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id="toc-Protestant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Protestant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evangelical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evangelical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Evangelical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evangelical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformational" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Reformational</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Theology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Main principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scripture_alone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scripture_alone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Scripture alone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scripture_alone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justification_by_faith_alone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justification_by_faith_alone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Justification by faith alone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justification_by_faith_alone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universal_priesthood_of_believers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universal_priesthood_of_believers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Universal priesthood of believers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universal_priesthood_of_believers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Trinity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Five_solae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five_solae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Five solae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five_solae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christ's_presence_in_the_Eucharist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christ's_presence_in_the_Eucharist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Christ's presence in the Eucharist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christ's_presence_in_the_Eucharist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Other beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pre-Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformation_proper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation_proper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Reformation proper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation_proper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Post-Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radical_Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radical_Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Radical Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radical_Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Denominations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Denominations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Denominations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_and_uniting_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_and_uniting_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>United and uniting churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_and_uniting_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Major branches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_branches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major branches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adventism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adventism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Adventism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adventism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anabaptism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anabaptism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Anabaptism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anabaptism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglicanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglicanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Anglicanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglicanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baptists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Baptists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calvinism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calvinism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Calvinism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calvinism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hussites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hussites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Hussites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hussites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutheranism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheranism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Lutheranism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheranism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Methodism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pentecostalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pentecostalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Pentecostalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pentecostalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plymouth_Brethren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plymouth_Brethren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Plymouth Brethren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plymouth_Brethren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quakerism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quakerism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Quakerism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quakerism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Protestants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Protestants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12</span> <span>Other Protestants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Protestants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interdenominational_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interdenominational_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Interdenominational movements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interdenominational_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interdenominational movements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interdenominational_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evangelicalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evangelicalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Evangelicalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evangelicalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charismatic_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charismatic_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Charismatic movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charismatic_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-charismatic_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-charismatic_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Neo-charismatic churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-charismatic_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestant_offshoots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant_offshoots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Protestant offshoots</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Protestant_offshoots-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Protestant offshoots subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Protestant_offshoots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arminianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arminianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Arminianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arminianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pietism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pietism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Pietism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pietism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puritanism,_English_dissenters_and_nonconformists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puritanism,_English_dissenters_and_nonconformists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Puritanism, English dissenters and nonconformists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puritanism,_English_dissenters_and_nonconformists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-orthodoxy_and_paleo-orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-orthodoxy_and_paleo-orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Neo-orthodoxy and paleo-orthodoxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-orthodoxy_and_paleo-orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_fundamentalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_fundamentalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Christian fundamentalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_fundamentalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernism_and_liberalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernism_and_liberalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Modernism and liberalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernism_and_liberalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestant_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Protestant culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Protestant_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Protestant culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Protestant_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thought_and_work_ethic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thought_and_work_ethic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Thought and work ethic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thought_and_work_ethic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rights_and_liberty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rights_and_liberty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Rights and liberty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rights_and_liberty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_teaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_teaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Social teaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_teaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liturgy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Liturgy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liturgy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Catholic responses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecumenism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecumenism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Ecumenism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecumenism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread_and_demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_and_demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Spread and demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_and_demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Protestantism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 152 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-152" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">152 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantisme" title="Protestantisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Protestantisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantismus" title="Protestantismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Protestantismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%95%E1%88%AE%E1%89%B4%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B5" title="ፕሮቴስታንት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፕሮቴስታንት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بروتستانتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروتستانتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantismo" title="Protestantismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Protestantismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%A8stantismo" title="Protèstantismo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Protèstantismo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantismu" title="Protestantismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Protestantismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Протестантизм – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Протестантизм" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantl%C4%B1q" title="Protestantlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Protestantlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="پروتستانیزم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پروتستانیزم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6_(%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE)" title="প্রতিবাদী মতবাদ (খ্রিস্টধর্ম) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রতিবাদী মতবাদ (খ্রিস্টধর্ম)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin-k%C3%A0u" title="Sin-kàu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sin-kàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestan" title="Protestan – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Protestan" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Протестантизм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Протестантизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Пратэстанцтва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пратэстанцтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Пратэстанцтва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пратэстанцтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="प्रोटेस्टेंटिस़्म – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्रोटेस्टेंटिस़्म" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Протестантство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Протестантство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantismus" title="Protestantismus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Protestantismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantizam" title="Protestantizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Protestantizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantiezh" title="Protestantiezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Protestantiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantisme" title="Protestantisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protestantisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantismo" title="Protestantismo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Protestantismo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantismus" title="Protestantismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Protestantismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestaniaeth" title="Protestaniaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Protestaniaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantisme" title="Protestantisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Protestantisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لپروطيسطانطية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لپروطيسطانطية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodeschdant" title="Brodeschdant – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Brodeschdant" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantismus" title="Protestantismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Protestantismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Protestantism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Προτεσταντισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προτεσταντισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantismo" title="Protestantismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protestantismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantismo" title="Protestantismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Protestantismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantismo" title="Protestantismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Protestantismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="پروتستانتیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروتستانتیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantisma" title="Protestantisma – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Protestantisma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantisme" title="Protestantisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Protestantisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantisme" title="Protestantisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Protestantisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantesim" title="Protestantesim – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Protestantesim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Protast%C3%BAnachas" title="An Protastúnachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Protastúnachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B2sdanachas" title="Pròsdanachas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pròsdanachas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantismo" title="Protestantismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Protestantismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEn-kau" title="Sîn-kau – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sîn-kau" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%9C%EC%8B%A0%EA%B5%90" title="개신교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="개신교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestan_bangaskiya" title="Protestan bangaskiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Protestan bangaskiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բողոքականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բողոքականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="प्रोटेस्टेंट संप्रदाय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रोटेस्टेंट संप्रदाय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantizam" title="Protestantizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Protestantizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantismo" title="Protestantismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Protestantismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestanisme" title="Protestanisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Protestanisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantismo" title="Protestantismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Protestantismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantisme" title="Protestantisme – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Protestantisme" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3tm%C3%A6lendatr%C3%BA" title="Mótmælendatrú – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mótmælendatrú" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantesimo" title="Protestantesimo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Protestantesimo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="נצרות פרוטסטנטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נצרות פרוטסטנטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%A8stan" title="Protèstan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Protèstan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%A9%C9%A3y%C9%A9yaa_l%C9%A9ma%C9%A3z%C9%A9y%C9%9B_t%C9%A9naa" title="Pɩɣyɩyaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɩɣyɩyaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="პროტესტანტიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროტესტანტიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Протестантизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Протестантизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprotestanti" title="Uprotestanti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uprotestanti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwotestantism" title="Pwotestantism – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwotestantism" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Protestantism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestan%C3%AE" title="Protestanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Protestanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Протестантизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Протестантизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantesim" title="Protestantesim – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Protestantesim" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimyento_Protestante" title="Movimyento Protestante – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Movimyento Protestante" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87" title="ປະໂລແຕສະຕັງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະໂລແຕສະຕັງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantes" title="Protestantes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Protestantes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantisms" title="Protestantisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Protestantisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantismus" title="Protestantismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Protestantismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantizmas" title="Protestantizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Protestantizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prottestantisme" title="Prottestantisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Prottestantisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mis%C3%ADoni" title="Misíoni – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Misíoni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantisme" title="Protestantisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Protestantisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prutestantesim" title="Prutestantesim – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Prutestantesim" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantizmus" title="Protestantizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Protestantizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Протестантство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Протестантство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B4testantisma" title="Prôtestantisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Prôtestantisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="പ്രൊട്ടസ്റ്റന്റ്‌ സഭകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രൊട്ടസ്റ്റന്റ്‌ സഭകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestanti%C5%BCmu" title="Protestantiżmu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Protestantiżmu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A5" title="प्रोटेस्टंट पंथ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रोटेस्टंट पंथ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="პროტესტანტიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პროტესტანტიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%87" title="بروتيستانتيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بروتيستانتيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پروتستان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پروتستان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestan" title="Protestan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Protestan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestanisme" title="Protestanisme – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Protestanisme" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A0-s%C5%AD-g%C3%A1u" title="Ià-sŭ-gáu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ià-sŭ-gáu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portestantismo" title="Portestantismo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Portestantismo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Протестант урсгал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Протестант урсгал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantismo" title="Protestantismo – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Protestantismo" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantisme" title="Protestantisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Protestantisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantisme" title="Protestantisme – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Protestantisme" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="プロテスタント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プロテスタント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Протестанталла – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Протестанталла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Protestantism" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantisme" title="Protestantisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Protestantisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantisme" title="Protestantisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Protestantisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9criauntisme" title="Récriauntisme – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Récriauntisme" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantisme" title="Protestantisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Protestantisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piroteestaantii" title="Piroteestaantii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Piroteestaantii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantizm" title="Protestantizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Protestantizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86%D9%B9_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="پروٹسٹنٹ مسیحیت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پروٹسٹنٹ مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantismo" title="Protestantismo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Protestantismo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratistantizim" title="Pratistantizim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Pratistantizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantime" title="Protestantime – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Protestantime" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestan" title="Protestan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Protestan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantismus" title="Protestantismus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Protestantismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantyzm" title="Protestantyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Protestantyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantismo" title="Protestantismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Protestantismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantl%C4%B1q" title="Protestantlıq – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Protestantlıq" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Protestantism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantissem" title="Protestantissem – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Protestantissem" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%27iykay" title="Mat'iykay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mat'iykay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Протестантство – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Протестантство" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Протестантизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Протестантизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Протестантизм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Протестантизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porotesano" title="Porotesano – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Porotesano" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Protestantism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seporotestante" title="Seporotestante – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Seporotestante" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantizmi" title="Protestantizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Protestantizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesi_Prutistanti" title="Chiesi Prutistanti – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Chiesi Prutistanti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Protestantism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantizmus" title="Protestantizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Protestantizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantizem" title="Protestantizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Protestantizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantyzm" title="Protestantyzm – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Protestantyzm" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="پرۆتێستانت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پرۆتێستانت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Протестантизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Протестантизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantizam" title="Protestantizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Protestantizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantismi" title="Protestantismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Protestantismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Protestantism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantismo" title="Protestantismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Protestantismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88" title="சீர்திருத்தத் திருச்சபை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீர்திருத்தத் திருச்சபை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Протестантлык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Протестантлык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81" title="ప్రొటెస్టంటు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రొటెస్టంటు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="โปรเตสแตนต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โปรเตสแตนต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D3%A3" title="Калисои протестантӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Калисои протестантӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestanl%C4%B1k" title="Protestanlık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Protestanlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Протестантизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Протестантизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86%D9%B9_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="پروٹسٹنٹ مسیحیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پروٹسٹنٹ مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89" title="پروتېستانت دىنى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پروتېستانت دىنى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantizm" title="Protestantizm – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Protestantizm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A1ng_C%C3%A1ch" title="Kháng Cách – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kháng Cách" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantisse" title="Protestantisse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Protestantisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99" title="新教 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="新教" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantismo" title="Protestantismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Protestantismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99" title="基督新教 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="基督新教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99" title="基督新教 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="基督新教" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major branch of Christianity</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="color: black;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Protestantism" title="Category:Protestantism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;;padding:0.2em; background:#efefef;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protestantism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Christian_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latin version of the Christian cross which is used by virtually all Protestant denominations"><img alt="Latin version of the Christian cross which is used by virtually all Protestant denominations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/85px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/128px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/170px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Protestantism" title="Outline of Protestantism">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Anti-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_by_country" title="Protestantism by country">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Protestant_relations" title="Catholic–Protestant relations">Relations with Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theologies" title="Protestant theologies">Theologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Solas" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Solas">Five Solas</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magisterial_Reformation" title="Magisterial Reformation">Magisterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Protestantism" title="Crypto-Protestantism">Crypto-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">Dissenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings in America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival meetings</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations#Protestant" title="List of Christian denominations">Branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Protestants">Proto-Protestants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Reformed church">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational">Congregational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglican_movement" title="Continuing Anglican movement">Continuing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Pietism" title="Radical Pietism">Radical Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone-Campbell" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone-Campbell">Stone-Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Life_movement" title="Higher Life movement">Keswickians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostals">Pentecostals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United and uniting churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Augsburg Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(religion)" title="Confessionalism (religion)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessing_Movement" title="Confessing Movement">Confessing Movement</a></li> <li><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protestant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutherstadt_Wittenberg_09-2016_photo06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lutherstadt_Wittenberg_09-2016_photo06.jpg/240px-Lutherstadt_Wittenberg_09-2016_photo06.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lutherstadt_Wittenberg_09-2016_photo06.jpg/360px-Lutherstadt_Wittenberg_09-2016_photo06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lutherstadt_Wittenberg_09-2016_photo06.jpg/480px-Lutherstadt_Wittenberg_09-2016_photo06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3555" data-file-height="3555" /></a><figcaption>The door to <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Wittenberg" title="All Saints' Church, Wittenberg">All Saints' Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> is alleged to have posted his <i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i> in 1517 detailing his concerns with what he saw as the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>'s abuse and corruption. The <i>Ninety-five Theses</i> gave rise to Christian Protestantism as one of the world's primary religions, making Wittenberg the "cradle of Protestantism".</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Protestantism</b> is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">justification</a> of sinners <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">through faith alone</a>, the teaching that <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a> comes by unmerited <a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">divine grace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Universal_priesthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal priesthood">priesthood of all believers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.<sup id="cite_ref-WELS2014_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WELS2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">five <i>solae</i></a> summarize the basic theological beliefs of mainstream Protestantism. </p><p>Protestants follow the <a href="/wiki/Theological" class="mw-redirect" title="Theological">theological</a> tenets of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, a movement that began in the 16th century with the goal of reforming the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> from perceived <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">errors, abuses, and discrepancies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Reformation began in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1517, when <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> published his <i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i> as a reaction against abuses in the sale of <a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">indulgences</a> by the Catholic Church, which purported to offer the remission of the <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">temporal punishment</a> of sins to their purchasers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term, however, derives from the <a href="/wiki/Protestation_at_Speyer" title="Protestation at Speyer">letter of protestation</a> from German Lutheran <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrst" title="Fürst">princes</a> in 1529 against an <a href="/wiki/Edict" title="Edict">edict</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Speyer_(1529)" title="Diet of Speyer (1529)">Diet of Speyer</a> condemning the <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">teachings of Martin Luther</a> as <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heretical</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> spread from Germany<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1523%E2%80%931611)" title="History of Sweden (1523–1611)">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland_under_Swedish_rule" title="Finland under Swedish rule">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Livonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland#Iceland_under_Norwegian_and_Danish_kings_(1262–1944)" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> churches spread in Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Hungary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_early_modern_period" title="France in the early modern period">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Poland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a> by <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" title="Protestant Reformers">Protestant Reformers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political separation of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> under <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">King Henry VIII</a> began <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, bringing England and Wales into this broad Reformation movement, under the leadership of reformer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a>, whose work forged Anglican doctrine and identity.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Protestantism is diverse, being divided into various denominations on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">ecclesiology</a>, not forming a single structure as with the Catholic Church, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillerbrand_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillerbrand-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protestants adhere to the concept of an <a href="/wiki/Church_invisible" title="Church invisible">invisible church</a>, in contrast to the Catholic, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a>, which all understand themselves as the one and only original church—the "<a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">one true church</a>"—founded by Jesus Christ (though certain Protestant denominations, including historic Lutheranism, hold to this position).<sup id="cite_ref-Karl_Heussi_1956_pp._317–319_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karl_Heussi_1956_pp._317–319-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Remensnyder1893_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remensnyder1893-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frey1918_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frey1918-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denominations</a> do have a worldwide scope and distribution of <a href="/wiki/Church_membership" title="Church membership">church membership</a>, while others are confined to a single country.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillerbrand_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillerbrand-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A majority of Protestants<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are members of a handful of Protestant denominational families; <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans/Episcopalians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Calvinist/Reformed</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quakerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Quakerism">Quakers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pewforum1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewforum1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">charismatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_(religion)" title="Independent (religion)">independent</a> churches are also on the rise, having recently expanded rapidly throughout much of the world, and constitute a significant part of Protestantism.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These various movements, collectively labeled "popular Protestantism"<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Peter L. Berger</a>, have been called one of the contemporary world's most dynamic religious movements.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Protestantism has a total of 625,606,000 followers.<sup id="cite_ref-pewforum1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewforum1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gordonconwell.edu_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gordonconwell.edu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style></p><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:213px;max-width:213px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:315px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gedaechtniskirche_Speyer_Sued.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gedaechtniskirche_Speyer_Sued.jpg/211px-Gedaechtniskirche_Speyer_Sued.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gedaechtniskirche_Speyer_Sued.jpg/317px-Gedaechtniskirche_Speyer_Sued.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gedaechtniskirche_Speyer_Sued.jpg/422px-Gedaechtniskirche_Speyer_Sued.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1417" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ged%C3%A4chtniskirche,_Speyer" title="Gedächtniskirche, Speyer">Memorial Church</a>, finished and consecrated 1904, in <a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a>, Germany commemorates the <a href="/wiki/Protestation_at_Speyer" title="Protestation at Speyer">Protestation</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:315px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protestierende-Speyer_Worms_Lutherdenkmal_(37a).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Protestierende-Speyer_Worms_Lutherdenkmal_%2837a%29.jpg/123px-Protestierende-Speyer_Worms_Lutherdenkmal_%2837a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Protestierende-Speyer_Worms_Lutherdenkmal_%2837a%29.jpg/185px-Protestierende-Speyer_Worms_Lutherdenkmal_%2837a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Protestierende-Speyer_Worms_Lutherdenkmal_%2837a%29.jpg/246px-Protestierende-Speyer_Worms_Lutherdenkmal_%2837a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>The Protesting Speyer</i>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument_(Worms)" title="Luther Monument (Worms)">Luther Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms, Germany</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestant">Protestant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Protestant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Six princes of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and rulers of fourteen <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Free_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Free City">Imperial Free Cities</a>, who issued <a href="/wiki/Protestation_at_Speyer" title="Protestation at Speyer">a protest</a> (or dissent) against the edict of the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Speyer_(1529)" title="Diet of Speyer (1529)">Diet of Speyer (1529)</a>, were the first individuals to be called Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline.com_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The edict reversed concessions made to the <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> with the approval of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Speyer_(1526)" title="Diet of Speyer (1526)">three years earlier</a>. The term <i>protestant</i>, though initially purely political in nature, later acquired a broader sense, referring to a member of any Western church which subscribed to the main Protestant principles.<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline.com_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Protestant is an adherent of any of those Christian bodies that separated from the Church of Rome during the Reformation, or of any group descended from them.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Reformation, the term <i>protestant</i> was hardly used outside of German politics. People who were involved in the religious movement used the word <i>evangelical</i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">evangelisch</i>). For further details, see the section below. Gradually, <i>protestant</i> became a general term, meaning any adherent of the Reformation in the German-speaking area. It was ultimately somewhat taken up by Lutherans, even though <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> himself insisted on <i>Christian</i> or <i>evangelical</i> as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed faith in Christ. <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Swiss Protestants</a> instead preferred the word <i>reformed</i> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">réformé</i>), which became a popular, neutral, and alternative name for Calvinists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evangelical">Evangelical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evangelical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>evangelical</i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">evangelisch</i>), which refers to <a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">the gospel</a>, was widely used for those involved in the religious movement in the German-speaking area beginning in 1517.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Evangelical</i> is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations in the Lutheran, Calvinist, and United (Lutheran and Reformed) Protestant traditions in Europe, and those with strong ties to them. Above all the term is used by Protestant bodies in the <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="German-speaking Europe">German-speaking area</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a>. Thus, the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> word <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">evangelisch</i></span></i> means Protestant, while the German <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">evangelikal</i></span></i>, refers to churches shaped by <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a>. The English word <i>evangelical</i> usually refers to <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestant">evangelical Protestant</a> churches, and therefore to a certain part of Protestantism rather than to Protestantism as a whole. The English word traces its roots back to the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p><p>Martin Luther always disliked the term <i>Lutheran</i>, preferring the term <i>evangelical</i>, which was derived from <i>euangelion</i>, a Greek word meaning "good news", i.e. "<a href="/wiki/The_Gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gospel">gospel</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-OOE796_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OOE796-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The followers of <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a>, and other theologians linked to the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed tradition</a> also began to use that term. To distinguish the two evangelical groups, others began to refer to the two groups as <i>Evangelical Lutheran</i> and <i>Evangelical Reformed</i>. The word also pertains in the same way to some other mainline groups, for example <i>Evangelical Methodist</i>. As time passed by, the word <i>evangelical</i> was dropped. Lutherans themselves began to use the term <i>Lutheran</i> in the middle of the 16th century, in order to distinguish themselves from other groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calvinists" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinists">Calvinists</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformational">Reformational</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reformational"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> word <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">reformatorisch</i></span></i>, which roughly translates to English as "reformational" or "reforming", is used as an alternative for <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">evangelisch</i></span></i> in German, and is different from English <i>reformed</i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">reformiert</i>), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a>, and other Reformed theologians. Derived from the word "Reformation", the term emerged around the same time as <i>Evangelical</i> (1517) and <i>Protestant</i> (1529). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology">Theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_principles">Main principles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Main principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikolow_protestant_church_pulpit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mikolow_protestant_church_pulpit.jpg/250px-Mikolow_protestant_church_pulpit.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mikolow_protestant_church_pulpit.jpg/375px-Mikolow_protestant_church_pulpit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mikolow_protestant_church_pulpit.jpg/500px-Mikolow_protestant_church_pulpit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2706" data-file-height="2029" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Two central figures of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, depicted on a church <a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">pulpit</a>; both Luther and Calvin emphasized making preaching a centerpiece of worship.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutherbibel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/250px-Lutherbibel.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/375px-Lutherbibel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/500px-Lutherbibel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="759" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> translated into <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> by Martin Luther. In Protestantism, the Bible is the supreme authority of <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">scripture</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Many experts have proposed criteria to determine whether a Christian denomination should be considered part of Protestantism. A common consensus approved by most of them is that if a Christian denomination is to be considered Protestant, it must acknowledge the following three fundamental principles of Protestantism.