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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spiritual_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritual_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Spiritual origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritual_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hermit_and_monastic_life_on_Mount_Carmel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hermit_and_monastic_life_on_Mount_Carmel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hermit and monastic life on Mount Carmel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hermit_and_monastic_life_on_Mount_Carmel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation_of_the_Order_on_Mount_Carmel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_of_the_Order_on_Mount_Carmel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Foundation of the Order on Mount Carmel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_of_the_Order_on_Mount_Carmel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_hermits_to_friars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_hermits_to_friars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>From hermits to friars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_hermits_to_friars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitigation_of_the_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitigation_of_the_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Mitigation of the rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitigation_of_the_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempts_of_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempts_of_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Attempts of reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempts_of_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation_of_Carmelite_Nuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_of_Carmelite_Nuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Foundation of Carmelite Nuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_of_Carmelite_Nuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation_of_the_Third_Order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_of_the_Third_Order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Foundation of the Third Order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_of_the_Third_Order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teresian_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teresian_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Teresian reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teresian_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papebroch_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papebroch_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Papebroch controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papebroch_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carmelite_spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carmelite_spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Carmelite spirituality</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Carmelite_spirituality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Carmelite spirituality subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Carmelite_spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Habit_and_scapular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habit_and_scapular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Habit and scapular</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habit_and_scapular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visions_and_devotions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visions_and_devotions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Visions and devotions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visions_and_devotions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Provinces_of_the_Carmelite_Order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provinces_of_the_Carmelite_Order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Provinces of the Carmelite Order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provinces_of_the_Carmelite_Order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Carmelites</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmeliete" title="Karmeliete – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Karmeliete" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رهبنة كرملية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رهبنة كرملية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Кармеліты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кармеліты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Кармэліты – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кармэліты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Кармелити – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кармелити" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmeli%C4%87ani" title="Karmelićani – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Karmelićani" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carmelites" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%A1d_karmelit%C3%A1n%C5%AF" title="Řád karmelitánů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řád karmelitánů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmeliterordenen" title="Karmeliterordenen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karmeliterordenen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmeliten" title="Karmeliten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karmeliten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orden_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_del_Monte_Carmelo" title="Orden de Nuestra Señora del Monte Carmelo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orden de Nuestra Señora del Monte Carmelo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmelanoj" title="Karmelanoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karmelanoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmeldar" title="Karmeldar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karmeldar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="کرملی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کرملی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_du_Carmel" title="Ordre du Carmel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ordre du Carmel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmeliten" title="Karmeliten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Karmeliten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairmil%C3%ADtigh" title="Cairmilítigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cairmilítigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_do_Monte_Carmelo" title="Orde de Santa María do Monte Carmelo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Orde de Santa María do Monte Carmelo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%A5%B4%EB%A9%9C%ED%9A%8C" title="가르멜회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가르멜회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmeli%C4%87ani" title="Karmelićani – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karmelićani" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmelito" title="Karmelito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karmelito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmelit" title="Karmelit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karmelit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordine_della_Beata_Vergine_del_Monte_Carmelo" title="Ordine della Beata Vergine del Monte Carmelo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ordine della Beata Vergine del Monte Carmelo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99" title="המסדר הכרמליתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המסדר הכרמליתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmelit" title="Karmelit – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Karmelit" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmel_pa%C9%A3t%CA%8A_y%C9%94%C9%94_t%C9%A9%C5%8B%C9%A9yaa" title="Carmel paɣtʊ yɔɔ tɩŋɩyaa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Carmel paɣtʊ yɔɔ tɩŋɩyaa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakarmeli" title="Wakarmeli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wakarmeli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2d_Kam%C3%A8l" title="Lòd Kamèl – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lòd Kamèl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelitae" title="Carmelitae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carmelitae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmelitai" title="Karmelitai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karmelitai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmelit%C3%A1k" title="Karmeliták – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karmeliták" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82" title="കർമ്മലീത്താ സമൂഹം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കർമ്മലീത്താ സമൂഹം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmelitani" title="Karmelitani – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Karmelitani" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%84" title="راهبات الكرمل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="راهبات الكرمل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmelieten" title="Karmelieten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Karmelieten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AB%E4%BC%9A" title="カルメル会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルメル会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmelittordenen" title="Karmelittordenen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karmelittordenen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmelici" title="Karmelici – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karmelici" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordem_do_Carmo" title="Ordem do Carmo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ordem do Carmo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinul_carmelit" title="Ordinul carmelit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ordinul carmelit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Кармелиты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кармелиты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кармелиттар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кармелиттар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelitanos" title="Carmelitanos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Carmelitanos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carmelites" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmelit%C3%A1ni" title="Karmelitáni – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karmelitáni" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кармелићани – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кармелићани" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmeli%C4%87ani" title="Karmelićani – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karmelićani" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmeliitat" title="Karmeliitat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karmeliitat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmelitorden" title="Karmelitorden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karmelitorden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelita" title="Carmelita – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Carmelita" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C" title="คณะคาร์เมไลท์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คณะคาร์เมไลท์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmelitler" title="Karmelitler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karmelitler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Кармеліти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кармеліти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B2ng_C%C3%A1t_Minh" title="Dòng Cát Minh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dòng Cát Minh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E9%BB%98%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%9A" title="加尔默罗会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加尔默罗会" 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<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roman_Catholic_Carmelite_orders" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q186277" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman Catholic religious order</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"White Friars" redirects here. For the White Canons, see <a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a>. For the White Monks, see <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Discalced_Carmelites" title="Discalced Carmelites">Discalced Carmelites</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Order of the Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary<br />of Mount Carmel</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="la"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ordo Fratrum Beatissimæ Virginis Mariæ de Monte Carmelo</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoA_Order_of_Carmelites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/CoA_Order_of_Carmelites.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="267" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a> of the order</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">OCarm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">Late 12th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data">Early <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermits</a> of Mount Carmel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded at</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">Mendicant</a> order of <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_right" title="Pontifical right">pontifical right</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Legal status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Consecrated_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Consecrated Life">Institute of Consecrated Life</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2022)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,041 members (includes 1,303 priests)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Zelo zelatus sum pro Domino Deo exercituum</i></span><br />(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for 'With zeal have I been zealous for the Lord God of hosts')</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">General Headquarters</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Curia Generalizia dei Carmelitani<br />Via Giovanni Lanza, 138, 00184 <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Prior_General_of_the_Order_of_Carmelites" title="Prior General of the Order of Carmelites">Prior General</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Mícéal O'Neill, OCarm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Patron saints</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Our Lady of Mount Carmel">Our Lady of Mount Carmel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent organization</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ocarm.org">ocarm<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elijah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Elijah.jpg/220px-Elijah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Elijah.jpg/330px-Elijah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Elijah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Prophet_Elijah" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophet Elijah">Prophet Elijah</a> is regarded as the spiritual father of the Carmelite order.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Order of the Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Ordo Fratrum Beatissimæ Virginis Mariæ de Monte Carmelo</i>; abbreviated <b>OCarm</b>), known as the <b>Carmelites</b> or sometimes by <a href="/wiki/Synecdoche" title="Synecdoche">synecdoche</a> known simply as <b>Carmel</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">mendicant order</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> for both men and women. Historical records about its origin remain uncertain; it was probably founded in the 12th century on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmelites&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Order of the Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel</b> are also known simply as the <b>Carmelites</b> or the <b>Carmelite Order</b>. To differentiate themselves from the <a href="/wiki/Discalced_Carmelites" title="Discalced Carmelites">Discalced Carmelites</a> (founded in 1562), who grew out of the older order but today have more members, the original Carmelites are sometimes known as the <b>Carmelites of the Ancient Observance</b> and very rarely the <b>Calced Carmelites</b> (<a href="/wiki/Discalced" title="Discalced">discalced</a> being a reference to some religious orders going barefoot or wearing sandals instead of shoes). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmelites&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historical records about its origin remain uncertain, but the order was probably founded in the 12th century on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusader States">Crusader States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Berthold_of_Calabria" title="Berthold of Calabria">Berthold of Calabria</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Vercelli" title="Albert of Vercelli">Albert of Vercelli</a>, have traditionally been associated with the founding of the order, but few clear records of early Carmelite history have survived. The order of Carmelite nuns was formalised in 1452.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spiritual_origin">Spiritual origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmelites&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spiritual origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Carmelite Order is one of the few monastic orders, if not the only one, not to refer to a charismatic founder, but to a prophet of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> and his disciple <a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a> are considered by the Carmelites as the spiritual fathers of the order.