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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Maronite_Patriarch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Maronite_Patriarch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First Maronite Patriarch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Maronite_Patriarch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Islamic rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Crusades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crusades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ottoman rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>French rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Independent Lebanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synod_of_Mount_Lebanon_(1736)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synod_of_Mount_Lebanon_(1736)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Synod of Mount Lebanon (1736)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synod_of_Mount_Lebanon_(1736)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latinization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latinization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Latinization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latinization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patriarchate_of_Antioch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patriarchate_of_Antioch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Patriarchate of Antioch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patriarchate_of_Antioch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Episcopates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Episcopates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Episcopates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Episcopates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Elsewhere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titular_sees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titular_sees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Titular sees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titular_sees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_institutes_(orders)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_institutes_(orders)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Religious institutes (orders)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_institutes_(orders)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Maronite Church</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الكنيسة المارونية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكنيسة المارونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%95%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%A1%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܥܕܬܐ ܡܪܘܢܝܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܕܬܐ ܡܪܘܢܝܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gll%C3%A9se_maronita" title="Égllése maronita – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Égllése maronita" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilesia_cat%C3%B3lica_maronita" title="Ilesia católica maronita – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ilesia católica maronita" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruni_Kils%C9%99si" title="Maruni Kilsəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maruni Kilsəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="মারোনীয় মণ্ডলী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মারোনীয় মণ্ডলী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgl%C3%A9sia_Maronita" title="Església Maronita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Església Maronita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronitsk%C3%A1_katolick%C3%A1_c%C3%ADrkev" title="Maronitská katolická církev – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maronitská katolická církev" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Eglwys_Faronaidd" title="Yr Eglwys Faronaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Eglwys Faronaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_maronitiske_kirke" title="Den maronitiske kirke – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den maronitiske kirke" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrisch-Maronitische_Kirche_von_Antiochien" title="Syrisch-Maronitische Kirche von Antiochien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Syrisch-Maronitische Kirche von Antiochien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μαρωνιτική Εκκλησία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαρωνιτική Εκκλησία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_cat%C3%B3lica_maronita" title="Iglesia católica maronita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iglesia católica maronita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronita_eklezio" title="Maronita eklezio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maronita eklezio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کلیسای مارونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای مارونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_maronite" title="Église maronite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Église maronite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igrexa_cat%C3%B3lica_maronita" title="Igrexa católica maronita – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Igrexa católica maronita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Մարոնիական կաթոլիկ եկեղեցի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարոնիական կաթոլիկ եկեղեցի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="मॅरोनीय मण्डली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मॅरोनीय मण्डली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronitska_Crkva" title="Maronitska Crkva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Maronitska Crkva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Maronit" title="Gereja Maronit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja Maronit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_maronita" title="Chiesa maronita – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chiesa maronita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הכנסייה המרונית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכנסייה המרונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanisa_la_Wamaroni" title="Kanisa la Wamaroni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kanisa la Wamaroni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia_Antiochena_Maronitarum" title="Ecclesia Antiochena Maronitarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ecclesia Antiochena Maronitarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronita_egyh%C3%A1z" title="Maronita egyház – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Maronita egyház" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiangonana_kat%C3%B4lika_mar%C3%B4nita" title="Fiangonana katôlika marônita – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiangonana katôlika marônita" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD" title="മാറോനായ സുറിയാനി സഭ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാറോനായ സുറിയാനി സഭ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knisja_Maronita" title="Knisja Maronita – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Knisja Maronita" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الكنيسه المارونيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكنيسه المارونيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مارونی مسیحیت – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مارونی مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Maruniyah" title="Gereja Maruniyah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gereja Maruniyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronitische_Kerk" title="Maronitische Kerk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maronitische Kerk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E5%85%B8%E7%A4%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="マロン典礼カトリック教会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マロン典礼カトリック教会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_maronittiske_kirke" title="Den maronittiske kirke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den maronittiske kirke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_maronittiske_kyrkja" title="Den maronittiske kyrkja – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den maronittiske kyrkja" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moruniy_cherkovi" title="Moruniy cherkovi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Moruniy cherkovi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_maronicki" title="Kościół maronicki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kościół maronicki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja_Maronita" title="Igreja Maronita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Igreja Maronita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_Maronit%C4%83" title="Biserica Maronită – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biserica Maronită" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C" title="Маронитская католическая церковь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маронитская католическая церковь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Maronite Church" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronitsk%C3%A1_cirkev" title="Maronitská cirkev – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maronitská cirkev" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Маронитска црква – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маронитска црква" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronitska_crkva" title="Maronitska crkva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Maronitska crkva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrisk-maronitiska_kyrkan" title="Syrisk-maronitiska kyrkan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Syrisk-maronitiska kyrkan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Калисои морунӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Калисои морунӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruni_Kilisesi" title="Maruni Kilisesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maruni Kilisesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Маронітська церква – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маронітська церква" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مارونی کلیسیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مارونی کلیسیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_h%E1%BB%99i_Maronite" title="Giáo hội Maronite – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo hội Maronite" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite" title="Maronite – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Maronite" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%BE%99%E5%B0%BC%E7%A4%BC%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="马龙尼礼教会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马龙尼礼教会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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location">33.9678°N 35.6339°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.9678; 35.6339</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Syriac Eastern Catholic Church</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Marcionite_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcionite Church">Marcionite Church</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg/45px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg/68px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="615" /></a></span><br />Antiochene Syriac Maronite Church</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bkerke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bkerke.jpg/220px-Bkerke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bkerke.jpg/330px-Bkerke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Bkerke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="273" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Seat of the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Patriarch_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Patriarch of Antioch">patriarchate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bkerk%C3%A9" title="Bkerké">Bkerké</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Eastern Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Scripture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Governance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Synod_of_the_Maronite_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holy Synod of the Maronite Church (page does not exist)">Holy Synod of the Maronite Church</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:المجمع المقدس الكنيسة المارونية">ar</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Patriarch_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Patriarch of Antioch">Patriarch</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bechara_Boutros_al-Rahi" title="Bechara Boutros al-Rahi">Bechara Boutros al-Rahi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> (approximately one third), <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Liturgy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bkerk%C3%A9" title="Bkerké">Bkerké</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Maron</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Maron" title="John Maron">John Maron</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">410 AD <br /><a href="/wiki/Deir_Mar_Maroun" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir Mar Maroun">Monastery of Saint Maron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Roman_rule" title="Phoenicia under Roman rule">Phoenicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">3,498,707<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Logo</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="615" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Maronite_Church" title="Category:Maronite Church">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maronite Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="615" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">Coat of arms</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syriac Maronite Church</a>,<br />an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">particular church</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Maronite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch">Patriarchate</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maronite_Patriarchs_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Maronite Patriarchs of Antioch">Patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Bechara_Boutros_al-Rahi" title="Bechara Boutros al-Rahi">Bechara Boutros al-Rahi</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Maronite_orders_and_societies" title="Category:Maronite orders and societies">Religious orders and societies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Maronite_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonin Maronite Order">Antonin Maronite Order</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Lebanese_Maronite_Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation of the Lebanese Maronite Missionaries">Congregation of the<br />Lebanese Maronite Missionaries</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Maronite_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Maronite Order">Lebanese Maronite Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariamite_Maronite_Order" title="Mariamite Maronite Order">Mariamite Maronite Order</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Maronite Order of the<br />Blessed Virgin Mary</a></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Maronites" title="Category:Maronites">Communities</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Cypriots" title="Maronite Cypriots">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronites_in_Israel_and_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronites in Israel and Palestine">Israel and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Christians_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Christians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Syria" title="Lebanese people in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Lebanese_in_Egypt" title="Syro-Lebanese in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_diaspora" title="Lebanese diaspora">Lebanese diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Languages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <dl><dd>Historical, theological, and liturgical:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd>Vernacular</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Maron" title="Monastery of Saint Maron">Monastery of Saint Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maron" title="John Maron">John Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardaites" title="Mardaites">Mardaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon_under_Ottoman_rule" title="History of Lebanon under Ottoman rule">Ottoman rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lebanon" title="Our Lady of Lebanon">Our Lady of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bkerk%C3%A9" title="Bkerké">Bkerké</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taif_Agreement" title="Taif Agreement">Taif Agreement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Maronite_politics" title="Maronite politics">Related politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Pact" title="National Pact">National Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Lebanese politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Lebanon)" title="National