klitschko" title="Wladimir Klitschko">Wladimir Klitschko</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Governing bodies</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Boxing_Board_of_Control" title="British Boxing Board of Control">British Boxing Board of Control</a> (BBBofC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Boxing_Union" title="European Boxing Union">European Boxing Union</a> (EBU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Athletic_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevada Athletic Commission">Nevada State Athletic Commission</a> (NSAC)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Major sanctioning bodies</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Boxing_Association" title="World Boxing Association">World Boxing Association</a> (WBA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Boxing_Council" title="World Boxing Council">World Boxing Council</a> (WBC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Boxing_Federation" title="International Boxing Federation">International Boxing Federation</a> (IBF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Boxing_Organization" title="World Boxing Organization">World Boxing Organization</a> (WBO)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Intermediate</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Boxing_Organization" title="International Boxing Organization">International Boxing Organization</a> (IBO)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Novice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intercontinentalboxingfederation.com/">Intercontinental Boxing Federation</a> (IBFed)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Amateur</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Boxing_Association" title="International Boxing Association">International Boxing Association</a> (IBA; now also professional)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boxing_rankings">Boxing rankings</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_boxing_rankings" title="List of current boxing rankings">List of current boxing rankings</a></div> <p>There are various organization and websites, that rank boxers in both weight class and pound-for-pound manner. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_Boxing_Rankings_Board" title="Transnational Boxing Rankings Board">Transnational Boxing Rankings Board</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbrb.org/all-rankings/">ratings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506201801/https://www.tbrb.org/all-rankings/">Archived</a> 6 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/sports/boxing/columns/story?columnist=rafael_dan&id=6402207">ratings</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_(magazine)" title="The Ring (magazine)">The Ring</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503014133/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/ratings">ratings</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BoxRec" title="BoxRec">BoxRec</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boxrec.com/en/ratings">ratings</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fightstat.com/">Fightstat (rating)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg/28px-Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg/42px-Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg/56px-Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Martial_arts" title="Portal:Martial arts">Martial arts portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/31px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/47px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/62px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Boxing (disambiguation)">Boxing (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_boxing_films" title="List of boxing films">List of boxing films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_world_boxing_champions" title="List of current world boxing champions">List of current world boxing champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_boxers" title="List of female boxers">List of female boxers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_male_boxers" title="List of male boxers">List of male boxers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_(military_training_exercise)" title="Milling (military training exercise)">Milling</a> – military training exercise related to boxing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undisputed_championship_(boxing)" title="Undisputed championship (boxing)">Undisputed champion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_class_(boxing)" title="Weight class (boxing)">Weight class in boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_boxing" title="Women's boxing">Women's boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Colored_Heavyweight_Championship" title="World Colored Heavyweight Championship">World Colored Heavyweight Championship</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition</a> notes as different pugilism and boxing. Vol. 4 <i>"Boxing"</i> (p. 350) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Boxing"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Boxing">"Boxing" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 350–352.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boxing&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=350-352&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoxing" class="Z3988"></span> & Vol. 22 <i>"Pugilism"</i> (p. 637) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pugilism"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pugilism">"Pugilism" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 637–639.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pugilism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=637-639&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoxing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also known as <b>western boxing</b> or <b>pugilism</b>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxing is a martial art: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mmachannel.com/is-boxing-considered-a-martial-art-yes-heres-why/">"Is boxing considered a martial art? Yes, here's why"</a>. MMA Channel. 5 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+boxing+considered+a+martial+art%3F+Yes%2C+here%27s+why&rft.pub=MMA+Channel&rft.date=2021-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmmachannel.com%2Fis-boxing-considered-a-martial-art-yes-heres-why%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoxing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evolve-mma.com/blog/9-reasons-boxing-perfect-martial-art/">"9 reasons why boxing is the perfect martial art"</a>. Evolve MMA<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Green</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revpubli.unileon.es/ojs/index.php/artesmarciales/article/view/6">A Historical Overview of Mixed Martial Arts in China, by William Acevedo, Mei Cheung</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9DxDAQAAIAAJ">Symposium: Sports and the Law by William B. Gould (IV), Henry T. Greely, Stanford University. School of Law - Page 9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive.org-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/azofworldboxinga0000blew">The A-Z of World Boxing: An Authoritative and Entertaining Compendium of the Fight Game from Its Origins to the Present Day page 