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tradition indicates the presence on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a> of a series of <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> hermits who lived, prayed and taught in the caves used by Elijah and Elisha. This is how the first Christian hermits (at the origin of the founding of the order) settled in the caves of Mount Carmel to pray to God. The first chapel built within the hermitages and bringing together this community is dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>. Very quickly, the spirituality of the order turned to Mary who became the queen and mistress of Carmel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hermit_and_monastic_life_on_Mount_Carmel">Hermit and monastic life on Mount Carmel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmelites&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hermit and monastic life on Mount Carmel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hermits_of_the_Most_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Hermits of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel">Hermits of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel</a></div> <p>Before the presence of the Carmelites, in the 6th century <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> monks built a monastery dedicated to Saint Elijah in a valley a few kilometers south of the present monastery. This was destroyed in 614 by the Persians of <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a>. Around 1150, a Greek monk from Calabria established a community of about ten members among the ruins of the ancient Byzantine monastery which he rebuilt and renamed Saint Elijah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_of_the_Order_on_Mount_Carmel">Foundation of the Order on Mount Carmel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmelites&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Foundation of the Order on Mount Carmel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mont_Carmel_1666.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mont_Carmel_1666.jpg/220px-Mont_Carmel_1666.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mont_Carmel_1666.jpg/330px-Mont_Carmel_1666.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mont_Carmel_1666.jpg/440px-Mont_Carmel_1666.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4676" data-file-height="3284" /></a><figcaption>Plan of Mount, Relief view of Mount Carmel and Haifa Bay in the 17th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nahal_Siah_Ancient_Church_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nahal_Siah_Ancient_Church_1.JPG/220px-Nahal_Siah_Ancient_Church_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nahal_Siah_Ancient_Church_1.JPG/330px-Nahal_Siah_Ancient_Church_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nahal_Siah_Ancient_Church_1.JPG/440px-Nahal_Siah_Ancient_Church_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2074" data-file-height="1556" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the first church on the slopes of Mount Carmel</figcaption></figure> <p>Tradition indicates that the order was founded in 1185, but that is based on the story of a pilgrim in the Holy Land, the interpretation of which remains questionable. The oldest (and most reliable) written accounts of the presence of Latin hermits on Mount Carmel date back to 1220 and another text from 1263 (See <a href="#CITEREFSteinmann1963">Steinmann 1963</a>, p. 24). During the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a>, a group of hermits led by <a href="/wiki/Berthold_of_Calabria" title="Berthold of Calabria">Berthold of Calabria</a> began to inhabit the caves of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a> following the prophet <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>. This first monastery was located in the east–west facing valley located 3.5 km (2.2 mi) south of the current monastery, and east of the "Haifa Sde Yehoshua Cemetery". </p><p>At the beginning of the 13th century, their leader was supposed to be <a href="/wiki/Saint_Brocard" title="Saint Brocard">Brocard</a>, although written evidence is lacking. In the Carmelite rule, reference is made only to "Brother B." (in the introductory sentence of the rule) who asked the patriarch for a rule of life for hermits. Tradition has established that it was Brocard, second prior general of the order, who asked the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem">Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Vercelli" title="Albert of Vercelli">Albert of Vercelli</a>, to provide the group of hermits with a written rule of life. This rule, dated 1209, is centered on prayer and defined the way of life of hermits. </p><p>The first act of the Order of Brothers of The Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel was to dedicate a chapel to the Virgin Mary under the title of Mary, Star of the Sea (in Latin: <i>Stella Maris</i>). Elisabeth Steinmann considers it probable that the hermits of Mount Carmel also settled in some cities of Palestine (<a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre, Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">Tire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripoli_(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripoli (Lebanon)">Tripoli</a>, Beaulieu in Lebanon), but after a few decades, these hermits began to leave the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> as a result of the insecurity linked to the Muslim reconquests which marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>. They then returned to Europe where they spread this new monastic order. </p><p>The rule of St. Albert was not approved by a pope until 30 January 1226 in the bull <i>Ut vivendi normam</i> of <a href="/wiki/Honorius_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorius III">Honorius III</a>. In 1229 Pope <a href="/wiki/Gregory_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a> confirmed this rule again and gave it the status of <i>Regula bullata</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerg_Ratgeb_-_Martyrdom_of_the_Carmelites_-_WGA19001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Jerg_Ratgeb_-_Martyrdom_of_the_Carmelites_-_WGA19001.jpg/220px-Jerg_Ratgeb_-_Martyrdom_of_the_Carmelites_-_WGA19001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Jerg_Ratgeb_-_Martyrdom_of_the_Carmelites_-_WGA19001.jpg/330px-Jerg_Ratgeb_-_Martyrdom_of_the_Carmelites_-_WGA19001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Jerg_Ratgeb_-_Martyrdom_of_the_Carmelites_-_WGA19001.jpg/440px-Jerg_Ratgeb_-_Martyrdom_of_the_Carmelites_-_WGA19001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Martyrdom of the Carmelites</i> marked the end of the hermit life of the Carmelites on Mount Carmel</figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of the first crusade led by <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a> in the Holy Land in 1254 (the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Crusade" title="Seventh Crusade">Seventh Crusade</a>), Louis brought six Carmelites back to France who joined with those who since 1238 had started to seek and found houses all over Europe. The fall of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-d%27Acre" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Jean-d'Acre">Saint-Jean-d'Acre</a> in 1291, and the fall of the Latin state of Outremer led to the destruction of the last Carmelite convents in the Holy Land. The Carmelites who had chosen to remain there were massacred by the <a href="/wiki/Mameluke" class="mw-redirect" title="Mameluke">Mamelukes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jerg_Ratgeb" title="Jerg Ratgeb">Jerg Ratgeb</a> painted a fresco retracing the life of the Carmelites at the beginning of the 16th century, on the walls of the refectory of the Carmelite monastery in Frankfurt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_hermits_to_friars">From hermits to friars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmelites&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: From hermits to friars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Back in Europe, the hermits of Carmel encountered many difficulties. Their <a href="/wiki/Eremitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eremitic">eremitic</a> life did not adapt well to their new settlements, they were scattered in different nations, and they found themselves in "competition" with other <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">mendicant orders</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> wished to bring the mendicant orders all together under the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">Order of Friars Minor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">Order of Preachers</a>. In 1215, the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Lateran_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Lateran Council">Fourth Lateran Council</a> decided to group the existing Mendicant orders under the two primary ones. In 1274 the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a> disestablished all mendicant orders that were founded after 1215; only four remained: the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">Order of Preachers</a>, the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carmelites</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a>. The Carmelites, barely spared, had to change their way of life from eremitic to mendicant. </p><p>Gradually, during the 13th century, Carmelite hermits returning from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a> resettled throughout Europe, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, and southern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Some dates and locations are known: </p> <ul><li>in 1235, Pierre de Corbie and his companion settled in the Duchy of Hainaut (Valenciennes)</li> <li>in 1242, Carmelites settled in <a href="/wiki/Aylesford" title="Aylesford">Aylesford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li>in 1244, Carmelites disembarked in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and settled in caves in Aygalades</li> <li>in 1259, Carmelites settled in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li>in 1274, Carmelites settled in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul> <p>However, the new settlements of the Carmelites in the European cities were very different from their eremitical life on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a>. In addition, they faced hostility from the secular clergy and even from other mendicant orders, who saw them as competitors. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolas_Mignard-Vierge_et_saint_Simon_Stock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Nicolas_Mignard-Vierge_et_saint_Simon_Stock.jpg/220px-Nicolas_Mignard-Vierge_et_saint_Simon_Stock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Nicolas_Mignard-Vierge_et_saint_Simon_Stock.jpg/330px-Nicolas_Mignard-Vierge_et_saint_Simon_Stock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Nicolas_Mignard-Vierge_et_saint_Simon_Stock.jpg/440px-Nicolas_Mignard-Vierge_et_saint_Simon_Stock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2858" data-file-height="3583" /></a><figcaption>The Virgin Mary presenting the Scapular to Saint Simon Stock</figcaption></figure><p> According to tradition, the prior general of the Carmelites, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Stock" title="Simon Stock">Simon Stock</a>, worried about the very difficult situation of the order, which was still threatened with dissolution by the Catholic Church, intensely prayed to the Blessed Virgin Mary to aid the order. In 1251, <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Our Lady of Mount Carmel">Our Lady of Mount Carmel</a> appeared to him accompanied by a multitude of angels and holding in her hand the <a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel">Scapular of the Order</a>. In his vision, Mary said <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Receive, my dear son, this scapular of your Order, as the distinctive sign of the mark of the privilege that I have obtained for you and the children of Carmel; it is a sign of salvation, a safeguard in perils and the pledge of peace and special protection until the end of the centuries. Whoever dies in this garment will be preserved from eternal fires.</p></blockquote> <p>Following this vision, and the spread of the Scapular, the Order of Carmel endured and spread rapidly. The historicity of these events is disputed because of the lack of contemporary written records for the period in question; the earliest extant written records are from approximately 150 years later), and some documents contradict this narrative. </p><p>In the bull <i>Paganorum incursus</i> of 27 July 1247, Pope <a href="/wiki/Innocent_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocent IV">Innocent IV</a> officially denominated the order the "Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel" and asked bishops to kindly accept them in their dioceses. However, the hostility of the secular clergy to the Carmelites was such that it prompted repetition of this recommendation on 4 October later that year. </p><p>In 1247, the Carmelites asked Pope <a href="/wiki/Innocent_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocent IV">Innocent IV</a> to modify the <i><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Albert" title="Rule of Saint Albert">Rule of Saint Albert</a></i> of 1209 to adapt it to their new way of life in cities. In this modification, the communal dimension of their life was clearly emphasized. Pope Innocent IV clarified and corrected some ambiguities and mitigated some severities of the original Rule, and on 1 October 1247 he established the text in the bull <i>Quae honorem conditoris omnium</i>. Thereafter, e.g., the Carmelites no longer ate meals in their cells separately and instead ate in common in a <a href="/wiki/Refectory" title="Refectory">refectory</a>. Thereafter Carmelites also preached and heard confessions in secular (ordinary) churches. </p><p>The last great uncertainty for the survival of the order occurred in 1274. During the <i>sanota vacillationis</i> session of 17 July 1274, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a>, presided by Pope <a href="/wiki/Gregory_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory X">Gregory X</a>, suppressed all the mendicant orders that lacked regular legal status (<i>incert mendicita</i>). The Carmelites defended the anteriority of their foundation, i.e. their institution before 1215, and the pertinent decisions of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Lateran_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Lateran Council">Fourth Lateran Council</a>, and emphasized their pontifical approvals. After many Carmelite interventions during this session, the Pope confirmed their anteriority. </p><p>After the General Chapter of the Order of 1287 in <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the Carmelites replaced the white and brown striped, or barred, coat of their habit with a white cloak, because of which cloak they therefore colloquially were denominated "White Friars". </p><p>The assimilation of the Carmelites as a mendicant order in 1326 by Pope <a href="/wiki/John_XXII" class="mw-redirect" title="John XXII">John XXII</a> ended the final hindrances, and the Carmelites could then rightly perform their apostolic mission. Nonetheless, a conflict ensued between the Carmelites who desired an eremitic life and those who desired an apostolic life in cities, including preaching. Consequently, two kinds of Carmelite monastery developed, one in the heart of cities and another outside them. Carmelites began to study theology at universities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitigation_of_the_rule">Mitigation of the rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmelites&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mitigation of the rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%97%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%D7%97%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1.jpg/220px-%D7%97%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%D7%97%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1.jpg/330px-%D7%97%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%D7%97%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1.jpg/440px-%D7%97%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stella_Maris_Monastery" title="Stella Maris Monastery">Stella Maris Monastery</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The mitigation of the Rule came after the great epidemic of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> in the middle of the 14th century, which brought about a collapse of the European population accompanied by a decrease of members of monastic orders. </p><p>During the chapter of Nantes, a majority of Carmelites asked to appeal to Pope <a href="/wiki/Eugene_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene IV">Eugene IV</a> for a second mitigation of the Rule of 1209 of Saint Albert; the reform of 1247 was considered the first mitigation. </p><p> The letter, dated 15 February 1432, indicated that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Many professed members of the Order can no longer observe the rule because of its severity and rigor, both because of the fragility human than by weakness of the body.