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Protestantism_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Protestantism-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scripture_alone">Scripture alone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scripture alone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></div> <p>The belief, emphasized by Luther, in the Bible as the highest source of authority for the church. The early churches of the Reformation believed in a critical, yet serious, reading of scripture and holding the Bible as a source of authority higher than that of <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Tradition">church tradition</a>. The many abuses that had occurred in the Western Church before the Protestant Reformation led the Reformers to reject much of its tradition. In the early 20th century, a less critical reading of the Bible developed in the United States—leading to a "<a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a>" reading of Scripture. Christian fundamentalists read the Bible as the "inerrant, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">infallible</a>" Word of God, as do the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican and Lutheran churches, but interpret it in a <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">literalist</a> fashion without using the <a href="/wiki/Historical-critical_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical-critical method">historical-critical method</a>. Methodists and Anglicans differ from Lutherans and the Reformed on this doctrine as they teach <i><a href="/wiki/Prima_scriptura" title="Prima scriptura">prima scriptura</a></i>, which holds that Scripture is the primary source for Christian doctrine, but that "tradition, experience, and reason" can nurture the Christian religion as long as they are in harmony with the Bible (<a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Protestant canon</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-WELS2014_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WELS2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Humphrey2013_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphrey2013-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Biblical Christianity" focused on a deep study of the Bible is characteristic of most Protestants as opposed to "Church Christianity", focused on performing rituals and good works, represented by Catholic and Orthodox traditions. However, <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostalists">Pentecostalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christians</a> emphasize the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a> and personal closeness to God.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Justification_by_faith_alone">Justification by faith alone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Justification by faith alone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a></div> <p>The belief that believers are <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">justified</a>, or pardoned for sin, solely on condition of faith in <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Christ</a> rather than a combination of faith and <a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">good works</a>. For Protestants, good works are a necessary consequence rather than cause of justification.<sup id="cite_ref-SchaffHerzog_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchaffHerzog-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, while justification is by faith alone, there is the position that faith is not <i>nuda fides</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Calvin explained that "it is therefore faith alone which justifies, and yet the faith which justifies is not alone: just as it is the heat alone of the sun which warms the earth, and yet in the sun it is not alone."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lutheran and Reformed Christians differ from Methodists in their understanding of this doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-Bucher2014_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bucher2014-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Universal_priesthood_of_believers">Universal priesthood of believers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Universal priesthood of believers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The universal <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">priesthood of believers</a> implies the right and duty of the Christian laity not only to read the Bible in the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a>, but also to take part in the government and all the public affairs of the Church. It is opposed to the hierarchical system which puts the essence and authority of the Church in an exclusive priesthood, and which makes ordained priests the necessary mediators between God and the people.<sup id="cite_ref-SchaffHerzog_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchaffHerzog-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is distinguished from the concept of the priesthood of all believers, which did not grant individuals the right to interpret the Bible apart from the Christian community at large because universal priesthood opened the door to such a possibility.<sup id="cite_ref-willsky_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-willsky-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are scholars who cite that this doctrine tends to subsume all distinctions in the church under a single spiritual entity.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calvin referred to the universal priesthood as an expression of the relation between the believer and his God, including the freedom of a Christian to come to God through Christ without human mediation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also maintained that this principle recognizes Christ as <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a>, priest, and king and that his priesthood is shared with his people.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trinity">Trinity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Trinity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/240px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/360px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/480px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> is the belief that <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> is one God in three persons: <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">the Father</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">the Son</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Protestants who adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> believe in three <a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">persons</a> (<a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>, <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">God the Holy Spirit</a>) as one God. </p><p>Movements that emerged around the time of the Protestant Reformation, but are not a part of Protestantism (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a>), reject the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>. This often serves as a reason for exclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a>, and other movements from Protestantism by various observers. Unitarianism continues to have a presence mainly in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, England, and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-willsky_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-willsky-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Five_solae">Five solae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Five solae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five solae</a></div> <p>The Five <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">solae</i></span></i> are five <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> phrases (or slogans) that emerged during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> and summarize the reformers' basic differences in theological beliefs in opposition to the teaching of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-WELS2014_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WELS2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latin word <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola</i></span></i> means "alone", "only", or "single". </p><p>The use of the phrases as summaries of teaching emerged over time during the Reformation, based on the overarching Lutheran and Reformed principle of <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">sola scriptura</a></i></span></i> (by scripture alone).<sup id="cite_ref-WELS2014_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WELS2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea contains the four main doctrines on the Bible: that its teaching is needed for salvation (necessity); that all the doctrine necessary for salvation comes from the Bible alone (sufficiency); that everything taught in the Bible is correct (inerrancy); and that, by the Holy Spirit overcoming sin, believers may read and understand truth from the Bible itself, though understanding is difficult, so the means used to guide individual believers to the true teaching is often mutual discussion within the church (clarity). </p><p>The necessity and inerrancy were well-established ideas, garnering little criticism, though they later came under debate from outside during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>. The most contentious idea at the time though was the notion that anyone could simply pick up the Bible and learn enough to gain salvation. Though the reformers were concerned with <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiology</a> (the doctrine of how the church as a body works), they had a different understanding of the process in which truths in scripture were applied to life of believers, compared to the Catholics' idea that certain people within the church, or ideas that were old enough, had a special status in giving understanding of the text. </p><p>The second main principle, <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">sola fide</a></i></span></i> (by faith alone), states that faith in Christ is sufficient alone for eternal salvation and justification. Though argued from scripture, and hence logically consequent to <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola scriptura</i></span></i>, this is the guiding principle of the work of Luther and the later reformers. Because <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola scriptura</i></span></i> placed the Bible as the only source of teaching, <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola fide</i></span></i> epitomizes the main thrust of the teaching the reformers wanted to get back to, namely the direct, close, personal connection between Christ and the believer, hence the reformers' contention that their work was Christocentric. </p><p>The other solas, as statements, emerged later, but the thinking they represent was also part of the early Reformation. </p> <ul><li><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Solus_Christus" title="Solus Christus">Solus Christus</a></i></span></i>: <i>Christ alone</i></li></ul> <dl><dd>The Protestants characterize the dogma concerning the Pope as Christ's representative head of the Church on earth, the concept of works made meritorious by Christ, and the Catholic idea of a treasury of the merits of Christ and his saints, as a denial that Christ is the <i>only</i> mediator between <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> and man. Catholics, on the other hand, maintained the traditional understanding of Judaism on these questions, and appealed to the universal consensus of Christian tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sola_Gratia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sola Gratia">Sola Gratia</a></i></span></i>: <i>Grace alone</i></li></ul> <dl><dd>Protestants perceived Catholic salvation to be dependent upon the grace of God and the merits of one's own works. The reformers posited that salvation is a gift of God (i.e., God's act of free grace), dispensed by the Holy Spirit owing to the redemptive work of Jesus Christ alone. Consequently, they argued that a sinner is not accepted by God on account of the change wrought in the believer by God's grace, and that the believer is accepted without regard for the merit of his works, for no one <i>deserves</i> salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Soli_Deo_Gloria" class="mw-redirect" title="Soli Deo Gloria">Soli Deo Gloria</a></i></span></i>: <i>Glory to God alone</i></li></ul> <dl><dd>All glory is due to God alone since salvation is accomplished solely through his will and action—not only the gift of the all-sufficient <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atonement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> on <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">the cross</a> but also the gift of faith in that atonement, created in the heart of the believer by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>. The reformers believed that human beings—even saints <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonized</a> by the Catholic Church, the popes, and the ecclesiastical hierarchy—are not worthy of the glory.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christ's_presence_in_the_Eucharist"><span id="Christ.27s_presence_in_the_Eucharist"></span>Christ's presence in the Eucharist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Christ's presence in the Eucharist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharistic theology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abendmahl-1547-LC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Abendmahl-1547-LC.jpg/240px-Abendmahl-1547-LC.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Abendmahl-1547-LC.jpg/360px-Abendmahl-1547-LC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Abendmahl-1547-LC.jpg/480px-Abendmahl-1547-LC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A 1547 <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Protestant movement began to diverge into several distinct branches in the mid-to-late 16th century. One of the central points of divergence was controversy over the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>. Early Protestants rejected the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a> of <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a>, which teaches that the bread and wine used in the sacrificial rite of the Mass lose their natural substance by being transformed into the body, blood, soul, and divinity of Christ. They disagreed with one another concerning the presence of Christ and his body and blood in Holy Communion. </p> <ul><li>Lutherans hold that in the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Lord's Supper</a>, the Body and Blood of Christ are present "in, with, and under the form" of bread and wine for all those who eat and drink it,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a doctrine that the <a href="/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" title="Formula of Concord">Formula of Concord</a> calls the <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Sacramental union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God earnestly offers to all who receive the sacrament,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forgiveness of sins,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eternal salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Reformed_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed churches">Reformed churches</a> emphasize the <a href="/wiki/Real_presence#Reformed" class="mw-redirect" title="Real presence">real <i>spiritual</i> presence</a>, or <i>sacramental presence</i>, of Christ, saying that the sacrament is a sanctifying grace through which the elect believer does not actually partake of Christ, but merely <i>with</i> the bread and wine rather than in the elements. Calvinists deny the Lutheran assertion that all communicants, both believers and unbelievers, orally receive Christ's body and blood in the elements of the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a> but instead affirm that Christ is united to the believer through faith—toward which the supper is an outward and visible aid. Calvin also emphasizes the real presence of Christ by the Holy Spirit during Eucharist. This is often referred to as <i>dynamic presence</i>.</li> <li>Anglicans and Methodists refuse to define the Presence, preferring to leave it a mystery.<sup id="cite_ref-Neal2014_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neal2014-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prayer Books describe the bread and wine as outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace which is the Body and Blood of Christ. However, the words of their liturgies suggest that one can hold to a belief in the Real Presence and Spiritual and Sacramental Present at the same time. For example, "... and you have fed us with the spiritual food in the Sacrament of his body and Blood;" "...the spiritual food of the most precious Body and Blood of your Son our Saviour Jesus Christ, and for assuring us in these holy mysteries..." American Book of Common Prayer, 1977, pp. 365–366.</li> <li>Anabaptists hold a popular simplification of the <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Theology of Huldrych Zwingli">Zwinglian view</a>, without concern for theological intricacies as hinted at above, may see the Lord's Supper merely as a symbol of the shared faith of the participants, a commemoration of the facts of the crucifixion, and a reminder of their standing together as the body of Christ (a view referred to as <i>memorialism</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Balmer2002_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balmer2002-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_beliefs">Other beliefs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Protestants reject the Catholic doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">papal supremacy</a>, and have variant views on the number of <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacraments</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">real presence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christ</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>, and matters of <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">ecclesiastical polity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haffner1999_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haffner1999-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">History of Protestantism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Reformation">Pre-Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pre-Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lollardmap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Lollardmap.jpg/240px-Lollardmap.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Lollardmap.jpg/360px-Lollardmap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Lollardmap.jpg/480px-Lollardmap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>Spread of <a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollardy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval England">Medieval England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Scotland">Medieval Scotland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muttich,_Kamil_Vladislav_-_Mistr_Jan_Hus_na_hranici_v_Kostnici_1415.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Muttich%2C_Kamil_Vladislav_-_Mistr_Jan_Hus_na_hranici_v_Kostnici_1415.jpg/240px-Muttich%2C_Kamil_Vladislav_-_Mistr_Jan_Hus_na_hranici_v_Kostnici_1415.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Muttich%2C_Kamil_Vladislav_-_Mistr_Jan_Hus_na_hranici_v_Kostnici_1415.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>The execution of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a> in 1415</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Girolamo-Savonarola----w.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Girolamo-Savonarola----w.jpg/240px-Girolamo-Savonarola----w.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Girolamo-Savonarola----w.jpg/360px-Girolamo-Savonarola----w.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Girolamo-Savonarola----w.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portret_van_Johan_Wessel_Gansfort,_RP-P-1906-1520.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Portret_van_Johan_Wessel_Gansfort%2C_RP-P-1906-1520.jpg/240px-Portret_van_Johan_Wessel_Gansfort%2C_RP-P-1906-1520.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Portret_van_Johan_Wessel_Gansfort%2C_RP-P-1906-1520.jpg/360px-Portret_van_Johan_Wessel_Gansfort%2C_RP-P-1906-1520.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Portret_van_Johan_Wessel_Gansfort%2C_RP-P-1906-1520.jpg/480px-Portret_van_Johan_Wessel_Gansfort%2C_RP-P-1906-1520.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3716" data-file-height="5966" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wessel_Gansfort" title="Wessel Gansfort">Wessel Gansfort</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many of the individual ideas that were taken up by various reformers had historical pre-cursors; however, calling them <i>proto-reformers</i> is controversial, as often their theology also had components that are not associated with later Protestants, or that were asserted by some Protestants but denied by others, or that were only superficially similar. </p><p>One of the earliest persons to be praised as a Protestant forerunner is <a href="/wiki/Jovinian" title="Jovinian">Jovinian</a>, who lived in the fourth century AD. He attacked <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetism</a> and believed that a saved believer can never be overcome by Satan.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 9th century, the theologian <a href="/wiki/Gottschalk_of_Orbais" title="Gottschalk of Orbais">Gottschalk of Orbais</a> was condemned for heresy by the Catholic Church. Gottschalk believed that the salvation of Jesus was limited and that his redemption was only for the elect.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theology of Gottschalk anticipated the Protestant reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (August 2023)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ratramnus" title="Ratramnus">Ratramnus</a> also defended the theology of Gottschalk and denied the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist; his writings also influenced the later Protestant reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Claudius_of_Turin" title="Claudius of Turin">Claudius of Turin</a> in the 9th century also held Protestant ideas, such as <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">faith alone</a> and rejection of the supremacy of Peter.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1130s, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_of_Brescia" title="Arnold of Brescia">Arnold of Brescia</a>, an Italian <a href="/wiki/Canon_regular" title="Canon regular">canon regular</a> became one of the first theologians to attempt to reform the Catholic Church. After his death, his teachings on <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_poverty" title="Apostolic poverty">apostolic poverty</a> gained currency among <a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldists</a>, and later more widely among <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Franciscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual Franciscans">Spiritual Franciscans</a>, though no written word of his has survived the official condemnation. In the early 1170s, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Waldo" title="Peter Waldo">Peter Waldo</a> founded the Waldensians. He advocated an interpretation of the Gospel that led to conflicts with the Catholic Church. By 1215, the Waldensians were declared heretical and subject to persecution. Despite that, the movement continues to exist to this day in Italy, as <a href="/wiki/Waldensian_Evangelical_Church" title="Waldensian Evangelical Church">a part of the wider Reformed tradition</a>. </p><p>In the 1370s, Oxford theologian and priest <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a>—later dubbed the "Morning Star of Reformation"—started his activity as an English reformer. He rejected papal authority over secular power (in that any person in mortal sin lost their authority and should be resisted: a priest with possessions, such as a pope, was in such grave sin), may have <a href="/wiki/Wycliffe%27s_Bible" title="Wycliffe's Bible">translated the Bible</a> into <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, and preached anticlerical and biblically centred reforms. His rejection of a real divine presence in the elements of the Eucharist foreshadowed Huldrych Zwingli's similar ideas in the 16th century. Wycliffe's admirers came to be known as "<a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollards</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the first decade of the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a>—a Catholic priest, Czech reformist and professor—influenced by John Wycliffe's writings, founded the <a href="/wiki/Hussite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussite">Hussite</a> movement. He strongly advocated his reformist <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemian</a> religious denomination. He was <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunicated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burned_at_the_stake" class="mw-redirect" title="Burned at the stake">burned at the stake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Konstanz" title="Konstanz">Constance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Constance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Constance">Bishopric of Constance</a>, in 1415 by secular authorities for unrepentant and persistent heresy. After his execution, a revolt erupted. Hussites defeated five continuous crusades proclaimed against them by the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>. </p><p>Later theological disputes caused a split within the Hussite movement. <a href="/wiki/Utraquism" title="Utraquism">Utraquists</a> maintained that both the bread and the wine should be administered to the people during the Eucharist. Another major faction were the <a href="/wiki/Taborites" title="Taborites">Taborites</a>, who opposed the Utraquists in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lipany" title="Battle of Lipany">Battle of Lipany</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a>. There were two separate parties among the Hussites: moderate and radical movements. Other smaller regional Hussite branches in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> included <a href="/wiki/Adamites" title="Adamites">Adamites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orebites" title="Orebites">Orebites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirotci" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirotci">Orphans</a>, and Praguers. </p><p>The Hussite Wars concluded with the victory of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a>, his Catholic allies and moderate Hussites and the defeat of the radical Hussites. Tensions arose as the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> reached Bohemia in 1620. Both moderate and radical Hussitism was increasingly persecuted by Catholics and Holy Roman Emperor's armies. </p><p>In the 14th century, a German mysticist group called the <a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Gottesfreunde</a> criticized the Catholic church and its corruption. Many of their leaders were executed for attacking the Catholic church and they believed that God's judgement would soon come upon the church. The Gottesfreunde were a democratic lay movement and forerunner of the Reformation and put heavy stress of holiness and piety,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in 1475, an Italian Dominican friar <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a> was calling for a Christian renewal. Later on, Martin Luther himself read some of the friar's writings and praised him as a martyr and forerunner whose ideas on faith and grace anticipated Luther's own doctrine of justification by faith alone.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of Hus' followers founded the <a href="/wiki/Unitas_Fratrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitas Fratrum">Unitas Fratrum</a>—"Unity of the Brethren"—which was renewed under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Zinzendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinzendorf">Count Nicolaus von Zinzendorf</a> in <a href="/wiki/Herrnhut" title="Herrnhut">Herrnhut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, in 1722 after its almost total destruction in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Counterreformation ("Catholic Reformation")</a>. Today, it is usually referred to in English as the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> and in German as the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine</a>. </p><p>In the 15th century, three German theologians anticipated the reformation: <a href="/wiki/Wessel_Gansfort" title="Wessel Gansfort">Wessel Gansfort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ruchrat_von_Wesel" title="Johann Ruchrat von Wesel">Johann Ruchat von Wesel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_von_Goch" title="Johannes von Goch">Johannes von Goch</a>. They held ideas such as <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">sola scriptura</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Church_invisible" title="Church invisible">church invisible</a>, and denied the Roman Catholic view on justification and the authority of the Pope, also questioning <a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">monasticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wessel Gansfort also denied <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a> and anticipated the Lutheran view of justification by faith alone.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformation_proper">Reformation proper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reformation proper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HolyRomanEmpire_1618.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/HolyRomanEmpire_1618.png/240px-HolyRomanEmpire_1618.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/HolyRomanEmpire_1618.png/360px-HolyRomanEmpire_1618.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/HolyRomanEmpire_1618.png/480px-HolyRomanEmpire_1618.png 2x" data-file-width="4005" data-file-height="3964" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Protestantism and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> in Central Europe on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> in 1618</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1491_Henry_VIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/1491_Henry_VIII.jpg/200px-1491_Henry_VIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/1491_Henry_VIII.jpg/300px-1491_Henry_VIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/1491_Henry_VIII.jpg/400px-1491_Henry_VIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1213" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a>, known for his role in the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">separation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnKnox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/JohnKnox.jpg/200px-JohnKnox.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/JohnKnox.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="370" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a>, who led the <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformation in Scotland">Reformation in Scotland</a>, founding <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Protestant_Reformation" title="Category:Protestant Reformation">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png/250px-95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png/375px-95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png/500px-95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="488" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> in 1517</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Precursors</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Waldo" title="Peter Waldo">Peter Waldo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piagnoni" title="Piagnoni">Piagnoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_of_Brescia" title="Arnold of Brescia">Arnold of Brescia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottschalk_of_Orbais" title="Gottschalk of Orbais">Gottschalk of Orbais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratramnus" title="Ratramnus">Ratramnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_of_Turin" title="Claudius of Turin">Claudius of Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berengarians" title="Berengarians">Berengarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessel_Gansfort" title="Wessel Gansfort">Wessel Gansfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ruchrat_von_Wesel" title="Johann Ruchrat von Wesel">Johann Ruchrat von Wesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_von_Goch" title="Johannes von Goch">Johannes von Goch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pataria" title="Pataria">Pataria</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther#The_start_of_the_Reformation" title="Martin Luther">Beginning</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magisterial_Reformation" title="Magisterial Reformation">Magisterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radicals</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Contributing factors</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="German mysticism">German mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Reuchlin" title="Johann Reuchlin">Johann Reuchlin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Theologies of seminal figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology of Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Theology of Huldrych Zwingli">Theology of Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_John_Calvin" title="Theology of John Calvin">Theology of John Calvin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" title="Protestant Reformers">Protestant Reformers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bucer" title="Martin Bucer">Martin Bucer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Karlstadt" title="Andreas Karlstadt">Andreas Karlstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bullinger" title="Heinrich Bullinger">Heinrich Bullinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Martyr_Vermigli" title="Peter Martyr Vermigli">Peter Martyr Vermigli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Farel" title="William Farel">William Farel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hotman" title="François Hotman">François Hotman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Languet" title="Hubert Languet">Hubert Languet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Thomas Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Hubmaier" title="Balthasar Hubmaier">Balthasar Hubmaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_Reformers" title="List of Protestant Reformers"><b>Many others</b></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By location</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Geneva#Reformation" title="History of Geneva">Geneva</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Reformation in Zürich">Zürich</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands#The_Reformation" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Czech Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Reformation in the Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Romania#Reformation" title="History of Christianity in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia#Early_modern_period" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein" title="Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein">Denmark–Norway and Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Sweden" title="Reformation in Sweden">Sweden and Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Reformation" title="Icelandic Reformation">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia#The_Reformation" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia#German_period,_1185–1561" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria#Austria_in_the_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation_(1517–1564)" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Italy" title="Reformation in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformation in Poland">Poland-Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Ireland" title="Reformation in Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major political leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_II_de_Coligny" title="Gaspard II de Coligny">Gaspard II de Coligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret" title="Jeanne d'Albret">Jeanne d'Albret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bocskai" title="Stephen Bocskai">Stephen Bocskai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bethlen" title="Gabriel Bethlen">Gabriel Bethlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustav II Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_V_of_the_Palatinate" title="Frederick V of the Palatinate">Frederick V, Elector Palatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Landgrave_of_Hesse" title="Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse">Philip I of Hesse</a></li></ul> <p><b>Electors of Saxony</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick III, Elector of Saxony">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony">John Frederick I</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Counter-Reformation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation § Politics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_the_Bible#16th_century" title="Censorship of the Bible">Censorship of the Bible § 16th century</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Anti-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism</a></li></ul></div> <p><b>Holy Roman Emperors</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Political and religious conflicts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">War of the Three Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Kappel" title="Wars of Kappel">Wars of Kappel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_War" title="Schmalkaldic War">Schmalkaldic War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Art and literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Painting and sculpture</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism#Northern_Mannerism,_politics_and_religion" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art#Reformation_era" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance#Art" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_art#Renaissance_and_Baroque_art" title="Swedish art">Swedish art</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_art#16th_and_17th_centuries" title="English art">English art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_master_print#The_North_after_Dürer" title="Old master print">Woodcuts</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeldenstorm" title="Beeldenstorm">Beeldenstorm</a></li></ul></div> <p><b>Building</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture#The_Reformation_and_its_influence_on_church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Influence on church architecture</a></li></ul> <p><b>Literature</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_literature" title="Elizabethan literature">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_poets" title="Metaphysical poets">Metaphysical poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_during_the_Reformation" title="Propaganda during the Reformation">Propaganda</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature#16th_and_17th_centuries" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature#Early_modern_era" title="Scottish literature">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature#The_manuscript_tradition" title="Irish literature">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_literature#German_Renaissance_and_Reformation" title="German literature">German</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_literature#Reformation" title="Czech literature">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature#Emergence_of_vernacular_literature" title="Swiss literature">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_literature#1500-1650" title="Slovak literature">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_literature" title="Sorbian literature">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_literature#Beginnings" title="Romanian literature">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_literature#16th_and_17th_centuries" title="Danish literature">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohori%C4%8D_alphabet" title="Bohorič alphabet">Bohorič alphabet</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_literature#Reformation_era" title="Faroese literature">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_literature#"Four_Hundred_Years_of_Darkness"" title="Norwegian literature">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_literature#Reformation_literature" title="Swedish literature">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_literature#Pre-Nineteenth_century" title="Finnish literature">Finnish</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_literature#Middle_Icelandic_literature" title="Icelandic literature">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Renaissance_and_Golden_Age_literature" title="Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age literature">Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_Low_Countries#In_folk_tales" title="Folklore of the Low Countries">Folklore of the Low Countries</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism#Sixteenth_century_and_beyond" title="Renaissance humanism">16th century Renaissance humanism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16th_century_in_poetry" title="16th century in poetry">16th century in poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_century_in_literature" title="16th century in literature">16th century in literature</a></li></ul></div> <p><b>Theater</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">English Renaissance theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral#Pastoral_plays" title="Pastoral">Pastoral</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)#Early_Modern_Origins" title="History (theatrical genre)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy#Britain" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_play" title="Revenge play">Revenge</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Music</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Forms</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe#Reformation" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_of_the_British_Isles#Reformation" title="Early music of the British Isles">Music of the British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_tune#The_Reformation" title="Hymn tune">Hymn tune</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_chorale" title="Lutheran chorale">Lutheran chorale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_hymn" title="Lutheran hymn">Lutheran hymn</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music#History" title="Anglican church music">Anglican church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_psalmody" title="Exclusive psalmody">Exclusive psalmody</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_music_in_Scotland#Impact_of_the_Reformation" title="Church music in Scotland">Scottish church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_principle_of_worship" title="Normative principle of worship">Normative principle</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_chant" title="Anglican chant">Anglican chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">Homophony</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Polyphony#European_polyphony" title="Polyphony">Polyphony</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsobordone" title="Falsobordone">Falsobordone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_anthem" title="Verse anthem">Verse anthem</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Liturgies</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_worship#General_principles_and_historical_overview" title="Reformed worship">Reformed worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulative_principle_of_worship#John_Calvin's_Liturgy" title="Regulative principle of worship">Calvin's liturgy</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formula_missae" title="Formula missae">Formula missae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Messe" title="Deutsche Messe">Deutsche Messe</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_struggle" title="Liturgical struggle">Liturgical Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)#Renaissance" title="Mass (music)">Lutheran and Anglican Mass</a> in music</li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_mass" title="Cyclic mass">Cyclic mass</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Paraphrase_mass" title="Paraphrase mass">Paraphrase mass</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">Roman</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Sarum</a> Rites</li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_(musical_form)" title="Sequence (musical form)">Sequence</a> (retained by Lutherans, mostly banned by Trent)</li></ul></div> <p><b>Hymnals</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Lutheran_hymnal" title="First Lutheran hymnal">First</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Enchiridion" title="Erfurt Enchiridion">Second</a></i> Lutheran hymnals</li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyn_geystlich_Gesangk_Buchleyn" title="Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn">First Wittenberg hymnal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Swenske_songer_eller_wisor_1536" title="Swenske songer eller wisor 1536">Swenske songer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomiss%C3%B8n%27s_hymnal" title="Thomissøn's hymnal">Thomissøn's hymnal</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Order" title="Book of Common Order">Book of Common Order</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Souterliedekens" title="Souterliedekens">Souterliedekens</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genevan_Psalter" title="Genevan Psalter">Genevan Psalter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hymnbooks_of_the_Church_of_Scotland#Scottish_Psalter_(1564)" title="Hymnbooks of the Church of Scotland">Scottish Psalter</a></i></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Whole_Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole Book of Psalms">Whole Book of Psalms</a></i></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Conclusion and commemorations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Conclusion</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creed#Christian_confessions_of_faith" title="Creed">Confessionalization</a> with subsequent <a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Century_Scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:17th Century Scholasticism">Protestant orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li>Simultaneous rise of <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism#Classical_rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li></ul> <p><b>Monuments</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Wall" title="Reformation Wall">Reformation Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument" title="Luther Monument">Luther Monuments</a></li></ul></div> <p><b>Calendrical commemoration</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Day" title="Reformation Day">Reformation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)" title="Calendar of saints (Lutheran)">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars" title="List of Anglican Church calendars">Anglican</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protestantism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation" title="Template:Reformation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reformation" title="Template talk:Reformation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reformation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reformation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> began as an attempt to reform the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. </p><p>On 31 October 1517, known as <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">All Hallows' Eve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> allegedly nailed his <a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a>, also known as the Disputation on the Power of Indulgences, on the door of the <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Wittenberg" title="All Saints' Church, Wittenberg">All Saints' Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a>, Germany, detailing doctrinal and practical abuses of the Catholic Church, especially the selling of <a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">indulgences</a>. The theses debated and criticized many aspects of the Church and the papacy, including the practice of <a href="/wiki/Purgatory#Protestantism" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Particular_judgment#Reformation_concepts" title="Particular judgment">particular judgment</a>, and the authority of the pope. Luther would later write works against the Catholic devotion to <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>, the intercession of and devotion to the saints, mandatory clerical celibacy, monasticism, the authority of the pope, the ecclesiastical law, censure and <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a>, the role of secular rulers in religious matters, the relationship between Christianity and the law, good works, and the sacraments.<sup id="cite_ref-Schofield122_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schofield122-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> was a triumph of literacy and the new <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cameron_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther's translation of the Bible into German was a decisive moment in the spread of literacy, and stimulated as well the printing and distribution of religious books and pamphlets. From 1517 onward, religious pamphlets flooded much of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the Pope, the work and writings of <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various groups in Switzerland, Scotland, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. After the expulsion of its Bishop in 1526, and the unsuccessful attempts of the <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> reformer <a href="/wiki/William_Farel" title="William Farel">William Farel</a>, Calvin was asked to use the organizational skill he had gathered as a student of law to discipline the city of <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>. His <i>Ordinances of 1541</i> involved a collaboration of Church affairs with the city council and consistory to bring morality to all areas of life. After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559, Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement, providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries. The faith continued to spread after Calvin's death in 1563. </p><p>Protestantism also spread from the German lands into France, where the Protestants were nicknamed <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a> (a term of somewhat inexplicable origin). Calvin continued to take an interest in the French religious affairs from his base in Geneva. He regularly trained pastors to lead congregations there. Despite heavy persecution, the Reformed tradition made steady progress across large sections of the nation, appealing to people alienated by the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment. French Protestantism came to acquire a distinctly political character, made all the more obvious by the conversions of nobles during the 1550s. This established the preconditions for a series of conflicts, known as the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a>. The civil wars gained impetus with the sudden death of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> in 1559. Atrocity and outrage became the defining characteristics of the time, illustrated at their most intense in the <a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">St. Bartholomew's Day massacre</a> of August 1572, when the Catholic party annihilated between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. The wars only concluded when <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a>, promising official toleration of the Protestant minority, but under highly restricted conditions. Catholicism remained the official <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>, and the fortunes of French Protestants gradually declined over the next century, culminating in <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV's</a> <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau" title="Edict of Fontainebleau">Edict of Fontainebleau</a> which revoked the Edict of Nantes and made Catholicism the sole legal religion once again. In response to the Edict of Fontainebleau, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_I,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg</a> declared the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Potsdam" title="Edict of Potsdam">Edict of Potsdam</a>, giving free passage to Huguenot refugees. In the late 17th century, many Huguenots fled to England, the Netherlands, Prussia, Switzerland, and the English and Dutch overseas colonies. A significant community in France remained in the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9vennes" title="Cévennes">Cévennes</a> region. </p><p>Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in Switzerland under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli. Zwingli was a scholar and preacher, who in 1518 moved to Zurich. Although the two movements agreed on many issues of theology, some unresolved differences kept them separate. A long-standing resentment between the German states and the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Confederation">Swiss Confederation</a> led to heated debate over how much Zwingli owed his ideas to Lutheranism. The German Prince <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Hesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip of Hesse">Philip of Hesse</a> saw potential in creating an alliance between Zwingli and Luther. A meeting was held in his castle in 1529, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Colloquy_of_Marburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquy of Marburg">Colloquy of Marburg</a>, which has become infamous for its failure. The two men could not come to any agreement due to their disputation over one key doctrine. </p><p>In 1534, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">King Henry VIII</a> put an end to all papal jurisdiction in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, after the Pope failed to <a href="/wiki/Annul" class="mw-redirect" title="Annul">annul</a> his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a> (due to political considerations involving the Holy Roman Emperor);<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this opened the door to reformational ideas. Reformers in the Church of England alternated between sympathies for ancient Catholic tradition and more Reformed principles, gradually developing into a tradition considered a middle way (<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">via media</i></span></i>) between the Catholic and Protestant traditions. The English Reformation followed a particular course. The different character of the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a> came primarily from the fact that it was driven initially by the political necessities of Henry VIII. King Henry decided to remove the Church of England from the authority of Rome. In 1534, the Act of Supremacy recognized Henry as <i>the only Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England</i>. Between 1535 and 1540, under <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a>, the policy known as the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a> was put into effect. Following a brief Catholic restoration during the reign of Mary I, a loose consensus developed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan Religious Settlement</a> largely formed Anglicanism into a distinctive church tradition. The compromise was uneasy and was capable of veering between extreme Calvinism on the one hand and Catholicism on the other. It was relatively successful until the Puritan Revolution or <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> in the 17th century. </p><p>The success of the Counterreformation ("Catholic Reformation") on the Continent and the growth of a <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritan party</a> dedicated to further Protestant reform polarized the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan Age">Elizabethan Age</a>. The early Puritan movement was a movement for reform in the Church of England whose proponents desired for the Church of England to resemble more closely the Protestant churches of Europe, especially that of Geneva. The later Puritan movement, often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Dissenters" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissenters">dissenters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformists</a>, eventually led to the formation of various Reformed denominations. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scottish Reformation</a> of 1560 decisively shaped the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Reformation in Scotland culminated ecclesiastically in the establishment of a church along Reformed lines, and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France. John Knox is regarded as the leader of the Scottish Reformation. The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation_Parliament" title="Scottish Reformation Parliament">Scottish Reformation Parliament</a> of 1560 repudiated the pope's authority by the <a href="/wiki/Papal_Jurisdiction_Act_1560" title="Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560">Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560</a>, forbade the celebration of the Mass and approved a Protestant Confession of Faith. It was made possible by a revolution against French hegemony under the regime of the regent <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guise" title="Mary of Guise">Mary of Guise</a>, who had governed Scotland in the name of her absent <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">daughter</a>. </p><p>Some of the most important activists of the Protestant Reformation included <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bucer" title="Martin Bucer">Martin Bucer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_von_Carlstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Andreas von Carlstadt">Andreas von Carlstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bullinger" title="Heinrich Bullinger">Heinrich Bullinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Hubmaier" title="Balthasar Hubmaier">Balthasar Hubmaier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Farel" title="William Farel">William Farel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Thomas Müntzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Petri" title="Laurentius Petri">Laurentius Petri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olaus_Petri" title="Olaus Petri">Olaus Petri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Philipp Melanchthon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Berquin" title="Louis de Berquin">Louis de Berquin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primo%C5%BE_Trubar" title="Primož Trubar">Primož Trubar</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(Baptist_minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Smyth (Baptist minister)">John Smyth</a>. </p><p>In the course of this religious upheaval, the <a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a> of 1524–25 swept through the <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabian</a> principalities. After the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a>, the confessional division of the states of the Holy Roman Empire eventually erupted in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> between 1618 and 1648. It devastated much of <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_history_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern history of Germany">Germany</a>, killing between 25% and 40% of its population.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main tenets of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>, which ended the Thirty Years' War, were: </p> <ul><li>All parties would now recognize the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Peace of Augsburg</a> of 1555, by which each prince would have the right to determine the religion of his own state, the options being Catholicism, Lutheranism, and now Calvinism. (the principle of <i><a href="/wiki/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio" title="Cuius regio, eius religio">cuius regio, eius religio</a></i>)</li> <li>Christians living in principalities where their denomination was <i>not</i> the established church were guaranteed the right to practice their faith in public during allotted hours and in private at their will.</li> <li>The treaty also effectively ended the papacy's pan-European political power. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X" title="Pope Innocent X">Pope Innocent X</a> declared the treaty "null, void, invalid, iniquitous, unjust, damnable, reprobate, inane, empty of meaning and effect for all times" in his bull <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Zelo Domus Dei</i></span></i>. European sovereigns, Catholic and Protestant alike, ignored his verdict.<sup id="cite_ref-ODCCWestphalia_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCCWestphalia-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:692px;max-width:692px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:690px;max-width:690px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:578px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Protestant_Reformation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Protestant_Reformation.svg/688px-The_Protestant_Reformation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="688" height="579" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Protestant_Reformation.svg/1032px-The_Protestant_Reformation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Protestant_Reformation.svg/1376px-The_Protestant_Reformation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Peak of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and beginning of the Counterreformation ("Catholic Reformation") (1545–1620)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:690px;max-width:690px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:578px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Counterreformation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Counterreformation.svg/688px-The_Counterreformation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="688" height="579" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Counterreformation.svg/1032px-The_Counterreformation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Counterreformation.svg/1376px-The_Counterreformation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">End of the Reformation and Counterreformation ("Catholic Reformation") (1648)</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Religious situation in Europe, late 16th and early to mid-17th century</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Reformation">Post-Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Post-Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakening</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1839-meth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1839-meth.jpg/220px-1839-meth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1839-meth.jpg/330px-1839-meth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1839-meth.jpg/440px-1839-meth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>An 1839 <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> camp meeting during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> in the U.S.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Great Awakenings were periods of rapid and dramatic religious revival in Anglo-American religious history. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a> was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept through Protestant Europe and <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">American colonies</a> in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">American Protestantism</a>. It resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of deep personal revelation of their need of salvation by Jesus Christ. Pulling away from ritual, ceremony, sacramentalism and hierarchy, it made Christianity intensely personal to the average person by fostering a deep sense of spiritual conviction and redemption, and by encouraging introspection and a commitment to a new standard of personal morality.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> began around 1790. It gained momentum by 1800. After 1820, membership rose rapidly among <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> congregations, whose preachers led the movement. It was past its peak by the late 1840s. It has been described as a reaction against skepticism, <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a>, although why those forces became pressing enough at the time to spark revivals is not fully understood.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It enrolled millions of new members in existing <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">evangelical</a> denominations and led to the formation of new denominations. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a> refers to a hypothetical historical period that was marked by religious activism in <a href="/wiki/American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="American history">American history</a> and spans the late 1850s to the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It affected <a href="/wiki/Pietistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietistic">pietistic</a> Protestant denominations and had a strong element of social activism.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It gathered strength from the <a href="/wiki/Postmillennial" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmillennial">postmillennial</a> belief that the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> of Christ would occur after mankind had reformed the entire earth. It was affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a> Movement, which applied Christianity to social issues and gained its force from the Awakening, as did the worldwide missionary movement. New groupings emerged, such as the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Nazarene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a> movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Fogel_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fogel-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a> was a Christian religious awakening that some scholars—most notably, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert Fogel</a>—say took place in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s, while others look at the era following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The terminology is controversial. Thus, the idea of a Fourth Great Awakening itself has not been generally accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1814, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veil" title="Réveil">Le Réveil</a> swept through Calvinist regions in Switzerland and France. </p><p>In 1904, a <a href="/wiki/1904%E2%80%931905_Welsh_revival" title="1904–1905 Welsh revival">Protestant revival in Wales</a> had a tremendous impact on the local population. A part of British modernization, it drew many people to churches, especially Methodist and Baptist ones.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A noteworthy development in 20th-century Protestant Christianity was the rise of the modern <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal movement</a>. Sprung from Methodist and <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">Wesleyan</a> roots, it arose out of meetings at an urban mission on <a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Azusa Street">Azusa Street</a> in Los Angeles. From there it spread around the world, carried by those who experienced what they believed to be miraculous moves of God there. These Pentecost-like manifestations have steadily been in evidence throughout history, such as seen in the two Great Awakenings. Pentecostalism, which in turn birthed the <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic movement</a> within already established denominations, continues to be an important force in <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>. </p><p>In the United States and elsewhere in the world, there has been a marked rise in the <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical wing</a> of Protestant denominations, especially those that are more exclusively evangelical, and a corresponding decline in the <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">mainstream liberal churches</a>. In the post–<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> era, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Liberal Christianity</a> was on the rise, and a considerable number of seminaries held and taught from a liberal perspective as well. In the post–<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> era, the trend began to swing back towards the conservative camp in America's seminaries and church structures. </p><p>In Europe, there has been a general move away from religious observance and belief in Christian teachings and a move towards <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> is largely responsible for the spread of secularism. Some scholars debate the link between Protestantism and the rise of secularism, and take as argument the wide-ranging freedom in Protestant-majority countries.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the sole example of France demonstrates that even in Catholic-majority countries, the overwhelming impact of the Enlightenment has brought even stronger secularism and freedom of thought five centuries later. It is more reliable to consider that the Reformation influenced the critical thinkers of the subsequent centuries, providing intellectual, religious, and philosophical ground on which future philosophers could extend their criticism of the church, of its theological, philosophical, social assumptions of the time. One should be reminded though that initial philosophers of the Enlightenment were defending a Christian conception of the world, but it was developed together with a fierce and decisive criticism of the Church, its politics, its ethics, its worldview, its scientific and cultural assumptions, leading to the devaluation of all forms of institutionalized Christianity, which extended over the centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radical_Reformation">Radical Reformation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Radical Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%A4uferdisputation_1525.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/T%C3%A4uferdisputation_1525.jpg/240px-T%C3%A4uferdisputation_1525.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/T%C3%A4uferdisputation_1525.jpg/360px-T%C3%A4uferdisputation_1525.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/T%C3%A4uferdisputation_1525.jpg/480px-T%C3%A4uferdisputation_1525.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Dissatisfaction with the outcome of a disputation in 1525 prompted <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a> to part ways with <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike mainstream <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> and Zwinglian movements, the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a>, which had no state sponsorship, generally abandoned the idea of the "Church visible" as distinct from the "Church invisible". It was a rational extension of the state-approved Protestant dissent, which took the value of independence from constituted authority a step further, arguing the same for the civic realm. The Radical Reformation was non-mainstream, though in parts of Germany, Switzerland and Austria, a majority would sympathize with the Radical Reformation despite the intense persecution it faced from both Catholics and Magisterial Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-horsch_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horsch-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early <a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a> believed that their reformation must purify not only theology but also the actual lives of Christians, especially their political and social relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the church should not be supported by the state, neither by tithes and taxes, nor by the use of the sword; <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> was a matter of individual conviction, which could not be forced on anyone, but rather required a personal decision for it.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protestant ecclesial leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Hubmaier" title="Balthasar Hubmaier">Hubmaier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melchior_Hoffman" title="Melchior Hoffman">Hofmann</a> preached the invalidity of infant baptism, advocating baptism as following conversion (<a href="/wiki/Believers_baptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Believers baptism">"believer's baptism"</a>) instead. This was not a doctrine new to the reformers, but was taught by earlier groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Albigenses</a> in 1147. Though most of the Radical Reformers were Anabaptist, some did not identify themselves with the mainstream Anabaptist tradition. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Thomas Müntzer</a> was involved in the <a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Karlstadt" title="Andreas Karlstadt">Andreas Karlstadt</a> disagreed theologically with Huldrych Zwingli and Martin Luther, teaching nonviolence and refusing to baptize infants while not rebaptizing adult believers.<sup id="cite_ref-GAMEO-Karlstadt_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAMEO-Karlstadt-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kaspar_Schwenkfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaspar Schwenkfeld">Kaspar Schwenkfeld</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Franck" title="Sebastian Franck">Sebastian Franck</a> were influenced by <a href="/wiki/German_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="German mysticism">German mysticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">spiritualism</a>. </p><p>In the view of many associated with the Radical Reformation, the <a href="/wiki/Magisterial_Reformation" title="Magisterial Reformation">Magisterial Reformation</a> had not gone far enough. Radical Reformer, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Karlstadt" title="Andreas Karlstadt">Andreas von Bodenstein Karlstadt</a>, for example, referred to the Lutheran theologians at <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a> as the "new papists".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the term "magister" also means "teacher", the Magisterial Reformation is also characterized by an emphasis on the authority of a teacher. This is made evident in the prominence of Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli as leaders of the reform movements in their respective areas of ministry. Because of their authority, they were often criticized by Radical Reformers as being too much like the Roman Popes. A more political side of the Radical Reformation can be seen in the thought and practice of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hut" title="Hans Hut">Hans Hut</a>, although typically Anabaptism has been associated with pacifism. </p><p>Anabaptism in shape of its various diversification such as the <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a> came out of the Radical Reformation. Later in history, <a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau Brethren</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Christian_Church" title="Apostolic Christian Church">Apostolic Christian Church</a> would emerge in Anabaptist circles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denominations">Denominations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Denominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations#Protestant" title="List of Christian denominations">List of Christian denominations § Protestant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_Protestant_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the largest Protestant churches">List of the largest Protestant churches</a></div> <p>Protestants refer to specific groupings of congregations or churches that share in common foundational doctrines and the name of their groups as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_Denominations#Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christian Denominations">denominations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term denomination (national body) is to be distinguished from branch (denominational family; tradition), communion (international body) and congregation (church). An example (this is no universal way to classify Protestant churches, as these may sometimes vary broadly in their structures) to show the difference: </p> <dl><dd>Branch/denominational family/tradition: <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> <dl><dd>Communion/international body: <a href="/wiki/World_Methodist_Council" title="World Methodist Council">World Methodist Council</a> <dl><dd>Denomination/national body: <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a> <dl><dd>Congregation/church: <a href="/wiki/First_United_Methodist_Church_(Paintsville,_Kentucky)" title="First United Methodist Church (Paintsville, Kentucky)">First United Methodist Church (Paintsville, Kentucky)</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Protestants reject the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>'s doctrine that it is the <a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">one true church</a>, with some teaching belief in the <i>invisible church</i>, which consists of all who profess faith in Jesus Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran Church</a> traditionally sees itself as the "main trunk of the historical Christian Tree" founded by Christ and the Apostles, holding that during the Reformation, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Church of Rome</a> fell away.<sup id="cite_ref-Remensnyder1893_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remensnyder1893-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frey1918_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frey1918-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual denominations also have formed over very subtle theological differences. Other denominations are simply regional or ethnic expressions of the same beliefs. Because the five solas are the main tenets of the Protestant faith, <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">non-denominational</a> groups and organizations are also considered Protestant. </p><p>Various <a href="/wiki/Christian_ecumenism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian ecumenism">ecumenical movements</a> have attempted cooperation or reorganization of the various divided Protestant denominations, according to various models of union, but divisions continue to outpace unions, as there is no overarching authority to which any of the churches owe allegiance, which can authoritatively define the faith. Most denominations share common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith while differing in many secondary doctrines, although what is major and what is secondary is a matter of idiosyncratic belief. </p><p>Several countries have <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">established</a> their <a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">national churches</a>, linking the ecclesiastical structure with the state. Jurisdictions where a Protestant denomination has been established as a state religion include several <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>; Denmark (including Greenland),<sup id="cite_ref-DenmarkConstitution_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DenmarkConstitution-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Faroe Islands">the Faroe Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Church of the Faroe Islands">its church</a> being independent since 2007),<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iceland<sup id="cite_ref-IcelandConstitution_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IcelandConstitution-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Norway<sup id="cite_ref-abcnyheter_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcnyheter-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have established <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Evangelical Lutheran</a> churches. <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> has <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Tuvalu" title="Church of Tuvalu">the only established church in Reformed tradition</a> in the world, while <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>—<a href="/wiki/Free_Wesleyan_Church_of_Tonga" title="Free Wesleyan Church of Tonga">in the Methodist tradition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> is the officially established religious institution in England,<sup id="cite_ref-Eberle_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eberle-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fox_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ferrante_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrante-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also the <a href="/wiki/Mother_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother Church">Mother Church</a> of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>. </p><p>In 1869, Finland was the first Nordic country to <a href="/wiki/Disestablishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Disestablishment">disestablish</a> <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Finland" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland">its Evangelical Lutheran church</a> by introducing the Church Act.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the church still maintains a special relationship with the state, it is not described as a <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland" title="Constitution of Finland">Finnish Constitution</a> or other laws passed by the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Parliament">Finnish Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FinlandConstitution_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FinlandConstitution-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, Sweden was the second Nordic country to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_and_uniting_churches">United and uniting churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United and uniting churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United and uniting churches</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Continuing_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuing churches">Continuing churches</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_luthercalvin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Union_luthercalvin.jpg/240px-Union_luthercalvin.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Union_luthercalvin.jpg/360px-Union_luthercalvin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Union_luthercalvin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>Glass window in the town church of <a href="/wiki/Wiesloch" title="Wiesloch">Wiesloch</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> commemorating the 1821 union of <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a> churches in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Grand Duchy of Baden</a></figcaption></figure> <p>United and uniting churches are churches formed from the merger or other form of union of two or more different Protestant denominations. </p><p>Historically, unions of Protestant churches were enforced by the state, usually in order to have a stricter control over the religious sphere of its people, but also for other organizational reasons. As modern <a href="/wiki/Christian_ecumenism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian ecumenism">Christian ecumenism</a> progresses, unions between various Protestant traditions are becoming more and more common, resulting in a growing number of united and uniting churches. Some of the recent major examples are the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_North_India" title="Church of North India">Church of North India</a> (1970), <a href="/wiki/United_Protestant_Church_of_France" title="United Protestant Church of France">United Protestant Church of France</a> (2013), and the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Protestant Church in the Netherlands">Protestant Church in the Netherlands</a> (2004). As mainline Protestantism shrinks in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> due to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> or in areas where Christianity is a minority religion as with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed church">Reformed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> denominations merge, often creating large nationwide denominations. The phenomenon is much less common among <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">evangelical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">nondenominational</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charismatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic">charismatic</a> churches as new ones arise and plenty of them remain independent of each other.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>What is perhaps the oldest official united church is found in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a> is a federation of <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a>, United (<a href="/wiki/Prussian_Union_of_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Union of churches">Prussian Union</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Reformed_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed churches">Reformed churches</a>, a union dating back to 1817. The first of the series of unions was at a synod in <a href="/wiki/Idstein" title="Idstein">Idstein</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Hesse_and_Nassau" title="Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau">Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau</a> in August 1817, commemorated in naming the church of Idstein <a href="/wiki/Unionskirche,_Idstein" title="Unionskirche, Idstein">Unionskirche</a> one hundred years later.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the world, each united or uniting church comprises a different mix of predecessor Protestant denominations. Trends are visible, however, as most united and uniting churches have one or more predecessors with heritage in the <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed tradition</a> and many are members of the <a href="/wiki/World_Alliance_of_Reformed_Churches" title="World Alliance of Reformed Churches">World Alliance of Reformed Churches</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_branches">Major branches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Major branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Protestants can be differentiated according to how they have been influenced by important movements since the Reformation, today regarded as branches. Some of these movements have a common lineage, sometimes directly spawning individual denominations. Due to the earlier stated multitude of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">denominations</a>, this section discusses only the largest denominational families, or branches, widely considered to be a part of Protestantism. These are, in alphabetical order: <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist (Reformed)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hussite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussite">Hussite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a>. A small but historically significant <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> branch is also discussed. </p><p>The chart below shows the mutual relations and historical origins of the main Protestant denominational families, or their parts. Due to factors such as <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Counterreformation ("Catholic Reformation")</a> and the legal principle of <i><a href="/wiki/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio" title="Cuius regio, eius religio">Cuius regio, eius religio</a></i>, many people lived as <a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a>, where their professed religious affiliations were more or less at odds with the movement they sympathized with. As a result, the boundaries between the denominations do not separate as cleanly as this chart indicates. When a population was suppressed or persecuted into feigning an adherence to the dominant faith, over the generations they continued to influence the church they outwardly adhered to. </p><p>Because Calvinism was not specifically recognized in the Holy Roman Empire until the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, many Calvinists lived as <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Calvinists" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Calvinists">Crypto-Calvinists</a>. Due to Counterreformation ("Catholic Reformation") related suppressions in Catholic lands during the 16th through 19th centuries, many Protestants lived as <a href="/wiki/Crypto-protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-protestantism">Crypto-Protestants</a>. Meanwhile, in Protestant areas, Catholics sometimes lived as <a href="/wiki/Crypto-papist" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-papist">crypto-papists</a>, although in continental Europe emigration was more feasible so this was less common. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protestant_branches.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Protestant_branches.svg/650px-Protestant_branches.svg.png" decoding="async" width="650" height="416" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Protestant_branches.svg/975px-Protestant_branches.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Protestant_branches.svg/1300px-Protestant_branches.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Historical chart of the main branches of Protestantism</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adventism">Adventism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Adventism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></div> <p>Adventism began in the 19th century in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> revival in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The name refers to belief in the imminent <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Coming of Christ">Second Coming (or "Second Advent") of Jesus Christ</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(preacher)" title="William Miller (preacher)">William Miller</a> started the Adventist movement in the 1830s. His followers became known as <a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergman_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergman-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Adventist churches hold much in common, their <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">theologies</a> differ on whether the <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_state_(Christianity)" title="Intermediate state (Christianity)">intermediate state</a> is <a href="/wiki/Soul_sleep" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul sleep">unconscious sleep</a> or consciousness, whether the ultimate punishment of the wicked is <a href="/wiki/Annihilationism" title="Annihilationism">annihilation</a> or eternal torment, the nature of immortality, whether or not the wicked are resurrected after the millennium, and whether the sanctuary of Daniel 8<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to the one in <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_sanctuary" title="Heavenly sanctuary">heaven</a> or one on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement has encouraged the examination of the whole <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, leading Seventh-day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups to observe the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Seventh-day_Adventism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbath in Seventh-day Adventism">Sabbath</a>. The <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists">General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists</a> has compiled that church's core beliefs in <a href="/wiki/The_28_Fundamental_Beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="The 28 Fundamental Beliefs">the 28 Fundamental Beliefs</a> (1980 and 2005), which use Biblical references as justification. </p><p>In 2010, Adventism claimed some 22 million believers scattered in various independent churches.<sup id="cite_ref-pewforum1_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewforum1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest church within the movement—the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>—has more than 18 million members. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_and_Ellen_White.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James Springer White and his wife, Ellen G. White founded the Seventh-day Adventist Church."><img alt="James Springer White and his wife, Ellen G. White founded the Seventh-day Adventist Church." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/James_and_Ellen_White.jpg/74px-James_and_Ellen_White.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/James_and_Ellen_White.jpg/111px-James_and_Ellen_White.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/James_and_Ellen_White.jpg/149px-James_and_Ellen_White.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/James_Springer_White" class="mw-redirect" title="James Springer White">James Springer White</a> and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mozambique_baptism1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="An Adventist pastor baptizes a young man in Mozambique"><img alt="An Adventist pastor baptizes a young man in Mozambique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mozambique_baptism1.JPG/120px-Mozambique_baptism1.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mozambique_baptism1.JPG/180px-Mozambique_baptism1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mozambique_baptism1.JPG/240px-Mozambique_baptism1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a> pastor baptizes a young man in <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Loma_Linda_University_Church_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Loma Linda University, a Seventh-day Adventist Church in Loma Linda, California, United States"><img alt="Loma Linda University, a Seventh-day Adventist Church in Loma Linda, California, United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Loma_Linda_University_Church_01.jpg/120px-Loma_Linda_University_Church_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Loma_Linda_University_Church_01.jpg/180px-Loma_Linda_University_Church_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Loma_Linda_University_Church_01.jpg/240px-Loma_Linda_University_Church_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Loma_Linda_University" title="Loma Linda University">Loma Linda University</a>, a Seventh-day Adventist Church in <a href="/wiki/Loma_Linda,_California" title="Loma Linda, California">Loma Linda, California, United States</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Anabaptism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></div> <p>Anabaptism traces its origins to the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a>. Anabaptists believe in delaying <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> until the candidate confesses his or her faith. Although some consider this movement to be an offshoot of Protestantism, others see it as a distinct one.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a> are direct descendants of the movement. <a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau Brethren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruderhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruderhof">Bruderhof</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Christian_Church" title="Apostolic Christian Church">Apostolic Christian Church</a> are considered later developments among the Anabaptists. </p><p>The name <i>Anabaptist</i>, meaning "one who baptizes again", was given to them by their persecutors in reference to the practice of re-baptizing converts who already had been baptized as infants.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anabaptists required that baptismal candidates be able to make their own confessions of faith and so rejected <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">baptism of infants</a>. The early members of this movement did not accept the name <i>Anabaptist</i>, claiming that since infant baptism was unscriptural and null and void, the baptizing of believers was not a re-baptism but in fact their first real baptism. As a result of their views on the nature of baptism and other issues, Anabaptists were heavily persecuted during the 16th century and into the 17th by both <a href="/wiki/Magisterial_Reformation" title="Magisterial Reformation">Magisterial Protestants</a> and Catholics. While most Anabaptists adhered to a <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount#Analysis_and_interpretation" title="Sermon on the Mount">literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount</a>, which precluded taking oaths, participating in military actions, and participating in civil government, some who practiced re-baptism felt otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were thus technically Anabaptists, even though conservative <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a> and some historians tend to consider them as outside of true Anabaptism. Anabaptist reformers of the Radical Reformation are divided into Radical and the so-called Second Front. Some important Radical Reformation theologians were <a href="/wiki/John_of_Leiden" title="John of Leiden">John of Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Thomas Müntzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaspar_Schwenkfeld_von_Ossig" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaspar Schwenkfeld von Ossig">Kaspar Schwenkfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Franck" title="Sebastian Franck">Sebastian Franck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a>. Second Front Reformers included <a href="/wiki/Hans_Denck" title="Hans Denck">Hans Denck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Conrad Grebel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Hubmaier" title="Balthasar Hubmaier">Balthasar Hubmaier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Manz" title="Felix Manz">Felix Manz</a>. Many Anabaptists today still use the <i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i>, which is the oldest hymnal still in continuous use. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dirk Willems saves his pursuer. This act of mercy led to his recapture, after which he was burned at the stake."><img alt="Dirk Willems saves his pursuer. This act of mercy led to his recapture, after which he was burned at the stake." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg/120px-Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg/180px-Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg/240px-Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6594" data-file-height="5283" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Willems" title="Dirk Willems">Dirk Willems</a> saves his pursuer. This act of mercy led to his recapture, after which he was burned at the stake.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Amish family in a horse-drawn square buggy in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States"><img alt="An Amish family in a horse-drawn square buggy in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg/120px-Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg/180px-Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg/240px-Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> family in a horse-drawn square buggy in <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster County, Pennsylvania">Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexanderwohl-church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexanderwohl Mennonite Church in rural Goessel, Kansas, United States."><img alt="Alexanderwohl Mennonite Church in rural Goessel, Kansas, United States." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Alexanderwohl-church.jpg/120px-Alexanderwohl-church.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Alexanderwohl-church.jpg/180px-Alexanderwohl-church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Alexanderwohl-church.jpg/240px-Alexanderwohl-church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2181" data-file-height="1675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alexanderwohl_Mennonite_Church" title="Alexanderwohl Mennonite Church">Alexanderwohl Mennonite Church</a> in rural <a href="/wiki/Goessel,_Kansas" title="Goessel, Kansas">Goessel, Kansas, United States</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Anglicanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> consists of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and churches which are historically tied to it or hold similar beliefs, worship practices and church structures.<sup id="cite_ref-cofe_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cofe-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>Anglican</i> originates in <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ecclesia anglicana</i></span></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">medieval Latin</a> phrase dating to at least 1246 that means the <i>English Church</i>. There is no single "Anglican Church" with universal juridical authority, since each national or regional church has full <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>. As the name suggests, the communion is an association of churches in <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">archbishop of Canterbury</a>. The great majority of Anglicans are members of churches which are part of the international <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-acomm_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acomm-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has 85 million adherents.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> declared its independence from the Catholic Church at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan Religious Settlement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CTS_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTS-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the new Anglican formularies of the mid-16th century corresponded closely to those of contemporary Reformed tradition. These reforms were understood by one of those most responsible for them, the then archbishop of Canterbury, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a>, as navigating a middle way between two of the emerging Protestant traditions, namely Lutheranism and Calvinism.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the century, the retention in Anglicanism of many traditional liturgical forms and of the episcopate was already seen as unacceptable by those promoting the most developed Protestant principles. </p><p>Unique to Anglicanism is the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i>, the collection of services that worshippers in most Anglican churches used for centuries. While it has since undergone many revisions and Anglican churches in different countries have developed other service books, the Book of Common Prayer is still acknowledged as one of the ties that bind the Anglican Communion together. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas Cranmer, one of the most influential figures in shaping Anglican theology and self-identity."><img alt="Thomas Cranmer, one of the most influential figures in shaping Anglican theology and self-identity." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg/92px-Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg/138px-Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg/184px-Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3129" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a>, one of the most influential figures in shaping Anglican theology and self-identity.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_of_Common_Prayer_1760.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The various editions of the Book of Common Prayer contain the words of structured services of worship in the Anglican Church."><img alt="The various editions of the Book of Common Prayer contain the words of structured services of worship in the Anglican Church." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Book_of_Common_Prayer_1760.jpg/70px-Book_of_Common_Prayer_1760.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Book_of_Common_Prayer_1760.jpg/105px-Book_of_Common_Prayer_1760.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Book_of_Common_Prayer_1760.jpg/140px-Book_of_Common_Prayer_1760.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1817" data-file-height="3116" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The various editions of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i> contain the words of structured services of worship in the Anglican Church.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_abbey_west.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="British coronations are held in Westminster Abbey, a royal peculiar under the direct jurisdiction of the monarch."><img alt="British coronations are held in Westminster Abbey, a royal peculiar under the direct jurisdiction of the monarch." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Westminster_abbey_west.jpg/90px-Westminster_abbey_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Westminster_abbey_west.jpg/135px-Westminster_abbey_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Westminster_abbey_west.jpg/180px-Westminster_abbey_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">British coronations</a> are held in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Royal_peculiar" title="Royal peculiar">royal peculiar</a> under the direct jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Monarch_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarch of the United Kingdom">monarch</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baptists">Baptists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Baptists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers (<a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">believer's baptism</a>, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infant baptism</a>), and that it must be done by complete <a href="/wiki/Immersion_baptism" title="Immersion baptism">immersion</a> (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Affusion" title="Affusion">affusion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aspersion" title="Aspersion">sprinkling</a>). Other <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">tenets</a> of Baptist churches include <a href="/wiki/Soul_competency" title="Soul competency">soul competency</a> (liberty), <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> through <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">faith alone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Scripture alone</a> as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">congregation</a>. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, <a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">pastors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a>. Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Baptist_Origins_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baptist_Origins-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diverse from their beginning, those identifying as Baptists today differ widely from one another in what they believe, how they worship, their attitudes toward other Christians, and their understanding of what is important in Christian discipleship.