296</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-olympics.com-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olympics.com_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olympics.com_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olympics.com/en/sports/boxing/">Boxing equipment and history - Olympics</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncyclopaediaBritannicaEntry-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopaediaBritannicaEntry_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopaediaBritannicaEntry_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopaediaBritannicaEntry_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopaediaBritannicaEntry_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopaediaBritannicaEntry_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopaediaBritannicaEntry_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Poliakoff" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Michael Poliakoff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-29781/boxing">"Encyclopædia Britannica entry for Boxing"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Fawziah Abdullah Mohamedorcid Egyptology Department, Faculty of Archaeology</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media/files/Ido_Movement_for_Culture_journal_of_martial_arts_anthropology_theory_of_culture_psychophysical_culture_cultural_tourism_anthropology_of_martial_arts_combat_sports/Ido_Movement_for_Culture_journal_of_martial_arts_anthropology_theory_of_culture_psychophysical_culture_cultural_tourism_anthropology_of_martial_arts_combat_sports-r2012-t12-n4/Ido_Movement_for_Culture_journal_of_martial_arts_anthropology_theory_of_culture_psychophysical_culture_cultural_tourism_anthropology_of_martial_arts_combat_sports-r2012-t12-n4-s20-25/Ido_Movement_for_Culture_journal_of_martial_arts_anthropology_theory_of_culture_psychophysical_culture_cultural_tourism_anthropology_of_martial_arts_combat_sports-r2012-t12-n4-s20-25.pdf">The Martial Science of Boxing and its Contribution to Military Close Combat / James R. 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Kodansha International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87011-436-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87011-436-6"><bdi>978-0-87011-436-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Asian+Fighting+Arts&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-87011-436-6&rft.aulast=Draeger&rft.aufirst=Donn+F.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_o73NOjb4p4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoxing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04013.htm">Section XIII: <i>Samayapalana Parva</i></a>, Book 4: <i>Virata Parva</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Keay2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keay" title="John Keay">John Keay</a> (2000). <i>India: A History</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPN.com&rft.atitle=Olympic+boxing+drops+headgear%2C+tweaks+scoring&rft.date=2013-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Folympics%2Fstory%2F_%2Fid%2F9087686%2Folympic-boxing-drops-head-guards-changes-scoring-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoxing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTjønndalHaudenhuysede_GeusBuyse2022" class="citation journal cs1">Tjønndal, Anne; Haudenhuyse, Reinhard; de Geus, Bas; Buyse, Luk (4 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17461391.2021.1872711">"Concussions, cuts and cracked bones: A systematic literature review on protective headgear and head injury prevention in Olympic boxing"</a>. <i>European Journal of Sport Science</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 447–459. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17461391.2021.1872711">10.1080/17461391.2021.1872711</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1746-1391">1746-1391</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33607924">33607924</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231970408">231970408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Sport+Science&rft.atitle=Concussions%2C+cuts+and+cracked+bones%3A+A+systematic+literature+review+on+protective+headgear+and+head+injury+prevention+in+Olympic+boxing&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=447-459&rft.date=2022-03-04&rft.issn=1746-1391&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231970408%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33607924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17461391.2021.1872711&rft.aulast=Tj%C3%B8nndal&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Haudenhuyse%2C+Reinhard&rft.au=de+Geus%2C+Bas&rft.au=Buyse%2C+Luk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F17461391.2021.1872711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoxing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibhof.com/">"International Boxing Hall of Fame"</a>. <i>ibhof.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ibhof.com&rft.atitle=International+Boxing+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibhof.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoxing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxingnews24.com/2013/06/boxing-hall-of-fame-las-vegas-news/">"Boxing Hall of Fame Las Vegas news – Boxing News"</a>. <i>Boxingnews24.com</i>. 28 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boxingnews24.com&rft.atitle=Boxing+Hall+of+Fame+Las+Vegas+news+%E2%80%93+Boxing+News&rft.date=2013-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxingnews24.com%2F2013%2F06%2Fboxing-hall-of-fame-las-vegas-news%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoxing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibhof.com/pages/about/inductees/inducteeindex.html">"Inductee Index"</a>. <i>ibhof.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ibhof.com&rft.atitle=Inductee+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibhof.com%2Fpages%2Fabout%2Finductees%2Finducteeindex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoxing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIole2013" class="citation web cs1">Iole, Kevin (28 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sports.yahoo.com/box/blog/box_experts/post/boxing-hall-of-fame-las-vegas-announces-first-class-of-inductees-gives-sport-its-third-hall">"Boxing Hall of Fame Las Vegas announces first class of inductees, gives sport its third hall – Boxing Experts Blog – Boxing Blog – Yahoo! Sports"</a>. <i>Sports.yahoo.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sports.yahoo.com&rft.atitle=Boxing+Hall+of+Fame+Las+Vegas+announces+first+class+of+inductees%2C+gives+sport+its+third+hall+%E2%80%93+Boxing+Experts+Blog+%E2%80%93+Boxing+Blog+%E2%80%93+Yahoo%21+Sports&rft.date=2013-06-28&rft.aulast=Iole&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsports.yahoo.com%2Fbox%2Fblog%2Fbox_experts%2Fpost%2Fboxing-hall-of-fame-las-vegas-announces-first-class-of-inductees-gives-sport-its-third-hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoxing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anasi" title="Robert Anasi">Robert Anasi</a> (2003). <i>The Gloves: A Boxing Chronicle</i>. North Point Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86547-652-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86547-652-7">0-86547-652-7</a>.</li> <li>Sam Andre and <a href="/wiki/Nat_Fleischer" title="Nat Fleischer">Nat Fleischer</a> (1988). <i>A Pictorial History of Boxing</i>. Hamlyn. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-600-50288-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-600-50288-0">0-600-50288-0</a>.