</p></blockquote> <p>Two Carmelites were sent to convey this request to the Pope. The Pope responded in 1435 with the bull <i>Romani Pontificis</i>, dated 15 February 1432, the date of the petition. Addressed to the Prior General, Jean Faci, the bull granted the Carmelites permission to freely and lawfully stay and walk "in their churches, and in the cloisters of these and in the places adjoining them at the appropriate times", moreover, it granted the faculty to eat meat three days a week, except during Advent and Lent and on other days when this was prohibited by general law. </p><p>Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius II">Pius II</a> completed this permission on 5 December 1469 by granting the Prior General the faculty of dispensing from fasting on days when abstinence was lifted. </p><p>Pope <a href="/wiki/Sixtus_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a> granted greater freedom, commonly known as <i>Mare magnum</i>, in the bull <i>Dum attendant meditatatione</i> of 28 November 1476, which conceded many advantages to the mendicant orders. However, this mitigation of the Rule was somewhat resisted. Even before its promulgation, there was some protest against "a general relaxation" of the Rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempts_of_reforms">Attempts of reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmelites&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Attempts of reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The advantages of the new rule were sometimes frowned upon in certain monasteries which wished to return to the old rule of 1247. The convents of La Selve (near Florence), <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> and Géronde (Switzerland) thrived because of their tendency to observe the ancient observant rule. The Carmelites of Mantua obtained from Pope Eugene IV the bull <i>Fama laudabilis</i>, in 1442, which allowed them to be a separate congregation, governed by a vicar general and only distantly subject to the prior general. While influential during the 15th century, the "Reform of Mantua" subsequently became of marginal influence. Finally, this mitigation introduced around 1465 was definitively incorporated into the regulation of the Order of the Great Carmelites in 1783 by Pope Pius VI. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Soreth" title="John Soreth">John Soreth</a>, a friar from the Carmelite Convent of Caen, who served as Prior General in the years 1451–1471, tried to convince his subjects to lead a more rigorous religious life by developing seeds already sown and promoting movements that already existed. His motto was "Return to the Rule of Saint Albert". In his early decrees he protested against privileges and exemptions, seen as a major cause of the decline of the order. </p><p> The constitutions of the order dating from 1362 were revised and the text approved by the general chapter of Brussels in 1462. They insisted on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The divine office, the vow of poverty, silence and solitude, the custody of the convent and the cell, studies, work and the visits of the superiors.</p></blockquote><p> The reform took hold in some of the convents, the "observant convents", and the "mixed convents". John Soreth hoped that his reform would gradually be imposed in all the houses of the order, but this attempt at reform remained largely unfulfilled since the prior general who followed him favored a return to a mitigation of the rule, and met with the approval of Popes Pius II and Sixtus IV. </p><p>In 1523 Pope <a href="/wiki/Hadrian_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrian VI">Hadrian VI</a> appointed Nicolas Audet as vicar general. The latter organized a centralization of the government of the different provinces while ensuring the training of the religious. </p><p>In 1499, the Reform of Albi aimed at a return to a more strict observance and in 1513 was approved as a "Congregation of Observance". However, this reform was suppressed in 1584 by Pope <a href="/wiki/Gregory_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory XIII">Gregory XIII</a> </p><p>In 1603, Henri Sylvius, Prior General of the Order, went to France at the request of the king <a href="/wiki/Henri_IV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri IV of France">Henri IV of France</a>, to undertake with Philippe Thibault the reform of the province of Touraine. Pierre Behourt, Louis Charpentier, Philippe Thibault and Jean de Saint-Samson were to be the initiators and architects of this reform of the Carmelites of the Old observance. Figures of note in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a>, they were supported by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Borromeo" title="Charles Borromeo">Charles Borromeo</a>, cardinal and archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>. On 20 June 1604, at the provincial chapter of <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, Henri Sylvius published the statutes of the reform, which intended to promote the interior life and return to the ancient tradition of the order, under the patronage of the Virgin Mary and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Saint Joseph</a>. </p><p>By the middle of the 17th century, most of the French provinces had adopted the reform, which had already won over the convents of Belgium (1624) and Germany. Its constitutions were definitively affirmed in 1635. </p><p>In 1645, during the general chapter held in Rome, the provincial of Touraine, Léon de Saint-Jean, was appointed a member of a committee to further revise these constitutions with a view to having them adopted by all the reformed convents of the order. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_of_Carmelite_Nuns">Foundation of Carmelite Nuns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmelites&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Foundation of Carmelite Nuns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the Middle Ages, women close to the communities of Carmelite friars were drawn to their life of prayer. Thus, in the Low Countries some <a href="/wiki/Beguinages" class="mw-redirect" title="Beguinages">beguinages</a> adopted the Carmelite rule and thus formed communities in the second half of the 15th century. Prior General John Soreth worked to transform these beguinages into Carmelite women's convents. </p><p>On 7 October 1452, Pope <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas V">Nicholas V</a> promulgated the bull <i>Cum Nulla</i> introducing the Carmelites in France. Under his protection, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_d%27Amboise" title="Françoise d'Amboise">Françoise d'Amboise</a> (†1485), Duchess of Brittany, erected the first convent for Carmelite nuns in France. In 1463, a house was built in <a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a> to accommodate a first community and on 2 November 1463 nine nuns arrived there from <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a> and settled permanently. While the Vannes convent, such as <i>Les Trois Maries</i>, was to suffer suppression in 1792, during the French Revolution, in the meantime convents of Carmelite nuns had spread rapidly, including many in Spain and Italy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_of_the_Third_Order">Foundation of the Third Order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmelites&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Foundation of the Third Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a></div> <p>John Soreth played an extremely important role in the founding of the Third Order of the Carmelites. Pope Nicholas V supported this action in his bull <i>Cum Nulla</i>, too. </p><p>In France, there were many Carmelite fraternities of the Third Order before the Revolution. Many died during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, but a few evolved and organized themselves into a religious congregation of apostolic life. </p><p>Currently the <a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Third Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel</a> has a large number of fraternities in many countries. Following the return of the Carmelites of the Old observance to France in 1989, at the request of the laity, fraternities began to be formed. The first fraternity was established in the diocese of Toulon in 1992. A second was in Nantes in 2001. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teresian_reform">Teresian reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmelites&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Teresian reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Discalced_Carmelites" title="Discalced Carmelites">Discalced Carmelites</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Teresa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_(Museo_del_Prado).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Santa_Teresa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg/220px-Santa_Teresa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Santa_Teresa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg/330px-Santa_Teresa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Santa_Teresa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg/440px-Santa_Teresa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2203" data-file-height="2952" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a> (1515–1582)</figcaption></figure> <p>Reform in Spain began in earnest in the 1560s, with the work of <a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a>, who, together with <a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a>, established the <a href="/wiki/Discalced_Carmelites" title="Discalced Carmelites">Discalced Carmelites</a>. Teresa's foundations were welcomed by <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">King Philip II of Spain</a>, who was most anxious for all Orders to be reformed according to the principles of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1545–1563). But she created practical problems at the grassroots level. The proliferation of new religious houses in towns that were already struggling to cope economically was an unwelcome prospect. Local townspeople resisted direction by the nobility and diocesan clergy. Teresa tried to make her monasteries as self-sufficient as was practicable, and accordingly restricted the number of nuns in each community. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johncross5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Johncross5.jpg/220px-Johncross5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Johncross5.jpg/330px-Johncross5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Johncross5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a> (1542–1591)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Discalced Carmelites also faced much opposition from unreformed Carmelite houses, as when Carmelites from Toledo arrested and imprisoned John of the Cross in their monastery. Only in the 1580s did the Discalced Carmelites gain official approval of their status. In 1593, the Discalced Carmelites had their own superior general styled praepositus general, the first such being Nicholas Doria. Due to the politics of foundation, the Discalced friars in Italy were canonically erected as a separate juridical entity. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avila_-_Convento_de_San_Jose_o_de_las_Madres_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Avila_-_Convento_de_San_Jose_o_de_las_Madres_03.jpg/220px-Avila_-_Convento_de_San_Jose_o_de_las_Madres_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Avila_-_Convento_de_San_Jose_o_de_las_Madres_03.jpg/330px-Avila_-_Convento_de_San_Jose_o_de_las_Madres_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Avila_-_Convento_de_San_Jose_o_de_las_Madres_03.jpg/440px-Avila_-_Convento_de_San_Jose_o_de_las_Madres_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Convento_de_San_Jos%C3%A9_(%C3%81vila)" title="Convento de San José (Ávila)">Convent of Saint Joseph</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C3%81vila,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ávila, Spain">Ávila</a> (Spain) was the first foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Discalced_Carmelites" title="Discalced Carmelites">Discalced Carmelites</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the rise of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> and the devastation of the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a>, a spirit of reform renewed 16th–17th century France, as well as the Carmelite Order in France. In the late 16th century, Pierre Behourt began an effort to restore the state of the Province of <a href="/wiki/Touraine" title="Touraine">Touraine</a>, which was continued by the practical reforms of Philip Thibault. The Provincial Chapter of 1604 appointed Thibault the prior of the Convent in Rennes, and moved the Novitiate to Rennes, thereby ensuring that new members of the Province would be formed by the reform-minded friars.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Observance of Rennes advocated poverty, the interior life and regular observance as the antidote to the laxity and decadence into which religious life had fallen, in addition, incorporating currents of renewal from the Discalced Reform, <a href="/wiki/French_school_of_spirituality" title="French school of spirituality">the French School</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a>. Thibault is said to have wished to marry the spirit of the society with the Order of Carmelites as far as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most renowned figures of the Reform was <a href="/wiki/John_of_St._Samson" title="John of St. Samson">John of St. Samson</a>, a blind lay brother, highly regarded for his humility and exalted spiritual life. In 1612, Br. John was moved to the Convent at Rennes and, in addition to playing the organ, served as the instructor and spiritual director of the novices. Thus John of St. Samson became known as the "Soul of the Reform." Eventually, the Observance of Rennes spread to priories throughout France, Belgium, and Germany, and became known as the Touraine Reform, after the Province from which the movement originated.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carmelite nunneries were established in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (Mexico), the first founded in 1604 in <a href="/wiki/Puebla_de_los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebla de los Angeles">Puebla de los Angeles</a>, New Spain's second largest city, followed by one in the capital <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> 1616. In all, before Mexican independence in 1821, there were five Carmelite convents among 56 nunneries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papebroch_controversy">Papebroch controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmelites&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Papebroch controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Papebroch" title="Daniel Papebroch">Daniel Papebroch</a> was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Bollandist" title="Bollandist">Bollandists</a>, a group of <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> hagiographers who produced the <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Sanctorum" title="Acta Sanctorum">Acta Sanctorum</a></i>, which took an analytical approach to the "Lives of the Saints". In his preliminary commentary on <a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Vercelli" title="Albert of Vercelli">Albert of Vercelli</a>, who is credited with the Carmelite Rule, Papebroch said that the tradition universally received by the Carmelites, that the origin of the order dated back to the prophet Elias, as its founder, was insufficiently grounded. The Carmelites took exception to this. </p><p>From 1681 to 1693 there appeared between twenty or thirty pamphlets castigating Papebroch and his work. The series culminated in the large quarto volume signed by Sebastian of St. Paul, provincial of the Flemish-Belgian province of the Carmelite Order, which made serious charges against Papebroch's orthodoxy. Learning that steps were being taken to obtain a condemnation from Rome of the <i>Acta Sanctorum</i>, the Bollandists responded. <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Janninck" title="Conrad Janninck">Conrad Janninck</a> replied first with open letters to Sebastian of St. Paul. The two letters were printed in 1693, followed by a more extended defense of the "Acta", published by Janninck in 1695. Papebroch published his rebuttal in 1696, 1697, and 1698 in the three volumes of the "Responsio Danielis Papebrochii ad Exhibitionem Errorum". </p><p>When Rome did not issue a condemnation the adversaries of Papebroch had recourse to the tribunal of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a>, which in November, 1695, issued a decree condemning the fourteen volumes of the <i>Acta Sanctorum</i> published up to that time and branding it heretical. Janninck was sent to Rome not only to prevent the confirmation by Rome of the decree of the Spanish Inquisition, but also to secure the retraction of the decree. In December, 1697, he received the assurance that no censure would be passed against the volumes condemned in Spain. On 20 November 1698, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII" title="Pope Innocent XII">Pope Innocent XII</a> issued a brief that ended the controversy by imposing silence on both parties. Whether it was judged prudent in Rome not to enter into conflict with the Spanish tribunal, or whether the latter prolonged the affair by passive resistance, the decree of condemnation made in 1695 was not revoked until 1715, the year following the death of Papebroch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmelites&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carmelites_choir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Carmelites_choir.jpg/220px-Carmelites_choir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Carmelites_choir.jpg/330px-Carmelites_choir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Carmelites_choir.jpg/440px-Carmelites_choir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption>Carmelites of the ancient observance in choir (2020)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocarm_ocd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ocarm_ocd.jpg/300px-Ocarm_ocd.