<sup id="cite_ref-Shurden_turning_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shurden_turning-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians trace the earliest church labeled <i>Baptist</i> back to 1609 in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, with <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">English Separatist</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(Baptist_minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Smyth (Baptist minister)">John Smyth</a> as its pastor.<sup id="cite_ref-Gourley_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gourley-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with his reading of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults.<sup id="cite_ref-ODCC_self_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC_self-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christ's atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to <a href="/wiki/Election_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Election (Christianity)">the elect</a>. In 1638, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams_(theologian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Williams (theologian)">Roger Williams</a> established the <a href="/wiki/First_Baptist_church_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="First Baptist church in America">first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies</a>. In the mid-18th century, the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a> increased Baptist growth in both New England and the South.<sup id="cite_ref-EBOself_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBOself-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> in the South in the early 19th century increased church membership, as did the preachers' lessening of support for <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a> of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, which had been part of the 18th-century teachings. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent.<sup id="cite_ref-ODCC_self_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC_self-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Baptist_World_Alliance" title="Baptist World Alliance">Baptist World Alliance</a> reports more than 41 million members in more than 150,000 congregations.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, there were over 100 million Baptists and Baptistic group members worldwide and over 33 million in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-ODCC_self_121-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC_self-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest Baptist association is the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a>, with the membership of associated churches totaling more than 14 million.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_Williams_statue_by_Franklin_Simmons.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roger Williams was an early proponent of religious freedom and the separation of church and state."><img alt="Roger Williams was an early proponent of religious freedom and the separation of church and state." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Roger_Williams_statue_by_Franklin_Simmons.jpg/59px-Roger_Williams_statue_by_Franklin_Simmons.jpg" decoding="async" width="59" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Roger_Williams_statue_by_Franklin_Simmons.jpg/88px-Roger_Williams_statue_by_Franklin_Simmons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Roger_Williams_statue_by_Franklin_Simmons.jpg/118px-Roger_Williams_statue_by_Franklin_Simmons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="2444" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a> was an early proponent of <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">religious freedom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baptism_by_immersion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baptists subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers."><img alt="Baptists subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Baptism_by_immersion.jpg/109px-Baptism_by_immersion.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Baptism_by_immersion.jpg/163px-Baptism_by_immersion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Baptism_by_immersion.jpg/218px-Baptism_by_immersion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="322" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baptists subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed <a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">only for professing believers</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Baptist_Church_in_America_from_Angell_St_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The First Baptist Church in America. Baptists are roughly one-third of U.S. Protestants.[111]"><img alt="The First Baptist Church in America. Baptists are roughly one-third of U.S. Protestants.[111]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/First_Baptist_Church_in_America_from_Angell_St_2.jpg/71px-First_Baptist_Church_in_America_from_Angell_St_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/First_Baptist_Church_in_America_from_Angell_St_2.jpg/107px-First_Baptist_Church_in_America_from_Angell_St_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/First_Baptist_Church_in_America_from_Angell_St_2.jpg/142px-First_Baptist_Church_in_America_from_Angell_St_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2773" data-file-height="4671" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/First_Baptist_Church_in_America" title="First Baptist Church in America">First Baptist Church in America</a>. Baptists are roughly one-third of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">U.S. Protestants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calvinism">Calvinism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Calvinism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed Christianity</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>, also called the Reformed tradition, was advanced by several theologians such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bucer" title="Martin Bucer">Martin Bucer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bullinger" title="Heinrich Bullinger">Heinrich Bullinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Martyr_Vermigli" title="Peter Martyr Vermigli">Peter Martyr Vermigli</a>, and Huldrych Zwingli, but this branch of Christianity bears the name of the French reformer John Calvin because of his prominent influence on it and because of his role in the confessional and ecclesiastical debates throughout the 16th century. </p><p>This term also currently refers to the doctrines and practices of the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed churches">Reformed churches</a> of which Calvin was an early leader. Less commonly, it can refer to the individual teaching of Calvin himself. The particulars of Calvinist theology may be stated in a number of ways. Perhaps the best known summary is contained in the <a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">five points of Calvinism</a>, though these points identify the Calvinist view on <a href="/wiki/Christian_soteriology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian soteriology">soteriology</a> rather than summarizing the system as a whole. Broadly speaking, Calvinism stresses the sovereignty or rule of God in all things—in salvation but also in all of life. This concept is seen clearly in the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Predestination_(Calvinism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Predestination (Calvinism)">predestination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">total depravity</a>. </p><p>The biggest Reformed association is the <a href="/wiki/World_Communion_of_Reformed_Churches" title="World Communion of Reformed Churches">World Communion of Reformed Churches</a> with more than 80 million members in 211 member denominations around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are more conservative Reformed federations like the <a href="/wiki/World_Reformed_Fellowship" title="World Reformed Fellowship">World Reformed Fellowship</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Reformed_Churches" title="International Conference of Reformed Churches">International Conference of Reformed Churches</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Reformed_denominations" title="List of Reformed denominations">independent churches</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Calvin_-_Young.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Calvin's theological thought influenced a variety of Congregational, Continental Reformed, United, Presbyterian, and other Reformed churches."><img alt="John Calvin's theological thought influenced a variety of Congregational, Continental Reformed, United, Presbyterian, and other Reformed churches." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/John_Calvin_-_Young.jpg/98px-John_Calvin_-_Young.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/John_Calvin_-_Young.jpg/146px-John_Calvin_-_Young.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/John_Calvin_-_Young.jpg/195px-John_Calvin_-_Young.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1174" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>'s theological thought influenced a variety of <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Reformed church">Continental Reformed</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a>, and other Reformed churches.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorimer,_Ordination.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Ordination of Elders in a Scottish Kirk by John Henry Lorimer, 1891."><img alt="The Ordination of Elders in a Scottish Kirk by John Henry Lorimer, 1891." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lorimer%2C_Ordination.jpg/120px-Lorimer%2C_Ordination.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lorimer%2C_Ordination.jpg/180px-Lorimer%2C_Ordination.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lorimer%2C_Ordination.jpg/240px-Lorimer%2C_Ordination.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Ordination of Elders in a Scottish Kirk</i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Lorimer" title="John Henry Lorimer">John Henry Lorimer</a>, 1891.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Congregational_Church,_Cheshire_CT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Congregational church in Cheshire, Connecticut, United States"><img alt="A Congregational church in Cheshire, Connecticut, United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/First_Congregational_Church%2C_Cheshire_CT.jpg/120px-First_Congregational_Church%2C_Cheshire_CT.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/First_Congregational_Church%2C_Cheshire_CT.jpg/180px-First_Congregational_Church%2C_Cheshire_CT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/First_Congregational_Church%2C_Cheshire_CT.jpg/240px-First_Congregational_Church%2C_Cheshire_CT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Congregational church in <a href="/wiki/Cheshire,_Connecticut" title="Cheshire, Connecticut">Cheshire, Connecticut, United States</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hussites">Hussites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Hussites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hussitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussitism">Hussitism</a> follows the teachings of Czech reformer Jan Hus, who became the best-known representative of the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a> and one of the forerunners of the Protestant Reformation. An early hymnal was the hand-written <i><a href="/wiki/Jistebnice_hymn_book" title="Jistebnice hymn book">Jistebnice hymn book</a></i>. This predominantly religious movement was propelled by social issues and strengthened <a href="/wiki/Czech_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech people">Czech</a> national awareness. Among present-day Christians, Hussite traditions are represented in the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unity_of_the_Brethren_(Texas)" title="Unity of the Brethren (Texas)">Unity of the Brethren</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Hussite_Church" title="Czechoslovak Hussite Church">Czechoslovak Hussite Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nĕmec_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nĕmec-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedensthal_Moravian.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Friedensthal Moravian Church Christiansted, St Croix, USVI founded in 1755."><img alt="Friedensthal Moravian Church Christiansted, St Croix, USVI founded in 1755." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/Friedensthal_Moravian.jpg/120px-Friedensthal_Moravian.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/Friedensthal_Moravian.jpg/180px-Friedensthal_Moravian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/Friedensthal_Moravian.jpg/240px-Friedensthal_Moravian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Friedensthal Moravian Church <a href="/wiki/Christiansted,_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Christiansted, United States Virgin Islands">Christiansted, St Croix, USVI</a> founded in 1755.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lovefeast_at_Bethania_Moravian_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Moravian diener serves bread to fellow members of her congregation during the celebration of a lovefest (2015)."><img alt="A Moravian diener serves bread to fellow members of her congregation during the celebration of a lovefest (2015)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Lovefeast_at_Bethania_Moravian_Church.jpg/120px-Lovefeast_at_Bethania_Moravian_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Lovefeast_at_Bethania_Moravian_Church.jpg/180px-Lovefeast_at_Bethania_Moravian_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Lovefeast_at_Bethania_Moravian_Church.jpg/240px-Lovefeast_at_Bethania_Moravian_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Moravian diener serves bread to fellow members of her congregation during the celebration of a <a href="/wiki/Lovefest" title="Lovefest">lovefest</a> (2015).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Lutheranism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> identifies with the <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">theology of Martin Luther</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> monk and priest, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiastical</a> reformer, and theologian. </p><p>Lutheranism advocates a doctrine of justification "by <a href="/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">grace alone</a> through <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">faith alone</a> on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Scripture alone</a>", the doctrine that scripture is the final authority on all matters of faith, rejecting the assertion made by Catholic leaders at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> that authority comes from both Scriptures and <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Lutherans accept the teachings of the first four <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical councils">ecumenical councils</a> of the undivided Christian Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson1999_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson1999-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kelly2009_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly2009-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the Reformed tradition, Lutherans retain many of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">liturgical</a> practices and <a href="/wiki/Sacraments#Lutheran_teaching" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">sacramental</a> teachings of the pre-Reformation Church with an emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a>, or Lord's Supper. Lutheran theology differs from Reformed theology in <a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Lutheran_Christology" title="Scholastic Lutheran Christology">Christology</a>, the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel#Lutheran_and_Reformed_differences" title="Law and Gospel">God's Law</a>, divine <a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace#Lutheran" title="Irresistible grace">grace</a>, the concept of <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints#Lutheran_view" title="Perseverance of the saints">perseverance of the saints</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Predestination#Lutheranism" title="Predestination">predestination</a>. </p><p>Today, Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism. With approximately 80 million adherents,<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it constitutes the third most common Protestant confession after historically <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> denominations and <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pewforum1_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewforum1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation" title="Lutheran World Federation">Lutheran World Federation</a>, the largest global communion of Lutheran churches represents over 72 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both of these figures miscount Lutherans worldwide as many members of more generically Protestant LWF member church bodies do not self-identify as Lutheran or attend congregations that self-identify as Lutheran.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, there are other international organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Global_Confessional_and_Missional_Lutheran_Forum" title="Global Confessional and Missional Lutheran Forum">Global Confessional and Missional Lutheran Forum</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Lutheran_Council" title="International Lutheran Council">International Lutheran Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Confessional_Evangelical_Lutheran_Conference" title="Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference">Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Lutheran_denominations" title="List of Lutheran denominations">Lutheran denominations</a> that are not necessarily a member of an international organization. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LutherRose.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Luther's rose seal, a symbol of Lutheranism"><img alt="Luther's rose seal, a symbol of Lutheranism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/LutherRose.jpg/120px-LutherRose.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/LutherRose.jpg/180px-LutherRose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/LutherRose.jpg/240px-LutherRose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="726" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Luther_rose" title="Luther rose">Luther's rose seal</a>, a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EinFesteBurg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Luther composed hymns still used today, including "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God""><img alt="Luther composed hymns still used today, including "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/EinFesteBurg.jpg/120px-EinFesteBurg.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/EinFesteBurg.jpg/180px-EinFesteBurg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/EinFesteBurg.jpg/240px-EinFesteBurg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="2511" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Luther composed hymns still used today, including "<a href="/wiki/A_Mighty_Fortress_Is_Our_God" title="A Mighty Fortress Is Our God">A Mighty Fortress Is Our God</a>"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_(I)_-_The_Law_and_the_Gospel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moses and Elijah direct the sinner looking for salvation to the Cross in this painting illustrating Luther's Theology of the Cross, as opposed to a Theology of Glory."><img alt="Moses and Elijah direct the sinner looking for salvation to the Cross in this painting illustrating Luther's Theology of the Cross, as opposed to a Theology of Glory." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_The_Law_and_the_Gospel.jpg/120px-Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_The_Law_and_the_Gospel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_The_Law_and_the_Gospel.jpg/180px-Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_The_Law_and_the_Gospel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_The_Law_and_the_Gospel.jpg/240px-Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_The_Law_and_the_Gospel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1679" data-file-height="1354" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> direct the sinner looking for salvation to the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Cross">Cross</a> in this painting illustrating Luther's <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a>, as opposed to a Theology of Glory.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Revelation_Turku_Finland_Travel_Photography_(257758059).jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Altar of the Turku Cathedral, the matrice of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland"><img alt="Altar of the Turku Cathedral, the matrice of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Revelation_Turku_Finland_Travel_Photography_%28257758059%29.jpeg/120px-Revelation_Turku_Finland_Travel_Photography_%28257758059%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Revelation_Turku_Finland_Travel_Photography_%28257758059%29.jpeg/180px-Revelation_Turku_Finland_Travel_Photography_%28257758059%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Revelation_Turku_Finland_Travel_Photography_%28257758059%29.jpeg/240px-Revelation_Turku_Finland_Travel_Photography_%28257758059%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Altar of the <a href="/wiki/Turku_Cathedral" title="Turku Cathedral">Turku Cathedral</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mother_church" title="Mother church">matrice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Finland" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodism">Methodism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Methodism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> identifies principally with the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyanism">theology</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>—an <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> priest and evangelist. This evangelical movement originated as a <a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">revival</a> within the 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and became a separate Church following Wesley's death. Because of vigorous missionary activity, the movement spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, the United States, and beyond, today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally it appealed especially to laborers and slaves. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriologically</a>, most Methodists are <a href="/wiki/Arminian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminian">Arminian</a>, emphasizing that Christ accomplished salvation for every human being, and that humans must exercise an act of the will to receive it (as opposed to the traditional Calvinist doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">monergism</a>). Methodism is traditionally <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">low church</a> in liturgy, although this varies greatly between individual congregations; the Wesleys themselves greatly valued the Anglican liturgy and tradition. Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition; John Wesley's brother, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles</a>, was instrumental in writing much of the <a href="/wiki/Hymnody" title="Hymnody">hymnody</a> of the Methodist Church,<sup id="cite_ref-Methodist_Hymnbody_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Methodist_Hymnbody-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many other eminent hymn writers come from the Methodist tradition. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_history_of_Methodism_(1902)_(14742412186).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Wesley, founder of Methodism, preaching in the open air"><img alt="John Wesley, founder of Methodism, preaching in the open air" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_history_of_Methodism_%281902%29_%2814742412186%29.jpg/102px-The_history_of_Methodism_%281902%29_%2814742412186%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_history_of_Methodism_%281902%29_%2814742412186%29.jpg/153px-The_history_of_Methodism_%281902%29_%2814742412186%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_history_of_Methodism_%281902%29_%2814742412186%29.jpg/204px-The_history_of_Methodism_%281902%29_%2814742412186%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1662" data-file-height="1954" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>, founder of Methodism, <a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">preaching in the open air</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Methodistcommunion3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A United Methodist elder celebrating the Eucharist"><img alt="A United Methodist elder celebrating the Eucharist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Methodistcommunion3.jpg/120px-Methodistcommunion3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Methodistcommunion3.jpg/180px-Methodistcommunion3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Methodistcommunion3.jpg/240px-Methodistcommunion3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="190" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist</a> elder celebrating the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Methodist_Central_Hall.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Methodist Central Hall in Westminster, London"><img alt="Methodist Central Hall in Westminster, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Methodist_Central_Hall.JPG/90px-Methodist_Central_Hall.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Methodist_Central_Hall.JPG/135px-Methodist_Central_Hall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Methodist_Central_Hall.JPG/180px-Methodist_Central_Hall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Central_Hall,_Westminster" title="Methodist Central Hall, Westminster">Methodist Central Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_Methodist_Hymnal,_ca_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A hymnal of the Free Methodist Church, a Methodist denomination aligned with the holiness movement"><img alt="A hymnal of the Free Methodist Church, a Methodist denomination aligned with the holiness movement" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Free_Methodist_Hymnal%2C_ca_1908.jpg/120px-Free_Methodist_Hymnal%2C_ca_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Free_Methodist_Hymnal%2C_ca_1908.jpg/180px-Free_Methodist_Hymnal%2C_ca_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Free_Methodist_Hymnal%2C_ca_1908.jpg/240px-Free_Methodist_Hymnal%2C_ca_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Hymnal" title="Hymnal">hymnal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a>, a Methodist denomination aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">holiness movement</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armee-du-salut.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A night shelter of The Salvation Army in Geneva, Switzerland"><img alt="A night shelter of The Salvation Army in Geneva, Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Armee-du-salut.jpg/120px-Armee-du-salut.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Armee-du-salut.jpg/180px-Armee-du-salut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Armee-du-salut.jpg/240px-Armee-du-salut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2057" data-file-height="1517" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A night shelter of <a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">The Salvation Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland</div> </li> </ul> <p>The Holiness movement refers to a set of practices surrounding the doctrine of Christian perfection that emerged within 19th-century Methodism, along with a number of evangelical denominations and <a href="/wiki/Parachurch_organization" title="Parachurch organization">parachurch organizations</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">camp meetings</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Winn_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winn-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are an estimated 12 million adherents in denominations aligned with the Wesleyan-holiness movement.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Church" title="Wesleyan Church">Wesleyan Methodist Church</a> are notable examples, while other adherents of the Holiness Movement remained within mainline Methodism, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Winn_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winn-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Pentecostalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a> is a movement that places special emphasis on a direct personal experience of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">baptism with the Holy Spirit</a>. The term <i>Pentecostal</i> is derived from <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> name for the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Weeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of Weeks">Feast of Weeks</a>. For Christians, this event commemorates the descent of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Christianity)">Holy Spirit</a> upon the followers of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, as described in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chapter_of_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Chapter of Acts">second chapter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Acts">Book of Acts</a>. </p><p>This branch of Protestantism is distinguished by belief in the baptism with the Holy Spirit as an experience separate from <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">conversion</a> that enables a Christian to live a life empowered by and filled with the Holy Spirit. This empowerment includes the use of <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_gift" title="Spiritual gift">spiritual gifts</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues" title="Speaking in tongues">speaking in tongues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divine_healing" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine healing">divine healing</a>—two other defining characteristics of Pentecostalism. Because of their commitment to biblical authority, spiritual gifts, and the miraculous, Pentecostals tend to see their movement as reflecting the same kind of spiritual power and teachings that were found in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Early_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early church">early church</a>. For this reason, some Pentecostals also use the term <i>Apostolic</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel" title="Full Gospel">Full Gospel</a></i> to describe their movement. </p><p>Pentecostalism eventually spawned hundreds of new denominations, including large groups such as the Assemblies of God and the Church of God in Christ, both in the United States and elsewhere. There are over 279 million Pentecostals worldwide, and the movement is growing in many parts of the world, especially the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">global South</a>. Since the 1960s, Pentecostalism has increasingly gained acceptance from other Christian traditions, and Pentecostal beliefs concerning Spirit baptism and spiritual gifts have been embraced by non-Pentecostal Christians in Protestant and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> churches through the <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatic Movement</a>. Together, <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity</a> numbers over 500 million adherents.<sup id="cite_ref-PewGlobalChristianity67_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PewGlobalChristianity67-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlesparham.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles Fox Parham, who associated glossolalia with the baptism in the Holy Spirit"><img alt="Charles Fox Parham, who associated glossolalia with the baptism in the Holy Spirit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Charlesparham.png/81px-Charlesparham.png" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Charlesparham.png/121px-Charlesparham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Charlesparham.png/161px-Charlesparham.png 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="354" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fox_Parham" title="Charles Fox Parham">Charles Fox Parham</a>, who associated <a href="/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues" title="Speaking in tongues">glossolalia</a> with the baptism in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RH_Worship_Team.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A contemporary Christian worship at Rock Harbor Church in Costa Mesa, California, United States"><img alt="A contemporary Christian worship at Rock Harbor Church in Costa Mesa, California, United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/RH_Worship_Team.jpg/120px-RH_Worship_Team.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/RH_Worship_Team.jpg/180px-RH_Worship_Team.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/RH_Worship_Team.jpg/240px-RH_Worship_Team.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A contemporary Christian worship at Rock Harbor Church in <a href="/wiki/Costa_Mesa,_California" title="Costa Mesa, California">Costa Mesa, California, United States</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravensburg_Freie_Christengemeinde_Saal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Pentecostal church in Ravensburg, Germany"><img alt="A Pentecostal church in Ravensburg, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ravensburg_Freie_Christengemeinde_Saal.jpg/120px-Ravensburg_Freie_Christengemeinde_Saal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ravensburg_Freie_Christengemeinde_Saal.jpg/180px-Ravensburg_Freie_Christengemeinde_Saal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ravensburg_Freie_Christengemeinde_Saal.jpg/240px-Ravensburg_Freie_Christengemeinde_Saal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Pentacostalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentacostalism">Pentecostal</a> church in <a href="/wiki/Ravensburg" title="Ravensburg">Ravensburg</a>, Germany</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plymouth_Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Plymouth Brethren"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a>, low church, evangelical denomination, whose history can be traced to <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland, in the late 1820s, originating from <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mackay1981_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mackay1981-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other beliefs, the group emphasizes <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola scriptura</i></span></i>. Brethren generally see themselves not as a denomination, but as a network, or even as a collection of overlapping networks, of like-minded independent churches. Although the group refused for many years to take any denominational name to itself—a stance that some of them still maintain—the title <i>The Brethren</i>, is one that many of their number are comfortable with in that the Bible designates all believers as <i>brethren</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quakerism">Quakerism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Quakerism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, or Friends, are members of a family of religious movements collectively known as the Religious Society of Friends. The central unifying doctrine of these movements is the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">priesthood of all believers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Friends view themselves as members of a Christian denomination. They include those with <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">holiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">liberal</a>, and traditional <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends" title="Conservative Friends">conservative Quaker</a> understandings of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Unlike many other groups that emerged within Christianity, the Religious Society of Friends has actively tried to avoid <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creeds</a> and hierarchical structures.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fox_by_Lely_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="George Fox was an English dissenter and a founder of the Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as the Quakers or Friends."><img alt="George Fox was an English dissenter and a founder of the Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as the Quakers or Friends." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fox_by_Lely_2.jpg/91px-Fox_by_Lely_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fox_by_Lely_2.jpg/137px-Fox_by_Lely_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fox_by_Lely_2.jpg/183px-Fox_by_Lely_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="865" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/George_Fox" title="George Fox">George Fox</a> was an <a href="/wiki/English_dissenter" class="mw-redirect" title="English dissenter">English dissenter</a> and a founder of the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Religious Society of Friends</a>, commonly known as the Quakers or Friends.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quaker_star-T.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Star symbol used by many peace and humanitarian service organisations of the Quakers"><img alt="Star symbol used by many peace and humanitarian service organisations of the Quakers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Quaker_star-T.svg/120px-Quaker_star-T.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Quaker_star-T.svg/180px-Quaker_star-T.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Quaker_star-T.svg/240px-Quaker_star-T.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="290" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Star symbol used by many <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">peace</a> and humanitarian service organisations of the Quakers</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Protestants">Other Protestants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Other Protestants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations#Protestant" title="List of Christian denominations">List of Christian denominations § Protestant</a></div> <p>There are many other Protestant denominations that do not fit neatly into the mentioned branches, and are far smaller in membership. Some groups of individuals who hold basic Protestant tenets identify themselves simply as "Christians" or "<a href="/wiki/Born-again" class="mw-redirect" title="Born-again">born-again</a> Christians". They typically distance themselves from the <a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(religion)" title="Confessionalism (religion)">confessionalism</a> or creedalism of other Christian communities<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by calling themselves "<a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Christianity" title="Non-denominational Christianity">non-denominational</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">evangelical</a>". Often founded by individual pastors, they have little affiliation with historic denominations.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_Forum_on_Religion_&_Public_Life_/_U.S._Religious_Landscape_Survey_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew_Forum_on_Religion_&_Public_Life_/_U.S._Religious_Landscape_Survey-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a> developed from the Protestant Reformation,<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is excluded from Protestantism due to its <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nontrinitarian">Nontrinitarian</a> theological nature.<sup id="cite_ref-willsky_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-willsky-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unitarianism has been popular in the <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">region of Transylvania</a> within today's <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, England, and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-willsky_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-willsky-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It originated almost simultaneously in Transylvania and the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a> is the group of Russian movements (<a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a> and others), so-called folk Protestants. Their origins are varied: some were influenced by western Protestants, others from disgust of the behavior of official <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> priests.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a> is a movement of the Jews and non-Jews, which arose in the 1960s within Evangelical Protestantism and absorbed elements of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">messianic</a> traditions in Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interdenominational_movements">Interdenominational movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Interdenominational movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Messiah_Cathedral_in_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Messiah_Cathedral_in_Night.jpg/240px-Messiah_Cathedral_in_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Messiah_Cathedral_in_Night.jpg/360px-Messiah_Cathedral_in_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Messiah_Cathedral_in_Night.jpg/480px-Messiah_Cathedral_in_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Reformed_Evangelical_Church" title="Indonesian Reformed Evangelical Church">Indonesian Reformed Evangelical Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Megachurch" title="Megachurch">megachurch</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are also Christian movements which cross denominational lines and even branches, and cannot be classified on the same level previously mentioned forms. <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a> is a prominent example. Some of those movements are active exclusively within Protestantism, some are Christian-wide. Transdenominational movements are sometimes capable of affecting parts of the Catholic Church, such as does it the <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatic Movement</a>, which aims to incorporate beliefs and practices similar to <a href="/wiki/Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostals">Pentecostals</a> into the various branches of Christianity. <a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-charismatic churches">Neo-charismatic churches</a> are sometimes regarded as a subgroup of the Charismatic Movement. Both are put under a common label of <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> (so-called <i>Renewalists</i>), along with Pentecostals. <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational churches</a> and various <a href="/wiki/House_church" title="House church">house churches</a> often adopt, or are akin to one of these movements. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Megachurch" title="Megachurch">Megachurches</a> are usually influenced by interdenominational movements. Globally, these large congregations are a significant development in Protestant Christianity. In the United States, the phenomenon has more than quadrupled in the past two decades.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has since spread worldwide. </p><p>The chart below shows the mutual relations and historical origins of the main interdenominational movements and other developments within Protestantism. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interdenominational_movements_%26_other_Protestant_developments.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Interdenominational_movements_%26_other_Protestant_developments.svg/650px-Interdenominational_movements_%26_other_Protestant_developments.svg.png" decoding="async" width="650" height="416" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Interdenominational_movements_%26_other_Protestant_developments.svg/975px-Interdenominational_movements_%26_other_Protestant_developments.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Interdenominational_movements_%26_other_Protestant_developments.svg/1300px-Interdenominational_movements_%26_other_Protestant_developments.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Links between interdenominational movements and other developments within Protestantism</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Evangelicalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></div> <p>Evangelicalism, or evangelical Protestantism,<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a worldwide, transdenominational movement which maintains that the essence of <a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">the gospel</a> consists in the doctrine of salvation by <a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">grace</a> through <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">faith</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atonement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxf_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxf-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evangelicals are <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> who believe in the centrality of the conversion or <a href="/wiki/Born_again_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Born again (Christianity)">"born again" experience</a> in receiving salvation, believe in the authority of the Bible as God's revelation to humanity and have a strong commitment to evangelism or sharing the Christian message. </p><p>It gained great momentum in the 18th and 19th centuries with the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Awakenings" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Awakenings">Great Awakenings</a> in Britain and North America. The origins of Evangelicalism are usually traced back to the English <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> movement, <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Zinzendorf" title="Nicolaus Zinzendorf">Nicolaus Zinzendorf</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">pietism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puritanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritanism">Puritanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pewforum1_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewforum1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among leaders and major figures of the Evangelical Protestant movement were <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield">George Whitefield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_John_Ockenga" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold John Ockenga">Harold John Ockenga</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Stott" title="John Stott">John Stott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martyn_Lloyd-Jones" title="Martyn Lloyd-Jones">Martyn Lloyd-Jones</a>. </p><p>There are an estimated 285,480,000 Evangelicals, corresponding to 13% of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">Christian population</a> and 4% of the <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">total world population</a>. The Americas, Africa and Asia are home to the majority of Evangelicals. The United States has the largest concentration of Evangelicals.<sup id="cite_ref-How_Many_Evangelicals_Are_There_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_Many_Evangelicals_Are_There-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evangelicalism is gaining popularity both in and outside the English-speaking world, especially in Latin America and the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilberforce_john_rising.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Wilberforce, a British evangelical abolitionist"><img alt="William Wilberforce, a British evangelical abolitionist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Wilberforce_john_rising.jpg/95px-Wilberforce_john_rising.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Wilberforce_john_rising.jpg/143px-Wilberforce_john_rising.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Wilberforce_john_rising.jpg/191px-Wilberforce_john_rising.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="565" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a>, a British evangelical abolitionist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_194-0798-29,_D%C3%BCsseldorf,_Veranstaltung_mit_Billy_Graham.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Billy Graham, a prominent evangelical revivalist, preaching in Duisburg, Germany in 1954"><img alt="Billy Graham, a prominent evangelical revivalist, preaching in Duisburg, Germany in 1954" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_194-0798-29%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf%2C_Veranstaltung_mit_Billy_Graham.jpg/120px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_194-0798-29%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf%2C_Veranstaltung_mit_Billy_Graham.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_194-0798-29%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf%2C_Veranstaltung_mit_Billy_Graham.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_194-0798-29%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf%2C_Veranstaltung_mit_Billy_Graham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_194-0798-29%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf%2C_Veranstaltung_mit_Billy_Graham.jpg/240px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_194-0798-29%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf%2C_Veranstaltung_mit_Billy_Graham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a>, a prominent evangelical revivalist, preaching in <a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg, Germany</a> in 1954</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89glise_Nouvelle_Vie_culte.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Worship service at Église Nouvelle vie, an evangelical Pentecostal church in Longueuil, Canada"><img alt="Worship service at Église Nouvelle vie, an evangelical Pentecostal church in Longueuil, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%C3%89glise_Nouvelle_Vie_culte.jpg/120px-%C3%89glise_Nouvelle_Vie_culte.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%C3%89glise_Nouvelle_Vie_culte.jpg/180px-%C3%89glise_Nouvelle_Vie_culte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%C3%89glise_Nouvelle_Vie_culte.jpg/240px-%C3%89glise_Nouvelle_Vie_culte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Worship service at <a href="/wiki/%C3%89glise_Nouvelle_vie" class="mw-redirect" title="Église Nouvelle vie">Église Nouvelle vie</a>, an evangelical <a href="/wiki/Pentacostalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentacostalism">Pentecostal</a> church in <a href="/wiki/Longueuil" title="Longueuil">Longueuil</a>, Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%A4meenlinnan_Vapaaseurakunta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Evangelical Protestant church in Hämeenlinna, Finland"><img alt="An Evangelical Protestant church in Hämeenlinna, Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/H%C3%A4meenlinnan_Vapaaseurakunta.jpg/120px-H%C3%A4meenlinnan_Vapaaseurakunta.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/H%C3%A4meenlinnan_Vapaaseurakunta.jpg/180px-H%C3%A4meenlinnan_Vapaaseurakunta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/H%C3%A4meenlinnan_Vapaaseurakunta.jpg/240px-H%C3%A4meenlinnan_Vapaaseurakunta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Evangelical Protestant church in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4meenlinna" title="Hämeenlinna">Hämeenlinna</a>, Finland</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charismatic_movement">Charismatic movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Charismatic movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hillsong_Church_Konstanz_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hillsong_Church_Konstanz_2018.jpg/240px-Hillsong_Church_Konstanz_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hillsong_Church_Konstanz_2018.jpg/360px-Hillsong_Church_Konstanz_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hillsong_Church_Konstanz_2018.jpg/480px-Hillsong_Church_Konstanz_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Hillsong Church, an evangelical charismatic church, in <a href="/wiki/Konstanz" title="Konstanz">Konstanz</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>The Charismatic movement is the international trend of historically mainstream congregations adopting beliefs and practices similar to <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostals</a>. Fundamental to the movement is the use of <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_gift" title="Spiritual gift">spiritual gifts</a>. Among Protestants, the movement began around 1960. </p><p>In the United States, Episcopalian <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Bennett_(priest)" title="Dennis Bennett (priest)">Dennis Bennett</a> is sometimes cited as one of the charismatic movement's seminal influence.