Liberal Party (Lebanon)">National Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marada_Movement" title="Marada Movement">Marada Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Patriotic_Movement" title="Free Patriotic Movement">Free Patriotic Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0; padding-bottom:0;"> <p><span 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class="mw-file-description" title="Latin cross used in the Latin Church"><img alt="Latin cross used in the Latin Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/25px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/38px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Patriarchal cross used in the Eastern traditions"><img alt="Patriarchal cross used in the Eastern traditions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg/22px-Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg/33px-Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg/44px-Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="169" data-file-height="289" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Latin_cross" title="Latin cross">Latin cross</a> and Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_cross" title="Patriarchal cross">Patriarchal cross</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> Particular churches are grouped by <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical rite">liturgical rite</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgical rites</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Particular_churches_sui_iuris_sidebar" title="Template:Particular churches sui iuris sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Particular_churches_sui_iuris_sidebar" title="Template talk:Particular churches sui iuris sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Particular_churches_sui_iuris_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Particular churches sui iuris sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Maronite Church</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">لكنيسة المارونية‎</span>; <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܡܪܘܢܝܬܐ</span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Eastern Catholic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Particular_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular church">particular church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> and the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, with self-governance under the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head of the Maronite Church is <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Patriarch_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Patriarch of Antioch">Patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Bechara_Boutros_al-Rahi" title="Bechara Boutros al-Rahi">Bechara Boutros al-Rahi</a>, who was elected in March 2011 following the resignation of Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Nasrallah_Boutros_Sfeir" title="Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir">Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir</a>. The seat of the Maronite Patriarchate is in <a href="/wiki/Bkerke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bkerke">Bkerke</a>, northeast of <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. Officially known as the <b>Antiochene Syriac Maronite Church</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الكنيسة الأنطاكية السريانية المارونية</span>; <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܥܹܕܬܵܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܡܪܘܝܝܐ ܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ</span>), it is part of <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a> by <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> and heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early development of the Maronite Church can be divided into three periods, from the 4th to the 7th centuries. A <a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">congregation</a> movement, with Saint <a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Maron</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a> as an inspirational leader and <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a>, marked the first period. The second began with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Deir_Mar_Maroun" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir Mar Maroun">Monastery of Saint Maroun on the Orontes</a>, built after the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> to defend the doctrines of the council.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This monastery was described as the "greatest monastery" in the region of <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria Secunda</a></i>, with more than 300 <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_(religious_retreat)" title="Hermitage (religious retreat)">hermitages</a> around it, according to ancient records.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 518, the monastery <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> administered many parishes in <i><a href="/wiki/Syria_Prima" title="Syria Prima">Syria Prima</a></i>, <i>Cole Syria</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></i>. The third period was when <i><a href="/wiki/Sede_Vacante" class="mw-redirect" title="Sede Vacante">Sede Vacante</a></i> followed the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Islamic conquest of the region</a> and bishops of the Saint Maron Monastery elected <a href="/wiki/John_Maron" title="John Maron">John Maron</a> as Patriarch circa 685 AD, according to Maronite tradition. The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch">Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch</a> reestablished <a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchs_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch">their patriarchate</a> in 751 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENo'man199622_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENo'man199622-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other centers of historical importance include <a href="/wiki/Batroun_District" title="Batroun District">Kfarhay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yanouh" title="Yanouh">Yanouh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayfouq" title="Mayfouq">Mayfouq</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Qadisha_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadisha Valley">Qadisha Valley</a>. </p><p>Although reduced in numbers today, the distinct but related <a href="/wiki/Maronite" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite">Maronite</a> ethno-religious group <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Lebanon" title="Demographics of Lebanon">remains a principal grouping in Lebanon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with smaller minorities of Maronites in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">Emigration</a> since the 19th century means that about two-thirds of the Maronite Church's roughly 3.5 million members in 2017<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were located outside "The Antiochian's Range", where they are part of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_diaspora" title="Lebanese diaspora">Lebanese diaspora</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The six major traditions of the Catholic Church are <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">Chaldean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Constantinopolitan</a> (Byzantine), and <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a> (Roman). The Maronite Church follows the Antiochene Tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-olp_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olp-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any Catholic may attend any <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> and fulfill his or her canonical obligations at an Eastern Catholic parish. Any Catholic may attend any Eastern Catholic parish or service and receive any sacrament from an Eastern Catholic priest since all belong to the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-olmcc_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olmcc-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maronites who do not reside within a convenient distance to a local Maronite Church are permitted to attend other Catholic churches while retaining their Maronite membership.<sup id="cite_ref-stanthony_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanthony-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Maronite Patriarchal Assembly (2003–2004) identified five distinguishing marks of the Maronite Church: </p> <ul><li>It is Antiochene.</li> <li>It is Chalcedonian, in that the Maronites were strong supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> of 451.</li> <li>It is Patriarchal and Monastic.</li> <li>It is faithful to the See of Peter in Rome.</li> <li>It has strong ties to Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-olp_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olp-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Maron</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Maron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/St._Maron.jpg/220px-St._Maron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/St._Maron.jpg/330px-St._Maron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/St._Maron.jpg/440px-St._Maron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption>St. Maron: Russian orthodox icon</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brad_Northern_Basilica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Brad_Northern_Basilica.jpg/220px-Brad_Northern_Basilica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Brad_Northern_Basilica.jpg/330px-Brad_Northern_Basilica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Brad_Northern_Basilica.jpg/440px-Brad_Northern_Basilica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the arch of Brad Cathedral north of Aleppo, where Saint Maron's tomb was attached</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Maron</a>, a fourth-century <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monk</a> and a contemporary and friend of <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a>, left Antioch for the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes River</a> in modern-day Syria to lead an <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a> life, following the traditions of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Anthony the Great</a> of the Desert and of <a href="/wiki/Pachomius" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachomius">Pachomius</a>. Many of his followers also lived a monastic lifestyle. Maron is considered the founder of the spiritual and monastic movement that evolved into what is now the Maronite Church. Maronite Christianity has had a profound influence on what is now <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, and to a lesser degree <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>. Saint Maron spent his life on a mountain in Syria, generally believed to be <i>"Kefar-Nabo"</i> on the mountain of <i>Ol-Yambos</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a>, contemporary <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, becoming the cradle of the Maronite movement established in the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Maron" title="Monastery of Saint Maron">Monastery of Saint Maron</a>. </p><p>Following Maron's death in 410 AD, his disciples built Beth-Maron monastery at <a href="/wiki/Apamea,_Syria" title="Apamea, Syria">Apamea</a> (present day <a href="/wiki/Qalaat_al-Madiq" title="Qalaat al-Madiq">Qalaat al-Madiq</a>). This formed the nucleus of the Maronite Church. In 452, after the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a>, the monastery was expanded by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gervers_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gervers-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Maronite movement reached Lebanon when St. Maron's first disciple, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Cyrrhus" title="Abraham of Cyrrhus">Abraham of Cyrrhus</a>, who was called the "Apostle of Lebanon", set out to convert the non-Christians by introducing them to St. Maron.<sup id="cite_ref-www.maronite-heritage.com_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.maronite-heritage.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronites</a> subscribed to the beliefs of the Council of Chalcedon in 451. <a href="/wiki/Monophysites" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophysites">Monophysites</a> of Antioch slew 350 monks and burned the monastery in an act of <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_among_Christians" title="Sectarian violence among Christians">sectarian violence among Christians</a>. Later, <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> restored the community. Correspondence concerning the event brought the Maronites papal and orthodox recognition, indicated by a letter from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Pope Hormisdas</a> (514–523) dated 10 February 518.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representatives from Beth-Maron participated in the Constantinople synods of <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constantinople_(536)" title="Council of Constantinople (536)">536</a> and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constantinople_(553)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Constantinople (553)">553</a>. </p><p>An outbreak of civil war during the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a> brought forth riots in the cities of Syria and Palestine and incursions by Persian King <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a>. In 609, the Patriarch of Antioch, <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_of_Antioch" title="Anastasius II of Antioch">Anastasius II</a>, was killed either at the hands of some soldiers or locals.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This left the Maronites without a leader, which continued because of the final <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sassanid_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628">Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628</a>. </p><p>In the aftermath of the war, the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> propagated a new Christological doctrine in an attempt to unify the various Christian churches of the East, who were divided over accepting the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a>. This doctrine, called <a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a>, held that Christ had two natures (one divine and one human) but only one will (not a divine will and also a human will), based on a phrasing of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_I" title="Pope Honorius I">Pope Honorius I</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Monothelitism#Controversy_over_Honorius_I" title="Monothelitism">Controversy over Honorius I</a>), and was meant as a compromise between supporters of Chalcedon, such as the Maronites, and opponents, such as the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Jacobites</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a> failed to settle the schism, however, and was declared a heresy at the <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Sixth Ecumenical Council</a> in 680–681. The Council condemned both Honorius and Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Sergius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Sergius I of Constantinople">Sergius I of Constantinople</a> but did not explicitly mention the Maronites.<sup id="cite_ref-Gervers_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gervers-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary Greek and Arab sources suggest the Maronites rejected the <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a> and accepted monothelitism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoosa1986195–216_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoosa1986195–216-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only moving away from it in the time of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> in order to avoid being branded heretics by the crusaders. The Maronite Church, however, rejects the assertions that the Maronites were ever monothelites and broke communion with Rome;<sup id="cite_ref-monks_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monks-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the question remains a matter of controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoosa1986195–216_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoosa1986195–216-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elias El-Hāyek attributes much of the confusion to Eutyches of Alexandria, whose <i>Annals</i> El-Hāyek claimed contain erroneous material regarding the early Maronite Church, which was then picked up by <a href="/wiki/William_of_Tyre" title="William of Tyre">William of Tyre</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Gervers_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gervers-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert W. Crawford concluded the same, pointing out that the heretic "Maro" mentioned in the <i>Annals</i>, which William of Tyre considers as the namesake of the Maronites, was a <a href="/wiki/Nestorian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian">Nestorian</a> from Edessa and could not have been <a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Maron</a> or <a href="/wiki/John_Maron" title="John Maron">John Maron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Attwater" title="Donald Attwater">Donald Attwater</a>, 20th Century historian of Eastern Christianity, affirmed the view that Maronites broke communion with Rome over monothelitism, however briefly.