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ocarm_ocd.jpg/450px-Ocarm_ocd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ocarm_ocd.jpg/600px-Ocarm_ocd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>The General councils of Carmelites of the ancient observance (OCarm) and Discalced (OCD) Carmelites</figcaption></figure> <p>Leaders of the Carmelite Order meet from time to time in General Congregation. The most recent General Congregation took place in <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima,_Portugal" title="Fátima, Portugal">Fátima, Portugal</a> in September 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1430s, the Congregation of Mantua had continued to function in its little corner of Italy. It was only at the end of the 19th century that those following the reform of Tourraine (by this time known as the "strict observance") and the Mantuan Congregation were formally merged under one set of constitutions. The friars following Mantua conceded to Tourraine's Constitutions but insisted that the older form of the habit – namely their own – should be adopted. In a photograph of the period <a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a> is shown in the habit of Tourraine as a <a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">novice</a>; in all subsequent images he wears that of the newly styled ancient observance. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> led to the suppression of the order, with the nuns dispersed into small groups who lived out of view in private houses. At the peak of the persecution, a Carmelite convent, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Martyrs of Compiègne">Martyrs of Compiègne</a>, were executed by <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a>. After the end of the disturbances, the wealthy heiress <a href="/wiki/Camille_de_Soy%C3%A9court" title="Camille de Soyécourt">Camille de Soyécourt</a> who became later the Carmelite Thérèse-Camille de l'Enfant-Jésus did much to restore the Carmelite life in France.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Napoleonic secularisation at the beginning of the 19th century in Germany was a strong blow to the Carmelites. After Napoleon had occupied large parts of the Rhineland, almost all monasteries were dissolved after 1806; the 16 houses of the Lower German Province disappeared. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the last decades of the 19th century, there were approximately 200 Carmelite men throughout the world. At the beginning of the 20th century, however, new leadership and less political interference<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2012)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> allowed a rebirth of the order. Existing provinces began re-founding provinces that had become defunct. The theological preparation of the Carmelites was strengthened, particularly with the foundation of St. Albert's College in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. </p><p>By 2001, the membership had increased to approximately 2,100 men in 25 provinces, 700 enclosed nuns in 70 monasteries, and 13 affiliated Congregations and Institutes. In addition, the Third Order of lay Carmelites count 25,000–30,000 members throughout the world. Provinces exist in Australia, Brazil, Britain, Canada, Chile, Croatia, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, Germany, India, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, Ireland, Italy, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, Singapore, Spain, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and the United States. Delegations directly under the Prior General exist in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, France, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and Portugal. </p><p>Carmelite Missions exist in <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkino_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkino Faso">Burkino Faso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, India, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. </p><p>Monasteries of <a href="/wiki/Enclosed_religious_orders" title="Enclosed religious orders">enclosed</a> Carmelite nuns exist in Brazil, Croatia, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, the Dominican Republic, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Stella_Maris_Monastery" title="Stella Maris Monastery">Israel</a>, Italy, Kenya, the Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand (in <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a> since 1933), <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, the Philippines, Spain, Sweden, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the United States. Hermit communities of either men or women exist in Brazil, France, Indonesia, Lebanon, Italy and the United States. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TitusBrandsma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/TitusBrandsma.jpg/150px-TitusBrandsma.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/TitusBrandsma.jpg/225px-TitusBrandsma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/TitusBrandsma.jpg/300px-TitusBrandsma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Discalced_Carmelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Discalced Carmelite">Discalced Carmelite</a> Order built the priory of Elijah (1911) at the site of Elijah's epic contest with the prophets of Ba'al (<a href="/wiki/1_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Kings">1 Kings</a> 18:20–40). The monastery is situated about 25 kilometers south of <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> on the eastern side of the Carmel, and stands on the foundations of a series of earlier monasteries. The site is held sacred by Christians, <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>, Jews and Muslims;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the name of the area is <i>el-Muhraqa,</i> an <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> construction meaning "place of burning", and is a direct reference to the biblical account. </p><p>Several Carmelite saints have received significant attention in the 20th and 21st centuries. In 1970, Teresa of Avila became the first woman to be named a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became one of only four female Doctors of the Church,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so named because of her famous teaching on the "way of confidence and love" set forth in her best-selling memoir, <i>Story of a Soul</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Martyrs of Compiègne">Martyrs of Compiègne</a>, murdered during the French Revolution, inspired a 1931 novella followed by a play, an <a href="/wiki/Dialogues_of_the_Carmelites" title="Dialogues of the Carmelites">opera</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Dialogue_with_the_Carmelites" title="Dialogue with the Carmelites">film</a>. Notable 20th century Carmelites include <a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a>, a Dutch scholar and writer who was killed in <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camp</a> because of his stance against <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>; Teresa Benedicta of the Cross (née <a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a>), a Jewish convert to Catholicism who was imprisoned and murdered at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Martyrs_of_Guadalajara" title="Carmelite Martyrs of Guadalajara">three nuns of Guadalajara</a> who were martyred on 24 July 1936 by Spanish Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Kalinowski" title="Raphael Kalinowski">Raphael Kalinowski</a> (1835–1907) was the first friar to be canonized in the order since co-founder <a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a>. The writings and teachings of <a href="/wiki/Brother_Lawrence" title="Brother Lawrence">Brother Lawrence</a> of the Resurrection, a Carmelite friar of the 17th century, continue as a spiritual classic under the title <i><a href="/wiki/The_Practice_of_the_Presence_of_God" title="The Practice of the Presence of God">The Practice of the Presence of God</a></i>. Other non-religious (<i>i.e.,</i> non-vowed monastic) great figures include <a href="/wiki/George_Preca" title="George Preca">George Preca</a>, a Maltese priest and Carmelite Tertiary. The Feast of All Carmelite Saints and Blesseds is celebrated on 14 November.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carmelite_spirituality">Carmelite spirituality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmelites&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Carmelite spirituality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habit_and_scapular">Habit and scapular</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmelites&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Habit and scapular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coustumes_-_Carmes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coustumes_-_Carmes.png/220px-Coustumes_-_Carmes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Coustumes_-_Carmes.png 1.5x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Calced Carmelite.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coustumes_-_Carmes_d%C3%A9chauss%C3%A9s.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Coustumes_-_Carmes_d%C3%A9chauss%C3%A9s.png/170px-Coustumes_-_Carmes_d%C3%A9chauss%C3%A9s.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Coustumes_-_Carmes_d%C3%A9chauss%C3%A9s.png/255px-Coustumes_-_Carmes_d%C3%A9chauss%C3%A9s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Coustumes_-_Carmes_d%C3%A9chauss%C3%A9s.png 2x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Discalced Carmelite.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coustumes_-_Carmelites.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Coustumes_-_Carmelites.png/220px-Coustumes_-_Carmelites.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Coustumes_-_Carmelites.png 1.5x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Calced Carmélites.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coustumes_-_Carmelites_d%C3%A9chauss%C3%A9es.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Coustumes_-_Carmelites_d%C3%A9chauss%C3%A9es.png/170px-Coustumes_-_Carmelites_d%C3%A9chauss%C3%A9es.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Coustumes_-_Carmelites_d%C3%A9chauss%C3%A9es.png/255px-Coustumes_-_Carmelites_d%C3%A9chauss%C3%A9es.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Coustumes_-_Carmelites_d%C3%A9chauss%C3%A9es.png 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>Discalced Carmelite.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Scapulars" title="Category:Scapulars">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Scapular" title="Scapular">Scapulars</a><br />of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escapulariocafe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Escapulariocafe.JPG/150px-Escapulariocafe.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Escapulariocafe.JPG/225px-Escapulariocafe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Escapulariocafe.JPG/300px-Escapulariocafe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2318" data-file-height="1662" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Sacramentals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramentals">Sacramental</a> garments</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Stock" title="Simon Stock">Saint Simon Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Our Lady of Mount Carmel">Our Lady of Mount Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary_and_scapular" title="Rosary and scapular">Rosary and scapular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbatine_Privilege" title="Sabbatine Privilege">Sabbatine Privilege</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Specific scapulars</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_the_Most_Precious_Blood" title="Scapular of the Most Precious Blood">Most Precious Blood</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Brown; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fivefold_Scapular" title="Fivefold Scapular">Fivefold Scapular</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Red_Scapular_of_the_Passion" title="Red Scapular of the Passion">Passion</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Black_Scapular_of_the_Passion" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Scapular of the Passion">Passion</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:White; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_Saint_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Scapular of Saint Benedict">Saint Benedict</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:White; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Scapular of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_Help_of_the_Sick" class="mw-redirect" title="Scapular of Help of the Sick">Help of the Sick</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:White; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_the_Holy_Face" class="mw-redirect" title="Scapular of the Holy Face">Holy Face</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:White; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_Saint_Joseph" title="Scapular of Saint Joseph">Saint Joseph</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_the_Seven_Sorrows_of_Mary" title="Scapular of the Seven Sorrows of Mary">Seven Sorrows of Mary</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_Saint_Michael_the_Archangel" title="Scapular of Saint Michael the Archangel">Saint Michael the Archangel</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:White; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Good_Counsel#The_White_Scapular" title="Our Lady of Good Counsel">Good Counsel</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:White; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Scapular of the Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart of Jesus</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:White; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Scapular of the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Blue_Scapular_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Blue Scapular of the Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Green_Scapular" title="Green Scapular">Green Scapular</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:White; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_Our_Lady_of_Good_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Scapular of Our Lady of Good Counsel">Our Lady of Good Counsel</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:White; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_Our_Lady_of_Ransom" title="Scapular of Our Lady of Ransom">Our Lady of Ransom</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_the_Sacred_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Scapular of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary">Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:White; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_the_Most_Blessed_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Scapular of the Most Blessed Trinity">Most Blessed Trinity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scapulars" title="Template:Scapulars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scapulars" title="Template talk:Scapulars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scapulars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scapulars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1287, the original way of life of the order was changed to conform to that of the <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">mendicant orders</a> on the initiative of <a href="/wiki/Simon_Stock" title="Simon Stock">Simon Stock</a> and at the command of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Pope Innocent IV</a>. Their former habit of a mantle with black and white or brown and white stripes – the black or brown stripes representing the scorches the mantle of Elijah received from the fiery chariot as it fell from his shoulders – was discarded. They wore the same habit as the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a>, except that the <a href="/wiki/Cloak" title="Cloak">cloak</a> was white. They also borrowed much from the Dominican and <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> constitutions. Their distinctive garment was a <a href="/wiki/Scapular" title="Scapular">scapular</a> of two strips of dark cloth, worn on the breast and back, and fastened at the shoulders. Tradition holds that this was given to Simon Stock by the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Blessed Virgin Mary</a>, who appeared to him and promised that all who wore it with faith and piety and who died clothed in it would be saved.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There arose a <a href="/wiki/Sodality_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodality (Catholic Church)">sodality</a> of the scapular, which affiliated a large number of laymen with the Carmelites. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown_scapular_showing_the_Blessed_Virgin_of_Mount_Carmel,_E_Wellcome_L0058985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Brown_scapular_showing_the_Blessed_Virgin_of_Mount_Carmel%2C_E_Wellcome_L0058985.jpg/220px-Brown_scapular_showing_the_Blessed_Virgin_of_Mount_Carmel%2C_E_Wellcome_L0058985.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Brown_scapular_showing_the_Blessed_Virgin_of_Mount_Carmel%2C_E_Wellcome_L0058985.jpg/330px-Brown_scapular_showing_the_Blessed_Virgin_of_Mount_Carmel%2C_E_Wellcome_L0058985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Brown_scapular_showing_the_Blessed_Virgin_of_Mount_Carmel%2C_E_Wellcome_L0058985.jpg/440px-Brown_scapular_showing_the_Blessed_Virgin_of_Mount_Carmel%2C_E_Wellcome_L0058985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2716" data-file-height="4106" /></a><figcaption>Brown Scapular.