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Urquhart" title="Colin Urquhart">Colin Urquhart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Harper_(priest)" title="Michael Harper (priest)">Michael Harper</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Watson_(evangelist)" title="David Watson (evangelist)">David Watson</a> and others were in the vanguard of similar developments. The <a href="/wiki/Massey_University" title="Massey University">Massey</a> conference in New Zealand, 1964 was attended by several Anglicans, including the Rev. Ray Muller, who went on to invite Bennett to New Zealand in 1966, and played a leading role in developing and promoting the <i>Life in the Spirit</i> seminars. Other Charismatic movement leaders in New Zealand include <a href="/wiki/Bill_Subritzky" title="Bill Subritzky">Bill Subritzky</a>. </p><p>Larry Christenson, a Lutheran theologian based in <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Pedro, California">San Pedro, California</a>, did much in the 1960s and 1970s to interpret the charismatic movement for Lutherans. A very large annual conference regarding that matter was held in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>. Charismatic Lutheran congregations in Minnesota became especially large and influential; especially "Hosanna!" in Lakeville, and North Heights in St. Paul. The next generation of Lutheran charismatics cluster around the Alliance of Renewal Churches. There is considerable charismatic activity among young Lutheran leaders in California centered around an annual gathering at Robinwood Church in Huntington Beach. <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Jensen" title="Richard A. Jensen">Richard A. Jensen</a>'s <i>Touched by the Spirit</i> published in 1974, played a major role of the Lutheran understanding to the charismatic movement. </p><p>In Congregational and Presbyterian churches which profess a traditionally <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reformed_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed theology">Reformed theology</a> there are differing views regarding present-day <a href="/wiki/Continuationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuationism">continuation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cessationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cessationism">cessation</a> of the gifts (<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">charismata</i></span></i>) of the Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-phen_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phen-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epidemic_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epidemic-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, however, Reformed charismatics distance themselves from renewal movements with tendencies which could be perceived as overemotional, such as <a href="/wiki/Word_of_Faith" title="Word of Faith">Word of Faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Blessing" title="Toronto Blessing">Toronto Blessing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brownsville_Revival" title="Brownsville Revival">Brownsville Revival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakeland_Revival" title="Lakeland Revival">Lakeland Revival</a>. Prominent Reformed charismatic denominations are the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Grace_Churches" title="Sovereign Grace Churches">Sovereign Grace Churches</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Every_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Every Nation">Every Nation</a> Churches in the US, in Great Britain there is the <a href="/wiki/Newfrontiers" title="Newfrontiers">Newfrontiers</a> churches and movement, which leading figure is <a href="/wiki/Terry_Virgo" title="Terry Virgo">Terry Virgo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A minority of <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventists</a> today are charismatic. They are strongly associated with those holding more <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Adventism" title="Progressive Adventism">"progressive" Adventist beliefs</a>. In the early decades of the church charismatic or ecstatic phenomena were commonplace.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-charismatic_churches">Neo-charismatic churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Neo-charismatic churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-charismatic churches">Neo-charismatic churches</a></div> <p>Neo-charismatic churches are a category of churches in the Christian <a href="/wiki/Renewal_(religion)" title="Renewal (religion)">Renewal</a> movement. Neo-charismatics include the <a href="/wiki/Third_Wave_of_the_Holy_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Wave of the Holy Spirit">Third Wave</a>, but are broader. Now more numerous than Pentecostals (first wave) and charismatics (second wave) combined, owing to the remarkable growth of <a href="/wiki/Postdenominational_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Postdenominational churches">postdenominational</a> and independent charismatic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-NIDPCM_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIDPCM-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neo-charismatics believe in and stress the post-Biblical availability of <a href="/wiki/Gifts_of_the_Holy_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gifts of the Holy Spirit">gifts of the Holy Spirit</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">glossolalia</a>, healing, and prophecy. They practice laying on of hands and seek the "infilling" of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>. However, a specific experience of <a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">baptism with the Holy Spirit</a> may not be requisite for experiencing such gifts. No single form, governmental structure, or style of church service characterizes all neo-charismatic services and churches. </p><p>Some nineteen thousand denominations, with approximately 295 million individual adherents, are identified as neo-charismatic.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protestant_offshoots">Protestant offshoots</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Protestant offshoots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arminianism">Arminianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Arminianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Remonstrants" title="Remonstrants">Remonstrants</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Arminius_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Arminius_2.jpg/240px-James_Arminius_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/James_Arminius_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a> theologian, whose views influenced parts of Protestantism. A small <a href="/wiki/Remonstrants" title="Remonstrants">Remonstrants</a> community remains in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a> is based on <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">theological</a> ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Reformed">Dutch Reformed</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a> (1560–1609) and his historic supporters known as <a href="/wiki/Remonstrants" title="Remonstrants">Remonstrants</a>. His teachings held to the <a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">five solae</a> of the Reformation, but they were distinct from particular teachings of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" title="Protestant Reformers">Protestant Reformers</a>. Jacobus Arminius was a student of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a> at the Theological University of Geneva. Arminianism is known to some as a <a href="/wiki/Soteriological" class="mw-redirect" title="Soteriological">soteriological</a> diversification of <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, to others, Arminianism is a reclamation of early Church theological consensus.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dutch Arminianism was originally articulated in the Remonstrance (1610), a theological statement signed by 45 ministers and submitted to the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General of the Netherlands</a>. Many Christian denominations have been influenced by Arminian views on the will of man being freed by grace prior to regeneration, notably the <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> in the 16th century,<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a> in the 18th century and the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> in the 19th century. </p><p>The original beliefs of Jacobus Arminius himself are commonly defined as Arminianism, but more broadly, the term may embrace the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>, and others as well. <a href="/wiki/Arminianism#Classical_Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Classical Arminianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan-Arminianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyan-Arminianism">Wesleyan Arminianism</a> are the two main schools of thought. Wesleyan Arminianism is often identical with Methodism. The two systems of Calvinism and Arminianism share both history and many doctrines, and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">history of Christian theology</a>. However, because of their differences over the doctrines of divine <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a> and election, many people view these schools of thought as opposed to each other. In short, the difference can be seen ultimately by whether God allows His desire to save all to be resisted by an individual's will (in the Arminian doctrine) or if God's grace is irresistible and limited to only some (in Calvinism). Some Calvinists assert that the Arminian perspective presents a synergistic system of Salvation and therefore is not only by grace, while Arminians firmly reject this conclusion. Many consider the theological differences to be crucial differences in doctrine, while others find them to be relatively minor.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pietism">Pietism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Pietism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haugean_movement" title="Haugean movement">Haugean movement</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> was an influential movement within <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> that combined the 17th-century Lutheran principles with the <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a> emphasis on individual piety and living a vigorous <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> life.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It began in the late 17th century, reached its zenith in the mid-18th century, and declined through the 19th century, and had almost vanished in America by the end of the 20th century. While declining as an identifiable Lutheran group, some of its theological tenets influenced Protestantism generally, inspiring the <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> priest <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> to begin the <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> movement and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mack" title="Alexander Mack">Alexander Mack</a> to begin the <a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a> movement under an influence of <a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Pietism shares an emphasis on personal behavior with the <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> movement, and the two are often confused, there are important differences, particularly in the concept of the role of religion in government.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philipp_Jakob_Spener.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Philipp Jakob Spener, a German pioneer and founder of Pietism"><img alt="Philipp Jakob Spener, a German pioneer and founder of Pietism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Philipp_Jakob_Spener.jpg/89px-Philipp_Jakob_Spener.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Philipp_Jakob_Spener.jpg/133px-Philipp_Jakob_Spener.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Philipp_Jakob_Spener.jpg/178px-Philipp_Jakob_Spener.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="508" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Jakob_Spener" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Jakob Spener">Philipp Jakob Spener</a>, a German pioneer and founder of <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietism.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pietism has had a strong cultural influence in Scandinavia"><img alt="Pietism has had a strong cultural influence in Scandinavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Pietism.JPG/80px-Pietism.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Pietism.JPG/120px-Pietism.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Pietism.JPG/160px-Pietism.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pietism has had a strong cultural influence in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Der_breite_und_der_schmale_Weg_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Broad and the Narrow Way, an 1866 German Pietist painting"><img alt="The Broad and the Narrow Way, an 1866 German Pietist painting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Der_breite_und_der_schmale_Weg_2008.jpg/95px-Der_breite_und_der_schmale_Weg_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Der_breite_und_der_schmale_Weg_2008.jpg/143px-Der_breite_und_der_schmale_Weg_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Der_breite_und_der_schmale_Weg_2008.jpg/191px-Der_breite_und_der_schmale_Weg_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="2203" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Broad and the Narrow Way</i>, an 1866 German Pietist painting</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puritanism,_English_dissenters_and_nonconformists"><span id="Puritanism.2C_English_dissenters_and_nonconformists"></span>Puritanism, English dissenters and nonconformists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Puritanism, English dissenters and nonconformists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">English Dissenters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independent_(religion)" title="Independent (religion)">Independent (religion)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformism</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Presbyterianism" title="English Presbyterianism">English Presbyterianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_separatism" title="Ecclesiastical separatism">Ecclesiastical separatism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/17th-century_denominations_in_England" title="17th-century denominations in England">17th-century denominations in England</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> were a group of English Protestants in the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th centuries</a>, which sought to purify the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> of what they considered to be Catholic practices, maintaining that the church was only partially reformed. Puritanism in this sense was founded by some of the returning <a href="/wiki/Marian_exiles" title="Marian exiles">clergy exiled under Mary I</a> shortly after the accession of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a> in 1558, as an activist movement within the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. </p><p>Puritans were blocked from changing the established church from within, and were severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion. Their beliefs, however, were transported by the emigration of congregations to the Netherlands (and later to New England), and by evangelical clergy to Ireland (and later into Wales), and were spread into lay society and parts of the educational system, particularly certain colleges of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>. The first Protestant sermon delivered in England was in Cambridge, with the pulpit that this sermon was delivered from surviving to today.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They took on distinctive beliefs about clerical dress and in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">episcopal</a> system, particularly after the 1619 conclusions of the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Synod of Dort</a> they were resisted by the English bishops. They largely adopted <a href="/wiki/Puritan_Sabbatarianism" title="Puritan Sabbatarianism">Sabbatarianism</a> in the 17th century, and were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">millennialism</a>. </p><p>They formed, and identified with various religious groups advocating greater purity of <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a>, as well as personal and group <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">piety</a>. Puritans adopted a <a href="/wiki/Reformed_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed theology">Reformed theology</a>, but they also took note of radical criticisms of Zwingli in Zurich and Calvin in Geneva. In church polity, some advocated for separation from all other Christians, in favor of autonomous <a href="/wiki/Gathered_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathered church">gathered churches</a>. These separatist and <a href="/wiki/Independent_(religion)" title="Independent (religion)">independent</a> strands of Puritanism became prominent in the 1640s. Although the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> (which expanded into the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a>) began over a contest for political power between the <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a>, it divided the country along religious lines as <a href="/wiki/Episcopalianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopalianism">episcopalians</a> within the Church of England sided with the Crown and Presbyterians and Independents supported <i>Parliament</i> (after the defeat of the Royalists, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> as well as the Monarch were removed from the political structure of the state to create the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>). The supporters of a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterian polity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster Assembly</a> were unable to forge a new English national church, and the Parliamentary <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a>, which was made up primarily of Independents, under <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> first purged Parliament, then abolished it and established <a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions_in_the_Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms">England's trans-Atlantic colonies in the war</a> followed varying paths depending on their internal demographics. In the older colonies, which included <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> (1607) and its offshoot <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> (1612), as well as <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> in the West Indies (collectively the targets in 1650 of <a href="/wiki/An_Act_for_prohibiting_Trade_with_the_Barbadoes,_Virginia,_Bermuda_and_Antego" title="An Act for prohibiting Trade with the Barbadoes, Virginia, Bermuda and Antego">An Act for prohibiting Trade with the Barbadoes, Virginia, Bermuda and Antego</a>), Episcopalians remained the dominant church faction and the colonies remained Royalist 'til conquered or compelled to accept the new political order. In Bermuda, with control of the local <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Bermuda">government</a> and the <i>army</i> (nine infantry companies of Militia plus <a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">coastal artillery</a>), the Royalists forced Parliament-backing religious Independents into exile to settle the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Eleutheran_Adventurers" title="Eleutheran Adventurers">Eleutheran Adventurers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Episcopalian was re-established following the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration#Church_of_England_settlement" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a>. A century later, non-conforming Protestants, along with the Protestant refugees from continental Europe, were to be among the primary instigators of the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">war of secession</a> that led to the founding of the United States of America. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John.Cotton.cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Cotton, who sparked the Antinomian Controversy with his free grace theology"><img alt="John Cotton, who sparked the Antinomian Controversy with his free grace theology" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/John.Cotton.cropped.jpg/88px-John.Cotton.cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/John.Cotton.cropped.jpg/133px-John.Cotton.cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/John.Cotton.cropped.jpg/177px-John.Cotton.cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="385" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Cotton_(minister)" title="John Cotton (minister)">John Cotton</a>, who sparked the <a href="/wiki/Antinomian_Controversy" title="Antinomian Controversy">Antinomian Controversy</a> with his <a href="/wiki/Free_grace_theology" title="Free grace theology">free grace theology</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Landing-Bacon.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pilgrim Fathers landing at Plymouth Rock in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620"><img alt="Pilgrim Fathers landing at Plymouth Rock in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Landing-Bacon.PNG/120px-Landing-Bacon.PNG" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Landing-Bacon.PNG/180px-Landing-Bacon.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Landing-Bacon.PNG/240px-Landing-Bacon.PNG 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)" title="Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)">Pilgrim Fathers</a> landing at <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Rock" title="Plymouth Rock">Plymouth Rock</a> in <a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth, Massachusetts">Plymouth, Massachusetts</a> in 1620</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OldShipEntrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Built in 1681, the Old Ship Church in Hingham, Massachusetts is the oldest church in continuous ecclesiastical use in the United States.[162]"><img alt="Built in 1681, the Old Ship Church in Hingham, Massachusetts is the oldest church in continuous ecclesiastical use in the United States.[162]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/OldShipEntrance.jpg/120px-OldShipEntrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/OldShipEntrance.jpg/180px-OldShipEntrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/OldShipEntrance.jpg/240px-OldShipEntrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3528" data-file-height="2352" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Built in 1681, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Ship_Church" title="Old Ship Church">Old Ship Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hingham,_Massachusetts" title="Hingham, Massachusetts">Hingham, Massachusetts</a> is the oldest church in continuous ecclesiastical use in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-orthodoxy_and_paleo-orthodoxy">Neo-orthodoxy and paleo-orthodoxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Neo-orthodoxy and paleo-orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Neo-orthodoxy" title="Neo-orthodoxy">Neo-orthodoxy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleo-orthodoxy" title="Paleo-orthodoxy">Paleo-orthodoxy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_194-1283-23A,_Wuppertal,_Evangelische_Gesellschaft,_Jahrestagung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_194-1283-23A%2C_Wuppertal%2C_Evangelische_Gesellschaft%2C_Jahrestagung.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_194-1283-23A%2C_Wuppertal%2C_Evangelische_Gesellschaft%2C_Jahrestagung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_194-1283-23A%2C_Wuppertal%2C_Evangelische_Gesellschaft%2C_Jahrestagung.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_194-1283-23A%2C_Wuppertal%2C_Evangelische_Gesellschaft%2C_Jahrestagung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_194-1283-23A%2C_Wuppertal%2C_Evangelische_Gesellschaft%2C_Jahrestagung.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_194-1283-23A%2C_Wuppertal%2C_Evangelische_Gesellschaft%2C_Jahrestagung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a>, often regarded as the greatest Protestant theologian of the 20th century<sup id="cite_ref-McGrath2011_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrath2011-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BrownCollinson2012_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrownCollinson2012-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A non-fundamentalist rejection of liberal Christianity along the lines of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a> of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a>, who attacked the <a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians#Hegelian_theologians" title="Right Hegelians">Hegelian</a> state churches of his day for "dead orthodoxy", neo-orthodoxy is associated primarily with <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Moltmann" title="Jürgen Moltmann">Jürgen Moltmann</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a>. Neo-orthodoxy sought to counter-act the tendency of liberal theology to make theological accommodations to modern scientific perspectives. Sometimes called "crisis theology", in the existentialist sense of the word crisis, also sometimes called <i>neo-evangelicalism</i>, which uses the sense of "evangelical" pertaining to continental European Protestants rather than American evangelicalism. "Evangelical" was the originally preferred label used by Lutherans and Calvinists, but it was replaced by the names some Catholics used to <a href="/wiki/Labelling#Labelling_in_argumentation" title="Labelling">label</a> a heresy with the name of its founder. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paleo-orthodoxy" title="Paleo-orthodoxy">Paleo-orthodoxy</a> is a movement similar in some respects to neo-evangelicalism but emphasizing the ancient Christian consensus of the undivided church of the first millennium AD, including in particular the early creeds and church councils as a means of properly understanding the scriptures. This movement is cross-denominational. A prominent theologian in this group is <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Oden" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Oden">Thomas Oden</a>, a Methodist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Christian fundamentalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalism</a></div> <p>In reaction to liberal Bible critique, <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">fundamentalism</a> arose in the 20th century, primarily in the United States, among those denominations most affected by Evangelicalism. Fundamentalist theology tends to stress <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Biblical inerrancy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmmerman1991_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmerman1991-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toward the end of the 20th century, some have tended to confuse evangelicalism and fundamentalism; however, the labels represent very distinct differences of approach that both groups are diligent to maintain, although because of fundamentalism's dramatically smaller size it often gets classified simply as an ultra-conservative branch of evangelicalism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernism_and_liberalism">Modernism and liberalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Modernism and liberalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Liberal Christianity</a></div> <p>Modernism and liberalism do not constitute rigorous and well-defined schools of theology, but are rather an inclination by some writers and teachers to integrate Christian thought into the spirit of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>. New understandings of history and the natural sciences of the day led directly to new approaches to theology. Its opposition to the fundamentalist teaching resulted in religious debates, such as the <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy">Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" title="Presbyterian Church in the United States of America">Presbyterian Church in the United States of America</a> in the 1920s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protestant_culture">Protestant culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Protestant culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Protestant culture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2006_Berliner_Dom_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2006_Berliner_Dom_Front.jpg/200px-2006_Berliner_Dom_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2006_Berliner_Dom_Front.jpg/300px-2006_Berliner_Dom_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2006_Berliner_Dom_Front.jpg/400px-2006_Berliner_Dom_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1767" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Cathedral" title="Berlin Cathedral">Berlin Cathedral</a>, a <a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a> cathedral in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_protestantische_Ethik_und_der_%27Geist%27_des_Kapitalismus_original_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Die_protestantische_Ethik_und_der_%27Geist%27_des_Kapitalismus_original_cover.jpg/200px-Die_protestantische_Ethik_und_der_%27Geist%27_des_Kapitalismus_original_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Die_protestantische_Ethik_und_der_%27Geist%27_des_Kapitalismus_original_cover.jpg/300px-Die_protestantische_Ethik_und_der_%27Geist%27_des_Kapitalismus_original_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Die_protestantische_Ethik_und_der_%27Geist%27_des_Kapitalismus_original_cover.jpg/400px-Die_protestantische_Ethik_und_der_%27Geist%27_des_Kapitalismus_original_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="1124" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism</a></i></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> was a religious movement, it also had a strong impact on all other aspects of life, including marriage and family, education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy, and the arts.<sup id="cite_ref-Karl_Heussi_1956_pp._317–319_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karl_Heussi_1956_pp._317–319-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protestant churches reject the idea of a celibate priesthood and thus allow their clergy to marry.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Protestantism_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Protestantism-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of their families contributed to the development of intellectual elites in their countries.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since about 1950, women have entered the ministry in most Protestant churches, and some have assumed leading positions (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a>). </p><p>Protestantism has promoted economic growth and entrepreneurship, especially in the period after the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have identified a positive correlation between the rise of Protestantism and <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a> formation,<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">work ethic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the rise of early <a href="/wiki/Experimental_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimental science">experimental science</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the development of the <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">state system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckerPfaffRubin2016_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckerPfaffRubin2016-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Reformers wanted all members of the church to be able to read the Bible, education on all levels was strongly encouraged. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the literacy rate in England was about 60 percent, in Scotland 65 percent, and in Sweden 80 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colleges and universities were founded. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> who established <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> in 1628 founded <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a> only eight years later. About a dozen other colleges followed in the 18th century, including <a href="/wiki/Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale">Yale</a> (1701). <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> also became a center of learning.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">mainline Protestant</a> denominations have played <a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant">leadership roles in many aspects of American life</a>, including politics, business, science, the arts, and education. They founded most of the country's leading institutes of higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-mainline2000_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mainline2000-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thought_and_work_ethic">Thought and work ethic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Thought and work ethic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></div> <p>The Protestant concept of God and man allows believers to use all their God-given faculties, including the power of reason. That means that they are allowed to explore God's creation and, according to Genesis 2:15, make use of it in a responsible and sustainable way. Thus a cultural climate was created that greatly enhanced the development of the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciences">sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another consequence of the Protestant understanding of man is that the believers, in gratitude for their election and redemption in Christ, are to follow God's commandments. Industry, frugality, calling, discipline, and a strong sense of responsibility are at the heart of their moral code.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, Calvin rejected luxury. Therefore, craftsmen, industrialists, and other businessmen were able to reinvest the greater part of their profits in the most efficient machinery and the most modern production methods that were based on progress in the sciences and technology. As a result, productivity grew, which led to increased profits and enabled employers to pay higher wages. In this way, the economy, the sciences, and technology reinforced each other. The chance to participate in the economic success of technological inventions was a strong incentive to both inventors and investors.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a> was an important force behind the unplanned and uncoordinated <a href="/wiki/Mass_action_(sociology)" title="Mass action (sociology)">mass action</a> that influenced the development of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. This idea is also known as the "Protestant ethic thesis".<sup id="cite_ref-SEP_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, eminent historian <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Fernand Braudel</a> (d. 1985), a leader of the important <a href="/wiki/Annales_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Annales School">Annales School</a> wrote, "all historians have opposed this tenuous theory [the Protestant Ethic], although they have not managed to be rid of it once and for all. Yet it is clearly false. The northern countries took over the place that earlier had been so long and brilliantly been occupied by the old capitalist centers of the Mediterranean. They invented nothing, either in technology or business management."<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social scientist <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Stark" title="Rodney Stark">Rodney Stark</a> moreover comments that "during their critical period of economic development, these northern centers of capitalism were Catholic, not Protestant—the Reformation still lay well into the future",<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper (d. 2003) said, "The idea that large-scale industrial capitalism was ideologically impossible before the Reformation is exploded by the simple fact that it existed."<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/Factor_analysis" title="Factor analysis">factor analysis</a> of the latest wave of <a href="/wiki/World_Values_Survey" title="World Values Survey">World Values Survey</a> data, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arno_Tausch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arno Tausch (page does not exist)">Arno Tausch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corvinus_University_of_Budapest" title="Corvinus University of Budapest">Corvinus University of Budapest</a>) found that Protestantism emerges to be very close to combining religion and the traditions of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>. The Global Value Development Index, calculated by Tausch, relies on the World Values Survey dimensions such as trust in the state of law, no support for shadow economy, postmaterial activism, support for democracy, a non-acceptance of violence, xenophobia and racism, trust in transnational capital and Universities, confidence in the market economy, supporting gender justice, and engaging in environmental activism, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(U.S.A.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)">Presbyterians</a>, as well as other <a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant">WASPs</a>, tend to be considerably wealthier<sup id="cite_ref-THE_EPISCOPALIANS_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THE_EPISCOPALIANS-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and better educated (having <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">graduate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-graduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-graduate">post-graduate</a> degrees per capita) than most other religious groups in <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are disproportionately represented in the upper reaches of American <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numbers of the most <a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">wealthy and affluent American families</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilts" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanderbilts">Vanderbilts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Astor_family" title="Astor family">Astors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_family" title="Rockefeller family">Rockefellers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Du_Pont_family" title="Du Pont family">Du Ponts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_family" title="Roosevelt family">Roosevelts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forbes_family" title="Forbes family">Forbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford family">Fords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitney_family" title="Whitney family">Whitneys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mellon_family" title="Mellon family">Mellons</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Morgan_family" title="Morgan family">Morgans</a> and Harrimans are <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline Protestant</a> families.<sup id="cite_ref-THE_EPISCOPALIANS_207-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THE_EPISCOPALIANS-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Merton thesis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg/240px-Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg/360px-Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg/480px-Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> university in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, was initially established by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Protestantism has had an important influence on science. According to the <a href="/wiki/Merton_Thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Merton Thesis">Merton Thesis</a>, there was a positive <a href="/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">correlation</a> between the rise of English <a href="/wiki/Puritanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritanism">Puritanism</a> and German <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> on the one hand and early <a href="/wiki/Experimental_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimental science">experimental science</a> on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-sztompka2003_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sztompka2003-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Merton Thesis has two separate parts: Firstly, it presents a theory that science changes due to an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental technique and <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodology</a>; secondly, it puts forward the argument that the popularity of science in 17th-century England and the religious <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> (English scientists of that time were predominantly Puritans or other Protestants) can be explained by a <a href="/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">correlation</a> between Protestantism and the scientific values.<sup id="cite_ref-gregory1998_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gregory1998-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Merton focused on English Puritanism and German Pietism as having been responsible for the development of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific revolution">scientific revolution</a> of the 17th and 18th centuries. He explained that the connection between <a href="/wiki/Religious_affiliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious affiliation">religious affiliation</a> and interest in science was the result of a significant synergy between the <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a> Protestant values and those of modern science.<sup id="cite_ref-becker1992_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-becker1992-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protestant values encouraged scientific research by allowing science to identify God's influence on the world—his creation—and thus providing a religious justification for scientific research.<sup id="cite_ref-sztompka2003_212-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sztompka2003-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i>Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States</i> by <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Zuckerman" title="Harriet Zuckerman">Harriet Zuckerman</a>, a review of American <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a> awarded between 1901 and 1972, 72% of American <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prizes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prizes">Nobel Prize</a> laureates identified a Protestant background.<sup id="cite_ref-Scientific_Elite:_Nobel_Laureates_in_the_United_Statesh_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scientific_Elite:_Nobel_Laureates_in_the_United_Statesh-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, 84% of all the Nobel Prizes awarded to Americans in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Scientific_Elite:_Nobel_Laureates_in_the_United_Statesh_215-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scientific_Elite:_Nobel_Laureates_in_the_United_Statesh-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 60% in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Medicine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Scientific_Elite:_Nobel_Laureates_in_the_United_Statesh_215-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scientific_Elite:_Nobel_Laureates_in_the_United_Statesh-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 59% in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a><sup id="cite_ref-Scientific_Elite:_Nobel_Laureates_in_the_United_Statesh_215-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scientific_Elite:_Nobel_Laureates_in_the_United_Statesh-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between 1901 and 1972 were won by Protestants. </p><p>According to <i>100 Years of Nobel Prize (2005)</i>, a review of Nobel Prizes awarded between 1901 and 2000, 65% of <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prizes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prizes">Nobel Prize</a> Laureates, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Christian Nobel laureates">have identified Christianity</a> in its various forms as their religious preference (423 prizes).<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_prize_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_prize-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While 32% have identified with Protestantism in its various forms (208 prizes),<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_prize_216-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_prize-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Protestants are 12% to 13% of the world's population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:95px;max-width:95px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Evang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Evang.svg/93px-Evang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Evang.svg/140px-Evang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Evang.svg/186px-Evang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="69" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kreuz_prot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Kreuz_prot.svg/119px-Kreuz_prot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Kreuz_prot.svg/179px-Kreuz_prot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Kreuz_prot.svg/238px-Kreuz_prot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="270" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Church flags, as used by German Protestants.</div></div></div></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the Church and the worldly authorities were closely related. Martin Luther separated the religious and the worldly realms in principle (<a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_two_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of the two kingdoms">doctrine of the two kingdoms</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The believers were obliged to use reason to govern the worldly sphere in an orderly and peaceful way. Luther's doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">priesthood of all believers</a> upgraded the role of laymen in the church considerably. The members of a congregation had the right to elect a minister and, if necessary, to vote for his dismissal (Treatise <i>On the right and authority of a Christian assembly or congregation to judge all doctrines and to call, install and dismiss teachers, as testified in Scripture</i>; 1523).<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calvin strengthened this basically democratic approach by including elected laymen (<a href="/wiki/Church_elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Church elder">church elders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyters</a>) in his representative church government.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a> added regional <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synods</a> and a national synod, whose members were elected by the congregations, to Calvin's system of church self-government. This system was taken over by the other reformed churches<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was adopted by some Lutherans beginning with those in <a href="/wiki/United_Duchies_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a> during the 17th century. </p><p>Politically, Calvin favored a mixture of aristocracy and democracy. He appreciated the advantages of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>: "It is an invaluable gift, if God allows a people to freely elect its own authorities and overlords."<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calvin also thought that earthly rulers lose their divine right and must be put down when they rise up against God. To further protect the rights of ordinary people, Calvin suggested separating political powers in a system of checks and balances (<a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>). Thus he and his followers resisted political <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutism</a> and paved the way for the rise of modern democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides England, the Netherlands were, under Calvinist leadership, the freest country in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It granted asylum to philosophers like <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Pierre Bayle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a> was able to teach his natural-law theory and a relatively liberal interpretation of the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consistent with Calvin's political ideas, Protestants created both the English and the American democracies. In seventeenth-century England, the most important persons and events in this process were the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/English_Bill_of_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="English Bill of Rights">English Bill of Rights</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the British took their democratic ideals to their colonies, e.g. Australia, New Zealand, and India. In North America, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim Fathers">Pilgrim Fathers</a>; 1620) and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> (1628) practised democratic self-rule and <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalists</a> were convinced that the democratic form of government was the will of God.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mayflower_Compact" title="Mayflower Compact">Mayflower Compact</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rights_and_liberty">Rights and liberty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Rights and liberty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnLocke.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/JohnLocke.png/240px-JohnLocke.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/JohnLocke.png/360px-JohnLocke.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/JohnLocke.png/480px-JohnLocke.png 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="1138" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> argued for individual conscience, free from state control and helped influence the political ideology of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Protestants also took the initiative in advocating for <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">religious freedom</a>. Freedom of conscience had a high priority on the theological, philosophical, and political agendas since Luther refused to recant his beliefs before the Diet of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> at Worms (1521). In his view, faith was a free work of the Holy Spirit and could, therefore, not be forced on a person.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The persecuted Anabaptists and Huguenots demanded freedom of conscience, and they practiced <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early seventeenth century, Baptists like <a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(Baptist_minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Smyth (Baptist minister)">John Smyth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Helwys" title="Thomas Helwys">Thomas Helwys</a> published tracts in defense of religious freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their thinking influenced <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>'s stance on tolerance.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the leadership of Baptist <a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a>, Congregationalist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hooker" title="Thomas Hooker">Thomas Hooker</a>, and Quaker <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a>, respectively, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> combined democratic constitutions with freedom of religion. These colonies became safe havens for persecuted religious minorities, including <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, and the American <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> with its fundamental human rights made this tradition permanent by giving it a legal and political framework.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The great majority of American Protestants, both clergy and laity, strongly supported the independence movement. All major Protestant churches were represented in the First and Second Continental Congresses.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the American democracy became a model for numerous other countries and regions throughout the world (e.g., Latin America, Japan, and Germany). The strongest link between the American and <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolutions</a> was <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Lafayette" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis de Lafayette">Marquis de Lafayette</a>, an ardent supporter of the American constitutional principles. The French <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> was mainly based on Lafayette's draft of this document.