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Maronite_Patriarch">First Maronite Patriarch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First Maronite Patriarch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/John_Maron" title="John Maron">John Maron</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maronite_monk_and_pilgrims,_Mount_Lebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Maronite_monk_and_pilgrims%2C_Mount_Lebanon.jpg/220px-Maronite_monk_and_pilgrims%2C_Mount_Lebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Maronite_monk_and_pilgrims%2C_Mount_Lebanon.jpg/330px-Maronite_monk_and_pilgrims%2C_Mount_Lebanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Maronite_monk_and_pilgrims%2C_Mount_Lebanon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Maronite monk and <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrims">pilgrims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Patriarch of Antioch <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_of_Antioch" title="Anastasius II of Antioch">Anastasius II</a> died in 609, and Constantinople began to appoint a series of titular patriarchs, who resided in Constantinople. In 685, the Maronites elected Bishop John Maron of <a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Batroun</a> as Patriarch of Antioch and all the East.<sup id="cite_ref-Gervers_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gervers-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Levant_sous_les_Omeyyades_vers_700_EC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Le_Levant_sous_les_Omeyyades_vers_700_EC.jpg/220px-Le_Levant_sous_les_Omeyyades_vers_700_EC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Le_Levant_sous_les_Omeyyades_vers_700_EC.jpg/330px-Le_Levant_sous_les_Omeyyades_vers_700_EC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Le_Levant_sous_les_Omeyyades_vers_700_EC.jpg/440px-Le_Levant_sous_les_Omeyyades_vers_700_EC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption>The Eastern Mediterranean under Umayyad rule, with the Mardaites zones showed in Mount Lebanon and the Amanus</figcaption></figure> <p>In 687, as part of an agreements with <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan">Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan</a>, Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> sent 12,000 Christian Maronites from Lebanon to Armenia,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in exchange for a substantial payment and half the revenues of Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-Gervers_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gervers-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There they were conscripted as rowers and <a href="/wiki/Marine_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine (military)">marines</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Byzantine navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional resettlement efforts allowed Justinian to reinforce naval forces depleted by earlier conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Maron established himself in the remote <a href="/wiki/Kadisha_Valley" title="Kadisha Valley">Qadisha Valley</a> in Lebanon. In 694, Justinian sent troops against the Maronites in an unsuccessful attempt to capture the Patriarch.<sup id="cite_ref-Beggiani_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beggiani-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Maron died in 707 at the Monastery of St. Maron in Lebanon. Around 749 the Maronite community, in the Lebanon mountains, built the Mar-Mama church at <a href="/wiki/Ehden" title="Ehden">Ehden</a>. Meanwhile, caught between the Byzantines and the Arabs, the monastery at Beth-Maron struggled to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-Kolvenbach_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolvenbach-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_rule">Islamic rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Islamic rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NunofLebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/NunofLebanon.jpg/220px-NunofLebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/NunofLebanon.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>1779 painting of a Maronite nun from Mount Lebanon, with brown <a href="/wiki/Jilbab" class="mw-redirect" title="Jilbab">jilbab</a>, blue headscarf and black <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After they came under Arab rule following the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Syria">Muslim conquest of Syria</a> (634–638), Maronite immigration to Lebanon, which had begun some time before, increased, intensifying under the Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a> (813–33).<sup id="cite_ref-Beggiani_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beggiani-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To eliminate internal dissent, from 1289 to 1291 Egyptian Mamluk troops descended on Mount Lebanon, destroying forts and monasteries.<sup id="cite_ref-Frazee_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frazee-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusades">Crusades</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Crusades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the Muslim conquest of Eastern Christendom outside <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and Europe in the 7th century and after the establishment of secured lines of demarcation between Islamic <a href="/wiki/Caliphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphs">Caliphs</a> and Byzantine Emperors, little was heard from the Maronites for 400 years. Secure in their mountain strongholds, the Maronites were re-discovered in the mountains near <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli, Lebanon</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_IV_of_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond IV of Toulouse">Raymond of Toulouse</a> on his way to conquer Jerusalem in the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">Great Crusade</a> of 1096–1099. Raymond later returned to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli" title="Siege of Tripoli">besiege Tripoli</a> (1102–1109) after the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099, and relations between the Maronites and European Christianity were subsequently reestablished.<sup id="cite_ref-eastern_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eastern-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Maronites assisted the crusaders and affirmed their affiliation with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> of Rome in 1182.<sup id="cite_ref-CNEWA_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNEWA-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To commemorate their communion, Maronite Patriarch Youseff Al Jirjisi received the crown and staff, marking his patriarchal authority, from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Pope Paschal II</a> in 1100 AD. In 1131, Maronite Patriarch Gregorios Al-Halati received letters from Pope <a href="/wiki/Innocent_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocent II">Innocent II</a> in which the Papacy recognized the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Antioch">Patriarchate of Antioch</a>. Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Jeremias_II_Al-Amshitti" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremias II Al-Amshitti">Jeremias II Al-Amshitti</a> (1199–1230) became the first Maronite Patriarch to visit Rome when he attended the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a> in 1215.<sup id="cite_ref-CNEWA_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNEWA-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Patriarchate of Antioch was also represented at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Ferrara-Florence</a> in 1438.<sup id="cite_ref-vanr_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanr-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hans_Kolvenbach" title="Peter Hans Kolvenbach">Peter Hans Kolvenbach</a> notes, "This contact with the Latin Church enriched the intellectual world of Europe in the Middle Ages. Maronites taught Oriental languages and literature at the universities of Italy and France."<sup id="cite_ref-Kolvenbach_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolvenbach-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_rule">Ottoman rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ottoman rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, indigenous concentrated religious communities dealt mainly with the provincial administration. Officially, Maronites had to pay the <i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a></i> tax as non-Muslims, but sometimes the monks and clergy were exempt because they were considered to be "poor".<sup id="cite_ref-vanl_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanl-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fakhr-al-Din_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhr-al-Din II">Fakhr-al-Din II</a> (1572–1635) was a <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> prince and a leader of the Emirate of <a href="/wiki/Chouf_District" title="Chouf District">Chouf District</a> in the governorate of Mount Lebanon. Maronite Abū Nādir al-Khāzin was one of his foremost supporters and served as Fakhr-al-Din's adjutant. Phares notes that "The emirs prospered from the intellectual skills and trading talents of the Maronites, while the Christians gained political protection, autonomy and a local ally against the ever-present threat of direct Ottoman rule."<sup id="cite_ref-Mccallum_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mccallum-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1649, Patriarch Yuhanna al-Sufrari placed the Maronites under French protection, and the French opened a consulate in Beirut.<sup id="cite_ref-phan_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phan-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Khāzin sheikhs subsequently increased in power and influence. In 1662, with the mediation of <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> missionaries, Abū Nawfal al-Khāzin was named French consul, despite complaints by Marseille merchants that he was not from Marseille.<sup id="cite_ref-vanl_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanl-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Church prospered from the protection and influence of the Khāzins, but at the expense of interference in church affairs, particularly ecclesiastical appointments, which the Khāzins saw as an extension of their political influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Mccallum_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mccallum-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bashir_Shihab_II" title="Bashir Shihab II">Bachir Chehab II</a> was the first and last Maronite ruler of the Emirate of Mount Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoosa1986283_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoosa1986283-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tobia_Aoun_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ee/Tobia_Aoun_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="156" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>Archbishop of Beirut <a href="/wiki/Tobia_Aoun" title="Tobia Aoun">Tobia Aoun</a> (1803–1871)</figcaption></figure> <p>The relationship between the Druze and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> has been characterized by <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a> and peaceful <a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">coexistence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with amicable relations between the two groups prevailing throughout history, with the exception of some periods, including <a href="/wiki/1860_Mount_Lebanon_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 Mount Lebanon civil war">1860 Mount Lebanon civil war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-google_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Maronite Catholics and the Druze founded modern Lebanon in the early Eighteenth Century, through a governing and social system known as the "<a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze" title="Christianity and Druze">Maronite-Druze dualism</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_rule">French rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: French rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_Lebanon">Independent Lebanon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Independent Lebanon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christianity in Lebanon</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synod_of_Mount_Lebanon_(1736)"><span id="Synod_of_Mount_Lebanon_.281736.29"></span>Synod of Mount Lebanon (1736)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Synod of Mount Lebanon (1736)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maronite orientalist <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Simone_Assemani" title="Giuseppe Simone Assemani">Joseph Simon Assemani</a> presided as papal legate for <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII" title="Pope Clement XII">Pope Clement XII</a>. The synod drafted a Code of Canons for the Maronite Church and created the first regular diocesan structure.<sup id="cite_ref-CNEWA_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNEWA-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council of Luwayza led to a more effective church structure and to gradual emancipation from the influence of Maronite families.<sup id="cite_ref-Hakim_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hakim-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latinization">Latinization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Latinization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charbel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Charbel.jpg/220px-Charbel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Charbel.jpg/330px-Charbel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Charbel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Saint Charbel</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to closer ties with the Latin Church, the Maronite Church is among the most <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_Latinisation" title="Liturgical Latinisation">Latinized</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>. </p><p>Contacts between the Maronite monks and Rome were revived during the Crusades. The Maronites introduced to Eastern Churches Western devotional practices such as the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">rosary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" title="Stations of the Cross">Stations of the Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kolvenbach_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolvenbach-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late in the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Pope Gregory XIII</a> sent Jesuits to the Lebanese monasteries to ensure that their practice conformed to decisions made at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frazee_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frazee-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Colleges" title="Roman Colleges">Maronite College</a> in Rome was established by Gregory XIII in 1584.<sup id="cite_ref-Mccallum_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mccallum-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maronite missal (<i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurobo" title="Holy Qurobo">Qurbono</a></i>) was first printed between 1592 and 1594 in Rome, although with fewer anaphoras. </p><p>Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Estephan_El_Douaihy" class="mw-redirect" title="Estephan El Douaihy">Stephan al-Duwayhî</a> (1670–1704), (later declared a "<a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>"), was able to find a middle ground between reformers and conservatives, and re-vitalized Maronite liturgical tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-vanr_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanr-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Synod of Mount Lebanon sought to incorporate both traditions. It formalized many of the Latin practices that had developed, but also attempted to preserve ancient Maronite liturgical tradition. The Synod did not sanction the exclusive use of the Roman ritual in the administration of Baptism. However, in the Eastern tradition, the <a href="/wiki/Oil_of_catechumens" title="Oil of catechumens">oil of catechumens</a> is blessed by the priest during the <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptismal</a> rite. This blessing was now reserved to the <a href="/wiki/Chrism" title="Chrism">Chrism Mass</a> of Holy Thursday. A practice common among all the Eastern Churches is to administer Baptism and <a href="/wiki/First_Communion" title="First Communion">First Communion</a> together. Unlike in other Eastern Catholic churches and similar to the Latin Church, Holy Communion is to be given only to those who have attained the age of reason; priests were forbidden to give Communion to infants.