</figcaption></figure> <p>A miniature version of the Carmelite scapular is popular among Roman Catholics and is one of the most popular <a href="/wiki/Catholic_devotions" title="Catholic devotions">devotions</a> in the church. Wearers usually believe that if they faithfully wear the Carmelite scapular (also called "the brown scapular" or simply "the scapular") and die in a state of <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">grace</a>, they will be saved from <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">eternal torment</a>. Catholics who decide to wear the scapular are usually enrolled by a <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">priest</a>, and some choose to enter the Scapular <a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternity</a>. The Lay Carmelites of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel">Third Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel</a> wear a scapular which is smaller than the shortened scapular worn by some Carmelite religious for sleeping, but still larger than the devotional scapulars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visions_and_devotions">Visions and devotions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmelites&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Visions and devotions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the various Catholic orders, Carmelite nuns have had a proportionally high ratio of <a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Visions of Jesus and Mary">visions of Jesus and Mary</a> and have been responsible for key <a href="/wiki/Catholic_devotions" title="Catholic devotions">Catholic devotions</a>. </p><p>From the time of her clothing in the Carmelite religious habit (1583) until her death (1607), <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene_de%27_Pazzi" title="Mary Magdalene de' Pazzi">Mary Magdalene de' Pazzi</a> is said to have had a series of raptures and ecstasies. </p> <ul><li>First, these raptures sometimes seized upon her whole being with such force as to compel her to rapid motion (e.g. towards some sacred object).</li> <li>Secondly, she was frequently able, whilst in ecstasy, to carry on working e.g., embroidery, painting, with perfect composure and efficiency.</li> <li>Thirdly, during these raptures Mary Magdalene de' Pazzi gave utterance to maxims of Divine Love, and to counsels of perfection for souls. These were preserved by her companions, who (unknown to her) wrote them down.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carmelo_do_Sagrado_Coracao_de_Jesus_Beja.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Carmelo_do_Sagrado_Coracao_de_Jesus_Beja.JPG/220px-Carmelo_do_Sagrado_Coracao_de_Jesus_Beja.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Carmelo_do_Sagrado_Coracao_de_Jesus_Beja.JPG/330px-Carmelo_do_Sagrado_Coracao_de_Jesus_Beja.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Carmelo_do_Sagrado_Coracao_de_Jesus_Beja.JPG/440px-Carmelo_do_Sagrado_Coracao_de_Jesus_Beja.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The Carmel of <a href="/wiki/Beja,_Portugal" title="Beja, Portugal">Beja</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the Carmelite convent of <a href="/wiki/Beja_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beja (Portugal)">Beja</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, two Carmelite nuns of the Ancient Observance reported several apparitions and mystical revelations throughout their life: <a href="/wiki/Mariana_of_the_Purification" title="Mariana of the Purification">Mariana of the Purification</a> received numerous apparitions of the <a href="/wiki/Child_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Jesus">Child Jesus</a> and her body was found <a href="/wiki/Incorruptibility" title="Incorruptibility">incorrupt</a> after her death;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Perp%C3%A9tua_da_Luz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Perpétua da Luz (page does not exist)">Maria Perpétua da Luz</a> wrote 60 books with messages from heaven;<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both religious died with the <a href="/wiki/Odour_of_sanctity" title="Odour of sanctity">odor of sanctity</a>. </p><p>In the 19th century, another Carmelite nun, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a>, was instrumental in spreading devotion to the Holy Face<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> throughout France in the 1890s with her many poems and prayers. Eventually <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> approved the devotion in 1958 and declared the Feast of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Face_of_Jesus" title="Holy Face of Jesus">Holy Face of Jesus</a> as <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a> (the day before <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a>) for all Catholics. Therese of Lisieux emerged as one of the most popular saints for Catholics in the 20th century, and a statue of her can be found in many European and North American Catholic churches built prior to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> (after which the number of statues tended to be reduced when churches were built). </p><p>In the 20th century, in the last apparition of the <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Blessed Virgin Mary</a> in <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima,_Portugal" title="Fátima, Portugal">Fátima, Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sister_L%C3%BAcia" title="Sister Lúcia">Sister Lúcia</a>, one of the most famous visionaries of Our Lady, said that the Virgin appeared to her as <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Our Lady of Mount Carmel">Our Lady of Mount Carmel</a> (holding the <a href="/wiki/Brown_Scapular" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown Scapular">Brown Scapular</a>). Many years after, Lúcia became a Carmelite nun. When Lúcia was asked in an interview why the Blessed Virgin appeared as Our Lady of Mount Carmel in her last apparition, she replied: "Because Our Lady wants all to wear the Scapular... The reason for this", she explained, "is that the Scapular is our sign of consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary". When asked if the Brown Scapular is as necessary to the fulfillment of Our Lady's requests as the rosary, Lúcia answered: "The <a href="/wiki/Rosary_and_scapular" title="Rosary and scapular">Scapular and the Rosary</a> are inseparable".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Carmelites have been canonized by the Catholic Church as saints. The Feast of All Carmelite Saints is celebrated on 14 November.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commemoration of All the Departed of the Carmelite Order occurs on 15 November. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmelites&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_religious_orders" title="Enclosed religious orders">Enclosed religious orders</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dialogues_of_the_Carmelites" title="Dialogues of the Carmelites">Dialogues of the Carmelites</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Whitefriars" title="Ipswich Whitefriars">Ipswich Whitefriars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_religious_order#Carmelite_orders" title="Anglican religious order">Anglican religious order § Carmelite orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carmelite_saints" title="Category:Carmelite saints">List of Carmelite saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Carmelite_saints_and_beatified_people" title="List of Carmelite saints and beatified people">List of Carmelite saints and beatified people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Carmelite_Convent_at_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Carmelite Convent at Nantes">Former Carmelite Convent at Nantes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmelites&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Annuario Pontificio per l'Anno 2022</i>. Citta del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2022. p. 1388.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annuario+Pontificio+per+l%27Anno+2022&rft.place=Citta+del+Vaticano&rft.pages=1388&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmelites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03354a.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia : The Carmelite Order"</a>. <i>New Advent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Advent&rft.atitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia+%3A+The+Carmelite+Order&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F03354a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmelites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03354a.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia : The Carmelite Order"</a>. <i>New Advent</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Advent&rft.atitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia+%3A+The+Carmelite+Order&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F03354a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmelites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carmelitenuns.uk/our-history/">"Carmelite Nuns of Great Britain"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carmelite+Nuns+of+Great+Britain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarmelitenuns.uk%2Four-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmelites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapter <i> The "Vitae Formula" of Saint Albert</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resource/55429/our-lady-of-mount-carmel">"Our Lady of Mount Carmel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_News_Agency" title="Catholic News Agency">Catholic News Agency</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Our+Lady+of+Mount+Carmel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fresource%2F55429%2Four-lady-of-mount-carmel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmelites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmet" class="citation book cs1">Smet, Joachim. <i>The Mirror of Carmel: A Brief History of the Carmelite Order</i>. Carmelite Media. pp. 230–232.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mirror+of+Carmel%3A+A+Brief+History+of+the+Carmelite+Order&rft.pages=230-232&rft.pub=Carmelite+Media&rft.aulast=Smet&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmelites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBremond1930" class="citation book cs1">Bremond, Henri (1930). <i>A Literary History of Religious Thought in France from the Wars of religion Down to Our Own Times; Vol. 2 [II], The Coming of Mysticism (1590–162)</i>. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 275.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Literary+History+of+Religious+Thought+in+France+from+the+Wars+of+religion+Down+to+Our+Own+Times%3B+Vol.+2+%5BII%5D%2C+The+Coming+of+Mysticism+%281590%E2%80%93162%29&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Society+for+Promoting+Christian+Knowledge&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Bremond&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmelites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmet" class="citation book cs1">Smet, Joachim. <i>The Mirror of Carmel: A Brief History of the Carmelite Order</i>. pp. 233–235.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mirror+of+Carmel%3A+A+Brief+History+of+the+Carmelite+Order&rft.pages=233-235&rft.aulast=Smet&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmelites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asunción Lavrin, <i>Brides of Christ: Conventual Life in Colonial Mexico</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2008, pp. 359–371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ocarm.org/en/item/4601">"Major Events of the Order 2016"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+Events+of+the+Order+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Focarm.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F4601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmelites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.aleteia.org/2023/05/08/camille-de-soyecourt-la-mademoiselle-de-trop-qui-restaura-le-carmel-en-france/">"Camille de Soyécourt, the 'Mademoiselle de trop' who restored Carmel in France"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Aleteia" title="Aleteia">Aleteia</a></i>. 8 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aleteia&rft.atitle=Camille+de+Soy%C3%A9court%2C+the+%27Mademoiselle+de+trop%27+who+restored+Carmel+in+France&rft.date=2023-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.aleteia.org%2F2023%2F05%2F08%2Fcamille-de-soyecourt-la-mademoiselle-de-trop-qui-restaura-le-carmel-en-france%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmelites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ocarm.org/en/item/2732">Carmelites – German Province</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://karmeliten.de/orte/marienthal/">Karmeliten – Orte</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer2009" class="citation book cs1">Hammer, Leonard (2009). <i>Holy Places in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Confrontation and Co-existence</i>. Routledge. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135268121" title="Special:BookSources/9781135268121"><bdi>9781135268121</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Places+in+the+Israeli-Palestinian+Conflict%3A+Confrontation+and+Co-existence&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781135268121&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmelites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunroHaddad2019" class="citation book cs1">Munro, Dane; Haddad, Nour Fara (2019). <i>Peace Journeys: A New Direction in Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Research</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527543133" title="Special:BookSources/9781527543133"><bdi>9781527543133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+Journeys%3A+A+New+Direction+in+Religious+Tourism+and+Pilgrimage+Research&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781527543133&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=Dane&rft.au=Haddad%2C+Nour+Fara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmelites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwayd2015" class="citation book cs1">Swayd, Samy (2015). <i>Historical Dictionary of the Druzes</i>. 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href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/28/archives/theresa-named-doctor-of-church-first-such-donor-for-woman.html">"Theresa Named Doctor of Church, First Such Honor for Woman"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230525161912/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/28/archives/theresa-named-doctor-of-church-first-such-donor-for-woman.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Theresa+Named+Doctor+of+Church%2C+First+Such+Honor+for+Woman&rft.date=1970-09-28&rft.aulast=Hofmann&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1970%2F09%2F28%2Farchives%2Ftheresa-named-doctor-of-church-first-such-donor-for-woman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmelites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thereseoflisieux.org">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Saint Therese of Lisieux: A Gateway" Blog – Saint Therese of Lisieux"</a>. <i>thereseoflisieux.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thereseoflisieux.org&rft.atitle=%22Saint+Therese+of+Lisieux%3A+A+Gateway%22+Blog+%E2%80%93+Saint+Therese+of+Lisieux&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thereseoflisieux.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmelites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Riordan" class="citation web cs1">O’Riordan, Maureen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thereseoflisieux.org/doctor-of-the-universal-church/">"Doctor of the Universal Church"</a>. <i>Saint Therese of Lisieux</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013081238/http://www.thereseoflisieux.org/doctor-of-the-universal-church/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saint+Therese+of+Lisieux&rft.atitle=Doctor+of+the+Universal+Church&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Riordan&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thereseoflisieux.org%2Fdoctor-of-the-universal-church%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmelites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Riordan" class="citation web cs1">O’Riordan, Maureen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thereseoflisieux.org/writings/">"The Writings of St. Therese of Lisieux"</a>. <i>Saint Therese of Lisieux</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205223231/http://www.thereseoflisieux.org/writings/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saint+Therese+of+Lisieux&rft.atitle=The+Writings+of+St.+Therese+of+Lisieux&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Riordan&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thereseoflisieux.org%2Fwritings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmelites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carmelites.org.au/about-the-carmelites/carmelite-figures">"Carmelite Figures"</a>. <i>Carmelites</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240503185048/https://carmelites.org.au/about-the-carmelites/carmelite-figures">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carmelites&rft.atitle=Carmelite+Figures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carmelites.org.au%2Fabout-the-carmelites%2Fcarmelite-figures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmelites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205183904/https://ocarm.org/en/content/liturgy/all-carmelite-saints-feast">"All Carmelite Saints (Feast)"</a>. <i>Carmelite Order</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ocarm.org/en/content/liturgy/all-carmelite-saints-feast">the original</a> on 5 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carmelite+Order&rft.atitle=All+Carmelite+Saints+%28Feast%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Focarm.