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> also echo the American constitutional tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Democracy, social-contract theory, separation of powers, religious freedom, separation of church and state—these achievements of the Reformation and early Protestantism were elaborated on and popularized by <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> thinkers. Some of the philosophers of the English, Scottish, German, and Swiss Enlightenment—<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">John Toland</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Christian Wolff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>—had Protestant backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, John Locke, whose political thought was based on "a set of Protestant Christian assumptions",<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> derived the equality of all humans, including the equality of the genders ("Adam and Eve"), from Genesis 1, 26–28. As all persons were created equally free, all governments needed "the <a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">consent of the governed</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, other human rights were advocated for by some Protestants. For example, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> was abolished in <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> in 1740, <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> in Britain in 1834 and in the United States in 1865 (<a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>—against Southern Protestants).<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pufendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Pufendorf">Samuel Pufendorf</a> were among the first thinkers who made significant contributions to <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention">Geneva Convention</a>, an important part of humanitarian <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, was largely the work of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a>, a reformed <a href="/wiki/Pietist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietist">pietist</a>. He also founded the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_teaching">Social teaching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Social teaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Protestants have founded hospitals, homes for disabled or elderly people, educational institutions, organizations that give aid to developing countries, and other social welfare agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the nineteenth century, throughout the Anglo-American world, numerous dedicated members of all Protestant denominations were active in social reform movements such as the abolition of slavery, prison reforms, and <a href="/wiki/Woman_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Woman suffrage">woman suffrage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an answer to the "social question" of the nineteenth century, Germany under Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> introduced insurance programs that led the way to the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> (<a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accident_insurance" title="Accident insurance">accident insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disability_insurance" title="Disability insurance">disability insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old-age_pension" class="mw-redirect" title="Old-age pension">old-age pensions</a>). To Bismarck this was "practical Christianity".<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These programs, too, were copied by many other nations, particularly in the Western world. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Young_Men%27s_Christian_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Men's Christian Association">Young Men's Christian Association</a> was founded by Congregationalist <a href="/wiki/George_Williams_(YMCA)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Williams (YMCA)">George Williams</a>, aimed at empowering young people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liturgy">Liturgy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Liturgy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant liturgy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Reformation#Music_and_art" title="Reformation">Reformation § Music and art</a></div> <p>The arts have been strongly inspired by Protestant beliefs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gerhardt" title="Paul Gerhardt">Paul Gerhardt</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Wither" title="George Wither">George Wither</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Watts" title="Isaac Watts">Isaac Watts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Cowper" title="William Cowper">William Cowper</a>, and other authors and composers created well-known church hymns. </p><p>Musicians like <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Nicolai" title="Philipp Nicolai">Philipp Nicolai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a> composed great works of music. </p><p>Prominent painters with Protestant background were, for example, <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Younger" title="Lucas Cranach the Younger">Lucas Cranach the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>. </p><p>World literature was enriched by the works of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bunyan" title="John Bunyan">John Bunyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Wolfgang Goethe">Johann Wolfgang Goethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Ferdinand_Meyer" title="Conrad Ferdinand Meyer">Conrad Ferdinand Meyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane">Theodor Fontane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Browning" title="Robert Browning">Robert Browning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">Emily Brontë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Stearns Eliot">Thomas Stearns Eliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a>, and many others. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin-Luther-Denkmal,_Worms.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Luther Monument in Worms, which features some of the Reformation's crucial figures"><img alt="Luther Monument in Worms, which features some of the Reformation's crucial figures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Martin-Luther-Denkmal%2C_Worms.JPG/120px-Martin-Luther-Denkmal%2C_Worms.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Martin-Luther-Denkmal%2C_Worms.JPG/180px-Martin-Luther-Denkmal%2C_Worms.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Martin-Luther-Denkmal%2C_Worms.JPG/240px-Martin-Luther-Denkmal%2C_Worms.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument_(Worms)" title="Luther Monument (Worms)">Luther Monument in Worms</a>, which features some of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>'s crucial figures</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ReformationsdenkmalGenf2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The International Monument to the Reformation in Geneva, Switzerland."><img alt="The International Monument to the Reformation in Geneva, Switzerland." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/ReformationsdenkmalGenf2.jpg/120px-ReformationsdenkmalGenf2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/ReformationsdenkmalGenf2.jpg/180px-ReformationsdenkmalGenf2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/ReformationsdenkmalGenf2.jpg/240px-ReformationsdenkmalGenf2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Reformation_Wall" title="Reformation Wall">International Monument to the Reformation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adoration_of_the_Trinity_(Landauer_Altar)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Adoration of the Trinity by Albrecht Dürer"><img alt="The Adoration of the Trinity by Albrecht Dürer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adoration_of_the_Trinity_%28Landauer_Altar%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/110px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adoration_of_the_Trinity_%28Landauer_Altar%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adoration_of_the_Trinity_%28Landauer_Altar%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/165px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adoration_of_the_Trinity_%28Landauer_Altar%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adoration_of_the_Trinity_%28Landauer_Altar%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/219px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adoration_of_the_Trinity_%28Landauer_Altar%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4969" data-file-height="5434" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>Adoration of the Trinity</i> by <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_The_Lamentation_of_Christ_-_The_Schlei%C3%9Fheim_Crucifixion_-_Alte_Pinakothek.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Crucifixion of Christ by Lucas Cranach the Elder"><img alt="The Crucifixion of Christ by Lucas Cranach the Elder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_The_Lamentation_of_Christ_-_The_Schlei%C3%9Fheim_Crucifixion_-_Alte_Pinakothek.jpg/86px-Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_The_Lamentation_of_Christ_-_The_Schlei%C3%9Fheim_Crucifixion_-_Alte_Pinakothek.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_The_Lamentation_of_Christ_-_The_Schlei%C3%9Fheim_Crucifixion_-_Alte_Pinakothek.jpg/130px-Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_The_Lamentation_of_Christ_-_The_Schlei%C3%9Fheim_Crucifixion_-_Alte_Pinakothek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_The_Lamentation_of_Christ_-_The_Schlei%C3%9Fheim_Crucifixion_-_Alte_Pinakothek.jpg/173px-Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_The_Lamentation_of_Christ_-_The_Schlei%C3%9Fheim_Crucifixion_-_Alte_Pinakothek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2805" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>Crucifixion of Christ</i> by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_d._J._-_Adam_and_Eve_-_WGA05729.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adam and Eve by Lucas Cranach the Younger"><img alt="Adam and Eve by Lucas Cranach the Younger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Lucas_Cranach_d._J._-_Adam_and_Eve_-_WGA05729.jpg/88px-Lucas_Cranach_d._J._-_Adam_and_Eve_-_WGA05729.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Lucas_Cranach_d._J._-_Adam_and_Eve_-_WGA05729.jpg/131px-Lucas_Cranach_d._J._-_Adam_and_Eve_-_WGA05729.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Lucas_Cranach_d._J._-_Adam_and_Eve_-_WGA05729.jpg/175px-Lucas_Cranach_d._J._-_Adam_and_Eve_-_WGA05729.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3071" data-file-height="4200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Adam and Eve</i> by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Younger" title="Lucas Cranach the Younger">Lucas Cranach the Younger</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huguenot_lovers_on_St._Bartholomew%27s_Day.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Huguenot, on St. Bartholomew's Day, Refusing to Shield Himself from Danger by Wearing the Roman Catholic Badge by John Everett Millais."><img alt="A Huguenot, on St. Bartholomew's Day, Refusing to Shield Himself from Danger by Wearing the Roman Catholic Badge by John Everett Millais." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Huguenot_lovers_on_St._Bartholomew%27s_Day.jpg/78px-Huguenot_lovers_on_St._Bartholomew%27s_Day.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Huguenot_lovers_on_St._Bartholomew%27s_Day.jpg/117px-Huguenot_lovers_on_St._Bartholomew%27s_Day.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Huguenot_lovers_on_St._Bartholomew%27s_Day.jpg/156px-Huguenot_lovers_on_St._Bartholomew%27s_Day.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="1216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>A Huguenot, on St. Bartholomew's Day, Refusing to Shield Himself from Danger by Wearing the Roman Catholic Badge</i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Harmensz_van_Rijn_-_Return_of_the_Prodigal_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Return of the Prodigal Son, a 1669 portrait by Rembrandt"><img alt="The Return of the Prodigal Son, a 1669 portrait by Rembrandt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rembrandt_Harmensz_van_Rijn_-_Return_of_the_Prodigal_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/92px-Rembrandt_Harmensz_van_Rijn_-_Return_of_the_Prodigal_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rembrandt_Harmensz_van_Rijn_-_Return_of_the_Prodigal_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/138px-Rembrandt_Harmensz_van_Rijn_-_Return_of_the_Prodigal_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rembrandt_Harmensz_van_Rijn_-_Return_of_the_Prodigal_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/184px-Rembrandt_Harmensz_van_Rijn_-_Return_of_the_Prodigal_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="22991" data-file-height="30000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Prodigal_Son" class="mw-redirect" title="The Return of the Prodigal Son">The Return of the Prodigal Son</a></i>, a 1669 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincent_van_Gogh_-_The_Church_in_Auvers-sur-Oise,_View_from_the_Chevet_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Church at Auvers, 1890. Musée d'Orsay, Paris, by Vincent van Gogh."><img alt="The Church at Auvers, 1890. Musée d'Orsay, Paris, by Vincent van Gogh." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_The_Church_in_Auvers-sur-Oise%2C_View_from_the_Chevet_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/93px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_The_Church_in_Auvers-sur-Oise%2C_View_from_the_Chevet_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_The_Church_in_Auvers-sur-Oise%2C_View_from_the_Chevet_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/139px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_The_Church_in_Auvers-sur-Oise%2C_View_from_the_Chevet_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_The_Church_in_Auvers-sur-Oise%2C_View_from_the_Chevet_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/186px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_The_Church_in_Auvers-sur-Oise%2C_View_from_the_Chevet_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3434" data-file-height="4433" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Church_at_Auvers" title="The Church at Auvers">The Church at Auvers</a></i>, 1890. Musée d'Orsay, Paris, by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catholic_responses">Catholic responses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Catholic responses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Anti-Protestantism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation § Politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism of Protestantism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Matanzas_Inlet_Aerial_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Matanzas_Inlet_Aerial_view.jpg/200px-Matanzas_Inlet_Aerial_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Matanzas_Inlet_Aerial_view.jpg/300px-Matanzas_Inlet_Aerial_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Matanzas_Inlet_Aerial_view.jpg/400px-Matanzas_Inlet_Aerial_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Matanzas_Inlet" title="Matanzas Inlet">Matanzas Inlet</a>, Florida, where Protestant shipwreck <a href="/wiki/Spanish_assault_on_French_Florida#Massacre_at_Matanzas_Inlet" title="Spanish assault on French Florida">survivors were executed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Menéndez</a> "because they had built it there without Your Majesty's permission, and were disseminating the Lutheran religion"</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_masacre_de_San_Bartolom%C3%A9,_por_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dubois.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/La_masacre_de_San_Bartolom%C3%A9%2C_por_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dubois.jpg/200px-La_masacre_de_San_Bartolom%C3%A9%2C_por_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dubois.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/La_masacre_de_San_Bartolom%C3%A9%2C_por_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dubois.jpg/300px-La_masacre_de_San_Bartolom%C3%A9%2C_por_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dubois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/La_masacre_de_San_Bartolom%C3%A9%2C_por_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dubois.jpg/400px-La_masacre_de_San_Bartolom%C3%A9%2C_por_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dubois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">St. Bartholomew's Day massacre</a> of French Protestants, 1572.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The view of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> is that Protestant denominations cannot be considered churches but rather that they are <i>ecclesial communities</i> or <i>specific faith-believing communities</i> because their ordinances and doctrines are not historically the same as the Catholic sacraments and dogmas, and the Protestant communities have no sacramental ministerial priesthood<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore lack true <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFAC_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFAC-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bishop <a href="/wiki/Hilarion_(Alfeyev)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilarion (Alfeyev)">Hilarion (Alfeyev)</a> the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> shares the same view on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrary to how the Protestant Reformers were often characterized, the concept of a <i>catholic</i> or universal Church was not brushed aside during the Protestant Reformation. On the contrary, the visible unity of the <i>catholic</i> or <i>universal church</i> was seen by the Protestant reformers as an important and essential doctrine of the Reformation. The Magisterial reformers, such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli, believed that they were reforming the Catholic Church, which they viewed as having become corrupted.<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of them took very seriously the charges of schism and innovation, denying these charges and maintaining that it was the Catholic Church that had left them. The Protestant Reformers formed a new and radically different theological opinion on ecclesiology, that the visible Church is "catholic" (lower-case "c") rather than "Catholic" (upper-case "C"). Accordingly, there is not an indefinite number of parochial, congregational or national churches, constituting, as it were, so many ecclesiastical individualities, but one great spiritual republic of which these various organizations form a part,<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although they each have very different opinions. This was markedly far-removed from the traditional and historic Catholic understanding that the Roman Catholic Church was the one true Church of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet in the Protestant understanding, the <i>visible church</i> is not a genus, so to speak, with so many species under it.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to justify their departure<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>u<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the Catholic Church, Protestants often posited a new argument,<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> saying that there was no real visible Church with divine authority, only a <i>spiritual, invisible, and hidden church</i>—this notion began in the early days of the Protestant Reformation. </p><p>Wherever the Magisterial Reformation, which received support from the ruling authorities, took place, the result was a reformed national Protestant church envisioned to be a part of the whole <i>invisible church</i>, but disagreeing, in certain important points of doctrine and doctrine-linked practice, with what had until then been considered the normative reference point on such matters,<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>w<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> namely the Papacy and central authority of the Catholic Church. The Reformed churches thus believed in some form of Catholicity, founded on their doctrines of the five solas and a visible <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical</a> organization based on the 14th- and 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliar movement</a>, rejecting the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a> in favor of <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical councils</a>, but rejecting the latest ecumenical council, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>x<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious unity therefore became not one of doctrine and identity but one of invisible character, wherein the unity was one of faith in Jesus Christ, not common identity, doctrine, belief, and collaborative action. </p><p>There are Protestants,<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>y<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially of the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed tradition</a>, that either reject or down-play the designation <i>Protestant</i> because of the negative idea that the word invokes in addition to its primary meaning, preferring the designation <i>Reformed</i>, <i>Evangelical</i> or even <i>Reformed Catholic</i> expressive of what they call a <i>Reformed Catholicity</i> and defending their arguments from the traditional Protestant confessions.<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Ecumenism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_ecumenism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian ecumenism">Christian ecumenism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:209px;max-width:209px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marburger-Religionsgespr%C3%A4ch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Marburger-Religionsgespr%C3%A4ch.jpg/207px-Marburger-Religionsgespr%C3%A4ch.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Marburger-Religionsgespr%C3%A4ch.jpg/311px-Marburger-Religionsgespr%C3%A4ch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Marburger-Religionsgespr%C3%A4ch.jpg/414px-Marburger-Religionsgespr%C3%A4ch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="546" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Marburg_Colloquy" title="Marburg Colloquy">Marburg Colloquy</a> (1529) was an early attempt at uniting <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a>. It failed as both reformers and their delegations could not agree on the sacrament of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>. Similar discussions were held in 1586 during the <a href="/wiki/Colloquy_of_Montb%C3%A9liard" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquy of Montbéliard">Colloquy of Montbéliard</a> and from 1661 to 1663 during the <a href="/wiki/Syncretistic_controversy" title="Syncretistic controversy">Syncretistic controversy</a>. Anonymous woodcut, 1557.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_1910_World_Missionary_Conference,the_Edinburgh_Missionary_Conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_1910_World_Missionary_Conference%2Cthe_Edinburgh_Missionary_Conference.jpg/177px-The_1910_World_Missionary_Conference%2Cthe_Edinburgh_Missionary_Conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_1910_World_Missionary_Conference%2Cthe_Edinburgh_Missionary_Conference.jpg/266px-The_1910_World_Missionary_Conference%2Cthe_Edinburgh_Missionary_Conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_1910_World_Missionary_Conference%2Cthe_Edinburgh_Missionary_Conference.jpg/354px-The_1910_World_Missionary_Conference%2Cthe_Edinburgh_Missionary_Conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="2362" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Edinburgh Missionary Conference is considered the symbolic starting point of the contemporary ecumenical movement.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The ecumenical movement has had an influence on <a href="/wiki/Mainline_(Protestant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainline (Protestant)">mainline</a> churches, beginning at least in 1910 with the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Missionary_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Missionary Conference">Edinburgh Missionary Conference</a>. Its origins lay in the recognition of the need for cooperation on the mission field in Africa, Asia and Oceania. Since 1948, the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a> has been influential, but ineffective in creating a united church. There are also ecumenical bodies at regional, national and local levels across the globe; but schisms still far outnumber unifications. One, but not the only expression of the ecumenical movement, has been the move to form united churches, such as the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">Church of South India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_North_India" title="Church of North India">Church of North India</a>, the US-based <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Uniting_Church_in_Australia" title="Uniting Church in Australia">Uniting Church in Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ_in_the_Philippines" title="United Church of Christ in the Philippines">United Church of Christ in the Philippines</a> which have rapidly declining memberships. There has been a strong engagement of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> churches in the ecumenical movement, though the reaction of individual Orthodox theologians has ranged from tentative approval of the aim of Christian unity to outright condemnation of the perceived effect of watering down Orthodox doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Protestant <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> is held to be valid by the Catholic Church if given with the trinitarian formula and with the intent to baptize. However, as the ordination of Protestant ministers is not recognized due to the lack of <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a> and the disunity from Catholic Church, all other sacraments (except marriage) performed by Protestant denominations and ministers are not recognized as valid. Therefore, Protestants desiring full communion with the Catholic Church are not re-baptized (although they are confirmed) and Protestant ministers who become Catholics may be ordained to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_priesthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic priesthood">priesthood</a> after a period of study. </p><p>In 1999, the representatives of <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation" title="Lutheran World Federation">Lutheran World Federation</a> and Catholic Church signed the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_on_the_Doctrine_of_Justification" title="Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification">Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification</a>, apparently resolving the conflict over the nature of <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">justification</a> which was at the root of the Protestant Reformation, although <a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional Lutheran">Confessional Lutherans</a> reject this statement.<sup id="cite_ref-WELS-JD_278-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WELS-JD-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is understandable, since there is no compelling authority within them. On 18 July 2006, delegates to the World Methodist Conference voted unanimously to adopt the Joint Declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spread_and_demographics">Spread and demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Spread and demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_by_country" title="Protestantism by country">Protestantism by country</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">Christianity by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Peter%27s_Church,_Bermuda,_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/St._Peter%27s_Church%2C_Bermuda%2C_Front.jpg/240px-St._Peter%27s_Church%2C_Bermuda%2C_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/St._Peter%27s_Church%2C_Bermuda%2C_Front.jpg/360px-St._Peter%27s_Church%2C_Bermuda%2C_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/St._Peter%27s_Church%2C_Bermuda%2C_Front.jpg/480px-St._Peter%27s_Church%2C_Bermuda%2C_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Church,_St._George%27s" title="St. Peter's Church, St. George's">St. Peter's Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, built in 1612, is the oldest surviving Protestant church in the "New World", including the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and certain Atlantic Ocean islands. It was the first of nine <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">Parish churches</a> established in Bermuda by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. Bermuda also has the oldest <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> church outside the British Isles, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_in_Warwick" title="Christ Church in Warwick">Christ Church</a> (1719).</figcaption></figure> <p>There are more than 900 million Protestants worldwide,<sup id="cite_ref-pewforum1_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewforum1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gordonconwell.edu_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gordonconwell.edu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hillerbrand_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillerbrand-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clarke,_Beyer_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke,_Beyer-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Noll_283-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noll-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Diamond,_Plattner,_Costopoulos,_2005_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diamond,_Plattner,_Costopoulos,_2005-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>z<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among approximately 2.4 billion Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-gordonconwell.edu_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gordonconwell.edu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-World_286-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Global_Christianity_287-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_Christianity-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>aa<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, a total of more than 800 million included 300 million in Sub-Saharan Africa, 260 million in the Americas, 140 million in Asia-Pacific region, 100 million in Europe and 2 million in Middle East-North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-pewforum1_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewforum1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protestants account for nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide, and are more than one tenth of the total human population.<sup id="cite_ref-pewforum1_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewforum1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various estimates put the percentage of Protestants in relation to the total number of world's Christians at 33%,<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke,_Beyer_281-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke,_Beyer-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 36%,<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 36.7%,<sup id="cite_ref-pewforum1_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewforum1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 40%,<sup id="cite_ref-Hillerbrand_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillerbrand-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in relation to the world's population at 11.6%<sup id="cite_ref-pewforum1_21-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewforum1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 13%.<sup id="cite_ref-Diamond,_Plattner,_Costopoulos,_2005_284-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diamond,_Plattner,_Costopoulos,_2005-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In European countries which were most profoundly influenced by the Reformation, Protestantism still remains the most practiced religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke,_Beyer_281-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke,_Beyer-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke,_Beyer_281-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke,_Beyer-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other historical Protestant strongholds such as Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Latvia, and Estonia, it remains one of the most popular religions.<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Czech Republic was the site of <a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">one of the most significant pre-reformation movements</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-museeprotestant.org_292-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museeprotestant.org-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are only few Protestant adherents;<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mainly due to historical reasons like persecution of Protestants by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> restrictions during the <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist rule</a>, and also the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-museeprotestant.org_292-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museeprotestant.org-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the last several decades, religious practice has been declining as <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a> has increased.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke,_Beyer_281-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke,_Beyer-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2019 study about Religiosity in the European Union in 2019 by <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a>, Protestants made up 9% of the <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a> population.<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, Protestants constituted nearly one fifth (or 18%) of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">continent's Christian population</a> in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-pewforum1_21-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewforum1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clarke and Beyer estimate that Protestants constituted 15% of all Europeans in 2009, while Noll claims that less than 12% of them lived in Europe in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke,_Beyer_281-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke,_Beyer-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Noll_283-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noll-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Changes in worldwide Protestantism over the last century have been significant.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillerbrand_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillerbrand-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Noll_283-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noll-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Witte_and_Alexander_298-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witte_and_Alexander-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1900, Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Protestantism_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Protestantism-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Diamond,_Plattner,_Costopoulos,_2005_284-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diamond,_Plattner,_Costopoulos,_2005-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Witte_and_Alexander_298-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witte_and_Alexander-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That caused Protestantism to be called a primarily non-Western religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Noll_283-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noll-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Witte_and_Alexander_298-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witte_and_Alexander-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the growth has occurred after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonization of Africa">decolonization of Africa</a> and abolition of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">various restrictions against Protestants</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> countries occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-Diamond,_Plattner,_Costopoulos,_2005_284-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diamond,_Plattner,_Costopoulos,_2005-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one source, Protestants constituted respectively 2.5%, 2%, 0.5% of Latin Americans, Africans and Asians.<sup id="cite_ref-Diamond,_Plattner,_Costopoulos,_2005_284-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diamond,_Plattner,_Costopoulos,_2005-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, percentage of Protestants on mentioned continents was 17%, more than 27% and 6%, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Diamond,_Plattner,_Costopoulos,_2005_284-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diamond,_Plattner,_Costopoulos,_2005-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Mark A. Noll, 79% of <a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a> lived in the United Kingdom in 1910, while most of the remainder was found in the United States and across the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Noll_283-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noll-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2010, 59% of Anglicans were found in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Noll_283-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noll-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, more Protestants lived in India than in the UK or Germany, while Protestants in Brazil accounted for as many people as Protestants in the UK and Germany combined.<sup id="cite_ref-Noll_283-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noll-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost as many lived in each of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and China as in all of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Noll_283-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noll-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China is home to world's largest Protestant minority.<sup id="cite_ref-pewforum1_21-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewforum1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ab<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Protestantism is growing in Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Protestantism_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Protestantism-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TIME_2001_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIME_2001-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Protestantism_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Protestantism-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TIME_2001_301-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIME_2001-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latin America,<sup id="cite_ref-TIME_2001_301-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIME_2001-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Oceania,<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Protestantism_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Protestantism-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Witte_and_Alexander_298-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witte_and_Alexander-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while declining in <a href="/wiki/Anglo_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo America">Anglo America</a><sup id="cite_ref-Witte_and_Alexander_298-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witte_and_Alexander-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke,_Beyer_281-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke,_Beyer-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some exceptions such as France,<sup id="cite_ref-Jean-Paul_Willaime_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jean-Paul_Willaime-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it was eradicated after the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau" title="Edict of Fontainebleau">Edict of Fontainebleau</a> and the following persecution of <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>, but now is claimed to be stable in number or even growing slightly.<sup id="cite_ref-Jean-Paul_Willaime_306-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jean-Paul_Willaime-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> is another country to see a Protestant revival.<sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the largest Protestant denominational families were historically Pentecostal denominations (11%), Anglican (11%), Lutheran (10%), Baptist (9%), <a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United and uniting churches</a> (unions of different denominations) (7%), Presbyterian or Reformed (7%), Methodist (3%), Adventist (3%), Congregationalist (1%), <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Brethren</a> (1%), <a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">The Salvation Army</a> (<1%) and <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian</a> (<1%). Other denominations accounted for 38% of Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-pewforum1_21-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewforum1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States is home to approximately 20% of Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-pewforum1_21-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewforum1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2012 study, Protestant share of U.S. population dropped to 48%, thus ending its status as religion of the majority for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-Nones_of_the_Rise_310-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nones_of_the_Rise-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decline is attributed mainly to the dropping membership of the <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline Protestant</a> churches,<sup id="cite_ref-Nones_of_the_Rise_310-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nones_of_the_Rise-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestant">Evangelical Protestant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black churches</a> are stable or continue to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-Nones_of_the_Rise_310-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nones_of_the_Rise-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2050, Protestantism is projected to rise to slightly more than half of the world's total Christian population.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_313-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ac<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to other experts such as Hans J. Hillerbrand, Protestants will be as numerous as Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_315-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Peter L. Berger</a>, popular Protestantism<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ad<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the most dynamic religious movement in the contemporary world, alongside <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">resurgent Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protestant_majority_countries_(2010).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Protestant majority countries in 2010."><img alt="Protestant majority countries in 2010." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Protestant_majority_countries_%282010%29.svg/300px-Protestant_majority_countries_%282010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Protestant_majority_countries_%282010%29.svg/450px-Protestant_majority_countries_%282010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Protestant_majority_countries_%282010%29.svg/600px-Protestant_majority_countries_%282010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Protestant majority countries in 2010.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_(2010).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Countries by percentage of Protestants, 2010."><img alt="Countries by percentage of Protestants, 2010." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg/300px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg/450px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg/600px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Countries by percentage of Protestants, 2010.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism of Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Germany" title="Protestantism in Germany">Protestantism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture#The_Reformation_and_its_influence_on_church_architecture" title="Church architecture">The Reformation and its influence on church architecture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Generally regarded as a division of <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, though <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a> denominations have developed outside of the West.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Lollards" class="mw-redirect" title="Lollards">Lollards</a> are also considered Protestant today, although their origins date back to centuries before the launch of the Reformation. Others, such as the <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a>, were later incorporated into another branch of Protestantism; in this case, the Reformed branch.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Specifically, in <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral Saxony">Electoral Saxony</a>. Even today, especially in German contexts, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> is often described as the "motherland of the Reformation" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Mutterland der Reformation</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At the time Germany and the surrounding region was fragmented into <a href="/wiki/States_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="States of the Holy Roman Empire">numerous states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. Areas which turned Protestant were primarily located in northern, central and eastern areas of the Empire.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Several states of the Holy Roman Empire adopted Calvinism, including the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Palatinate" title="Electoral Palatinate">County Palatine of the Rhine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For further information, see <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>. In this article, Anglicanism is considered a branch of Protestantism as a part of movements derived directly from the 16th century Reformation. While today the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> often considers itself to be a <i><a href="/wiki/Via_media" title="Via media">via media</a></i> between Protestantism and the Catholic Church, until the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a> in the 1830s the church generally considered itself to be Protestant. (Neill, Stephen. <i>Anglicanism</i> Pelican 1960, pp. 170, 259–260)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Pew 2011 report on Christianity about 60% (defined strictly, as some denominations given individual percentages in the report could be considered a part of one of the seven main distinguishable Protestant branches, e.g. <a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">The Salvation Army</a> could be considered a part of Methodism). The majority figures given in such reports or in other sources may vary considerably.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This branch was first called <i>Calvinism</i> by Lutherans who opposed it, but many find the word <i>Reformed</i> to be more descriptive.<sup id="cite_ref-Hägglund_2007_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hägglund_2007-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a>, many of <a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">united and uniting churches</a>, as well as historic <a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Reformed church">Continental Reformed churches</a> in France, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, Hungary, and elsewhere.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A flexible term; defined as all forms of Protestantism with the notable exception of the historical denominations deriving from the Protestant Reformation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most current estimates place the world's Protestant population in the range of 800 million to 1.05 billion. For example, author Hans Hillerbrand estimated a total Protestant population of 833,457,000 in 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.pl_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.pl-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a report by Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary – 1,047,295,000 (with inclusion of independents as defined in this article) in mid-2024.<sup id="cite_ref-gordonconwell.edu_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gordonconwell.edu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the end, while the Reformation emphasis on Protestants reading the Scriptures was one factor in the development of literacy, the impact of printing itself, the wider availability of printed works at a cheaper price, and the increasing focus on education and learning as key factors in obtaining a lucrative post, were also significant contributory factors.<sup id="cite_ref-Pettegree543_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pettegree543-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the first decade of the Reformation, Luther's message became a movement, and the output of religious pamphlets in Germany was at its height.<sup id="cite_ref-PettegreeHall786_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PettegreeHall786-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finland's State Church was the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden" title="Church of Sweden">Church of Sweden</a> until 1809. As an autonomous Grand Duchy under Russia 1809–1917, Finland retained the Lutheran State Church system, and a state church separate from Sweden, later named the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Finland" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland</a>, was established. It was detached from the state as a separate judicial entity when the new church law came to force in 1869. After Finland had gained independence in 1917, religious freedom was declared in the constitution of 1919 and a separate law on religious freedom in 1922. Through this arrangement, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland lost its position as a state church but gained a constitutional status as a national church alongside the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Orthodox Church">Finnish Orthodox Church</a>, whose position, however, is not codified in the constitution.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Münster Rebellion">followers of Thomas Müntzer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Hubmaier" title="Balthasar Hubmaier">Balthasar Hubmaier</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Primarily in the United States, where Protestants are usually placed in one of two categories—<a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> or Evangelical.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">this varies among Protestants today. In Sweden, the bishops switched to Lutheranism during the Reformation and there was no break in ordinations. See <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession#Lutheran_claims_to_apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession in Sweden</a> for more on this. Today, as a result of shared ordinations, the entire <a href="/wiki/Porvoo_Communion" title="Porvoo Communion">Porvoo Communion</a> can trace an unbroken chain of Archbishop-level ordinations going back to before the Reformation through the Swedish line. However, today Rome does not accept these ordinations as valid not because there was a break in the chain, but rather because the occurred apart from papal permission.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more on this, see <a href="/wiki/Crypto-paganism" title="Crypto-paganism">crypto-paganism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy#Overview" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a>. In some areas, pagan Europeans were forced to adopt Christianity at least outwardly, such as after being defeated in battle by Christians. However, outlawing their paganism did not just make it go away. Rather, it persisted as crypto-paganism. For example, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a>, in his 1537 <a href="/wiki/Apology_of_the_Augsburg_Confession" title="Apology of the Augsburg Confession">Apology of the Augsburg Confession</a> identified the mechanical character of <a href="/wiki/Ex_opere_operato" title="Ex opere operato">ex opere operato</a> sacraments as being a form of pagan <a href="/wiki/Deterministic_system_(philosophy)" title="Deterministic system (philosophy)">deterministic philosophy</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the position of the Protestants who believe the church is visible. For those who think the church is invisible, organizations are irrelevant, as only individual sinners can be saved.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo#Ecclesiology" title="Augustine of Hippo">Ecclesiology of Augustine of Hippo</a> for an example of a church father who discussed the invisible church.