</li> <li>Baker, Mark Allen (2010). <i>TITLE TOWN, USA: Boxing in Upstate New York</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-769-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-769-2">978-1-59629-769-2</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513214108/https://www.bbc.co.uk/london/history/boxing/">History of London Boxing</a>. BBC News.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/sports/boxing/Weight-divisions">Weight classification, "2009"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</li> <li>Fleischer, Nat, Sam Andre, Nigel Collins, Dan Rafael (2002). <i>An Illustrated History of Boxing</i>. Citadel Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8065-2201-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8065-2201-1">0-8065-2201-1</a>.</li> <li>Fox, James A. (2001). <i>Boxing</i>. Stewart, Tabori and Chang. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58479-133-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58479-133-0">1-58479-133-0</a>.</li> <li>Gunn M, Ormerod D. "The Legality of Boxing". <i>Legal Studies</i>. 1995;15:181.</li> <li>Halbert, Christy (2003). <i>The Ultimate Boxer: Understanding the Sport and Skills of Boxing</i>. Impact Seminars, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9630968-5-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9630968-5-0">0-9630968-5-0</a>.</li> <li>Hatmaker, Mark (2004). <i>Boxing Mastery: Advanced Technique, Tactics, and Strategies from the Sweet Science</i>. Tracks Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884654-21-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-884654-21-5">1-884654-21-5</a>.</li> <li>"Accidents Take Lives of Young Alumni" (July/August 2005). <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_system#Alumni_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois system">Illinois Alumni</a></i>, <b>18</b>(1), 47.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejmas.com/jcs/jcsart_svinth_a_0700.htm">Death Under the Spotlight: The Manuel Velazquez Boxing Fatality Collection</a></li> <li>McIlvanney, Hugh (2001). <i>The Hardest Game: McIlvanney on Boxing</i>. McGraw-Hill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-658-02154-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-658-02154-0">0-658-02154-0</a>.</li> <li>Myler, Patrick (1997). <i>A Century of Boxing Greats: Inside the Ring with the Hundred Best Boxers</i>. Robson Books (UK) / Parkwest Publications (US). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86105-258-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-86105-258-8">1-86105-258-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Oates" title="Joyce Carol Oates">Oates, Joyce Carol</a>. <i>On Boxing</i> (with photographs by John Ranard) (1987, revised edition, 2006)</li> <li>Price, Edmund <i>The Science of Self Defence: A Treatise on Sparring and Wrestling</i>, 1867 (available at Internet Archive, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/stream/scienceofselfdef00pric#page/n5/mode/2up">[1]</a>, access date 26 June 2018).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budd_Schulberg" title="Budd Schulberg">Schulberg, Budd</a> (2007). <i>Ringside: A Treasury of Boxing Reportage</i>. Ivan R. Dee. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56663-749-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56663-749-X">1-56663-749-X</a>.</li> <li>Silverman, Jeff (2004). <i>The Greatest Boxing Stories Ever Told: Thirty-Six Incredible Tales from the Ring</i>. The Lyons Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59228-479-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-59228-479-5">1-59228-479-5</a>.</li> <li>Snowdon, David (2013). <i>Writing the Prizefight: Pierce Egan's Boxiana World</i> (Peter Lang Ltd)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saddoboxing.com/learn.html">Scully, John. <i>Learn to Box with the Iceman</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_J._Ross" title="Ronald J. Ross">Ronald J. Ross</a>, M.D., Cole, Monroe, Thompson, Jay S., Kim, Kyung H.: "Boxers: Computed Axial Tomography, Electroencephalography and Neurological Evaluation." <i>Journal of the American Medical Association</i>, Vol. 249, No. 2, 211–213, January 14, 1983.</li> <li>U.S. Amateur Boxing Inc. (1994). <i>Coaching Olympic Style Boxing</i>. Cooper Pub Group. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884-12525-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-884-12525-5">1-884-12525-5</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Boxing" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Boxing">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Boxing" class="extiw" title="c:Boxing">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Boxing" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Boxing">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Boxing" class="extiw" title="q:Boxing">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Boxing" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Boxing">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Boxing" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Boxing">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibhof.com">Official website</a></span></span> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Boxing_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Boxing Hall of Fame">International Boxing Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/sports/boxing">"Boxing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> Online.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/11/resources/707">Boxing Prints Collection. General Collection</a>, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Boxing"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Boxing">"Boxing" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 350–352.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boxing&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=350-352&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoxing" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Boxing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boxing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boxing</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_boxing" title="Professional boxing">Professional boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Series_of_Boxing" title="World Series of Boxing">Semi-professional boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_boxing" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic boxing">Olympic boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_boxing" title="Amateur boxing">Amateur boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_boxing" title="Women's boxing">Women's boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_boxing" title="White-collar boxing">White-collar boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broughton_Rules" title="Broughton Rules">Broughton Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Prize_Ring_Rules" title="London Prize Ring Rules">London Prize Ring Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Queensberry_Rules" title="Marquess of Queensberry Rules">Marquess of Queensberry Rules</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon-boxing-gloves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Icon-boxing-gloves.