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fliturgy%2Fall-carmelite-saints-feast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmelites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonovan" class="citation web cs1">Donovan, Colin B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190706000907/http://www.ewtn.com:80/expert/answers/brown_scapular.HTM">"Brown Scapular or Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/EWTN" title="EWTN">EWTN</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/expert/answers/brown_scapular.HTM">the original</a> on 6 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EWTN&rft.atitle=Brown+Scapular+or+Scapular+of+Our+Lady+of+Mount+Carmel&rft.aulast=Donovan&rft.aufirst=Colin+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Fexpert%2Fanswers%2Fbrown_scapular.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmelites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew Bunson, 2008, <i>The Catholic Almanac</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59276-441-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59276-441-9">978-1-59276-441-9</a> p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald M. Costello, 2001, <i>Treasury of Catholic Stories</i>, OSV Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87973-979-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87973-979-9">978-0-87973-979-9</a>, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Serpa, J. J. Gonçalves; <i>Venerável Madre Mariana da Purificação: Carmelita Calçada de Beja</i>. Colecção: Almas heróicas de Beja; 230 pp.; Gouveia: 1960.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Santa Ana, Frei Joseph Pereira de; <i>Vida da Insigne Mestra de Espírito, a Virtuosa Madre Maria Perpétua da Luz, Religiosa Carmelita Calçada</i>; Lisboa: Oficina de Antonio Pedrozo, 1742.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Riordan" class="citation web cs1">O’Riordan, Maureen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thereseoflisieux.org/the-holy-face-of-jesus/">"Therese and the Holy Face of Jesus"</a>. <i>Saint Therese of Lisieux</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saint+Therese+of+Lisieux&rft.atitle=Therese+and+the+Holy+Face+of+Jesus&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Riordan&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thereseoflisieux.org%2Fthe-holy-face-of-jesus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmelites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haffert, James Mathias; <i>Mary in Her Scapular Promise</i>. AMI Press, 1954.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olmc.us/2023/11/10/feast-of-all-carmelite-saints-2/">"Feast of All Carmelite Saints"</a>. <i>OLMC</i>. 10 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OLMC&rft.atitle=Feast+of+All+Carmelite+Saints&rft.date=2023-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folmc.us%2F2023%2F11%2F10%2Ffeast-of-all-carmelite-saints-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmelites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmelites&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinmann1963" class="citation book cs1">Steinmann, Anne Elisabeth (1963). <i>Carmel vivant</i>. Paris: Éditions Saint-Paul. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34042182">34042182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carmel+vivant&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Saint-Paul&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34042182&rft.aulast=Steinmann&rft.aufirst=Anne+Elisabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmelites" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religion</i></li> <li>Copsey, Richard and Fitzgerald-Lombard, Patrick (eds.), <i>Carmel in Britain: studies on the early history of the Carmelite Order</i> (1992–2004).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03354a.htm">"The Carmelite Order"</a> by Benedict Zimmerman. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>, 1908.</li> <li>T. Brandsma, <i>Carmelite Mysticism, Historical Sketches: 50th Anniversary Edition</i>, (Darien, IL, 1986), <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B002HFBEZG">B002HFBEZG</a></li> <li>J. Boyce, <i>Carmelite Liturgy and Spiritual Identity. The Choir Books of Kraków</i>, Turnhout, 2009, Brepols Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51714-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51714-8">978-2-503-51714-8</a></li> <li>W. McGreal, <i>At the Fountain of Elijah: The Carmelite Tradition</i>, (Maryknoll, NY, 1999), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57075-292-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-57075-292-3">1-57075-292-3</a></li> <li>J. Smet, <i>The Carmelites: A History of the Brothers of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel</i>, 4. vol. (Darien IL, 1975)</li> <li>J. Welch, <i>The Carmelite Way: An Ancient Path for Today's Pilgrim</i>, (New York: 1996), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-3652-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-3652-X">0-8091-3652-X</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmelites&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roman_Catholic_Carmelite_orders" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Roman Catholic Carmelite orders">Roman Catholic Carmelite orders</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ocarm.org/en/">Order of the Brothers of Our Lady of Mount Carmel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discalcedcarmel.org/">Order of the Discalced Carmelites</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carmelites.info/">Index of Carmelite Websites</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carmelitehermitage.org/">Carmelite Hermitage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080922162852/http://www.karmel.at/ics/john/dichos.htm">"Sayings of Light and Love" – Spiritual Maxims of John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217214442/http://www.karmel.at/ics/edith/stein_9.html">The Carmelite history and vocation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nfb.ca/film/mystical_brain/">"Mystical Brain" by Isabelle Raynauld (2006) – a documentary film about five Carmelite Nuns who volunteered to have their brains scanned while they meditated by recalling mystical experiences</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provinces_of_the_Carmelite_Order">Provinces of the Carmelite Order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmelites&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Provinces of the Carmelite Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carmelite.org/">Carmelites of the Province of the Assumption, British Province (founded c. 1241; refounded 1969)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carmelites.net/">Carmelites of the Most Pure Heart of Mary Province, USA/Canada/Peru/Mexico/El Salvador (founded 1890)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carmelites.com/">Carmelites of the North American Province of St. Elias (founded 1931)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carmelitesph.org/">Carmelite Province of Blessed Titus Brandsma of the Philippines (founded 1968)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #5C4033; color: white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carmelites" title="Template:Carmelites"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carmelites" title="Template talk:Carmelites"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carmelites" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carmelites"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Carmelites" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white;">Carmelites</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #5C4033; color: white;"><div>A list of all the congregations, notable members, priories, churches, and convents of the Order of the Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel (Carmelites)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #5C4033; color: white;"><div id="General" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#5C4033;color:white;width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Saint Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joachim" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Joachim">Saint Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Saint Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Vercelli" title="Albert of Vercelli">Albert of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Albert" title="Rule of Saint Albert">Rule of Saint Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_First_Monks" title="Book of the First Monks">Book of the First Monks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel">Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Our Lady of Mount Carmel">Our Lady of Mount Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flos_Carmeli" title="Flos Carmeli">Flos Carmeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbatine_Privilege" title="Sabbatine Privilege">Sabbatine Privilege</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#5C4033;color:white;width:1%">Orders<br />and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discalced_Carmelites" title="Discalced Carmelites">Discalced Carmelites</a> (also known as Teresian Carmelites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monks_of_the_Most_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Monks of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel">Monks of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermits_of_the_Most_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Hermits of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel">Hermits of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites_of_Mary_Immaculate" title="Carmelites of Mary Immaculate">Carmelites of Mary Immaculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Carmelites of the Holy Face (Palmarian)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#5C4033;color:white;width:1%">Tertiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Third Order of Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#5C4033;color:white;width:1%">Liturgy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Rite" title="Carmelite Rite">Rite of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#5C4033;color:white;width:1%">Spiritual classics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Interior_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Interior Castle">The Interior Castle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Way_of_Perfection" class="mw-redirect" title="Way of Perfection">Way of Perfection</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Night_of_the_Soul" title="Dark Night of the Soul">Dark Night of the Soul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ascent_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Ascent of Mount Carmel">Ascent of Mount Carmel</a></i></li> <li><i>The Living Flame of Love</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Practice_of_the_Presence_of_God" title="The Practice of the Presence of God">The Practice of the Presence of God</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carmelites.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Carmelites.png/30px-Carmelites.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Carmelites.png/45px-Carmelites.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Carmelites.png/60px-Carmelites.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="548" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordo_Fratrum_Carmelitarum_Discalceatorum_Beatae_Mariae_Virginis_de_Monte_Carmelo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ordo_Fratrum_Carmelitarum_Discalceatorum_Beatae_Mariae_Virginis_de_Monte_Carmelo.svg/30px-Ordo_Fratrum_Carmelitarum_Discalceatorum_Beatae_Mariae_Virginis_de_Monte_Carmelo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ordo_Fratrum_Carmelitarum_Discalceatorum_Beatae_Mariae_Virginis_de_Monte_Carmelo.svg/45px-Ordo_Fratrum_Carmelitarum_Discalceatorum_Beatae_Mariae_Virginis_de_Monte_Carmelo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ordo_Fratrum_Carmelitarum_Discalceatorum_Beatae_Mariae_Virginis_de_Monte_Carmelo.svg/60px-Ordo_Fratrum_Carmelitarum_Discalceatorum_Beatae_Mariae_Virginis_de_Monte_Carmelo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="485" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #5C4033; color: white;"><div id="Members_of_the_Carmelite_Order" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the Carmelite Order</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Beatified_Carmelites" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#5C4033;color:white;;width:1%">Beatified Carmelites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Lippi" title="Francesco Lippi">Francesco Lippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Soreth" title="John Soreth">John Soreth</a></li> <li>Jane of Toulouse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Fanti" title="Bartolomeo Fanti">Bartolomeo Fanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptista_Mantuanus" title="Baptista Mantuanus">Baptist Spagnoli of Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Crocifissa_Curcio" title="Maria Crocifissa Curcio">Maria Crocifissa Curcio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Saint_Bartholomew" title="Anne of Saint Bartholomew">Anne of Saint Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candelaria_of_San_Jos%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Candelaria of San José">Candelaria of San José</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Palau" title="Francisco Palau">Francisco Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanna_Scopelli" title="Giovanna Scopelli">Giovanna Scopelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuriakose_Elias_Chavara" title="Kuriakose Elias Chavara">Kuriakose Elias Chavara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Agostini_Mazzinghi" title="Angelo Agostini Mazzinghi">Angelo Agostini Mazzinghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Crocifissa_Curcio" title="Maria Crocifissa Curcio">Maria Crocifissa Curcio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_d%27Amboise" title="Françoise d'Amboise">Françoise d'Amboise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Maria_Manetti" title="Teresa Maria Manetti">Teresa Maria Manetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodora_Fracasso" title="Teodora Fracasso">Elia of Saint Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Guggiari_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="María Guggiari Echeverría">María Guggiari Echeverría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_Rivas_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="María López de Rivas Martínez">María López de Rivas Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Eug%C3%A8ne_de_l%27Enfant-J%C3%A9sus" title="Marie-Eugène de l'Enfant-Jésus">Marie-Eugène de l'Enfant-Jésus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#5C4033;color:white;;width:1%">Congregations of sisters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Sisters_of_Charity" title="Carmelite Sisters of Charity">Carmelite Sisters of Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Sisters_for_the_Aged_and_Infirm" title="Carmelite Sisters for the Aged and Infirm">Carmelite Sisters for the Aged and Infirm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Sisters_of_the_Most_Sacred_Heart_of_Los_Angeles" title="Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles">Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Apostolic_Carmel" title="Sisters of the Apostolic Carmel">Sisters of the Apostolic Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Daughters_of_the_Divine_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Carmelite Daughters of the Divine Heart of Jesus">Carmelite Daughters of the Divine Heart of Jesus</a></li> <li>Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel</li> <li>Carmelite Sister of the Divine Providence</li> <li>Carmelite Missionaries Sister of Saint Therese of Child Jesus</li> <li>Carmelite Sister of Mother Candelaria</li> <li>Corpus Christi Carmelites</li> <li>Institute of Our Lady of Carmel</li> <li>Congregation Of Our Lady Of Mount Carmel</li> <li>Carmelite Sisters of Our Lady</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#5C4033;color:white;;width:1%">Carmelite pope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Pope Telesphorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#5C4033;color:white;;width:1%">Carmelite bishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In%C3%A1cio_de_S%C3%A3o_Caetano" title="Inácio de São Caetano">Inácio de São Caetano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mascall" title="Robert Mascall">Robert Mascall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Casa" title="Pierre de Casa">Pierre de Casa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Iannone" title="Filippo Iannone">Filippo Iannone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#5C4033;color:white;;width:1%">Carmelite cardinals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Maria_Gotti" title="Girolamo Maria Gotti">Girolamo Maria Gotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Lluch_y_Garriga" title="Joaquín Lluch y Garriga">Joaquín Lluch y Garriga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adeodato_Giovanni_Piazza" title="Adeodato Giovanni Piazza">Adeodato Giovanni Piazza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Arborelius" title="Anders Arborelius">Anders Arborelius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#5C4033;color:white;;width:1%">Carmelite martyrs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelus_of_Jerusalem" title="Angelus of Jerusalem">Angelus of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Rabat%C3%A0" title="Luigi Rabatà">Luigi Rabatà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Martyrs of Compiègne">Teresa of St. Augustine & Companions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Genevi%C3%A8ve_Meunier" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie-Geneviève Meunier">Marie-Geneviève Meunier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptus_of_the_Cross" title="Redemptus of the Cross">Redemptus of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_of_the_Nativity" title="Denis of the