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In <i>Orientale lumen</i>, the Apostolic Letter to the Churches of the East, issued 2 May 1995, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> quotes <i><a href="/wiki/Orientalium_Ecclesiarum" title="Orientalium Ecclesiarum">Orientalium Ecclesiarum</a></i>, the Second Vatican Council's Decree on the Eastern Catholic Churches:</p><blockquote><p>It has been stressed several times that the full union of the Catholic Eastern Churches with the Church of Rome which has already been achieved must not imply a diminished awareness of their own authenticity and originality. Wherever this occurred, the Second Vatican Council has urged them to rediscover their full identity, because they have "the right and the duty to govern themselves according to their own unique disciplines. For these are guaranteed by ancient tradition and seem to be better suited to the customs of their faithful and to the good of their souls."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Nasrallah_Boutros_Sfeir" title="Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir">Cardinal Sfeir</a>'s personal commitment accelerated liturgical reforms in the 1980s and 1990s. In 1992 he published a new Maronite <a href="/wiki/Missal" title="Missal">Missal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vanr_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanr-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This represents an attempt to return to the original form of the Antiochene Liturgy, removing the liturgical Latinization of past centuries. There are six Anaphoras. </p><p>Patriarch Sfeir stated that <i><a href="/wiki/Sacrosanctum_concilium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrosanctum concilium">Sacrosanctum concilium</a></i> and the Roman liturgical changes following Vatican II apply to the Maronite Church. <i>Sancrosanctum Concilium</i> says, "Among these principles and norms there are some which can and should be applied both to the Roman rite and also to all the other rites. The practical norms which follow, however, should be taken as applying only to the Roman rite, except for those which, in the very nature of things, affect other rites as well."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peshitta464_(The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XIII).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Peshitta464_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XIII%29.jpg/220px-Peshitta464_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XIII%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Peshitta464_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XIII%29.jpg/330px-Peshitta464_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XIII%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Peshitta464_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XIII%29.jpg/440px-Peshitta464_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XIII%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a> is the standard Syriac Bible, used by the Maronite Church, amongst others. The illustration is of the Peshitta text of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> 13:14–16 produced in <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Amida</a> in the year 464.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Qozhaya01072003.jpg/220px-Qozhaya01072003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Qozhaya01072003.jpg/330px-Qozhaya01072003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Qozhaya01072003.jpg/440px-Qozhaya01072003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>The Monastery of Saint Anthony of Qozhaya, in the Zgharta district, North Lebanon</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patriarchate_of_Antioch">Patriarchate of Antioch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Patriarchate of Antioch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The head of the Maronite Church is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Maronite_Patriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Maronite Patriarchs">Patriarch of Antioch and the Whole Levant</a>, who is elected by the Maronite bishops and resides in <a href="/wiki/Bkerk%C3%A9" title="Bkerké">Bkerké</a>, close to <a href="/wiki/Jounieh" title="Jounieh">Jounieh</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>. He resides in the northern town of <a href="/wiki/Dimane" title="Dimane">Dimane</a> during the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-olp_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olp-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are four other claimants to the Patriarchal succession of Antioch: </p> <ul><li>two other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Eastern Catholic</a>, also in full communion with the Papal <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> of Rome : <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch_and_All_the_East,_Alexandria_and_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Antioch and All the East, Alexandria and Jerusalem">Patriarch of Antioch and All the East, Alexandria and Jerusalem</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite Greek Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a>)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch_and_All_the_East_of_the_Syriacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Antioch and All the East of the Syriacs">Patriarch of Antioch and All the East of the Syriacs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Rite">Antiochian Rite</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>two Orthodox : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East, of the <a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Orthodox Church">Antiochian Orthodox Church</a>, in communion with the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>, the Patriarch of Antioch and All the East, Supreme Head of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">Clerical celibacy</a> is not strictly required for Maronite deacons and priests of parishes outside of North America; monks, however, must remain celibate, as well as bishops who are normally selected from the monasteries. Around 50% of the Maronite <a href="/wiki/Diocesan_priests" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocesan priests">diocesan priests</a> in the Middle East are <a href="/wiki/Clerical_marriage" title="Clerical marriage">married</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to a long-term understanding with their Latin counterparts in North America, Maronite priests in that area have traditionally remained celibate. However, in February 2014, Wissam Akiki was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop A. Elias Zaidan of the U.S. Maronite Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon at St. Raymond's Maronite Cathedral in St. Louis. Deacon Akiki is the first married man to be ordained to the Maronite priesthood in North America and will not be expected to remain continent.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Episcopates">Episcopates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Episcopates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Maronite church has twenty-six eparchies and patriarchal <a href="/wiki/Vicariate" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicariate">vicariates</a> as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaroniteEparchies.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/MaroniteEparchies.png/220px-MaroniteEparchies.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/MaroniteEparchies.png/330px-MaroniteEparchies.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/MaroniteEparchies.png/440px-MaroniteEparchies.png 2x" data-file-width="3836" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption>A map depicting the dioceses of the Maronite Church by number of faithful</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Maronite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch">Maronite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch</a> see above</li></ul> <dl><dt>Worldwide Immediately subject to the Patriarch</dt></dl> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Antelias" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Antelias">Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Antelias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Baalbek-Deir_El_Ahmar" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Baalbek-Deir El Ahmar">Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Baalbek-Deir El Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Batroun" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Batroun">Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Batroun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Beirut" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Beirut">Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Jbeil" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Jbeil">Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Jbeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Joubb%C3%A9,_Sarba_and_Jounieh" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Joubbé, Sarba and Jounieh">Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Joubbé, Sarba and Jounieh</a> (sole Suffragan of the Patriarch of Antioch)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Sidon" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Sidon">Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Tripoli" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Tripoli">Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Tyre" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Tyre">Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Zahleh" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Zahleh">Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Zahleh</a></li></ul></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Haifa_and_the_Holy_Land" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Haifa and the Holy Land">Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Haifa and the Holy Land</a>, in Israel whose Archeparch holds the offices of Patriarchal Vicar of: <ul><li>Patriarchal Exarch of the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Patriarchal_Exarchate_of_Jerusalem_and_Palestine" title="Maronite Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jerusalem and Palestine">Maronite Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jerusalem and Palestine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Territories">Palestinian Territories</a> and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Patriarchal_Exarchate_of_Jordan" title="Maronite Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jordan">Maronite Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jordan</a> in (Trans)<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Damascus" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Damascus">Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Aleppo" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Aleppo">Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Latakia" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Latakia">Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Latakia</a></li></ul></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Cyprus" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Cyprus">Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Cyprus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Cairo" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Cairo">Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Cairo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elsewhere">Elsewhere</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Elsewhere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt><i> Exempt, i.e. immediately subject to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>:</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Annunciation_of_Ibadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Annunciation of Ibadan">Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Annunciation of Ibadan</a>, with cathedral see being Church of Our Lady of the Annunciation, in <a href="/wiki/Ibadan" title="Ibadan">Ibadan</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Apostolic_Exarchate_of_Colombia" title="Maronite Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Colombia">Maronite Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Colombia</a>, with pro-cathedral see being Church of Our Lady of Lebanon, in <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Subject to the Synod in matters of liturgical and particular law, otherwise exempt, i.e. immediately subject to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Dicastery for the Eastern Churches">Dicastery for the Eastern Churches</a>:</i></dt></dl> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_Paris" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Paris">Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Paris</a> in France</li></ul></li> <li>In North and Central America: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Maron_of_Montreal" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint Maron of Montreal">Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint Maron of Montreal</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_Los_Angeles" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Los Angeles">Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Los Angeles</a> in the United States<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Central US, US West Coast)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Maron_of_Brooklyn" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint Maron of Brooklyn">Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint Maron of Brooklyn</a> in the United States<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (US East Coast)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Martyrs_of_Lebanon_in_Mexico" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of the Martyrs of Lebanon in Mexico">Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of the Martyrs of Lebanon in Mexico</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Maron_of_Sydney" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint Maron of Sydney">Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint Maron of Sydney</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Suffragan Eparchies in the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province" title="Ecclesiastical province">ecclesiastical provinces</a> of Latin Metropolitan Archbishops; both in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>:</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_San_Charbel_in_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of San Charbel in Buenos Aires">Maronite Catholic Eparchy of San Charbel in Buenos Aires</a> in Argentina, suffragan of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires">Archdiocese of Buenos Aires</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of São Paulo">Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of São Paulo</a> in Brazil, suffragan of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Paulo">Archdiocese of São Paulo</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titular_sees">Titular sees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Titular sees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Four <a href="/wiki/Titular_archbishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Titular archbishopric">Titular archbishoprics</a> (none Metropolitan): <a href="/wiki/Cyrrhus_of_the_Maronites" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrrhus of the Maronites">Cyrrhus of the Maronites</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laodicea_in_Syria_of_the_Maronites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laodicea in Syria of the Maronites (page does not exist)">Laodicea in Syria of the Maronites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazareth_of_the_Maronites" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazareth of the Maronites">Nazareth of the Maronites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisibis_of_the_Maronites" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisibis of the Maronites">Nisibis of the Maronites</a></li> <li>Nine <a href="/wiki/Titular_bishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Titular bishopric">Titular bishoprics</a> : <a href="/wiki/Apamea_in_Syria_of_the_Maronites" class="mw-redirect" title="Apamea in Syria of the Maronites">Apamea in Syria of the Maronites</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arca_in_Armenia_of_the_Maronites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arca in Armenia of the Maronites (page does not exist)">Arca in Armenia of the Maronites</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arca_in_Phoenicia_of_the_Maronites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arca in Phoenicia of the Maronites (page does not exist)">Arca in Phoenicia of the Maronites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Callinicum_of_the_Maronites" class="mw-redirect" title="Callinicum of the Maronites">Callinicum of the Maronites</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphania_in_Syria_of_the_Maronites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epiphania in Syria of the Maronites (page does not exist)">Epiphania in Syria of the Maronites</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemesa_of_the_Maronites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemesa of the Maronites (page does not exist)">Hemesa of the Maronites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_in_Ph%C5%93nicia_of_the_Maronites" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemais in Phœnicia of the Maronites">Ptolemais in Phœnicia of the