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="84" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="84" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Boxing_terminology" title="Category:Boxing terminology">Terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_distance_(boxing)" title="The distance (boxing)">The distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_class_(boxing)" title="Weight class (boxing)">Weight class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_for_pound" title="Pound for pound">Pound for pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineal_championship" title="Lineal championship">Lineal championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutman" title="Cutman">Cutman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper_(boxing)" title="Gatekeeper (boxing)">Gatekeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journeyman_(sports)" title="Journeyman (sports)">Journeyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomato_can_(sports_idiom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomato can (sports idiom)">Tomato can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knockout" title="Knockout">Knockout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corner_retirement" title="Corner retirement">Corner retirement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_fighter" title="Club fighter">Club fighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_count" title="Long count">Long count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpoint" title="Outpoint">Outpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punching_power" title="Punching power">Punching power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punch_(combat)" title="Punch (combat)">Punches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jab" title="Jab">Jab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_(boxing)" title="Cross (boxing)">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_(boxing)" title="Hook (boxing)">Hook</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swing_(boxing)" title="Swing (boxing)">Swing</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppercut" title="Uppercut">Uppercut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhand_punch" title="Overhand punch">Overhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterpunch_(boxing)" title="Counterpunch (boxing)">Counterpunch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cross-counter" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-counter">Cross-counter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_punch" title="Bolo punch">Bolo punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_straight-punch" title="Short straight-punch">Short straight-punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_punch" title="Rabbit punch">Rabbit punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_shot" title="Liver shot">Liver shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Below_the_belt" title="Below the belt">Below the belt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boxing_styles_and_technique" title="Boxing styles and technique">Styles and<br />technique</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_and_weave" title="Bob and weave">Bob and weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobbing_(boxing)" title="Bobbing (boxing)">Bobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_fake" title="Head fake">Head fake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipping" title="Slipping">Slipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-two_combo" title="One-two combo">One-two combo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_hook" title="Check hook">Check hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peek-a-boo_(boxing_style)" title="Peek-a-boo (boxing style)">Peek-a-boo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope-a-dope" title="Rope-a-dope">Rope-a-dope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footwork_(martial_arts)" title="Footwork (martial arts)">Footwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_stance" title="Orthodox stance">Orthodox stance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southpaw_stance" title="Southpaw stance">Southpaw stance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_boxing" title="Ancient Greek boxing">Ancient Greek boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_glove" title="Boxing glove">Boxing glove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_boxing_rankings" title="List of current boxing rankings">Boxing rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_ring" title="Boxing ring">Boxing ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_training" title="Boxing training">Boxing training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BoxRec" title="BoxRec">BoxRec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Championship_belt" title="Championship belt">Championship belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compubox" class="mw-redirect" title="Compubox">Compubox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_boxing" title="Chess boxing">Chess boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Boxing_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Boxing Hall of Fame">International Boxing Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Boxing_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Women's Boxing Hall of Fame">International Women's Boxing Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_boxing_families" title="List of boxing families">List of boxing families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent_boxing" title="Tent boxing">Tent boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dementia_pugilistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Dementia pugilistica">Dementia pugilistica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Boxing_Reform_Act" title="Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act">Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare-knuckle_boxing" title="Bare-knuckle boxing">Bare-knuckle boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapboxing" title="Slapboxing">Slapboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Boxing_Archive_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Women Boxing Archive Network">Women Boxing Archive Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_boxing_films" title="List of boxing films">List of boxing films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_due_to_injuries_sustained_in_boxing" title="List of deaths due to injuries sustained in boxing">List of deaths due to injuries sustained in boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivarreto_boxing" title="Chivarreto boxing">Chivarreto boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxeo_de_Primera" title="Boxeo de Primera">Boxeo de Primera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBO_World_Championship_Boxing" title="HBO World Championship Boxing">HBO World Championship Boxing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Boxing" title="Category:Boxing">Category:Boxing</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Boxing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Boxing">Commons:Category:Boxing</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Boxing" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Boxing">Wikiquote:Boxing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Boxing_history" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Boxing_History" title="Template:Boxing History"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Boxing_History" title="Template talk:Boxing History"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boxing_History" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Boxing