Nativity">Denis of the Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Pawe%C5%82_Januszewski" title="Hilary Paweł Januszewski">Hilary Januszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of The Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Bakanja" title="Isidore Bakanja">Isidore Bakanja</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Retouret">Jacques Retouret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfons_Maria_Mazurek" title="Alfons Maria Mazurek">Alfons Maria Mazurek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvira_Moragas_Cantarero" title="Elvira Moragas Cantarero">Elvira Moragas Cantarero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Martyrs_of_Guadalajara" title="Carmelite Martyrs of Guadalajara">María Pilar de San Francisco de Borja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Martyrs_of_Guadalajara" title="Carmelite Martyrs of Guadalajara">María Ángeles de San José</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Martyrs_of_Guadalajara" title="Carmelite Martyrs of Guadalajara">Teresa del Niño Jesús y de San Juan de la Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/498_Spanish_Martyrs" title="498 Spanish Martyrs">Angel Prat i Hostench and 16 companions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#5C4033;color:white;;width:1%">Carmelite saints</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Pope Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Constantinople" title="Cyril of Constantinople">Cyril of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Stock" title="Simon Stock">Simon Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuno_%C3%81lvares_Pereira" title="Nuno Álvares Pereira">Nuno Álvares Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Corsini" title="Andrew Corsini">Andrew Corsini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thomas_(saint)" title="Peter Thomas (saint)">Peter Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Trapani" title="Albert of Trapani">Albert of Trapani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrasia_Eluvathingal" title="Euphrasia Eluvathingal">Euphrasia Eluvathingal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Preca" title="George Preca">George Preca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuriakose_Elias_Chavara" title="Kuriakose Elias Chavara">Kuriakose Elias Chavara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#5C4033;color:white;;width:1%">Carmelite mystics & doctors of the church</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariam_Baouardy" title="Mariam Baouardy">Mary of Jesus Crucified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serafina_of_God" title="Serafina of God">Serafina of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Petyt" title="Maria Petyt">Maria Petyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene_de%27_Pazzi" title="Mary Magdalene de' Pazzi">Mary Magdalene de' Pazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_St._Samson" title="John of St. Samson">John of St. Samson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalina_de_Balmaseda_y_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="Catalina de Balmaseda y San Martín">Catalina de Balmaseda y San Martín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Ana de Jesús">Ana de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_the_Trinity" title="Elizabeth of the Trinity">Elizabeth of the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangela_Girlani" title="Archangela Girlani">Archangela Girlani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Candida_of_the_Eucharist" title="Maria Candida of the Eucharist">Maria Candida of the Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianna_Fontanella" title="Marianna Fontanella">Marianna Fontanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_St_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie of St Peter">Marie of St Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_the_Incarnation_(Carmelite)" title="Marie of the Incarnation (Carmelite)">Marie of the Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Margaret_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Teresa Margaret of the Sacred Heart">Anna Maria Redi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#5C4033;color:white;;width:1%">Venerable Carmelites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ana_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Ana de Jesús">Ana de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronica_of_the_Passion" title="Veronica of the Passion">Veronica of the Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_France_(1737%E2%80%931787)" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise of France (1737–1787)">Thérèse of Saint Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_of_the_Purification" title="Mariana of the Purification">Mariana of the Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Luisa_Josefa" title="María Luisa Josefa">María Luisa Josefa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Margaret of the Blessed Sacrament">Margaret of the Blessed Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Sheen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulton Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teofilo_Camomot" title="Teofilo Camomot">Teofilo Camomot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_L%C3%BAcia" title="Sister Lúcia">Sister Lúcia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#5C4033;color:white;;width:1%">Carmelite Servants of God</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalina_de_Balmaseda_y_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="Catalina de Balmaseda y San Martín">Catalina de Balmaseda y San Martín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_de_Soy%C3%A9court" title="Camille de Soyécourt">Camille de Soyécourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Saint_Peter" title="Mary of Saint Peter">Mary of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleonora_d%27Este_(1643%E2%80%931722)" title="Eleonora d'Este (1643–1722)">Maria Francesca of the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Guadagni" title="Giovanni Antonio Guadagni">Giovanni Antonio Guadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Rossi" title="Raffaele Rossi">Raffaele Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Ballestrero" title="Anastasio Ballestrero">Anastasio Ballestrero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_de_La_Valli%C3%A8re" title="Louise de La Vallière">Louise de La Vallière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Worsley" title="Anne Worsley">Anne Worsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mostyn" title="Margaret Mostyn">Margaret Mostyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Mariam_de_la_Croix" title="Agnes Mariam de la Croix">Agnes Mariam de la Croix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Powers" title="Jessica Powers">Jessica Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Teresa_Mathews" title="Ann Teresa Mathews">Ann Teresa Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharine_Burton" title="Catharine Burton">Catharine Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cecilia_of_Jesus" title="Mary Cecilia of Jesus">Natividad Zialcita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadea_de_San_Joaqu%C3%ADn" title="Tadea de San Joaquín">Tadea de San Joaquín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josefina_Constantino" title="Josefina Constantino">Josefina Constantino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#5C4033;color:white;;width:1%">Carmelite brothers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brother_Lawrence" title="Brother Lawrence">Lawrence of the Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_St._Samson" title="John of St. Samson">Brother John of Saint Samson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#5C4033;color:white;;width:1%">Carmelite scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arnold Bostius</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludovicus_a_S._Carolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludovicus a S. Carolo">Ludovicus a S. Carolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bale_(monk)" title="Robert Bale (monk)">Robert Bale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Terrena" title="Guido Terrena">Guido Terrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beckley_(Carmelite)" title="William Beckley (Carmelite)">William Beckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gregory_(Carmelite)" title="William Gregory (Carmelite)">William Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Lezana" title="Juan Bautista de Lezana">Juan Bautista de Lezana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baconthorpe" title="John Baconthorpe">John Baconthorpe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#5C4033;color:white;;width:1%">Carmelite theologians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Bologna" title="Gerard of Bologna">Gerard of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bampton_(theologian)" title="John Bampton (theologian)">John Bamptomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Netter" title="Thomas Netter">Thomas Netter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Ignace" title="Henri de Saint-Ignace">Henri de Saint-Ignace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bate_(theologian)" title="John Bate (theologian)">John Bate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A1_Jesu" title="Thomas á Jesu">Thomas á Jesu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_the_Blessed_Trinity" title="Philip of the Blessed Trinity">Philip of the Blessed Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Bonae_Spei" title="Franciscus Bonae Spei">Franciscus Bonae Spei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Cornejo_de_Pedrosa" title="Pedro Cornejo de Pedrosa">Pedro Cornejo de Pedrosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Badby" title="William Badby">William Badby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beston" title="John Beston">John Beston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#5C4033;color:white;;width:1%">Carmelite tertiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Crocifissa_Curcio" title="Maria Crocifissa Curcio">Maria Crocifissa Curcio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_de_Dominici" title="Maria de Dominici">Maria de Dominici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_St._Rose_of_Lima" title="Teresa of St. Rose of Lima">Teresa of St. Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuriakose_Elias_Chavara" title="Kuriakose Elias Chavara">Kuriakose Elias Chavara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Lippi" title="Filippo Lippi">Filippo Lippi</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #5C4033; color: white;"><div id="Carmelite_churches,_convents,_and_monasteries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Carmelite churches, convents, and monasteries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#5C4033;color:white;width:1%">Carmelite churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whitefriar_Street_Carmelite_Church" title="Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church">Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Carmelite_Church,_Berkeley_Road" title="St. Joseph's Carmelite Church, Berkeley Road">St. Joseph's Carmelite Church, Berkeley Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_Victorious" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Our Lady Victorious">Church of Our Lady Victorious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Carmine,_Florence" title="Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence">Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_Church,_Mdina" title="Annunciation Church, Mdina">Annunciation Church, Mdina</a></li> <li>Santa Maria del Carmine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_The_Holy_Spirit,_Sheffield" title="Monastery of The Holy Spirit, Sheffield">Monastery of The Holy Spirit, Sheffield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#5C4033;color:white;width:1%">Carmelite convents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aylesford_Priory" title="Aylesford Priory">Aylesford Priory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#5C4033;color:white;width:1%">Carmelite basilica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Carmine,_Naples" title="Santa Maria del Carmine, Naples">Santa Maria del Carmine, Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Martino_ai_Monti" title="San Martino ai Monti">San Martino ai Monti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Martino,_Bologna" title="San Martino, Bologna">San Martino, Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_Trapani" title="Madonna of Trapani">Basilica-Sanctuary of Maria Santissima Annunziata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#5C4033;color:white;width:1%">Carmelite monasteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convento_de_San_Jos%C3%A9_(%C3%81vila)" title="Convento de San José (Ávila)">Convento de San José (Ávila)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berdychiv_Carmelite_Monastery" title="Berdychiv Carmelite Monastery">Berdychiv Carmelite Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daliyat_al-Karmel" title="Daliyat al-Karmel">Muhraqa Carmelite Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stella_Maris_Monastery" title="Stella Maris Monastery">Stella Maris Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Monastery_Church_of_the_Annunciation" title="Carmelite Monastery Church of the Annunciation">Carmelite Monastery Church of the Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Mary,_Mother_of_Grace" title="Monastery of Mary, Mother of Grace">Monastery of Mary, Mother of Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marylake_Carmelite_Monastery" title="Marylake Carmelite Monastery">Marylake Carmelite Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_The_Holy_Spirit,_Sheffield" title="Monastery of The Holy Spirit, Sheffield">Monastery of The Holy Spirit, Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6bling_Carmelite_Monastery" title="Döbling Carmelite Monastery">Döbling Carmelite Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #5C4033; color: white;"><div id="Carmelite_education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Carmelite education</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#5C4033;color:white;width:1%">Colleges and universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whitefriars_College" title="Whitefriars College">Whitefriars College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Institute_of_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Carmelite Institute of Britain and Ireland">Carmelite Institute of Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#5C4033;color:white;width:1%">Pontifical universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teresianum" title="Teresianum">Teresianum</a></li> <li>Institutum Carmelitanum</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #5C4033; color: white;;background: white; color: #5C4033;"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Papacy"><img alt="Emblem of the Papacy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/28px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/37px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism"><span style="color:black; font-size:10pt;">Catholicism portal</span></a></b> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Papacy"><img alt="Emblem of the Papacy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/28px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/37px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_religious_institutes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_religious_institutes" title="Template:Catholic religious institutes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_religious_institutes" title="Template talk:Catholic religious institutes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_religious_institutes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic religious institutes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_religious_institutes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Catholic religious institutes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Male<br />and<br />female</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexians" title="Alexians">Alexians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a> (AA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Augustinian_Recollects" title="Order of Augustinian Recollects">Augustinian Recollects</a> (OAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Aleppian_Order" title="Basilian Aleppian Order">Basilian Aleppians</a> (BA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Chouerite_Order_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist" title="Basilian Chouerite Order of Saint John the Baptist">Basilian Chouerites</a> (BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a> (OSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgettines" title="Bridgettines">Bridgettines</a> (OSsS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canossians" title="Canossians">Canossians</a> (FDCC)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carmelites</a> (OCarm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a> (OCart)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a> (OCist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Sion" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Sion">Congregation of Our Lady of Sion</a> (NDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Sacred_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary">Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary</a> (SSCC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discalced_Carmelites" title="Discalced Carmelites">Discalced Carmelites</a> (OCD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> (OP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> (OFM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_the_Incarnate_Word" title="Institute of the Incarnate Word">Institute of the Incarnate Word</a> (IVE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a> (O