Maronites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarepta_of_the_Maronites" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarepta of the Maronites">Sarepta of the Maronites</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarsus_of_the_Maronites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarsus of the Maronites (page does not exist)">Tarsus of the Maronites</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_institutes_(orders)"><span id="Religious_institutes_.28orders.29"></span>Religious institutes (orders)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religious institutes (orders)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Maronite_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Maronite Order">Lebanese Maronite Order</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Maronite_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonin Maronite Order">Antonin Maronite Order</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariamite_Maronite_Order" title="Mariamite Maronite Order">Mariamite Maronite Order</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Maronite_Lebanese_Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation of Maronite Lebanese Missionaries">Congregation of Maronite Lebanese Missionaries</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Christianity in Lebanon">Maronite Christianity in Lebanon</a></div> <p>In the 12th century, about 40,000 Maronites resided in the area around Antioch and modern-day Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-CNEWA_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNEWA-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 21st century, estimates suggest that the Maronite diaspora population may have grown to more than twice the estimated 2 million Maronites living in their historic homelands in Lebanon, Syria, and Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the official site of the Maronite church, approximately 1,062,000 <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Christianity in Lebanon">Maronites</a> live in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, where they constitute up to 22 -23 percent of the population. Syrian Maronites total 51,000, following the archdioceses of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">Diocese</a> of <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-annuario_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annuario-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Maronites_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronites in Cyprus">Maronite community</a> of about 10,000 lives <a href="/wiki/Maronites_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronites in Cyprus">in Cyprus</a><sup id="cite_ref-annuario_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annuario-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with approximately 1,000 speakers of <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Maronite_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriot Maronite Arabic">Cypriot Maronite Arabic</a> from Kormakitis.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A noticeable <a href="/wiki/Maronites_in_Israel" title="Maronites in Israel">Maronite community</a> exists in northern Israel (Galilee), numbering 7,504.<sup id="cite_ref-annuario_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annuario-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaronitePastoralCenter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/MaronitePastoralCenter.jpg/220px-MaronitePastoralCenter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/MaronitePastoralCenter.jpg/330px-MaronitePastoralCenter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/MaronitePastoralCenter.jpg/440px-MaronitePastoralCenter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2188" data-file-height="2366" /></a><figcaption>Maronite Pastoral Center in St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.</figcaption></figure> <p>Immigration of Maronite faithful from the Middle East to the United States began during the latter part of the nineteenth century. When the faithful were able to obtain a priest, communities were established as parishes under the jurisdiction of the local Latin bishops. In January 1966, Pope Paul VI established the Maronite Apostolic Exarchate for the Maronite faithful of the United States. In a decree of the Sacred Congregation for the Eastern Churches, Bishop Francis Mansour Zayek was appointed the first exarch. The see, in Detroit, Michigan, with a cathedral under the patronage of Saint Maron, was suffragan to the Archdiocese of Detroit. In 1971, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> elevated the Exarchate to the status of an Eparchy, with the name of Eparchy of Saint Maron of Detroit. In 1977, the see of the Eparchy of Saint Maron was transferred to Brooklyn, New York, with the cathedral under the patronage of Our Lady of Lebanon. The name of the Eparchy was modified to Eparchy of Saint Maron of Brooklyn.<sup id="cite_ref-stanthony_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanthony-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994, the Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon was established with the cathedral at Los Angeles, California, under the patronage of Our Lady of Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-stanthony_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanthony-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_George_Chedid" title="John George Chedid">John George Chedid</a>, auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Saint Maron of Brooklyn, was ordained as the first Bishop of the Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Los Angeles at the Our Lady of Lebanon Cathedral in Los Angeles, California, where he served until he reached the mandatory retirement age of 80. In December 2000, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Joseph_Shaheen" title="Robert Joseph Shaheen">Robert Joseph Shaheen</a> succeeded Chedid as eparch. </p><p>Eparchies operate in <a href="/wiki/Eparchy_of_Nossa_Senhora_do_L%C3%ADbano_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Eparchy of Nossa Senhora do Líbano em São Paulo">São Paulo</a> in Brazil, as well as in Colombia, Mexico, France, Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Africa, Canada and Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-annuario_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annuario-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former Brazilian president <a href="/wiki/Michel_Temer" title="Michel Temer">Michel Temer</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Brazilian">Lebanese Brazilian</a> to have led the nation, was the son of two Maronite Catholic Lebanese immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other">Other</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The Maronite Church awards medals,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Great Crosses,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Golden Order of the Maronite General Council of the Maronite Church.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/48px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/64px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lebanon" title="Portal:Lebanon">Lebanon portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charbel_Makhlouf" title="Charbel Makhlouf">Charbel Makhlouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_All_Nations" title="Cross of All Nations">Cross of All Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Huda" title="Kitab al-Huda">Kitab al-Huda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lebanon" title="Our Lady of Lebanon">Our Lady of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George_in_devotions,_traditions_and_prayers" title="Saint George in devotions, traditions and prayers">Saint George in devotions, traditions and prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Thomas_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="St Thomas Christians">St Thomas Christians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phoenicia.org/assemani.html">Assemani, Maronite Light from the East for the Church and the World</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studiahumana.com/pliki/wydania/2(3)-5.pdf">Studia Humana Volume 2:3 (2013), pp. 53—55 </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/conference/205.htm">Synod of the Maronite Church Patriarchal Synod</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2019/05/20/cardinal-nasrallah-boutros-sfeir-head-maronite-church-steered/">Cardinal Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir, head of the Maronite Church who steered a difficult course between factions in the Middle East – obituary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://detroitcatholic.com/news/daniel-meloy/maronite-patriarch-elevates-st-maron-pastor-to-chorbishop-during-detroit-visit">Maronite patriarch elevates St. Maron pastor to chorbishop during Detroit visit</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/eastern-catholic-churches/maronite-church/maronite-worship">Maronite liturgy draws from Eastern and Western traditions, Catholics and cultures</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olol.org.au/the-maronite-tradition/the-maronite-divine-liturgy">The Maronite Divine Liturgy, By Dr Margaret Ghosn, Our Lady of Lebanon parish Australia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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Joseph Husslein (ed.). <i>The Christian Churches of the East: Volume I: Churches in Communion With Rome</i>. <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>: Bruce Publishing Company. pp. 165–167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Churches+of+the+East%3A+Volume+I%3A+Churches+in+Communion+With+Rome&rft.place=Milwaukee&rft.pages=165-167&rft.pub=Bruce+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1937&rft.au=Donald+Attwater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J.B., A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene, Vol. II, MacMillan & Co., 1889, p. 321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treadgold, Warren T., <i>Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081</i>, 1998, Stanford University Press, p. 72, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3163-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3163-2">0-8047-3163-2</a>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ostrogorsky, George, <i>History of the Byzantine state</i>, (Joan Hussey, trans.), 1957, Rutgers University Press, pp. 116–122, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-0599-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-0599-2">0-8135-0599-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beggiani-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beggiani_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beggiani_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150520200602/http://www.stmaron.org/marhist2.html">"PureHost"</a>. <i>www.stmaron.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stmaron.org/marhist2.html">the original</a> on 20 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stmaron.org&rft.atitle=PureHost&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stmaron.org%2Fmarhist2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolvenbach-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kolvenbach_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kolvenbach_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kolvenbach_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822222604/http://www.stmaron.org/spirituality/online-articles/maronites-between-two-worlds/">"Maronites Between Two Worlds – Eparchy of Saint Maron of Brooklyn"</a>. <i>www.stmaron.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stmaron.org/spirituality/online-articles/maronites-between-two-worlds/">the original</a> on 22 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stmaron.org&rft.atitle=Maronites+Between+Two+Worlds+%E2%80%93+Eparchy+of+Saint+Maron+of+Brooklyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stmaron.org%2Fspirituality%2Fonline-articles%2Fmaronites-between-two-worlds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frazee-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frazee_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frazee_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2013" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, William M. (4 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iepJAgAAQBAJ&q=maronite+church&pg=PT883"><i>Encyclopedia of Monasticism</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136787164" title="Special:BookSources/9781136787164"><bdi>9781136787164</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Monasticism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-12-04&rft.isbn=9781136787164&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiepJAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmaronite%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPT883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eastern-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eastern_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090418160255/http://www.maryourmother.net/Eastern.html">"THE EASTERN CHRISTIAN CHURCHES"</a>. <i>www.maryourmother.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maryourmother.net/Eastern.html">the original</a> on 18 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.maryourmother.net&rft.atitle=THE+EASTERN+CHRISTIAN+CHURCHES&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maryourmother.net%2FEastern.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNEWA-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNEWA_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNEWA_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNEWA_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNEWA_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Civita2005" class="citation web cs1">La Civita, Michael J.L. (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnewa.org/magazine/profiles-33192/">"Profiles: The Maronite Church"</a>. <i>ONE Magazine</i>. <a href="/wiki/CNEWA" class="mw-redirect" title="CNEWA">CNEWA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ONE+Magazine&rft.atitle=Profiles%3A+The+Maronite+Church&rft.date=2005-09&rft.aulast=La+Civita&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcnewa.org%2Fmagazine%2Fprofiles-33192%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanr-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vanr_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanr_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanr_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Rompay2006" class="citation book cs1">Van Rompay, Lucas (23 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5VQUdZhx1gC&q=maronite+church&pg=PA171">"Excursus: The Maronites"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wainwright" title="Geoffrey Wainwright">Wainwright, Geoffrey</a>; <a href="/wiki/Karen_B._Westerfield_Tucker" title="Karen B. Westerfield Tucker">Westerfield Tucker, Karen B.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_History_of_Christian_Worship" title="The Oxford History of Christian Worship">The Oxford History of Christian Worship</a></i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195138863" title="Special:BookSources/9780195138863"><bdi>9780195138863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Excursus%3A+The+Maronites&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Christian+Worship&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006-03-23&rft.isbn=9780195138863&rft.aulast=Van+Rompay&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5VQUdZhx1gC%26q%3Dmaronite%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanl-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vanl_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanl_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeuwen1994" class="citation book cs1">Leeuwen, Richard Van (23 March 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IFDkfiE-ZUcC&q=maronite+church"><i>Notables and Clergy in Mount Lebanon: The Khāzin Sheikhs and the Maronite Church, 1736-1840</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004099786" title="Special:BookSources/9004099786"><bdi>9004099786</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notables+and+Clergy+in+Mount+Lebanon%3A+The+Kh%C4%81zin+Sheikhs+and+the+Maronite+Church%2C+1736-1840&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1994-03-23&rft.isbn=9004099786&rft.aulast=Leeuwen&rft.aufirst=Richard+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIFDkfiE-ZUcC%26q%3Dmaronite%2Bchurch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mccallum-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mccallum_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mccallum_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mccallum_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'MahonyLoosley2009" class="citation book cs1">O'Mahony, Anthony; Loosley, Emma (16 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XzOMAgAAQBAJ&q=maronite+church&pg=PA27"><i>Eastern Christianity in the Modern Middle East</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135193713" title="Special:BookSources/9781135193713"><bdi>9781135193713</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Christianity+in+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009-12-16&rft.isbn=9781135193713&rft.aulast=O%27Mahony&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Loosley%2C+Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXzOMAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmaronite%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phan-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-phan_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhan2011" class="citation book cs1">Phan, Peter C. (21 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nfva8m7UOboC&q=maronite+church&pg=PA247"><i>Christianities in Asia</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444392609" title="Special:BookSources/9781444392609"><bdi>9781444392609</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianities+in+Asia&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-01-21&rft.isbn=9781444392609&rft.aulast=Phan&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnfva8m7UOboC%26q%3Dmaronite%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoosa1986283-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoosa1986283_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoosa1986">Moosa 1986</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazran2013" class="citation book cs1">Hazran, Yusri (2013). <i>The Druze Community and the Lebanese State: Between Confrontation and Reconciliation</i>. Routledge. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317931737" title="Special:BookSources/9781317931737"><bdi>9781317931737</bdi></a>. <q>the Druze had been able to live in harmony with the Christian</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druze+Community+and+the+Lebanese+State%3A+Between+Confrontation+and+Reconciliation&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781317931737&rft.aulast=Hazran&rft.aufirst=Yusri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtzi1984" class="citation book cs1">Artzi, Pinḥas (1984). <i>Confrontation and Coexistence</i>. Bar-Ilan University Press. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789652260499" title="Special:BookSources/9789652260499"><bdi>9789652260499</bdi></a>. <q>.. Europeans who visited the area during this period related that the Druze "love the Christians more than the other believers," and that they "hate the Turks, the Muslims and the Arabs [Bedouin] with an intense hatred.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confrontation+and+Coexistence&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Bar-Ilan+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9789652260499&rft.aulast=Artzi&rft.aufirst=Pin%E1%B8%A5as&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCHURCHILL1862" class="citation book cs1">CHURCHILL (1862). <i>The Druzes and the Maronites</i>. Montserrat Abbey Library. p. 25. <q>..the Druzes and Christians lived together in the most perfect harmony and good-will..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druzes+and+the+Maronites&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Montserrat+Abbey+Library&rft.date=1862&rft.au=CHURCHILL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobby1985" class="citation book cs1">Hobby (1985). <i>Near East/South Asia Report</i>. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. p. 53. <q>the Druzes and the Christians in the Shuf Mountains in the past lived in complete harmony..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Near+East%2FSouth+Asia+Report&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Foreign+Broadcast+Information+Service&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Hobby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-google-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFawaz,_L.T.1994" class="citation book cs1">Fawaz, L.T. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_nE7RjS91_E4C"><i>An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520087828" title="Special:BookSources/9780520087828"><bdi>9780520087828</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Occasion+for+War%3A+Civil+Conflict+in+Lebanon+and+Damascus+in+1860&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780520087828&rft.au=Fawaz%2C+L.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_nE7RjS91_E4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVocke1978" class="citation book cs1">Vocke, Harald (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fvu6AAAAIAAJ&q=The+Lebanese+war:+its+origins+and+political+dimensions"><i>The Lebanese war: its origins and political dimensions</i></a>. C. Hurst. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903983-92-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-903983-92-3"><bdi>0-903983-92-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lebanese+war%3A+its+origins+and+political+dimensions&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=C.+Hurst&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-903983-92-3&rft.aulast=Vocke&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFvu6AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BLebanese%2Bwar%3A%2Bits%2Borigins%2Band%2Bpolitical%2Bdimensions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeeb2013" class="citation book cs1">Deeb, Marius (2013). <i>Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon</i>. Hoover Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817916664" title="Special:BookSources/9780817916664"><bdi>9780817916664</bdi></a>. <q>the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria%2C+Iran%2C+and+Hezbollah%3A+The+Unholy+Alliance+and+Its+War+on+Lebanon&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780817916664&rft.aulast=Deeb&rft.aufirst=Marius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hakim-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hakim_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakim2013" class="citation book cs1">Hakim, Carol (19 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TfVeq_fNoMwC&q=maronite+church&pg=PA19"><i>The Origins of the Lebanese National Idea: 1840–1920</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520954717" title="Special:BookSources/9780520954717"><bdi>9780520954717</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Lebanese+National+Idea%3A+1840%E2%80%931920&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2013-01-19&rft.isbn=9780520954717&rft.aulast=Hakim&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTfVeq_fNoMwC%26q%3Dmaronite%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140520231028/http://www.stmaron.org/marhist8.html">"PureHost"</a>. <i>www.stmaron.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stmaron.org/marhist8.html">the original</a> on 20 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stmaron.org&rft.atitle=PureHost&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stmaron.org%2Fmarhist8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cin.org/jp2ency/orielume.html">"CIN - Orientale Lumen Pope John Paul II"</a>. <i>www.cin.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cin.org&rft.atitle=CIN+-+Orientale+Lumen+Pope+John+Paul+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cin.org%2Fjp2ency%2Forielume.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080221180735/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html">"Sacrosanctum concilium"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html">the original</a> on 21 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Sacrosanctum+concilium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaladza2010" class="citation book cs1">Galadza, Peter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&pg=PA303">"Eastern Catholic Christianity"</a>. In Parry, Kenneth (ed.). <i>The Blackwell companion to Eastern Christianity</i>. Blackwell companions to religion. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3361-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3361-9"><bdi>978-1-4443-3361-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eastern+Catholic+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+companion+to+Eastern+Christianity&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.series=Blackwell+companions+to+religion&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3361-9&rft.aulast=Galadza&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfWp9JA3aBvcC%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305072535/http://ncronline.org/news/faith-parish/first-married-man-ordained-priest-us-maronite-catholic-church">"First married man ordained priest for U.S. Maronite Catholic Church"</a>. <i>National Catholic Reporter</i>. 28 February 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncronline.org/news/faith-parish/first-married-man-ordained-priest-us-maronite-catholic-church">the original</a> on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Reporter&rft.atitle=First+married+man+ordained+priest+for+U.S.+Maronite+Catholic+Church&rft.date=2014-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncronline.org%2Fnews%2Ffaith-parish%2Ffirst-married-man-ordained-priest-us-maronite-catholic-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bkerkelb.org/english/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=39&Itemid=90">Church website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723144318/http://www.bkerkelb.org/english/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=39&Itemid=90">Archived</a> 23 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 20 March 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoumen" class="citation web cs1">Soumen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604200728/http://eparchy.org/">"MARONITE EPARCHY OF OUR LADY OF LOS ANGELES"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eparchy.org/">the original</a> on 4 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MARONITE+EPARCHY+OF+OUR+LADY+OF+LOS+ANGELES&rft.au=Soumen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eparchy.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stmaron.org/">"Eparchy of Saint Maron of Brooklyn"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eparchy+of+Saint+Maron+of+Brooklyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stmaron.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120074023/http://www.olm.org.lb/">"Home"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olm.org.lb/">the original</a> on 20 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olm.org.lb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126033947/http://www.antonins.org/indexen.htm">"OAM - Accueil"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antonins.org/indexen.htm">the original</a> on 26 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OAM+-+Accueil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antonins.org%2Findexen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omm.org.lb/">Mariamite Maronite Order (O.M.M.)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128143503/http://www.omm.org.lb/">Archived</a> 28 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><b>Arabic</b></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611134439/http://www.lebanesemissionaries.org/">"Congregation Of Maronite Lebanese Missionaries"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lebanesemissionaries.org/">the original</a> on 11 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congregation+Of+Maronite+Lebanese+Missionaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lebanesemissionaries.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Maronites" in <i>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East</i> (<a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase</a>, 2009), p. 446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-annuario-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-annuario_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-annuario_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-annuario_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-annuario_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnewacanada.ca/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat08.pdf">Annuario Pontificio : <i>The Eastern Catholic Churches 2008</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706173351/http://www.cnewacanada.ca/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat08.pdf">Archived</a> 6 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 25 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maria Tsiapera, <i>A Descriptive Analysis of Cypriot Maronite Arabic</i>, 1969, Mouton and Company, The Hague, 69 pages</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101126204758/http://moi.gov.cy/new/admin/sections/filedepot/uploaded/file/PDF_FILES/EuropeanCharterForRegionalMinorities.pdf">"Cyprus Ministry of Interior : European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages : Answers to the Comments/Questions Submitted to the Government of Cyprus Regarding its Initial Periodical Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 28 July 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moi.gov.cy/new/admin/sections/filedepot/uploaded/file/PDF_FILES/EuropeanCharterForRegionalMinorities.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cyprus+Ministry+of+Interior+%3A+European+Charter+for+Regional+or+Minority+Languages+%3A+Answers+to+the+Comments%2FQuestions+Submitted+to+the+Government+of+Cyprus+Regarding+its+Initial+Periodical+Report&rft.date=2005-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoi.gov.cy%2Fnew%2Fadmin%2Fsections%2Ffiledepot%2Fuploaded%2Ffile%2FPDF_FILES%2FEuropeanCharterForRegionalMinorities.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Ghosn, Maronite institutional development across Australia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://australiancatholichistoricalsociety.com.au/pdfs/ACHS%20journal%202010-2011.pdf"><i>Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society</i> 31/2 (2010/11)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215001128/http://australiancatholichistoricalsociety.com.au/pdfs/ACHS%20journal%202010-2011.pdf">Archived</a> 15 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 15-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/son-of-lebanese-immigrants-friend-to-jewish-community-named-brazils-president/">"Son of Lebanese immigrants, Brazil's new president is friend to Jewish community"</a>. <i>Times of Israel</i>. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Son+of+Lebanese+immigrants%2C+Brazil%27s+new+president+is+friend+to+Jewish+community&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fson-of-lebanese-immigrants-friend-to-jewish-community-named-brazils-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTharoor2016" class="citation news cs1">Tharoor, Ishaan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/05/16/the-enduring-success-of-latin-american-politicians-of-arab-origin/">"The enduring success of Latin American politicians of Arab origin"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+enduring+success+of+Latin+American+politicians+of+Arab+origin&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Tharoor&rft.aufirst=Ishaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2016%2F05%2F16%2Fthe-enduring-success-of-latin-american-politicians-of-arab-origin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160403082503/http://conseilmaronite.org/CrossOfHonor.aspx">"The Maronite Central Council Medal, About Us - Central Council of the Maronite Societies"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conseilmaronite.org/CrossOfHonor.aspx">the original</a> on 3 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Maronite+Central+Council+Medal%2C+About+Us+-+Central+Council+of+the+Maronite+Societies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conseilmaronite.org%2FCrossOfHonor.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160403082750/http://conseilmaronite.org/GreatCross.aspx">"Great Cross of the Maronite Central Council, About Us - Central Council of the Maronite Societies"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conseilmaronite.org/GreatCross.aspx">the original</a> on 3 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Cross+of+the+Maronite+Central+Council%2C+About+Us+-+Central+Council+of+the+Maronite+Societies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conseilmaronite.org%2FGreatCross.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160531130924/http://www.kingdom.com.sa/the-king-of-morocco-mohamad-vi-awards-prince-alwaleed-his-60th-honorary-medal">"The King of Morocco Mohamad VI Awards Prince Alwaleed His 60th Honorary Medal - Kingdom Holding Company"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kingdom.com.sa/the-king-of-morocco-mohamad-vi-awards-prince-alwaleed-his-60th-honorary-medal">the original</a> on 31 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+King+of+Morocco+Mohamad+VI+Awards+Prince+Alwaleed+His+60th+Honorary+Medal+-+Kingdom+Holding+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kingdom.com.sa%2Fthe-king-of-morocco-mohamad-vi-awards-prince-alwaleed-his-60th-honorary-medal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoosa1986" class="citation book cs1">Moosa, Matti (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ogp94y8CJgC&q=The+Maronites+in+History"><i>The Maronites in History</i></a>. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593331825" title="Special:BookSources/9781593331825"><bdi>9781593331825</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maronites+in+History&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9781593331825&rft.aulast=Moosa&rft.aufirst=Matti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Ogp94y8CJgC%26q%3DThe%2BMaronites%2Bin%2BHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNo'man1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">No'man, Paul (1996). <i>The Yesterday of the Maronite Church and it's Tomorrow</i> (in Arabic). Ghosta: Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yesterday+of+the+Maronite+Church+and+it%27s+Tomorrow&rft.place=Ghosta&rft.pub=Books&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=No%27man&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronite+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Michael Breydy: Geschichte der syro-arabischen Literatur der Maroniten vom VII. bis XVI. Jahrhundert. Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1985, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-531-03194-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-531-03194-5">3-531-03194-5</a></li> <li>Moosa, Matti, <i>The Maronites in History</i>, Gorgias Press, Piscataway, New Jersey, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-182-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-182-5">978-1-59333-182-5</a></li> <li>R. J. Mouawad, <i>Les Maronites. Chrétiens du Liban</i>, Brepols Publishers, Turnhout, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-53041-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-53041-3">978-2-503-53041-3</a></li> <li>Kamal Salibi, <i>A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered</i> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 1990).</li> <li><i>Maronite Church</i>. <i>New Catholic Encyclopedia</i>, Second Edition, 2003.</li> <li>Riley-Smith, Johnathan. <i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades</i> (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, Oxford, 1995)</li> <li>Suermann, Harald. <i>Histoire des origines de l'Eglise Maronite</i>, PUSEK, Kaslik, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9953-491-67-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9953-491-67-7">978-9953-491-67-7</a></li> <li>Barber, Malcolm. <i>Letters from the East: Crusades, Pilgrims and Settlers in the 12th–13th centuries</i>, Ashgate Press, Reading, United Kingdom, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-1393-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-1393-2">978-1-4724-1393-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite_Church&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color: gold;background: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maronite_Church" title="Template:Maronite Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maronite_Church" title="Template talk:Maronite Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maronite_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maronite Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Maronite_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maronite Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Maronite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch">Patriarch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maronite_Patriarchs_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Maronite Patriarchs of Antioch">List of Maronite Patriarchs of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bkerk%C3%A9" title="Bkerké">Bkerké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimane" title="Dimane">Dimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechara_Boutros_al-Rahi" title="Bechara Boutros al-Rahi">Bechara Boutros al-Rahi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of the Maronite Patriarchate"><img alt="Coat of Arms of the Maronite Patriarchate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="615" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Organization">Eparchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Beirut" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Beirut">Archeparchy of Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Antelias" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Antelias">Archeparchy of Antelias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Tripoli" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Tripoli">Archeparchy of Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Tyre" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Tyre">Archeparchy of Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Baalbek-Deir_El_Ahmar" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Baalbek-Deir El Ahmar">Eparchy of Baalbek-Deir El Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Batroun" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Batroun">Eparchy of Batroun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Byblos" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Byblos">Eparchy of Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Sidon" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Sidon">Eparchy of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Zahleh" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Zahleh">Eparchy of Zahleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Damascus" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Damascus">Archeparchy of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Aleppo" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Aleppo">Archeparchy of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Latakia" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Latakia">Eparchy of Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Haifa_and_the_Holy_Land" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Haifa and the Holy Land">Archeparchy of Haifa and the Holy Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Patriarchal_Exarchate_of_Jerusalem_and_Palestine" title="Maronite Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jerusalem and Palestine">Patriarchal Exarchate of Jerusalem and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Patriarchal_Exarchate_of_Jordan" title="Maronite Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jordan">Patriarchal Exarchate of Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Cairo" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Cairo">Eparchy of Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Cyprus" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Cyprus">Archeparchy of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_the_Annunciation" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of the Annunciation">Eparchy of the Annunciation, Ibadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Apostolic_Exarchate_of_Colombia" title="Maronite Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Colombia">Apostolic Exarchate of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_Paris" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Paris">Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Maron_of_Montreal" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint Maron of Montreal">Eparchy of Saint Maron of Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_Los_Angeles" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Los Angeles">Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Maron_of_Brooklyn" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint Maron of Brooklyn">Eparchy of Saint Maron of Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Martyrs_of_Lebanon_in_Mexico" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of the Martyrs of Lebanon in Mexico">Eparchy of Our Lady of the Martyrs of Lebanon in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Maron_of_Sydney" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint Maron of Sydney">Eparchy of Saint Maron of Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Charbel_in_Buenos_Aires" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint Charbel in Buenos Aires">Eparchy of Saint Charbel in Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of São Paulo">Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of São Paulo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">Churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cathedrals:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Cathedral_of_Saint_George,_Beirut" title="Maronite Cathedral of Saint George, Beirut">St George Cathedral, Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Elijah,_Aleppo" title="Cathedral of Saint Elijah, Aleppo">Cathedral of Saint Elijah, Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_the_King_Cathedral,_Haifa" title="St. Louis the King Cathedral, Haifa">St. Louis the King Cathedral, Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_Maronite_Cathedral_(Brooklyn)" title="Our Lady of Lebanon Maronite Cathedral (Brooklyn)">Our Lady of Lebanon Cathedral (Brooklyn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mt._Lebanon-St._Peter_Cathedral_(Los_Angeles)" title="Our Lady of Mt. Lebanon-St. Peter Cathedral (Los Angeles)">Our Lady of Mt. Lebanon-St. Peter Cathedral (Los Angeles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Raymond_Maronite_Cathedral_(St._Louis,_Missouri)" title="St. Raymond Maronite Cathedral (St. Louis, Missouri)">St. Raymond Cathedral (St. Louis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_Procathedral,_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Our Lady of Lebanon Procathedral, Bogotá">Our Lady of Lebanon Procathedral, Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Maron%27s_Cathedral,_Buenos_Aires" title="St. Maron's Cathedral, Buenos Aires">St. Maron's Cathedral, Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Annunciation_Cathedral,_Ibadan" title="Our Lady of the Annunciation Cathedral, Ibadan">Our Lady of the Annunciation Cathedral, Ibadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valvanera_Cathedral,_Mexico_City" title="Valvanera Cathedral, Mexico City">Valvanera Cathedral, Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Grace_Cathedral_(Nicosia)" title="Our Lady of Grace Cathedral (Nicosia)">Our Lady of Grace Cathedral (Nicosia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_Maronite_Cathedral_(Paris)" title="Our Lady of Lebanon Maronite Cathedral (Paris)">Our Lady of Lebanon Cathedral (Paris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_Cathedral,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Our Lady of Lebanon Cathedral, São Paulo">Our Lady of Lebanon Cathedral, São Paulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Maron%27s_Cathedral,_Sydney" title="St. Maron's Cathedral, Sydney">St. Maron's Cathedral, Sydney</a><br /></li></ul> <ul><li>Churches:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saidet_et_Tall%C3%A9" title="Church of Saidet et Tallé">Church of Saidet et Tallé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church_of_the_Annunciation" title="Maronite Church of the Annunciation">Church of the Annunciation, Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Street_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_Complex" title="Ohio Street Methodist Episcopal Church Complex">St. Ann's Church, Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Sharbel_Maronite_Catholic_Church" title="St. Sharbel Maronite Catholic Church">St. Sharbel Church, Portland</a><br /></li></ul> <ul><li>Shrines:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lebanon" title="Our Lady of Lebanon">Our Lady of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Bekaa" title="Our Lady of Bekaa">Our Lady of Bekaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Bechouat" title="Our Lady of Bechouat">Our Lady of Bechouat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_and_National_Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_(North_Jackson,_Ohio)" title="Basilica and National Shrine of Our Lady of Lebanon (North Jackson, Ohio)">Basilica and National Shrine of Our Lady of Lebanon (North Jackson, Ohio)</a><br /></li></ul> <ul><li>Monasteries:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Maron" title="Monastery of Saint Maron">Monastery of Saint Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Qozhaya" title="Monastery of Qozhaya">Monastery of Qozhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Sarkis,_Ehden" title="Mar Sarkis, Ehden">Mar Sarkis, Ehden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Holy_Saviour,_Kreim" title="Monastery of the Holy Saviour, Kreim">Monastery of the Holy Saviour, Kreim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Convent,_Jerusalem" title="Maronite Convent, Jerusalem">Maronite Convent, Jerusalem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">Religious institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Maronite_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Maronite Order">Lebanese Maronite Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Maronite_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonin Maronite Order">Antonin Maronite Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariamite_Maronite_Order" title="Mariamite Maronite Order">Mariamite Maronite Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Lebanese_Maronite_Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation of the Lebanese Maronite Missionaries">Congregation of the Lebanese Maronite Missionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">Saints</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maron" title="John Maron">John Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Cyrrhus" title="Abraham of Cyrrhus">Abraham of Cyrrhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnina_of_Syria" title="Domnina of Syria">Domnina of Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chayna" class="mw-redirect" title="Chayna">Chayna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimatullah_Kassab" title="Nimatullah Kassab">Nimatullah Kassab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbel_Makhlouf" title="Charbel Makhlouf">Charbel Makhlouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafqa_Pietra_Choboq_Ar-Ray%C3%A8s" title="Rafqa Pietra Choboq Ar-Rayès">Rafqa Pietra Choboq Ar-Rayès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istifan_al-Duwayhi" title="Istifan al-Duwayhi">Bl. Istifan al-Duwayhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Peter_Hoayek" title="Elias Peter Hoayek">Bl. Elias Peter Hoayek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sundays_of_Commemoration" title="Three Sundays of Commemoration">Three Sundays of Commemoration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Maronite_Christians" title="Lebanese Maronite Christians">Lebanese Maronite Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_All_Nations" title="Cross of All Nations">Cross of All Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Hospitalier_Universitaire_Notre_Dame_des_Secours" title="Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Notre Dame des Secours">Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Notre Dame des Secours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br /></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sui_iuris_particular_churches_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Particular_churches_sui_iuris_footer" title="Template:Particular churches sui iuris footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Particular_churches_sui_iuris_footer" title="Template talk:Particular churches sui iuris footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Particular_churches_sui_iuris_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Particular churches sui iuris footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sui_iuris_particular_churches_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">Sui iuris</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">particular churches</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div>By <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_jurisdiction" title="Ecclesiastical jurisdiction">ecclesiastical jurisdiction</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchal churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold"><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy#Council_of_Nicaea" title="Pentarchy">Ancient patriarchates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li>Antiochian <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold">Junior <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">patriarchates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg/60px-Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg/90px-Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg/120px-Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="169" data-file-height="289" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major archiepiscopal churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Metropolitan churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other <i>sui iuris</i> churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croat and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syriac_Christianity_footer" title="Template:Syriac Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syriac_Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Syriac Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syriac_Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syriac Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syriac_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a>, legacy of <br />the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Church of Antioch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maronite Church</a> (685)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> (1662)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> (512)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a>, legacy of<br />the <i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></i><br />(the <i>"Nestorian Church"</i>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">410</a>–<a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">1552</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">1552</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> (1552)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Evangelical_Church" title="Assyrian Evangelical Church">Assyrian Evangelical Church</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church" title="Assyrian Pentecostal Church">Assyrian Pentecostal Church</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_denominations" title="Saint Thomas Christian denominations">Saint Thomas Christians</a>,<br />legacy of<br />the <i><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a></i><br />(active 1st