History"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boxing_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boxing</a> history</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_in_the_1920s" title="Boxing in the 1920s">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_in_the_1930s" title="Boxing in the 1930s">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_in_the_1940s" title="Boxing in the 1940s">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_in_the_1950s" title="Boxing in the 1950s">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_in_the_1960s" title="Boxing in the 1960s">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_in_the_1970s" title="Boxing in the 1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_in_the_1980s" title="Boxing in the 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_in_the_1990s" title="Boxing in the 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_in_the_2000s" title="Boxing in the 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_in_the_2010s" title="Boxing in the 2010s">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_in_the_2020s" title="Boxing in the 2020s">2020s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Martial_arts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:LightPurple"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martial_arts" title="Template:Martial arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martial_arts" title="Template talk:Martial arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martial_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martial arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martial_arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">Martial arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">List of styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_martial_arts" title="History of martial arts">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_timeline" title="Martial arts timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mixed_martial_arts_records" title="List of mixed martial arts records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_techniques" title="Hard and soft techniques">Hard and soft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: LightPurple;"><div id="Classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classification</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">Regional origin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_martial_arts" title="Indonesian martial arts">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_martial_arts" title="Italian martial arts">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_martial_arts" title="Okinawan martial arts">Okinawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_martial_arts" title="Mainland Southeast Asia martial arts">Mainland Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_martial_arts" title="Filipino martial arts">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_martial_arts" title="Vietnamese martial arts">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">Unarmed <br />techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arm strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">Chokehold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_(combat)" title="Punch (combat)">Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_(strike)" title="Elbow (strike)">Elbow strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinch_fighting" title="Clinch fighting">Clinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_fighting" title="Ground fighting">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headbutt" title="Headbutt">Headbutt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leg strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Footwork_(martial_arts)" title="Footwork (martial arts)">Footwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick" title="Kick">Kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_kick" title="Flying kick">Flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(strike)" title="Knee (strike)">Knee strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomp_(strike)" title="Stomp (strike)">Stomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hold" title="Grappling hold">Hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">Joint lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweep_(martial_arts)" title="Sweep (martial arts)">Sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_(grappling)" title="Takedown (grappling)">Takedown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throw_(grappling)" title="Throw (grappling)">Throw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_fighting" title="Stand-up fighting">Stand-up</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts_weapons" title="List of martial arts weapons">Weapons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Duel</a></li> <li>Melee weapons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knife_fight" title="Knife fight">Knife fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick-fighting" title="Stick-fighting">Stick-fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordsmanship" title="Swordsmanship">Swordsmanship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranged_weapon" title="Ranged weapon">Ranged weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">Training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">Kata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_glove" title="Boxing glove">Boxing glove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_practice_weapons" title="List of practice weapons">Practice weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punching_bag" title="Punching bag">Punching bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushing_hands" title="Pushing hands">Pushing hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randori" title="Randori">Randori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparring" title="Sparring">Sparring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barr%C3%B3g" title="Barróg">Barróg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Para_judo" title="Para judo">Para judo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luta_Livre" title="Luta Livre">Luta Livre esportiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">Malla-yuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">Pehlwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuai_jiao" title="Shuai jiao">Shuai jiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling">catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_wrestling" title="Mongolian wrestling">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_wrestling" title="Oil wrestling">oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_wrestling" title="Shoot wrestling">shoot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">Striking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando" title="Bando">Bando</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">Capoeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_boxing" title="Chess boxing">Chess boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choi_Kwang_Do" title="Choi Kwang Do">Choi Kwang Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambe" title="Dambe">Dambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kun_Khmer" title="Kun Khmer">Kun Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethwei" title="Lethwei">Lethwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Praying_Mantis" title="Northern Praying Mantis">Northern Praying Mantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_boxing" title="Russian boxing">Russian boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanda_(sport)" title="Sanda (sport)">Sanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_kung_fu" title="Shaolin kung fu">Shaolin kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_boxing" title="Shoot boxing">Shoot boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate" title="Savate">Savate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Soo_Do" title="Tang Soo Do">Tang Soo Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tien_Shan_Pai" title="Tien Shan Pai">Tien Shan Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vovinam" title="Vovinam">Vovinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudangquan" title="Wudangquan">Wudangquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshukai_Karate" title="Yoshukai Karate">Yoshukai Karate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dait%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB_Aiki-j%C5%ABjutsu" title="Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu">Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baguazhang" title="Baguazhang">Baguazhang</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xingyiquan" title="Xingyiquan">Xingyiquan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contact_sport#Full-contact" title="Contact sport">Full contact</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_boxing" title="Professional boxing">Professional boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_contact_karate" title="Full contact karate">Full contact karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">Pankration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shootfighting" title="Shootfighting">Shootfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submission_wrestling" title="Submission wrestling">Submission wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_Tudo" title="Vale Tudo">Vale Tudo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">Self-defense</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Combatives" title="Combatives">combatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Arnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartitsu" title="Bartitsu">Bartitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapkido" title="Hapkido">Hapkido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajukenbo" title="Kajukenbo">Kajukenbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieitaikakut%C5%8Djutsu" title="Jieitaikakutōjutsu">Jieitaikakutōjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">MCMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrajitsu" title="Suffrajitsu">Suffrajitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systema" title="Systema">Systema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekkyon" title="Taekkyon">Taekkyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To-Shin_Do" title="To-Shin Do">To-Shin Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silat_Melayu" title="Silat Melayu">Silat Melayu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism#Martial_arts" title="Eclecticism">Eclectic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_martial_arts" title="Hybrid martial arts">hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Kenpo" title="American Kenpo">American Kenpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angampora" title="Angampora">Angampora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chun_Kuk_Do" class="mw-redirect" title="Chun Kuk Do">Chun Kuk Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokutoryu_Ju-Jutsu" title="Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu">Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeet_Kune_Do" title="Jeet Kune Do">Jeet Kune Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooto" title="Shooto">Shooto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorinji_Kempo" title="Shorinji Kempo">Shorinji Kempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unifight" title="Unifight">Unifight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwan_Ki_Do" title="Qwan Ki Do">Qwan Ki Do</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battlefield" title="Battlefield">Battlefield</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banshay" title="Banshay">Banshay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokator" title="Bokator">Bokator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Historical European martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiyen_Lallong" title="Huiyen Lallong">Huiyen Lallong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krabi%E2%80%93krabong" title="Krabi–krabong">Krabi–krabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardani_khel" title="Mardani khel">Mardani khel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">Marine Corps Martial Arts Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_game" title="Fighting game">Fighting game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts film</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Chanbara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_combat" title="Stage combat">Stage combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricking_(martial_arts)" title="Tricking (martial arts)">Tricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: LightPurple;"><div id="International_games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International games</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Summer Olympics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Boxing at the Summer Olympics">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the Summer Olympics">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Judo at the Summer Olympics">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Karate at the Summer Olympics">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Taekwondo at the Summer Olympics">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Wrestling at the Summer Olympics">Wrestling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a>)</li> <li>Demonstration sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budo_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Budo at the 1964 Summer Olympics">Budō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_dueling" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic dueling">Pistol dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glima_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Glima at the 1912 Summer Olympics">Glima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Savate at the 1924 Summer Olympics">Savate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/World_Games_sports" title="World Games sports">World Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ju-jitsu_at_the_World_Games" title="Ju-jitsu at the World Games">Ju-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_World_Games" title="Karate at the World Games">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sumo at the World Games">Sumo</a></li> <li>Former official sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sambo at the World Games">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Invitational sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li> <li>2018 Only <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurash" title="Kurash">Kurash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/European_Games" title="European Games">European Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muaythai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Martial_arts" title="Portal:Martial