de M)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_Charity" title="Missionaries of Charity">Missionaries of Charity</a> (MC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_St._Charles_Borromeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo">Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo</a> (CS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_Family_of_Bethlehem,_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Virgin_and_of_Saint_Bruno" title="Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno">Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a> (OPraem)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_Charity" title="Servants of Charity">Servants of Charity</a> (SC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servite Order</a> (OSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Atonement" title="Society of the Atonement">Society of the Atonement</a> (SA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_Regular_of_Saint_Francis_of_Penance" title="Third Order Regular of Saint Francis of Penance">TOR Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a> (OCSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarian Order</a> (OSST)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Vatican City"><img alt="Coat of arms of Vatican City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/75px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Vatican City</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Male</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerics_Regular_Minor" title="Clerics Regular Minor">Adorno Fathers</a> (CRM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertine_Brothers" title="Albertine Brothers">Albertine Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a> (OSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabites" title="Barnabites">Barnabites</a> (B)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_St._Basil" title="Congregation of St. Basil">Basilians</a> (CSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Mercy_of_Our_Lady_of_Perpetual_Help" title="Brothers of Mercy of Our Lady of Perpetual Help">Brothers of Our Lady of Mercy</a> (FDM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a> (MI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_Cantius_Church_(Chicago)" title="St. John Cantius Church (Chicago)">Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchins</a> (OFM Cap)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers" title="Congregation of Christian Brothers">Christian Brothers (Irish)</a> (CFC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregatio_Discipulorum_Domini" title="Congregatio Discipulorum Domini">Congregatio Discipulorum Domini</a> (CDD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CICM_Missionaries" title="CICM Missionaries">Immaculate Heart of Mary</a> (CICM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament">Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament</a> (SSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claretians" title="Claretians">Claretians</a> (CMF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Saint_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux">Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux</a> (CST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Conventual" title="Order of Friars Minor Conventual">Conventual Franciscans</a> (OFM Conv)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a> (OSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_Brothers" title="De La Salle Brothers">De La Salle Brothers</a> (FSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discalced_Augustinians" title="Discalced Augustinians">Discalced Augustinians</a> (OAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Friars_of_the_Renewal" title="Franciscan Friars of the Renewal">Franciscan Friars of the Renewal</a> (CFR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Missionaries_of_the_Eternal_Word" title="Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word">Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word</a> (MFVA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montfort_Brothers_of_St._Gabriel" title="Montfort Brothers of St. Gabriel">Gabrielites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Holy_Cross" title="Congregation of Holy Cross">Holy Cross</a> (CSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Congregation of the Holy Spirit">Holy Ghost Fathers</a> (CSSp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephites_(Maryland)" title="Josephites (Maryland)">Josephites</a> (SSJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries of Christ</a> (LC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Little Brothers of Jesus">Little Brothers of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Marian_Fathers_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception">Marians of the Immaculate Conception</a> (MIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Society of Jesus (Jesuits)</a> (SJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marianists)" title="Society of Mary (Marianists)">Society of Mary (Marianists)</a> (SM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marists)" title="Society of Mary (Marists)">Society of Mary (Marists)</a> (SM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Divine_Word" title="Society of the Divine Word">Society of the Divine Word</a> (SVD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Edmund" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Saint Edmund">Society of Saint Edmund</a> (SSE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marist_Brothers" title="Marist Brothers">Marist Brothers</a> (FMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekhitarists" title="Mekhitarists">Mechitarists</a> (CAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comboni_Missionaries_of_the_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus">Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus</a> (MCCI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_La_Salette" title="Missionaries of La Salette">Missionaries of La Salette</a> (MS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_St._Francis_de_Sales" title="Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales">Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales</a> (MSFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Poor" title="Missionaries of the Poor">Missionaries of the Poor</a> (MOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Missionaries of the Sacred Heart">Missionaries of the Sacred Heart</a> (MSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Sacred_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Missionaries of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary">Missionaries of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Oblates_of_Mary_Immaculate" title="Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate">Oblates of Mary Immaculate</a> (OMI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Oblates of the Virgin Mary">Oblates of the Virgin Mary</a> (OMV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_St._Francis_de_Sales" title="Oblates of St. Francis de Sales">Oblates of St. Francis de Sales</a> (OSFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">Order of Friars Minor</a> (OFM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionists" title="Passionists">Passionists</a> (CP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Paul_the_First_Hermit" title="Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit">Pauline Fathers</a> (OSPPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptorists" title="Redemptorists">Redemptorists</a> (CSsR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogationists" title="Rogationists">Rogationists of the Heart of Jesus</a> (RCJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Brothers of the Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salesians_of_Don_Bosco" title="Salesians of Don Bosco">Salesians</a> (SDB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Servants of Jesus and Mary">Servants of Jesus and Mary</a> (SJM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Most_Holy_Redeemer" title="Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer">Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer</a> (FSSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xaverian_Brothers" title="Xaverian Brothers">Xaverian Brothers</a> (CFX)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Female</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adorers_of_the_Blood_of_Christ" title="Adorers of the Blood of Christ">Adorers of the Blood of Christ</a> (ASC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Apostolic_Carmel" title="Sisters of the Apostolic Carmel">Apostolic Carmel</a> (AC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Aleppian_Sisters" title="Basilian Aleppian Sisters">Basilian Aleppian Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Chouerite_Sisters" title="Basilian Chouerite Sisters">Basilian Chouerite Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigidine_Sisters" title="Brigidine Sisters">Brigidines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a> (CSIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Sisters_of_Saint_Teresa" title="Carmelite Sisters of Saint Teresa">Carmelite Sisters of Saint Teresa</a> (CSST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Hospitaller_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception">Congregation of the Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception</a> (FHIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Divine_Love" title="Daughters of Divine Love">Daughters of Divine Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Mary_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception">Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_Holy_Heart_of_Mary" title="Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary">Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithful_Companions_of_Jesus" title="Faithful Companions of Jesus">Faithful Companions of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felician_Sisters" title="Felician Sisters">Felicians</a> (CSSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Teachers_Filippini" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Teachers Filippini">Filippini Sisters</a> (MPF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handmaids_of_the_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Handmaids of the Heart of Jesus">Handmaids of the Heart of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handmaids_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus">Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Jesus_(Spain)" title="Daughters of Jesus (Spain)">Hijas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_Adoration_Sisters" title="Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters">Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Loreto" title="Sisters of Loreto">Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_Disciples_of_the_Lamb" title="Little Sisters Disciples of the Lamb">Little Sisters Disciples of the Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_of_Jesus" title="Little Sisters of Jesus">Little Sisters of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_of_the_Poor" title="Little Sisters of the Poor">Little Sisters of the Poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_the_Gospel_Community" title="Living the Gospel Community">Living the Gospel Community</a> (LGC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovers_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Lovers of the Holy Cross">Lovers of the Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianites_of_Holy_Cross" title="Marianites of Holy Cross">Marianites of Holy Cross</a> (MSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryknoll_Sisters_of_St._Dominic" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryknoll Sisters of St. Dominic">Maryknoll Sisters</a> (MM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God">Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God</a> (SMIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a> (ICM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart">Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus">Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus</a> (MSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate_Sisters_of_Providence" title="Oblate Sisters of Providence">Oblate Sisters of Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_Jesus_the_Priest" title="Oblates of Jesus the Priest">Oblates of Jesus the Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate_Sisters_of_the_Virgin_Mary_of_Fatima" title="Oblate Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Fatima">Oblate Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Fatima</a> (OMVF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity" title="Order of Our Lady of Charity">Order of Our Lady of Charity</a> (ODNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Poor Clares</a> (OSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clare_Missionaries_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Poor Clare Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament">Poor Clare Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament</a> (MC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Society of the Sacred Heart">Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus</a> (RSCJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Religious of the Virgin Mary">Religious of the Virgin Mary</a> (RVM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_St._Joseph" title="Servants of St. Joseph">Servants of St. Joseph</a> (SSJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament">Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity" title="Sisters of Charity">Sisters of Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_of_Saints_Bartolomea_Capitanio_and_Vincenza_Gerosa_(SCCG)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG)">Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Christian_Doctrine_of_Nancy" title="Sisters of Christian Doctrine of Nancy">Sisters of Christian Doctrine of Nancy</a> (DC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Cross_and_Passion" title="Sisters of the Cross and Passion">Sisters of the Cross and Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Destitute" title="Sisters of the Destitute">Sisters of the Destitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Sisters of the Good Shepherd</a> (RGS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Holy_Cross" title="Sisters of Holy Cross">Sisters of Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Sisters of the Holy Cross">Sisters of the Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Family_(Louisiana)" title="Sisters of the Holy Family (Louisiana)">Sisters of the Holy Family-Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Names_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary">Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Congregation of the Immaculate Conception">Sisters of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters,_Servants_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Life" title="Sisters of Life">Sisters of Life</a> (SV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Mercy" title="Sisters of Mercy">Sisters of Mercy</a> (RSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Providence_of_Saint_Mary-of-the-Woods" title="Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods">Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Sisters of the Sacred Heart">Sisters of the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Third_Order_of_St._Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis">Sisters of Saint Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_St._Joseph" title="Sisters of St. Joseph">Sisters of Saint Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sisters_of_St._Joseph_of_Peace" title="The Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace">The Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_St_Joseph_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart">Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart</a> (RSJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Saint_Paul_of_Chartres" title="Sisters of Saint Paul of Chartres">Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres</a> (SPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Helpers_of_the_Holy_Souls" title="Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls">Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Social_Service" title="Sisters of Social Service">Sisters of Social Service</a> (sss)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Servants of the Blessed Sacrament">Servants of the Blessed Sacrament</a> (SSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursulines" title="Ursulines">Ursulines</a> (OSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_Our_Lady_of_Africa" title="Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa">White Sisters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Catholic laity</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br /></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186277#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186277#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186277#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123026797">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/168672016">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1018585-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80020567">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133186017">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133186017">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Karmelitáni"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2002148864&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="karmelitáni"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114873&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026502852">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011709">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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