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Marks_of_the_Church_(Protestantism)" title="Marks of the Church (Protestantism)">Marks of the Church</a> in Reformed theology. It is thus you may think of the State, but the visible church is a <i>totum integrale</i>, it is an empire, with an ethereal emperor, rather than a visible one. The churches of the various nationalities constitute the provinces of this empire; and though they are so far independent of each other, yet they are so one, that membership in one is membership in all, and separation from one is separation from all.... This conception of the church, of which, in at least some aspects, we have practically so much lost sight, had a firm hold of the Scottish theologians of the seventeenth century. James Walker in <i>The Theology of Theologians of Scotland.</i> (Edinburgh: Rpt. Knox Press, 1982) Lecture iv. pp. 95–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At least at first, Protestants did not depart per se. Rather, they were excommunicated such as in the 1520 <i><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i> and the 1521 <i><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Worms" class="mw-redirect" title="Edict of Worms">Edict of Worms</a></i>. Some Protestants avoided excommunication by living as <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Protestant">crypto-Protestants</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some Protestants claim the church is visible today, this is a matter of dispute.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The assertion of papal supremacy varied through history. For example, in 381 the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> recognized the sees of Rome and Constantinople as being equal in authority. Papal supremacy continued to evolve after the Reformation with the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lutherans did not completely reject Trent. In fact, some attended it, although they were not given a vote. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chemnitz" title="Martin Chemnitz">Martin Chemnitz</a> on the basis that all councils are subject to examination, wrote the <i><a href="/wiki/Examination_of_the_Council_of_Trent" title="Examination of the Council of Trent">Examination of the Council of Trent</a></i> in which some parts of Trent were accepted and others dissented from.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In history, Catholic sympathizing Protestants were termed <a href="/wiki/Crypto-papist" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-papist">crypto-papists</a> and lived as such because Catholicism was illegal in some areas under the legal principle of <i><a href="/wiki/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio" title="Cuius regio, eius religio">cuius regio, eius religio</a></i>. However, outlawing Catholics did not always force them to emigrate. Instead, they remained continued to influence the dominant church in their area.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estimates vary considerably, from 400 up to more than a billion. One of the reasons is the lack of a common agreement among scholars which denominations constitute Protestantism. Nevertheless, 800 million is the most accepted figure among various authors and scholars. For example, author Hans Hillerbrand estimated a total 2004 Protestant population of 833,457,000,<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.pl_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.pl-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a report by Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary—961,961,000 (with inclusion of independents as defined in this article) in mid-2015.<sup id="cite_ref-gordonconwell.edu_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gordonconwell.edu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Current sources are in general agreement that Christians make up about 33% of the world's population—slightly over 2.4 billion adherents in mid-2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estimates for China vary in dozens of millions. Nevertheless, in comparison to the other countries, there is no disagreement that China has the most numerous Protestant minority.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magisterial Protestant, Independent, Anabaptist and Anglican parties are understood as Protestant as stated previously in the article, as well as in the book: <i>Statistics for the P, I and A megablocs are often combined because they overlap so much-hence the order followed here.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A flexible term; defined as all forms of Protestantism with the notable exception of the historical denominations deriving from the Protestant Reformation.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WELS2014-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WELS2014_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WELS2014_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WELS2014_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WELS2014_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wels.net/what-we-believe/questions-answers/christian/methodist-beliefs">"Methodist Beliefs: In what ways are Lutherans different from United Methodists?"</a>. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140522105449/http://www.wels.net/what-we-believe/questions-answers/christian/methodist-beliefs">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2014</span>. <q>The United Methodists see Scripture as the primary source and criterion for Christian doctrine, emphasizing the importance of tradition, experience, and reason for Christian doctrine. Lutherans teach that the Bible is the sole source for Christian doctrine. The truths of Scripture do not need to be authenticated by tradition, human experience, or reason. Scripture is self authenticating and is true in and of itself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Methodist+Beliefs%3A+In+what+ways+are+Lutherans+different+from+United+Methodists%3F&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Evangelical+Lutheran+Synod&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fwhat-we-believe%2Fquestions-answers%2Fchristian%2Fmethodist-beliefs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaithful2014" class="citation book cs1">Faithful, George (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YGqVAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA159"><i>Mothering the Fatherland: A Protestant Sisterhood Repents for the Holocaust</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199363476" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199363476"><bdi>978-0199363476</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523002949/https://books.google.com/books?id=YGqVAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA159">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mothering+the+Fatherland%3A+A+Protestant+Sisterhood+Repents+for+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199363476&rft.aulast=Faithful&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYGqVAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Löffler, K. (1910), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09162a.htm">Pope Leo X</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501164045/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09162a.htm">Archived</a> 1 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic Encyclopedia">The Catholic Encyclopedia</a>, New York: Robert Appleton Company, "The immediate cause was bound up with the odious greed for money displayed by the Roman Curia, and shows how far short all efforts at reform had hitherto fallen...Abuses occurred during the preaching of the Indulgence. The money contributions, a mere accessory, were frequently the chief object, and the "Indulgences for the Dead" became a vehicle of inadmissible teachings...(The pope) gave himself up unrestrainedly to his pleasures and failed to grasp fully the duties of his high office."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2010" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, C. Scott (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xLBa5aO7fgQC"><i>Protestants: A History from Wittenberg to Pennsylvania 1517–1740</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444328110" title="Special:BookSources/978-1444328110"><bdi>978-1444328110</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523002943/https://books.google.com/books?id=xLBa5aO7fgQC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protestants%3A+A+History+from+Wittenberg+to+Pennsylvania+1517%E2%80%931740&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1444328110&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=C.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxLBa5aO7fgQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i> (1974) art. "Speyer (Spires), Diets of"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGassmannLarsonOldenburg2001" class="citation book cs1">Gassmann, Günther; Larson, Duane H.; Oldenburg, Mark W. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Htz8M1Xlqi4C&pg=PA9"><i>Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810866201" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810866201"><bdi>978-0810866201</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220610070110/https://books.google.com/books?id=Htz8M1Xlqi4C&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Lutheranism&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0810866201&rft.aulast=Gassmann&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnther&rft.au=Larson%2C+Duane+H.&rft.au=Oldenburg%2C+Mark+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHtz8M1Xlqi4C%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuyper1899" class="citation book cs1">Kuyper, Abraham (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1asvyE-1DUkC&pg=PT19"><i>Calvinism</i></a>. Primedia E-launch LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1622090457" title="Special:BookSources/978-1622090457"><bdi>978-1622090457</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220610070117/https://books.google.com/books?id=1asvyE-1DUkC&pg=PT19">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calvinism&rft.pub=Primedia+E-launch+LLC&rft.date=1899&rft.isbn=978-1622090457&rft.aulast=Kuyper&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1asvyE-1DUkC%26pg%3DPT19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillerbrand-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hillerbrand_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillerbrand_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillerbrand_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillerbrand_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillerbrand_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillerbrand2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hillerbrand, Hans J., ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PMSTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA59"><i>Encyclopedia of Protestantism</i></a>. Vol. 1–4. London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92472-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92472-6"><bdi>978-0-415-92472-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523002949/https://books.google.com/books?id=PMSTAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA349">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Protestantism&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92472-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPMSTAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karl_Heussi_1956_pp._317–319-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karl_Heussi_1956_pp._317–319_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karl_Heussi_1956_pp._317–319_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heussi, Karl (1956). <i>Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte</i>, 11., Tübingen (Germany), pp. 317–319, 325–326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Remensnyder1893-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Remensnyder1893_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remensnyder1893_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunius_Benjamin_Remensnyder1893" class="citation book cs1">Junius Benjamin Remensnyder (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rWA3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA12"><i>The Lutheran Manual</i></a>. Boschen & Wefer Company. p. 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427020003/https://books.google.com/books?id=rWA3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA12">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lutheran+Manual&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Boschen+%26+Wefer+Company&rft.date=1893&rft.au=Junius+Benjamin+Remensnyder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrWA3AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frey1918-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frey1918_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frey1918_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrey1918" class="citation book cs1">Frey, H. (1918). <i>Is One Church as Good as Another?</i>. Vol. 37. <a href="/wiki/The_Lutheran_Witness" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lutheran Witness">The Lutheran Witness</a>. pp. 82–83. <q>There can only be one <i>true</i> visible Church. ...Only that one is the true visible Church which teaches and confesses the entire doctrine of the Word of God in all its purity, and in whose midst the Sacraments are duly administered according to Christ's institution. Of all Churches, this can only be said of our Lutheran Church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+One+Church+as+Good+as+Another%3F&rft.pages=82-83&rft.pub=The+Lutheran+Witness&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Frey&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hägglund_2007-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hägglund_2007_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHägglund2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hägglund, Bengt (2007). <i>Teologins Historia</i> [<i>History of Theology</i>] (in German). Translated by Gene J. Lund (Fourth Revised ed.). Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teologins+Historia&rft.place=Saint+Louis&rft.edition=Fourth+Revised&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4gglund&rft.aufirst=Bengt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pewforum1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum1_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum1_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum1_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum1_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum1_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum1_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum1_21-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum1_21-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum1_21-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum1_21-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum1_21-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum1_21-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101114257/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf">"Pewforum: Grobal Christianity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 19 December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/files/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pewforum%3A+Grobal+Christianity&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2Ffiles%2F2011%2F12%2FChristianity-fullreport-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oikoumene.org/en/church-families/evangelical-churches">World Council of Churches: Evangelical churches</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150107095948/http://www.oikoumene.org/en/church-families/evangelical-churches/">Archived</a> 7 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "Evangelical churches have grown exponentially in the second half of the 20th century and continue to show great vitality, especially in the global South. This resurgence may in part be explained by the phenomenal growth of Pentecostalism and the emergence of the charismatic movement, which are closely associated with evangelicalism. However, there can be no doubt that the evangelical tradition "per se" has become one of the major components of world Christianity. Evangelicals also constitute sizable minorities in the traditional Protestant and Anglican churches. In regions like Africa and Latin America, the boundaries between "evangelical" and "mainline" are rapidly changing and giving way to new ecclesial realities."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2005" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Peter L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ic5pyiIkTxAC&pg=PA16">"Religion and Global Civil Society"</a>. In Juergensmeyer, Mark (ed.). <i>Religion in Global Civil Society</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198040699" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198040699"><bdi>978-0198040699</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130319211612/http://books.google.com/books?id=Ic5pyiIkTxAC&pg=PA16">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2016</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion+and+Global+Civil+Society&rft.btitle=Religion+in+Global+Civil+Society&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0198040699&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Peter+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIc5pyiIkTxAC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gordonconwell.edu-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gordonconwell.edu_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gordonconwell.edu_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gordonconwell.edu_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gordonconwell.edu_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gordonconwell.edu_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gordonconwell.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2024/01/Status-of-Global-Christianity-2024.pdf">"Status of Global Christianity, 2024, in the Context of 1900–2050"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Center for the Study of Global Christianity, Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406231727/https://www.gordonconwell.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2024/01/Status-of-Global-Christianity-2024.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Status+of+Global+Christianity%2C+2024%2C+in+the+Context+of+1900%E2%80%932050&rft.pub=Center+for+the+Study+of+Global+Christianity%2C+Gordon-Conwell+Theological+Seminary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gordonconwell.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F13%2F2024%2F01%2FStatus-of-Global-Christianity-2024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.pl-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.pl_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.pl_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillerbrand2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hillerbrand, Hans J., ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PMSTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2"><i>Encyclopedia of Protestantism</i></a>. Vol. 1–4. London; New York: Routledge. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92472-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92472-6"><bdi>978-0-415-92472-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523002949/https://books.google.com/books?id=PMSTAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA349">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Protestantism&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92472-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPMSTAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymonline.com-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-etymonline.com_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-etymonline.com_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=protestant">"protestant – Origin and meaning of protestant"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141231135327/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=protestant">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=protestant+%E2%80%93+Origin+and+meaning+of+protestant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dprotestant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/protestant">"Definition of Protestant"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015034937/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/protestant">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Protestant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fprotestant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">MacCulloch, Diarmaid</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/The_Reformation:_A_History" title="The Reformation: A History"><i>The Reformation: A History</i></a>. New York: Penguin. p. xx.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reformation%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xx&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OOE796-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OOE796_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Espín, Orlando O. and Nickoloff, James B. <i>An introductory dictionary of theology and religious studies</i>. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press, p. 796.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Protestantism-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Protestantism_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Protestantism_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Protestantism_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Protestantism_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Protestantism_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Protestantism_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">Melton, J. Gordon</a>, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bW3sXBjnokkC"><i>Encyclopedia of Protestantism</i></a>. Encyclopedia of World Religions. New York: Facts On File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-5456-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-5456-8"><bdi>0-8160-5456-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323181207/https://books.google.com/books?id=bW3sXBjnokkC&pg=PR11">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Protestantism&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8160-5456-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbW3sXBjnokkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Humphrey2013-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Humphrey2013_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphrey2013" class="citation book cs1">Humphrey, Edith M. (2013). <i>Scripture and Tradition</i>. Baker Books. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-4048-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-4048-4"><bdi>978-1-4412-4048-4</bdi></a>. <q>historically Anglicans have adopted what could be called a prima Scriptura position.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scripture+and+Tradition&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-4048-4&rft.aulast=Humphrey&rft.aufirst=Edith+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodhead, Linda. <i>Christianity: A Very Short Introduction</i> (Oxford University Press, 2014). pp. 57–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchaffHerzog-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SchaffHerzog_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchaffHerzog_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzogPhilip_Schaff1911" class="citation book cs1">Herzog, Johann Jakob; Philip Schaff, Albert (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AmYAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA419"><i>The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge</i></a>. p. 419. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906050433/https://books.google.com/books?id=AmYAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA419">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Schaff-Herzog+Encyclopedia+of+Religious+Knowledge&rft.pages=419&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Herzog&rft.aufirst=Johann+Jakob&rft.au=Philip+Schaff%2C+Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAmYAAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2006" class="citation book cs1">Lane, Anthony (2006). <i>Justification by Faith in Catholic-Protestant Dialogue</i>. London: T & T Clark. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0567040046" title="Special:BookSources/0567040046"><bdi>0567040046</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justification+by+Faith+in+Catholic-Protestant+Dialogue&rft.place=London&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=T+%26+T+Clark&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0567040046&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bucher2014-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bucher2014_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBucher2014" class="citation web cs1">Bucher, Richard P. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140725061927/http://www.orlutheran.com/html/methodism.html">"Methodism"</a>. Lexington: Lutheran Church Missouri Synod. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orlutheran.com/html/methodism.html">the original</a> on 25 July 2014. <q>Also, for Methodists full salvation involves not only justification by faith, but repentance and holy living as well. Whereas in Lutheran theology the central doctrine and focus of all our worship and life is justification by grace through faith, for Methodists the central focus has always been holy living and the striving for perfection. Wesley gave the analogy of a house. He said repentance is the porch. Faith is the door. But holy living is the house itself. Holy living is true religion. "Salvation is like a house. To get into the house you first have to get on the porch (repentance) and then you have to go through the door (faith). But the house itself—one's relationship with God—is holiness, holy living" (Joyner, paraphrasing Wesley, 3).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Methodism&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pub=Lutheran+Church+Missouri+Synod&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bucher&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlutheran.com%2Fhtml%2Fmethodism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-willsky-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-willsky_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-willsky_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-willsky_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-willsky_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillsky-Ciollo2015" class="citation book cs1">Willsky-Ciollo, Lydia (2015). <i>American Unitarianism and the Protestant Dilemma: The Conundrum of Biblical Authority</i>. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739188927" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739188927"><bdi>978-0739188927</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Unitarianism+and+the+Protestant+Dilemma%3A+The+Conundrum+of+Biblical+Authority&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0739188927&rft.aulast=Willsky-Ciollo&rft.aufirst=Lydia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan1998" class="citation book cs1">Chan, Simon (1998). <i>Spiritual Theology: A Systematic Study of the Christian Life</i>. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0830815425" title="Special:BookSources/978-0830815425"><bdi>978-0830815425</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spiritual+Theology%3A+A+Systematic+Study+of+the+Christian+Life&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+IL&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=IVP+Academic&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0830815425&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvis2002" class="citation book cs1">Avis, Paul (2002). <i>The Church in the Theology of the Reformers</i>. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1592441009" title="Special:BookSources/1592441009"><bdi>1592441009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+in+the+Theology+of+the+Reformers&rft.place=Eugene%2C+OR&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1592441009&rft.aulast=Avis&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2016:18&version=nrsv">Matt. 16:18</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%203:11&version=nrsv">1 Cor. 3:11</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%202:20&version=nrsv">Eph. 2:20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Peter%202:5–6&version=nrsv">1 Pet. 2:5–6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%2021:14&version=nrsv">Rev. 21:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%207:21&version=nrsv">Matt. 7:21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+10:16&version=47">1Cor 10:16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+11:20&version=47">11:20, 27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engelder, T.E.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1"><i>Popular Symbolics</i></a>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. p. 95, Part XXIV. "The Lord's Supper", paragraph 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121030003/http://bookofconcord.com/fc-sd/supper.html">"The Solid Declaration of the Formula of Concord, Article 8, The Holy Supper"</a>. Bookofconcord.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.com/fc-sd/supper.html">the original</a> on 21 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Solid+Declaration+of+the+Formula+of+Concord%2C+Article+8%2C+The+Holy+Supper&rft.pub=Bookofconcord.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookofconcord.com%2Ffc-sd%2Fsupper.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+22:19–20&version=50">Lk 22:19–20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1910" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090415004724/http://www.ctsfw.edu/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt"><i>Outlines of Doctrinal Theology</i></a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 162. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctsfw.edu/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt">the original</a> on 15 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Doctrinal+Theology&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctsfw.edu%2Fetext%2Fgraebneral%2Fsoteriology.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+26:28&version=50">Mt 26:28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1910" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110528150447/http://www.ctsfw.edu/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt"><i>Outlines of Doctrinal Theology</i></a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 163. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctsfw.edu/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt">the original</a> on 28 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Doctrinal+Theology&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctsfw.edu%2Fetext%2Fgraebneral%2Fsoteriology.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1910" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090415004724/http://www.ctsfw.edu/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt"><i>Outlines of Doctrinal Theology</i></a>. St. Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 163. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctsfw.edu/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt">the original</a> on 15 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Doctrinal+Theology&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctsfw.edu%2Fetext%2Fgraebneral%2Fsoteriology.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neal2014-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neal2014_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeal2014" class="citation book cs1">Neal, Gregory S. (2014). <i>Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life</i>. WestBow Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1490860077" title="Special:BookSources/978-1490860077"><bdi>978-1490860077</bdi></a>. <q>For Anglicans and Methodists the reality of the presence of Jesus as received through the sacramental elements is not in question. Real presence is simply accepted as being true, its mysterious nature being affirmed and even lauded in official statements like <i>This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacramental+Theology+and+the+Christian+Life&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=WestBow+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1490860077&rft.aulast=Neal&rft.aufirst=Gregory+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balmer2002-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Balmer2002_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalmerWinner2002" class="citation book cs1">Balmer, Randall Herbert; Winner, Lauren F. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/protestantismame00balm_593"><i>Protestantism in America</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/protestantismame00balm_593/page/n42">26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231111300" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231111300"><bdi>978-0231111300</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protestantism+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0231111300&rft.aulast=Balmer&rft.aufirst=Randall+Herbert&rft.au=Winner%2C+Lauren+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprotestantismame00balm_593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haffner1999-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haffner1999_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaffner1999" class="citation book cs1">Haffner, Paul (1999). <i>The Sacramental Mystery</i>. Gracewing Publishing. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0852444764" title="Special:BookSources/978-0852444764"><bdi>978-0852444764</bdi></a>. <q>The <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a> drawn up by Melanchton, one of Luther's disciples admitted only three sacraments, Baptist, the Lord's Supper and Penance. Melanchton left the way open for the other five sacred signs to be considered as "secondary sacraments". However, Zwingli, Calvin and most of the later Reformed tradition accepted only Baptism and the Lord's Supper as sacraments, but in a highly symbolic sense.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacramental+Mystery&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Gracewing+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0852444764&rft.aulast=Haffner&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2010" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, C. Scott (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xLBa5aO7fgQC"><i>Protestants: A History from Wittenberg to Pennsylvania 1517–1740</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444328110" title="Special:BookSources/978-1444328110"><bdi>978-1444328110</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523002943/https://books.google.com/books?id=xLBa5aO7fgQC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protestants%3A+A+History+from+Wittenberg+to+Pennsylvania+1517%E2%80%931740&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1444328110&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=C.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxLBa5aO7fgQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc3.iii.vii.xix.html">"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311–600 – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221094001/https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc3.iii.vii.xix.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+History+of+the+Christian+Church%2C+Volume+III%3A+Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Christianity.+A.D.+311%E2%80%93600+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc3.iii.vii.xix.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gottschalk-of-Orbais">"Gottschalk Of Orbais | Roman Catholic theologian | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121161752/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gottschalk-of-Orbais">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Gottschalk+Of+Orbais+%7C+Roman+Catholic+theologian+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FGottschalk-of-Orbais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcaryslmbrown2017" class="citation web cs1">caryslmbrown (18 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doinghistoryinpublic.org/2017/07/18/reformation-parallels-the-case-of-gottschalk-of-orbais/">"Reformation parallels: the case of Gottschalk of Orbais"</a>. <i>Doing History in Public</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028215011/https://doinghistoryinpublic.org/2017/07/18/reformation-parallels-the-case-of-gottschalk-of-orbais/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Doing+History+in+Public&rft.atitle=Reformation+parallels%3A+the+case+of+Gottschalk+of+Orbais&rft.date=2017-07-18&rft.au=caryslmbrown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoinghistoryinpublic.org%2F2017%2F07%2F18%2Freformation-parallels-the-case-of-gottschalk-of-orbais%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockridge" class="citation web cs1">Lockridge, Kenneth R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11213309">"Gottschalk "Fulgentius" of Orbais"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211114133600/https://www.academia.edu/11213309">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gottschalk+%22Fulgentius%22+of+Orbais&rft.aulast=Lockridge&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11213309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ratramnus">"Ratramnus | Benedictine theologian | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121090330/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ratramnus">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Ratramnus+%7C+Benedictine+theologian+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FRatramnus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilner" class="citation book cs1">Milner, Joseph. <i>The History of the Church of Christ Volume 3</i>. <q>A comment on the epistle to the Galatians, is his only work which was committed to the press. In it he every where asserts the equality of all the apostles with St. Peter. And, indeed, he always owns Jesus Christ to be the only proper head of the church. He is severe against the doctrine of human merits, and of the exaltation of traditions to a height of credibility equal to that of the divine word. He maintains that we are to be saved by faith alone; holds the fallibility of the church, exposes the futility of praying for the dead, and the sinfulness of the idolatrous practices then supported by the Roman see. Such are the sentiments found in his commentary on the epistle to the Galatians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Church+of+Christ+Volume+3&rft.aulast=Milner&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch,_Diarmaid" class="citation book cs1">MacCulloch, Diarmaid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1303898228"><i>A history of Christianity : the first three thousand years</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1303898228">1303898228</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220831153624/http://worldcat.org/title/1303898228">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Christianity+%3A+the+first+three+thousand+years&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1303898228&rft.au=MacCulloch%2C+Diarmaid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1303898228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Friends-of-God">"Friends of God | religious group | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125125434/https://www.britannica.com/event/Friends-of-God">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Friends+of+God+%7C+religious+group+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FFriends-of-God&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc6/hcc6.iii.x.v.html">"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294–1517"</a>. <i>ccel.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117065912/https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc6/hcc6.iii.x.v.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2021</span> – via Christian Classics Ethereal Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ccel.org&rft.atitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+History+of+the+Christian+Church%2C+Volume+VI%3A+The+Middle+Ages.+A.D.+1294%E2%80%931517&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc6%2Fhcc6.iii.x.v.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc6/hcc6.iii.x.iv.html">"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294–1517"</a>. <i>ccel.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211114121627/https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc6/hcc6.iii.x.iv.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2021</span> – via Christian Classics Ethereal Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ccel.org&rft.atitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+History+of+the+Christian+Church%2C+Volume+VI%3A+The+Middle+Ages.+A.D.+1294%E2%80%931517&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc6%2Fhcc6.iii.x.iv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pharosjot.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_25_vol_98_2017.pdf">"The forms of communication employed by the Protestant Reformers and especially Luther and Calvin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pharos Journal of Theology</i>. <b>98</b>. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220105230957/http://www.pharosjot.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_25_vol_98_2017.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2021</span>. <q>John of Wessel was one member in the group who attacked indulgences (Reddy 2004:115). The doctrine of justification by faith alone was the teaching of John of Wessel (Kuiper 1982:151). He rejected the doctrine of transubstantiation where it is believed when the priest pronounces the sacraments then the wine and bread is turned into the real body and blood of Christ</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharos+Journal+of+Theology&rft.atitle=The+forms+of+communication+employed+by+the+Protestant+Reformers+and+especially+Luther+and+Calvin&rft.volume=98&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pharosjot.com%2Fuploads%2F7%2F1%2F6%2F3%2F7163688%2Farticle_25_vol_98_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schofield122-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schofield122_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schofield <i>Martin Luther</i> p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cameron-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cameron <i>European Reformation</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pettegree543-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pettegree543_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pettegree <i>Reformation World</i> p. 543</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards <i>Printing, Propaganda, and Martin Luther</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PettegreeHall786-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PettegreeHall786_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pettegree and Hall "Reformation and the Book <i>Historical Journal</i> p. 786</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William P. Haugaard "The History of Anglicanism I" in <i>The Study of Anglicanism</i> Stephen Sykes and John Booty (eds) (SPCK 1987) pp. 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 1, of the <a href="/wiki/Articles_Declaratory_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="Articles Declaratory of the Constitution of the Church of Scotland">Articles Declaratory of the Constitution of the Church of Scotland</a> 1921 states 'The Church of Scotland adheres to the Scottish Reformation'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/195896/history-of-Europe/58335/Demographics#ref=ref310375">History of Europe – Demographics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723052625/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/195896/history-of-Europe/58335/Demographics#ref=ref310375">Archived</a> 23 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Encyclopædia Britannica.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODCCWestphalia-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ODCCWestphalia_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cross, (ed.) "Westphalia, Peace of" <i>Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas S. Kidd, <i>The Great Awakening: The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America</i> (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Cott" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy Cott">Nancy Cott</a>, "Young Women in the Great Awakening in New England", Feminist Studies 3, no. 1/2 (Autumn 1975): 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William G. McLoughlin, <i>Revivals Awakenings and Reform</i> (1980)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mark_A._Noll" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark A. Noll">Mark A. Noll</a>, <i>A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada</i> (1992) pp. 286–310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fogel-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fogel_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert William Fogel, <i>The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism</i> (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert William Fogel (2000), <i>The Fourth Great Awakening & the Future of Egalitarianism</i>; see the review by Randall Balmer, <i>Journal of Interdisciplinary History</i> 2002 33(2): 322–325</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbard2005" class="citation book cs1">Gibbard, Noel (2005). <i>Fire on the Altar: A History and Evaluation of the 1904–05 Welsh Revival</i>. Bridgend: <a href="/wiki/Bryntirion_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryntirion Press">Bryntirion Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1850492115" title="Special:BookSources/978-1850492115"><bdi>978-1850492115</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+on+the+Altar%3A+A+History+and+Evaluation+of+the+1904%E2%80%9305+Welsh+Revival&rft.place=Bridgend&rft.pub=Bryntirion+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1850492115&rft.aulast=Gibbard&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCranach2012" class="citation web cs1">Cranach (22 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patheos.com/blogs/geneveith/2012/03/has-lutheranism-caused-secularism/">"Has Lutheranism caused secularism?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150630182929/http://www.patheos.com/blogs/geneveith/2012/03/has-lutheranism-caused-secularism/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Has+Lutheranism+caused+secularism%3F&rft.date=2012-03-22&rft.au=Cranach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patheos.com%2Fblogs%2Fgeneveith%2F2012%2F03%2Fhas-lutheranism-caused-secularism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn.info/pouvoir-et-religion-en-europe--9782200272135-page-209.htm"><i>Chapitre 6 – Les Lumières, ou la sécularisation de l'État</i></a>. Cairn.info. 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2200272135" title="Special:BookSources/978-2200272135"><bdi>978-2200272135</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230512113444/https://www.cairn.info/pouvoir-et-religion-en-europe--9782200272135-page-209.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chapitre+6+%E2%80%93+Les+Lumi%C3%A8res%2C+ou+la+s%C3%A9cularisation+de+l%27%C3%89tat&rft.pub=Cairn.info&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-2200272135&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Fpouvoir-et-religion-en-europe--9782200272135-page-209.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-horsch-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-horsch_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorsch1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Horsch" title="John Horsch">Horsch, John</a> (1995). <i>Mennonites in Europe</i>. Herald Press. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0836113952" title="Special:BookSources/978-0836113952"><bdi>978-0836113952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mennonites+in+Europe&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Herald+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0836113952&rft.aulast=Horsch&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gonzalez, <i>A History of Christian Thought</i>, 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GAMEO-Karlstadt-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GAMEO-Karlstadt_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHein" class="citation web cs1">Hein, Gerhard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Karlstadt,_Andreas_Rudolff-Bodenstein_von_(1486-1541)">"Karlstadt, Andreas Rudolff-Bodenstein von (1486–1541)"</a>. <i>Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424213846/https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Karlstadt,_Andreas_Rudolff-Bodenstein_von_(1486-1541)">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Anabaptist+Mennonite+Encyclopedia+Online&rft.atitle=Karlstadt%2C+Andreas+Rudolff-Bodenstein+von+%281486%E2%80%931541%29&rft.aulast=Hein&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgameo.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DKarlstadt%2C_Andreas_Rudolff-Bodenstein_von_%281486-1541%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformationhappens.com/movements/magisterial/">The Magisterial Reformation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704053158/http://www.reformationhappens.com/movements/magisterial/">Archived</a> 4 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QkhVtAEwZckC&pg=PA135"><i>Occupational Outlook Handbook, 1996–1997</i></a>. Diane Publishing. 1996. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0788129056" title="Special:BookSources/978-0788129056"><bdi>978-0788129056</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523002953/https://books.google.com/books?id=QkhVtAEwZckC&pg=PA135">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Occupational+Outlook+Handbook%2C+1996%E2%80%931997&rft.pub=Diane+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0788129056&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQkhVtAEwZckC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiochian.org/node/17076">"An Orthodox Response to the Recent Roman Catholic Declaration on the Nature of the Church"</a>. <i>www.antiochian.org</i>. Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140802015235/http://antiochian.org/node/17076">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.antiochian.org&rft.atitle=An+Orthodox+Response+to+the+Recent+Roman+Catholic+Declaration+on+the+Nature+of+the+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiochian.org%2Fnode%2F17076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DenmarkConstitution-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DenmarkConstitution_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/da00000_.html">"ICL > Denmark > Constitution"</a>. <i>www.servat.unibe.ch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710092702/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/da00000_.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.servat.unibe.ch&rft.atitle=ICL+%3E+Denmark+%3E+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.servat.unibe.ch%2Ficl%2Fda00000_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150308090058/http://www.folkakirkjan.fo/default.aspx?pageid=6235&sectionid=207">"Føroyska kirkjan"</a>. <i>Fólkakirkjan</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folkakirkjan.fo/default.aspx?pageid=6235&sectionid=207">the original</a> on 8 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=F%C3%B3lkakirkjan&rft.atitle=F%C3%B8royska+kirkjan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.folkakirkjan.fo%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fpageid%3D6235%26sectionid%3D207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IcelandConstitution-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IcelandConstitution_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.government.is/constitution/">Constitution of the Republic of Iceland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040211190819/http://www.government.is/constitution/">Archived</a> 11 February 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Article 62, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.government.is/">Government of Iceland</a> .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abcnyheter-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abcnyheter_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abcnyheter.no/nyheter/080410/losere-band-men-fortsatt-statskirke">Løsere bånd, men fortsatt statskirke</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108043939/http://www.abcnyheter.no/nyheter/080410/losere-band-men-fortsatt-statskirke">Archived</a> 8 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ABC Nyheter</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.8076910">Staten skal ikke lenger ansette biskoper</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120418121937/http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.8076910">Archived</a> 18 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, NRK</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbund2012" class="citation web cs1">Forbund, Human-Etisk (15 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fritanke.no/index.php?page=vis_nyhet&NyhetID=8840">"Ingen avskaffelse: Slik blir den nye statskirkeordningen"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120093721/https://fritanke.no/index.php?page=vis_nyhet&NyhetID=8840">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ingen+avskaffelse%3A+Slik+blir+den+nye+statskirkeordningen&rft.date=2012-05-15&rft.aulast=Forbund&rft.aufirst=Human-Etisk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffritanke.no%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dvis_nyhet%26NyhetID%3D8840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFasse" class="citation web cs1">Fasse, Christoph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformiert-online.net/adressen/detail.php?id=13338&lg=eng">"Address data base of Reformed churches and institutions"</a>. <i>www.reformiert-online.