century–1601)<br />in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Eastern_Catholic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a> (East Syriac) (1665)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a> (West Syriac) (1932)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a> (1665)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a> (1772)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nestorian (<a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian Church</a> (1701)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers_Eastern_Church" title="Believers Eastern Church">Believers Eastern Church</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrahat" title="Aphrahat">Aphrahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Baradaeus" title="Jacob Baradaeus">Jacob Baradaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Serugh" title="Jacob of Serugh">Jacob of Serugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch" title="Severus of Antioch">Severus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Jew" title="Paul the Jew">Paul the Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philoxenus_of_Mabbug" title="Philoxenus of Mabbug">Philoxenus of Mabbug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Cana" title="Thomas of Cana">Thomas of Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_the_Syrian" title="Isaac the Syrian">Isaac the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maron" title="John Maron">John Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Sabor_and_Mar_Proth" title="Mar Sabor and Mar Proth">Mar Sabor and Mar Proth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_bar_Salibi" title="Dionysius bar Salibi">Dionysius bar Salibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus" title="Bar Hebraeus">Bar Hebraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimun_VIII_Yohannan_Sulaqa" title="Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa">Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Angamaly" title="Abraham of Angamaly">Abraham of Angamaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorios_Abdal_Jaleel" title="Gregorios Abdal Jaleel">Gregorios Abdal Jaleel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoma_I" title="Thoma I">Thoma I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Koorilos_I" title="Abraham Koorilos I">Abraham Koorilos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Andrew_Akijan" title="Ignatius Andrew Akijan">Ignatius Andrew Akijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_VI_Tanas" title="Cyril VI Tanas">Cyril VI Tanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Mellus" title="Elias Mellus">Elias Mellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Vattasseril" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysius of Vattasseril">Dionysius of Vattasseril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geevarghese_Ivanios" title="Geevarghese Ivanios">Geevarghese Ivanios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorilos_Paulose" title="Coorilos Paulose">Coorilos Paulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoma_Darmo" title="Thoma Darmo">Thoma Darmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baselios_Paulose_II" title="Baselios Paulose II">Baselios Paulose II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Chaldean Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garshuni" title="Garshuni">Garshuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Hertevin" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Hertevin">Hertevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koy_Sanjaq_Christian_Neo-Aramaic" title="Koy Sanjaq Christian Neo-Aramaic">Koy Sanjaq Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mla%E1%B8%A5s%C3%B4_language" title="Mlaḥsô language">Mlaḥsô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Senaya" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Senaya">Senaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriyani_Malayalam" title="Suriyani Malayalam">Syriac Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> (Liturgical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyrian homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_Assyrian_autonomy_in_Iraq" title="Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq">Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_diaspora" title="Assyrian diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Terms for Syriac Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara%E2%80%93Persian_ecclesiastical_relations" title="Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations">Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_sacral_music" title="Syriac sacral music">Syriac sacral music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* Defunct with <a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">schism of 1552</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" 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href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Main <br />divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Communions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent Churches/Communions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Orthodox_church" title="True Orthodox church">True Orthodox churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/150px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/225px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/300px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="3109" /></a></span><br /><i>Christ Pantocrator</i> (circa 1261) in <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Christianization of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>/<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical council</a></li> <li>Heresies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_Sichuan" title="Church of the East in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_among_the_Mongols" title="Christianity among the Mongols">Mongols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Greek_Christians" title="Antiochian Greek Christians">Antiochian Greek Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Turkic Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_the_Russian_Church" title="Schism of the Russian Church">Raskol</a></li> <li>Moscow–Constantinople schisms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th centuries schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996 schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018 schism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scriptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">Dyophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation#Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Theoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(Byzantine_Rite)" title="Praxis (Byzantine Rite)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousia#Early_Christianity" title="Ousia">Ousia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omophorion" title="Omophorion">Omophorion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patriarchates_in_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patriarchates_in_Christianity" title="Template:Patriarchates in Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patriarchates_in_Christianity" title="Template talk:Patriarchates in Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patriarchates_in_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patriarchates in Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Patriarchates_in_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Traditional ecclesiastical jurisdictions of <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, sorted according to earliest <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic</a> legacy and branched where multiple denominational claimants:<br /> <b>bold blue</b> = <b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></b>, <span style="color:#000040;">light blue</span> = <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, <span style="color:#808000;"><b>bold/</b>light green</span> = <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy"><span style="color:#808000;">Oriental Orthodoxy</span></a>, <i>italic blue = <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Antiquity</a>)<br /><span class="nobold">(30–325/476)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a><br /><span class="nobold">(five<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_See" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic See">apostolic<br />sees</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Rome</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st cent.</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></b> (since <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st cent.</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">451</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> (since 330)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople">Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></b> (1204–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople"><span style="color:#808000;">Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople</span></a> (since 1461)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Antioch</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st cent.</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Antioch_and_All_the_East" title="Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East"><span style="color:#808000;">Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch</span></a></b> (since 518)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholicosate_of_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia"><span style="color:#808000;">Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia</span></a></b> (since 1058)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch</a> (since 519)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Maronite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch">Maronite Patriarchate</a></b> (since 685)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch</a></b> (since 1668)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch">Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch</a></b> (since 1724)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Latin Patriarchate of Antioch">Latin Patriarchate of Antioch</a></b> (1099–1964)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a></b> (since 1740)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch of Alexandria">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Alexandria" title="Church of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st cent.</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria</a> (since <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">451</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pope_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria"><span style="color:#808000;">Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria</span></a></b> (since <a href="/wiki/451" title="451">451</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria">Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria</a></b> (1219–1964)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria">Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria</a></b> (since 1824)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">451</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a> (since 451)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem"><span style="color:#808000;">Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem</span></a> (since 638)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a></b> (since 1099)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_patriarchs,_archbishops_and_bishops_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="List of patriarchs, archbishops and bishops of Carthage">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Carthage" title="Archdiocese of Carthage">Carthage</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_2nd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the 2nd century">2nd cent.</a>–1076)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Carthage#Titular_see_of_Carthage" title="Archdiocese of Carthage">Latin Catholic titular episcopate</a></b> (1518–1964)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tunis" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tunis">Archbishop of Tunis</a></b> (since 1884)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_Church_of_the_East" title="Patriarch of the Church of the East">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(280–1552)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Baghdad" title="Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Baghdad">Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Baghdad</a></b> (since 1553)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_patriarchs_of_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="List of patriarchs of the Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a></i> (since 1830)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a></i> (since 1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> <span class="nobold">(301)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholicos_of_All_Armenians" title="Catholicos of All Armenians"><span style="color:#808000;">Catholicos of All Armenians (Patriarch of Etchmiadzin)</span></a></b> (since 301)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholicosate_of_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia"><span style="color:#808000;">Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia</span></a></b> (since 1058)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem"><span style="color:#808000;">Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem</span></a> (since 638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople"><span style="color:#808000;">Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople</span></a> (since 1461)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Cilicia" title="Patriarchate of Cilicia">Patriarchate of Cilicia</a></b> (since 1742)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(476–1517)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Aquileia" title="Patriarchate of Aquileia">Patriarchate of Aquileia</a></b> (568–1751)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Grado" title="Patriarch of Grado">Patriarchate of Grado</a></b> (725–1451)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Patriarchate of Bulgaria</a> (since 919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Patriarchate of Georgia</a> (since 1010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87" title="Serbian Patriarchate of Peć">Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate of Peć</a> (since 1346)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Venice" title="Patriarchate of Venice">Patriarchate of Venice</a></b> (since 1451)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Early Modern era</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(1517–1789) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_the_West_Indies" title="Patriarchate of the West Indies">Patriarchate of the West Indies</a></b> (since 1524)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Ethiopia" title="Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia">Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia</a></b> (1555–1663)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_the_East_Indies" title="Patriarchate of the East Indies">Patriarchate of the East Indies</a></b> (since 1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Patriarchate of Moscow</a> (since 1589)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Lisbon" title="Patriarchate of Lisbon">Patriarchate of Lisbon</a></b> (since 1716)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Late Modern era</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(since 1789)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Patriarchate of Romania</a> (since 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abunas_of_Ethiopia" title="List of abunas of Ethiopia"><span style="color:#808000;">Ethiopian Orthodox Patriarchate of Ethiopia</span></a> (since 1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Kyiv_Patriarchate" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate">Patriarchate of Kyiv</a> (1992–2018; since 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abunas_of_Eritrea" title="List of abunas of Eritrea"><span style="color:#808000;">Eritrean Orthodox Patriarchate of Eritrea</span></a> (since 1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Throne" title="Apostolic Throne">Apostolic Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">Episcopal see</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64900#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64900#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64900#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/262834560">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/16289967-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82111291">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00576297">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Katolická církev."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20140217006&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="maronité"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph907466&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007352109505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/050327674">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maronite_Church&params=33.9678_N_35.6339_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°58′04″N</span> <span 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