arts">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_martial_arts" title="Outline of martial arts">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_professional_boxing_champions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_professional_boxing_champions" title="Template:World professional boxing champions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_professional_boxing_champions" title="Template talk:World professional boxing champions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_professional_boxing_champions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World professional boxing champions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_professional_boxing_champions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_world_boxing_champions" title="List of current world boxing champions">World professional boxing champions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Current world champions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_world_boxing_champions" title="List of current world boxing champions">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_female_world_boxing_champions" title="List of current female world boxing champions">women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Champions by<br /><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Governing_and_sanctioning_bodies">sanctioning body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major world titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Boxing_Association" title="World Boxing Association">WBA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_WBA_world_champions" title="List of WBA world champions">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_WBA_female_world_champions" title="List of WBA female world champions">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Boxing_Council" title="World Boxing Council">WBC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_WBC_world_champions" title="List of WBC world champions">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_WBC_female_world_champions" title="List of WBC female world champions">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Boxing_Federation" title="International Boxing Federation">IBF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBF_world_champions" title="List of IBF world champions">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBF_female_world_champions" title="List of IBF female world champions">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Boxing_Organization" title="World Boxing Organization">WBO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_WBO_world_champions" title="List of WBO world champions">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_WBO_female_world_champions" title="List of WBO female world champions">women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other world titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_(magazine)" title="The Ring (magazine)">The Ring</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Ring_world_champions" title="List of The Ring world champions">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Ring_female_world_champions" title="List of The Ring female world champions">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Boxing_Organization" title="International Boxing Organization">IBO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBO_world_champions" title="List of IBO world champions">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBO_female_world_champions" title="List of IBO female world champions">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_Boxing_Rankings_Board" title="Transnational Boxing Rankings Board">TBRB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Boxing_Federation_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="World Boxing Federation (organization)"> WBF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Champions by<br /><a href="/wiki/Weight_class_(boxing)" title="Weight class (boxing)">weight class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_heavyweight_boxing_champions" title="List of world heavyweight boxing champions">Heavyweight (200+ lb)</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_heavyweight_boxing_championship_records_and_statistics" title="World heavyweight boxing championship records and statistics">records and statistics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_cruiserweight_boxing_champions" title="List of world cruiserweight boxing champions">Cruiserweight (200 lb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_light-heavyweight_boxing_champions" title="List of world light-heavyweight boxing champions">Light heavyweight (175 lb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_super-middleweight_boxing_champions" title="List of world super-middleweight boxing champions">Super middleweight (168 lb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_middleweight_boxing_champions" title="List of world middleweight boxing champions">Middleweight (160 lb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_light-middleweight_boxing_champions" title="List of world light-middleweight boxing champions">Light middleweight (154 lb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_welterweight_boxing_champions" title="List of world welterweight boxing champions">Welterweight (147 lb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_light-welterweight_boxing_champions" title="List of world light-welterweight boxing champions">Light welterweight (140 lb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_lightweight_boxing_champions" title="List of world lightweight boxing champions">Lightweight (135 lb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_super-featherweight_boxing_champions" title="List of world super-featherweight boxing champions">Super featherweight (130 lb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_featherweight_boxing_champions" title="List of world featherweight boxing champions">Featherweight (126 lb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_super-bantamweight_boxing_champions" title="List of world super-bantamweight boxing champions">Super bantamweight (122 lb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_bantamweight_boxing_champions" title="List of world bantamweight boxing champions">Bantamweight (118 lb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_super-flyweight_boxing_champions" title="List of world super-flyweight boxing champions">Super flyweight (115 lb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_flyweight_boxing_champions" title="List of world flyweight boxing champions">Flyweight (112 lb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_light-flyweight_boxing_champions" title="List of world light-flyweight boxing champions">Light flyweight (108 lb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_mini-flyweight_boxing_champions" title="List of world mini-flyweight boxing champions">Mini flyweight (105 lb)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_atomweight_boxing_champions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of world atomweight boxing champions (page does not exist)">Atomweight (102 lb)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Champions in<br />multiple weight classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_champion" title="Triple champion">Triple champions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_boxing_triple_champions" title="List of boxing triple champions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadruple_champion" title="Quadruple champion">Quadruple champions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_boxing_quadruple_champions" title="List of boxing quadruple champions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintuple_champion" title="Quintuple champion">Quintuple champions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_boxing_quintuple_champions" title="List of boxing quintuple champions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextuple_champion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextuple champion">Sextuple champions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_boxing_sextuple_champions" title="List of boxing sextuple champions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuple_champion" title="Septuple champion">Septuple champions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_boxing_septuple_champions" title="List of boxing septuple champions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octuple_champion" title="Octuple champion">Octuple champions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_boxing_octuple_champions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of boxing octuple champions">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lineal_championship" title="Lineal championship">Lineal championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undisputed_championship_(boxing)" title="Undisputed championship (boxing)">Undisputed championship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_undisputed_world_boxing_champions" title="List of undisputed world boxing champions">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_undisputed_world_boxing_champions" title="List of female undisputed world boxing champions">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_championship" title="Interim championship">Interim championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_undefeated_boxing_world_champions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of undefeated boxing world champions">Undefeated champions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Current rankings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_boxing_rankings" title="List of current boxing rankings">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_women%27s_boxing_rankings" title="List of current women's boxing rankings">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_for_pound" title="Pound for pound">Pound for pound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_pound_for_pound_rankings" title="Boxing pound for pound rankings">current rankings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_boxing_organisations" title="List of boxing organisations">Boxing organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30px_Summer_Olympic_sports" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Template:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Template talk:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px_Summer_Olympic_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/30px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/45px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/60px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="158" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Summer Olympic sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mandatory sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic sports">Aquatics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_swimming" title="Synchronized swimming">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_(sport)" title="Diving (sport)">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_water_swimming" title="Open water swimming">Marathon Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">Water polo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">Badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3x3_basketball" title="3x3 basketball">3x3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoeing" title="Canoeing">Canoeing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_slalom" title="Canoe slalom">Canoe slalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_sprint" title="Canoe sprint">Canoe sprint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">Cycling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMX_racing" title="BMX racing">BMX racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_BMX" title="Freestyle BMX">Freestyle BMX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike_racing" title="Mountain bike racing">Mountain biking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">Road cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_cycling" title="Track cycling">Track cycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">Dressage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">Eventing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">Show jumping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics" title="Artistic gymnastics">Artistic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_gymnastics" title="Rhythmic gymnastics">Rhythmic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trampolining" title="Trampolining">Trampolining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">Handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pentathlon" title="Modern pentathlon">Modern pentathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">Rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Rugby sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_(sport)" title="Sailing (sport)">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">Shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">Skateboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_climbing" title="Competition climbing">Sport climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">Table tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">Beach volleyball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">Weightlifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">Freestyle wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman wrestling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discretionary sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> / <a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">Softball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty20" title="Twenty20">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrosse_sixes" title="Lacrosse sixes">Lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">Squash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_sports" title="Paralympic sports">Paralympic sports</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympic sports">Winter Olympic sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32112#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4007889-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Boxing"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85016186">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Boxe"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931075m">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Boxe"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931075m">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565624">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="box"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118969&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007283984905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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