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130708165003/http://www.reformiert-online.net/adressen/detail.php?id=13338&lg=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.reformiert-online.net&rft.atitle=Address+data+base+of+Reformed+churches+and+institutions&rft.aulast=Fasse&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformiert-online.net%2Fadressen%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D13338%26lg%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eberle-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eberle_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEberle2011" class="citation book cs1">Eberle, Edward J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oYkzkVc_sG0C&pg=PA2"><i>Church and State in Western Society</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing,_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.">Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.</a> p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-0792-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-0792-8"><bdi>978-1-4094-0792-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523002945/https://books.google.com/books?id=oYkzkVc_sG0C&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2019</span>. <q>The Church of England later became the official state church, with the monarch supervising church functions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+and+State+in+Western+Society&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-0792-8&rft.aulast=Eberle&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoYkzkVc_sG0C%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fox_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2008" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Jonathan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rE0NcgxNaKEC&pg=PA120"><i>A World Survey of Religion and the State</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88131-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88131-9"><bdi>978-0-521-88131-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523002951/https://books.google.com/books?id=rE0NcgxNaKEC&pg=PA120">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2019</span>. <q>The Church of England (Anglican) and the Church of Scotland (Presbyterian) are the official religions of the UK.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+Survey+of+Religion+and+the+State&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88131-9&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrE0NcgxNaKEC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferrante-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferrante_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrante2010" class="citation book cs1">Ferrante, Joan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AwnIIXI6y38C&pg=PA408"><i>Sociology: A Global Perspective</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. p. 408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8400-3204-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8400-3204-1"><bdi>978-0-8400-3204-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523002953/https://books.google.com/books?id=AwnIIXI6y38C&pg=PA408">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2019</span>. <q>the Church of England [Anglican], which remains the official state church</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology%3A+A+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=408&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8400-3204-1&rft.aulast=Ferrante&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAwnIIXI6y38C%26pg%3DPA408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FinlandConstitution-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FinlandConstitution_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://servat.unibe.ch/icl/fi00000_.html">"ICL > Finland > Constitution"</a>. <i>servat.unibe.ch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180123122238/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fi00000_.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=servat.unibe.ch&rft.atitle=ICL+%3E+Finland+%3E+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fservat.unibe.ch%2Ficl%2Ffi00000_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iclrs.org/content/blurb/files/Sweden.1.pdf">"Maarit Jänterä-Jareborg: Religion and the Secular State in Sweden"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160110072754/http://www.iclrs.org/content/blurb/files/Sweden.1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Baptist Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190525014132/http://www.bpnews.net/52962/acp--giving-increases-baptisms-attendance-continue-decline">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SBC%3A+Giving+increases+while+baptisms+continue+decline&rft.pub=Baptist+Press&rft.date=2019-05-23&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpnews.net%2F52962%2Facp--giving-increases-baptisms-attendance-continue-decline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/appendix-b-classification-of-protestant-denominations/">"Appendix B: Classification of Protestant Denominations"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>. 12 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205153232/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/appendix-b-classification-of-protestant-denominations/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Appendix+B%3A+Classification+of+Protestant+Denominations&rft.date=2015-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2015%2F05%2F12%2Fappendix-b-classification-of-protestant-denominations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wcrc.ch/theology/">"Theology and Communion"</a>. <i>World Communion of Reformed Churches</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220021929/http://wcrc.ch/theology/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Communion+of+Reformed+Churches&rft.atitle=Theology+and+Communion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwcrc.ch%2Ftheology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140412134752/http://wcrc.ch/wcrc-member-churches/">"Member Churches"</a>. <i>World Communion of Reformed Churches</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wcrc.ch/wcrc-member-churches/">the original</a> on 12 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Communion+of+Reformed+Churches&rft.atitle=Member+Churches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwcrc.ch%2Fwcrc-member-churches%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nĕmec-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nĕmec_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nĕmec, Ludvík "The Czechoslovak heresy and schism: the emergence of a national Czechoslovak church", American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1975, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-651-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-651-7">0-87169-651-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent</i>, Fourth Session, Decree on Sacred Scripture (Denzinger 783 [1501]; Schaff 2:79–81). For a history of the discussion of various interpretations of the Tridentine decree, see Selby, Matthew L., <i>The Relationship Between Scripture and Tradition according to the Council of Trent</i>, unpublished Master's thesis, University of St Thomas, July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olson1999-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olson1999_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1999" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Roger E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofchristian00olso/page/158"><i>The Story of Christian Theology: Twenty Centuries of Tradition & Reform</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofchristian00olso/page/158">158</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0830815050" title="Special:BookSources/978-0830815050"><bdi>978-0830815050</bdi></a>. <q>The magisterial Protestant denominations such as major Lutheran, Reformed and Anglican (Church of England, Episcopalian) denominations recognize only the first four as having any special authority, and even they are considered subordinate to Scripture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Christian+Theology%3A+Twenty+Centuries+of+Tradition+%26+Reform&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0830815050&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofchristian00olso%2Fpage%2F158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelly2009-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kelly2009_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2009" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Joseph Francis (2009). <i>The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History</i>. Liturgical Press. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814653760" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814653760"><bdi>978-0814653760</bdi></a>. <q>The Church of England and most Lutheran churches accept the first four councils as ecumenical; Orthodox churches accept the first seven.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecumenical+Councils+of+the+Catholic+Church%3A+A+History&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0814653760&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lutheran.org.nz/about-us/">"About Us"</a>. <i>Lutheran Church of New Zealand</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401192904/http://www.lutheran.org.nz/about-us/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lutheran+Church+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lutheran.org.nz%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lutheranworld.org/content/member-churches">"Member Churches – The Lutheran World Federation"</a>. 19 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150129164641/http://www.lutheranworld.org/content/member-churches">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Member+Churches+%E2%80%93+The+Lutheran+World+Federation&rft.date=2013-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lutheranworld.org%2Fcontent%2Fmember-churches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120715071837/http://www.lutheranworld.org/lwf/index.php/member-statistics-2011.html">"Survey Shows 70.5 Million Members in LWF-Affiliated Churches"</a>. <i>The Lutheran World Federation</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lutheran+World+Federation&rft.atitle=Survey+Shows+70.5+Million+Members+in+LWF-Affiliated+Churches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lutheranworld.org%2Flwf%2Findex.php%2Fmember-statistics-2011.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldmethodistcouncil.org/about/member-churches/">"Member Churches"</a>. World Methodist Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303123750/http://worldmethodistcouncil.org/about/member-churches/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Member+Churches&rft.pub=World+Methodist+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldmethodistcouncil.org%2Fabout%2Fmember-churches%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Methodist_Hymnbody-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Methodist_Hymnbody_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qScPAAAAIAAJ"><i>A Collection of Hymns, for the use of the people called Methodists</i></a>. T. Blanshard. 1820. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003032/https://books.google.com/books?id=qScPAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Collection+of+Hymns%2C+for+the+use+of+the+people+called+Methodists&rft.pub=T.+Blanshard&rft.date=1820&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqScPAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winn-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winn_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winn_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinn2007" class="citation book cs1">Winn, Christian T. Collins (2007). <i>From the Margins: A Celebration of the Theological Work of Donald W. Dayton</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1630878320" title="Special:BookSources/978-1630878320"><bdi>978-1630878320</bdi></a>. <q>In addition to these separate denominational groupings, one needs to give attention to the large pockets of the Holiness movement that have remained within the United Methodist Church. The most influential of these would be the circles dominated by Asbury College and Asbury Theological Seminary (both in Wilmore, KY), but one could speak of other colleges, innumerable local campmeetings, the vestiges of various local Holiness associations, independent Holiness oriented missionary societies and the like that have had great impact within United Methodism. A similar pattern would exist in England with the role of Cliff College within Methodism in that context.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Margins%3A+A+Celebration+of+the+Theological+Work+of+Donald+W.+Dayton&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1630878320&rft.aulast=Winn&rft.aufirst=Christian+T.+Collins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oikoumene.org/en/church-families/holiness-churches">"Holiness churches"</a>. <i>oikoumene.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225232719/https://www.oikoumene.org/en/church-families/holiness-churches/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%22Plymouth+Brethren%22+FAQ&rft.atitle=What+is+the+history+of+the+%27Brethren%27%3F&rft.date=2006-06&rft.aulast=Abigail&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrethrenonline.org%2Ffaqs%2FBrethren.htm%233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mackay1981-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mackay1981_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackay1981" class="citation book cs1">Mackay, Harold (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/assemblydistinct0000mack"><i>Assembly Distinctives</i></a></span>. Scarborough, Toronto: Everyday Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88873-049-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88873-049-7"><bdi>978-0-88873-049-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15948378">15948378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assembly+Distinctives&rft.place=Scarborough%2C+Toronto&rft.pub=Everyday+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15948378&rft.isbn=978-0-88873-049-7&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fassemblydistinct0000mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130719234710/http://qfp.quakerweb.org.uk/qfp11-01.html">"Quaker Faith & Practice"</a>. Britain Yearly Meeting. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qfp.quakerweb.org.uk/qfp11-01.html">the original</a> on 19 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quaker+Faith+%26+Practice&rft.pub=Britain+Yearly+Meeting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqfp.quakerweb.org.uk%2Fqfp11-01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120413213340/http://www.bym-rsf.org/publications/fandp/11worship.html#vocal">"Baltimore Yearly Meeting Faith & Practice 2011 draft"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bym-rsf.org/publications/fandp/11worship.html#vocal">the original</a> on 13 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baltimore+Yearly+Meeting+Faith+%26+Practice+2011+draft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bym-rsf.org%2Fpublications%2Ffandp%2F11worship.html%23vocal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quaker.org/quest/ministers-1.htm">The Trouble With "Ministers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019042905/http://www.quaker.org/quest/ministers-1.htm">Archived</a> 19 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Chuck Fager gives an overview of the hierarchy Friends had until it began to be abolished in the mid-eighteenth century. Retrieved 25 April 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Confessionalism is a term employed by historians to refer to "the creation of fixed identities and systems of beliefs for separate churches which had previously been more fluid in their self-understanding, and which had not begun by seeking separate identities for themselves—they had wanted to be truly Catholic and reformed." (MacCulloch, <i>The Reformation: A History</i>, p. xxiv.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew_Forum_on_Religion_&_Public_Life_/_U.S._Religious_Landscape_Survey-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pew_Forum_on_Religion_&_Public_Life_/_U.S._Religious_Landscape_Survey_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report2religious-landscape-study-appendix3.pdf">"Classification of Protestant Denominations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classification+of+Protestant+Denominations&rft.pub=Pew+Forum+on+Religion+%26+Public+Life+%2F+U.S.+Religious+Landscape+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligions.pewforum.org%2Fpdf%2Freport2religious-landscape-study-appendix3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/unitarianism/ataglance/glance.shtml">"Unitarianism: Unitarianism at a glance"</a>. BBC – Religions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809050504/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/unitarianism/ataglance/glance.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unitarianism%3A+Unitarianism+at+a+glance&rft.pub=BBC+%E2%80%93+Religions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Funitarianism%2Fataglance%2Fglance.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanunitarian.org/AUCChristian.htm">"Unitarian Christianity"</a>. <i>www.americanunitarian.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170805035309/http://americanunitarian.org/AUCChristian.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.americanunitarian.org&rft.atitle=Unitarian+Christianity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanunitarian.org%2FAUCChristian.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerdyaev1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev" title="Nikolai Berdyaev">Berdyaev, Nikolai</a> (1999) [1916]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berdyaev.com/berdiaev/berd_lib/1916_252a.html">"Spiritual Christianity and Sectarianism in Russia"</a>. <i>Russkaya Mysl ("Russian Thought")</i>. Translated by S. Janos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719084458/https://www.berdyaev.com/berdiaev/berd_lib/1916_252a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2023</span> – via Berdyaev.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russkaya+Mysl+%28%22Russian+Thought%22%29&rft.atitle=Spiritual+Christianity+and+Sectarianism+in+Russia&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Berdyaev&rft.aufirst=Nikolai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berdyaev.com%2Fberdiaev%2Fberd_lib%2F1916_252a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarasoff2006" class="citation book cs1">Tarasoff, Koozma J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spirit-wrestlers.com/excerpts/2006_Doukhobors_Overview.html">"Overview"</a>. <i>Spirit Wrestlers: Doukhobor Pioneers' Strategies for Living</i>. Ottawa: Legas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896031-12-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-896031-12-9"><bdi>1-896031-12-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071223110138/http://www.spirit-wrestlers.com/excerpts/2006_Doukhobors_Overview.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bW3sXBjnokkC&pg=PA373">"Messianic Judaism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bW3sXBjnokkC"><i>Encyclopedia of Protestantism</i></a>. Encyclopedia of World Religions. New York: Facts On File. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-5456-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-5456-8"><bdi>0-8160-5456-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630153122/https://books.google.com/books?id=bW3sXBjnokkC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spiritual+Discernment+Conference&rft.atitle=Later+Adventist+Worship%2C+Ellen+White+and+the+Holy+Spirit%3A+Further+Historical+Perspectives&rft.date=1999-08-27&rft.aulast=Patrick&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdanet.org%2Fatissue%2Fdiscern%2Fflesh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIDPCM-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIDPCM_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgessvan_der_Maas2002" class="citation cs2">Burgess, Stanley M; van der Maas, Eduard M, eds. 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The burgesses of this <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Bermuda" title="House of Assembly of Bermuda">assembly</a> were picked out of those who were known to be enemies to that way, and they did not suffer a Roundhead (as they term them) to be chosen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pym+Letters.+Caribbeana%3A+Being+Miscellaneous+papers+Relating+to+the+History.+Genealogy%2C+Topography%2C+and+Antiquities+of+the+British+West+Indies.+Volume+II.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Mitchell+Hughes+and+Clarke%2C+140+Wardour+Street%2C+W&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Langford+Oliver&rft.aufirst=Vere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefroy1981" class="citation book cs1">Lefroy, Major-General Sir John Henry (1981). <i>Memorials of the Discovery and Early Settlement of the Bermudas or Somers Islands 1515-1685, Volume I</i>. Bermuda: The Bermuda Historical Society and The Bermuda National Trust (the first edition having been published in 1877, with funds provided by the Government of Bermuda), printed in Canada by The University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorials+of+the+Discovery+and+Early+Settlement+of+the+Bermudas+or+Somers+Islands+1515-1685%2C+Volume+I&rft.place=Bermuda&rft.pub=The+Bermuda+Historical+Society+and+The+Bermuda+National+Trust+%28the+first+edition+having+been+published+in+1877%2C+with+funds+provided+by+the+Government+of+Bermuda%29%2C+printed+in+Canada+by+The+University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Lefroy&rft.aufirst=Major-General+Sir+John+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eleuthera-map.com/eleuthera-island.htm">"Eleuthera Island: History Notes"</a>. <i>eleuthera-map.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170101125402/http://www.eleuthera-map.com/eleuthera-island.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eleuthera-map.com&rft.atitle=Eleuthera+Island%3A+History+Notes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eleuthera-map.com%2Feleuthera-island.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield1989" class="citation news cs1">Butterfield, Fox (14 May 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/14/travel/the-perfect-new-england-village.html?sec=&spon=">"The Perfect New England Town"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181118230017/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/14/travel/the-perfect-new-england-village.html?sec=&spon=">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Perfect+New+England+Town&rft.date=1989-05-14&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Fox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F05%2F14%2Ftravel%2Fthe-perfect-new-england-village.html%3Fsec%3D%26spon%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGrath2011-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McGrath2011_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2011" class="citation book cs1">McGrath, Alister E (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bus5TyjTfxYC&pg=PA76"><i>Christian Theology: An Introduction</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9770-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9770-3"><bdi>978-1-4443-9770-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906041426/https://books.google.com/books?id=bus5TyjTfxYC&pg=PA76">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Theology%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-9770-3&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Alister+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbus5TyjTfxYC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrownCollinson2012-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrownCollinson2012_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownCollinsonWilkinson2012" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Stuart; Collinson, Diane; Wilkinson, Robert (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hz8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA52"><i>Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Philosophers</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06043-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06043-1"><bdi>978-0-415-06043-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906044607/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hz8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA52">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+Twentieth-Century+Philosophers&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-06043-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.au=Collinson%2C+Diane&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHz8OAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmerman1991-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmmerman1991_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmmerman1991">Ammerman 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Heussi, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte</i></span></i>, p. 319</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantoni2015" class="citation journal cs1">Cantoni, Davide (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24539263">"The Economic Effects of the Protestant Reformation: Testing the Weber Hypothesis in the German Lands"</a>. <i>Journal of the European Economic Association</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 561–598. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjeea.12117">10.1111/jeea.12117</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10230%2F11729">10230/11729</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1542-4766">1542-4766</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24539263">24539263</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7528944">7528944</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230518061700/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24539263">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+European+Economic+Association&rft.atitle=The+Economic+Effects+of+the+Protestant+Reformation%3A+Testing+the+Weber+Hypothesis+in+the+German+Lands&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=561-598&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10230%2F11729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24539263%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjeea.12117&rft.issn=1542-4766&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7528944%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cantoni&rft.aufirst=Davide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24539263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBendix1978" class="citation book cs1">Bendix, Reinhard (1978). <i>Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait</i>. University of California Press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520031944" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520031944"><bdi>978-0520031944</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Max+Weber%3A+An+Intellectual+Portrait&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0520031944&rft.aulast=Bendix&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoppartFalkingerGrossmann2014" class="citation journal cs1">Boppart, Timo; Falkinger, Josef; Grossmann, Volker (1 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cesifo-group.de/DocDL/cesifo1_wp3314.pdf">"Protestantism and Education: Reading (the Bible) and Other Skills"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Economic Inquiry</i>. <b>52</b> (2): 874–895. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fecin.12058">10.1111/ecin.12058</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1465-7295">1465-7295</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10220106">10220106</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cesifo-group.de/DocDL/cesifo1_wp3314.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Protestantism+and+Education%3A+Reading+%28the+Bible%29+and+Other+Skills&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=874-895&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10220106%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1465-7295&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fecin.12058&rft.aulast=Boppart&rft.aufirst=Timo&rft.au=Falkinger%2C+Josef&rft.au=Grossmann%2C+Volker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cesifo-group.de%2FDocDL%2Fcesifo1_wp3314.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchalteggerTorgler2010" class="citation journal cs1">Schaltegger, Christoph A.; Torgler, Benno (1 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.qut.edu.au/32407/1/COVERSHEET_C32407.pdf">"Work ethic, Protestantism, and human capital"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Economics Letters</i>. <b>107</b> (2): 99–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.econlet.2009.12.037">10.1016/j.econlet.2009.12.037</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0165-1765">0165-1765</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://eprints.qut.edu.au/32407/1/COVERSHEET_C32407.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economics+Letters&rft.atitle=Work+ethic%2C+Protestantism%2C+and+human+capital&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=99-101&rft.date=2010-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.econlet.2009.12.037&rft.issn=0165-1765&rft.aulast=Schaltegger&rft.aufirst=Christoph+A.&rft.au=Torgler%2C+Benno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.qut.edu.au%2F32407%2F1%2FCOVERSHEET_C32407.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpaterTranvik2019" class="citation journal cs1">Spater, Jeremy; Tranvik, Isak (1 November 2019). "The Protestant Ethic Reexamined: Calvinism and Industrialization". <i>Comparative Political Studies</i>. <b>52</b> (13–14): 1963–1994. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0010414019830721">10.1177/0010414019830721</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4140">0010-4140</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204438351">204438351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Protestant+Ethic+Reexamined%3A+Calvinism+and+Industrialization&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=13%E2%80%9314&rft.pages=1963-1994&rft.date=2019-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A204438351%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0010-4140&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0010414019830721&rft.aulast=Spater&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Tranvik%2C+Isak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1990" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, I. Bernard (1990). <i>Puritanism and the rise of modern science: the Merton thesis</i>. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1530-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1530-4"><bdi>978-0-8135-1530-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puritanism+and+the+rise+of+modern+science%3A+the+Merton+thesis&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-1530-4&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=I.+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._Floris_Cohen" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Floris Cohen">Cohen, H.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientificrevolu00cohe/page/320"><i>The scientific revolution: a historiographical inquiry</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientificrevolu00cohe/page/320">320–321</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-11280-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-11280-0"><bdi>978-0-226-11280-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+scientific+revolution%3A+a+historiographical+inquiry&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=320-321&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-11280-0&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscientificrevolu00cohe%2Fpage%2F320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2iieLX7nrEAC&dq=Merton+thesis&pg=PA320">Google Print, pp. 320–321</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406083709/https://books.google.com/books?id=2iieLX7nrEAC&dq=Merton+thesis&pg=PA320">Archived</a> 6 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerngren2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_B._Ferngren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gary B. Ferngren (page does not exist)">Ferngren, Gary B.</a> (2002). <i>Science and religion: a historical introduction</i>. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7038-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7038-5"><bdi>978-0-8018-7038-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+religion%3A+a+historical+introduction&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7038-5&rft.aulast=Ferngren&rft.aufirst=Gary+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=weOOCfiDhDcC&dq=Merton+thesis&pg=PA125">Google Print, p.125</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230718185019/https://books.google.com/books?id=weOOCfiDhDcC&dq=Merton+thesis&pg=PA125">Archived</a> 18 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckerPfaffRubin2016-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckerPfaffRubin2016_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckerPfaffRubin2016">Becker, Pfaff & Rubin 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinrich August Winkler (2012), <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Geschichte des Westens. Von den Anfängen in der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert</i></span></i>, Third, Revised Edition, Munich (Germany), p. 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifton E. Olmstead (1960), <i>History of Religion in the United States</i>, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 69–80, 88–89, 114–117, 186–188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Schmidt, <i>Kongregationalismus</i>, in <i>Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart</i>, 3. Auflage, Band III (1959), Tübingen (Germany), col. 1770</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mainline2000-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mainline2000_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McKinney, William. "Mainline Protestantism 2000." <i>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>, Vol. 558, Americans and Religions in the Twenty-First Century (July 1998), pp. 57–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Lenski" title="Gerhard Lenski">Gerhard Lenski</a> (1963), <i>The Religious Factor: A Sociological Study of Religion's Impact on Politics, Economics, and Family Life</i>, Revised Edition, A Doubleday Anchor Book, Garden City, New York, pp. 348–351</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Middlekauff" title="Robert Middlekauff">Robert Middlekauff</a> (2005), <i>The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789</i>, Revised and Expanded Edition, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516247-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516247-9">978-0-19-516247-9</a>, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Weerda, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Soziallehre des Calvinismus</i></span></i>, in <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Evangelisches Soziallexikon</i></span></i>, 3. Auflage (1958), Stuttgart (Germany), col. 934</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Heimann" title="Eduard Heimann">Eduard Heimann</a>, <i>Kapitalismus</i>, in <i>Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart</i>, 3. Auflage, Band III (1959), Tübingen (Germany), col. 1136–1141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Fritz Schwenkhagen, <i>Technik</i>, in <i>Evangelisches Soziallexikon</i>, 3. Auflage, col. 1029–1033</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georg Süßmann, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Naturwissenschaft und Christentum</i></span></i>, in <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart</i></span></i>, 3. Auflage, Band IV, col. 1377–1382</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Graf von Klinckowstroem, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Technik. Geschichtlich</i></span></i>, in <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart</i></span></i>, 3. Auflage, Band VI, col. 664–667</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEP-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SEP_202-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim,_Sung_Ho2008" class="citation web cs1">Kim, Sung Ho (Fall 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/weber/">"Max Weber"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, CSLI, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200527021109/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/weber/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Max+Weber&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Kim%2C+Sung+Ho&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fweber%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Braudel, Fernand. 1977. Afterthoughts on Material Civilization and Capitalism. Baltimore: Johns Hopskins University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManager" class="citation web cs1">Manager. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholiceducation.org/en/controversy/protestant-objections/protestant-modernity.html">"Protestant Modernity"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120113716/https://www.catholiceducation.org/en/controversy/protestant-objections/protestant-modernity.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protestant+Modernity&rft.au=Manager&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholiceducation.org%2Fen%2Fcontroversy%2Fprotestant-objections%2Fprotestant-modernity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trevor-Roper. 2001. The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century. Liberty Fund</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTausch2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tausch, Arno (31 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/63349.html">"Towards new maps of global human values, based on World Values Survey (6) data"</a>. <i>Mpra Paper</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190214174710/https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/63349.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2015</span> – via ideas.repec.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mpra+Paper&rft.atitle=Towards+new+maps+of+global+human+values%2C+based+on+World+Values+Survey+%286%29+data&rft.date=2015-03-31&rft.aulast=Tausch&rft.aufirst=Arno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2Fp%2Fpra%2Fmprapa%2F63349.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THE_EPISCOPALIANS-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-THE_EPISCOPALIANS_207-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THE_EPISCOPALIANS_207-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Drummond_Ayers_Jr.2011" class="citation news cs1">B. Drummond Ayers Jr. (19 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/28/us/the-episcopalians-an-american-elite-with-roots-going-back-to-jamestown.html">"The Episcopalians: An American Elite with Roots Going Back To Jamestown"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612230306/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/28/us/the-episcopalians-an-american-elite-with-roots-going-back-to-jamestown.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Episcopalians%3A+An+American+Elite+with+Roots+Going+Back+To+Jamestown&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft.au=B.+Drummond+Ayers+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F04%2F28%2Fus%2Fthe-episcopalians-an-american-elite-with-roots-going-back-to-jamestown.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irving Lewis Allen, "WASP – From Sociological Concept to Epithet", <i>Ethnicity</i>, 1975 154+</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHacker1957" class="citation journal cs1">Hacker, Andrew (1957). "Liberal Democracy and Social Control". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Review" title="American Political Science Review">American Political Science Review</a></i>. <b>51</b> (4): 1009–1026 [p. 1011]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1952449">10.2307/1952449</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1952449">1952449</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146933599">146933599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Liberal+Democracy+and+Social+Control&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1009-1026+p.+1011&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146933599%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1952449%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1952449&rft.aulast=Hacker&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaltzell1964" class="citation book cs1">Baltzell (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/protestantestabl00baltrich"><i>The Protestant Establishment</i></a>. New York, Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/protestantestabl00baltrich/page/9">9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Protestant+Establishment&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Random+House&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Baltzell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprotestantestabl00baltrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Williams2016" class="citation book cs1">W. Williams, Peter (2016). <i>Religion, Art, and Money: Episcopalians and American Culture from the Civil War to the Great Depression</i>. University of North Carolina Press. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1469626987" title="Special:BookSources/978-1469626987"><bdi>978-1469626987</bdi></a>. <q>The names of fashionable families who were already Episcopalian, like the Morgans, or those, like the Fricks, who now became so, goes on interminably: Aldrich, Astor, Biddle, Booth, Brown, Du Pont, Firestone, Ford, Gardner, Mellon, Morgan, Procter, the Vanderbilt, Whitney. Episcopalians branches of the Baptist Rockefellers and Jewish Guggenheims even appeared on these family trees.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Art%2C+and+Money%3A+Episcopalians+and+American+Culture+from+the+Civil+War+to+the+Great+Depression&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1469626987&rft.aulast=W.+Williams&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sztompka2003-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sztompka2003_212-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sztompka2003_212-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSztompka2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Sztompka" title="Piotr Sztompka">Sztompka, P.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9781405105958_chunk_g97814051059584">"Chapter 1. Robert K. Merton"</a>. <i>[Extract from] the Blackwell ... Social Theorists</i>. Wiley. pp. 12–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470999912.ch2">10.1002/9780470999912.ch2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470999912" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470999912"><bdi>978-0470999912</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116190223/http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9781405105958_chunk_g97814051059584">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2023</span> – via blackwellreference.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1.+Robert+K.+Merton&rft.btitle=%5BExtract+from%5D+the+Blackwell+...+Social+Theorists&rft.pages=12-33&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470999912.ch2&rft.isbn=978-0470999912&rft.aulast=Sztompka&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwellreference.com%2Fpublic%2Ftocnode%3Fid%3Dg9781405105958_chunk_g97814051059584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gregory1998-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gregory1998_213-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1998" class="citation web cs1">Gregory, Andrew (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060513160014/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/gregory/215/handouts/h14_srel.doc">"Lecture 14"</a> (course handout). 215 – The Scientific Revolution. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/gregory/215/handouts/h14_srel.doc">the original</a> on 13 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lecture+14&rft.series=215+%E2%80%93+The+Scientific+Revolution&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Fsts%2Fgregory%2F215%2Fhandouts%2Fh14_srel.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-becker1992-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-becker1992_214-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker1992" class="citation journal cs1">Becker, George (December 1992). "The Merton thesis: Oetinger and German Pietism, a significant negative case". <i><a href="/wiki/Sociological_Forum" title="Sociological Forum">Sociological Forum</a></i>. <b>7</b> (4): 642–660. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf01112319">10.1007/bf01112319</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56239703">56239703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociological+Forum&rft.atitle=The+Merton+thesis%3A+Oetinger+and+German+Pietism%2C+a+significant+negative+case&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=642-660&rft.date=1992-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf01112319&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56239703%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scientific_Elite:_Nobel_Laureates_in_the_United_Statesh-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scientific_Elite:_Nobel_Laureates_in_the_United_Statesh_215-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scientific_Elite:_Nobel_Laureates_in_the_United_Statesh_215-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scientific_Elite:_Nobel_Laureates_in_the_United_Statesh_215-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scientific_Elite:_Nobel_Laureates_in_the_United_Statesh_215-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Zuckerman" title="Harriet Zuckerman">Harriet Zuckerman</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HAHCzJfmD5IC">Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003039/https://books.google.com/books?id=HAHCzJfmD5IC">Archived</a> 23 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> New York, The Free Press, 1977, p. 68: Protestants turn up among the American-reared laureates in slightly greater proportion to their numbers in the general population. Thus 72 percent of the seventy-one laureates but about two-thirds of the American population were reared in one or another Protestant denomination-)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel_prize-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_prize_216-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_prize_216-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baruch A. Shalev, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3jrbmL-DgZQC">100 Years of Nobel Prizes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003140/https://books.google.com/books?id=3jrbmL-DgZQC">Archived</a> 23 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (2003), Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, p. 57: between 1901 and 2000 reveals that 654 Laureates belong to 28 different religion Most 65% have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference. While separating Catholics from Protestants among Christians proved difficult in some cases, available information suggests that more Protestants were involved in the scientific categories and more Catholics were involved in the Literature and Peace categories. Atheists, agnostics, and freethinkers constitute 11% of total Nobel Prize winners; but in the category of Literature, these preferences rise sharply to about 35%. A striking fact involving religion is the high number of Laureates of the Jewish faith—over 20% of total Nobel Prizes (138); including: 17% in Chemistry, 26% in Medicine and Physics, 40% in Economics and 11% in Peace and Literature each. The numbers are especially startling in light of the fact that only some 14 million people (0.02% of the world's population) are Jewish. By contrast, only 5 Nobel Laureates have been of the Muslim faith—1% of total number of Nobel prizes awarded—from a population base of about 1.2 billion (20% of the world's population)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinrich Bornkamm, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Toleranz. In der Geschichte des Christentums</i></span></i> in <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart</i></span></i>, 3. Auflage, Band VI (1962), col. 937</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Original German title: <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Dass eine christliche Versammlung oder Gemeine Recht und Macht habe, alle Lehre zu beurteilen und Lehrer zu berufen, ein- und abzusetzen: Grund und Ursach aus der Schrift</i></span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifton E. Olmstead, <i>History of Religion in the United States</i>, pp. 4–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Heussi, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte</i></span></i>, 11. Auflage, p. 325</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Jan Weerda, <i>Calvin</i>, in <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Evangelisches Soziallexikon</i></span></i>, 3. Auflage (1958), Stuttgart (Germany), col. 210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifton E. Olmstead, <i>History of Religion in the United States</i>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Heussi, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte</i></span></i>, pp. 396–397</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. M. Schmidt, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">England. Kirchengeschichte</i></span></i>, in <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart</i></span></i>, 3. Auflage, Band II (1959), Tübingen (Germany), col. 476–478</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nathaniel Philbrick (2006), <i><a href="//archive.org/details/mayflowerstoryof00phil_0" class="extiw" title="iarchive:mayflowerstoryof00phil 0">Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War</a></i>, Penguin Group, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-03760-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-03760-5">0-670-03760-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifton E. Olmstead, <i>History of Religion in the United States</i>, pp. 65–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFennell" class="citation web cs1">Fennell, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.histarch.illinois.edu/plymouth/ccflaw.html">"Plymouth Colony Legal Structure"</a>. <i>The Plymouth Colony Archive Project</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413182727/http://www.histarch.illinois.edu/plymouth/ccflaw.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Plymouth+Colony+Archive+Project&rft.atitle=Plymouth+Colony+Legal+Structure&rft.aulast=Fennell&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.histarch.illinois.edu%2Fplymouth%2Fccflaw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.hanover.edu/texts/masslib.html">"The Massachusetts Body of Liberties (1641)"</a>. <i>Hanover College History Department</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020095602/http://history.hanover.edu/texts/masslib.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hanover+College+History+Department&rft.atitle=The+Massachusetts+Body+of+Liberties+%281641%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.hanover.edu%2Ftexts%2Fmasslib.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Schmidt, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Pilgerväter</i></span></i>, in <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band V</i></span></i> (1961), col. 384</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Fennell, <i>Plymouth Colony Legal Structure</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen Weinstein and David Rubel (2002), <i>The Story of America: Freedom and Crisis from Settlement to Superpower</i>, DK Publishing, Inc., New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7894-8903-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7894-8903-1">0-7894-8903-1</a>, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifton E. Olmstead, <i>History of Religion in the United States</i>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinrich Bornkamm, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Toleranz. In der Geschichte des Christentums</i></span></i>, in <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart</i></span></i>, 3. Auflage, Band VI (1962), col. 937–938</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Stahl, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Baptisten</i></span></i>, in <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart</i></span></i>, 3. Auflage, Band I, col. 863</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Müller-Schwefe, <i>Milton, John</i>, in <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart</i></span></i>, 3. Auflage, Band IV, col. 955</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Heussi, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte</i></span></i>, p. 398</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifton E. Olmstead, <i>History of Religion in the United States</i>, pp. 99–106, 111–117, 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin S. Gaustad (1999), <i>Liberty of Conscience: Roger Williams in America</i>, Judson Press, Valley Forge, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Fantel (1974), <i>William Penn: Apostle of Dissent</i>, William Morrow & Co., New York, pp. 150–153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Middlekauff (2005), <i>The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789</i>, Revised and Expanded Edition, Oxford University Press, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516247-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516247-9">978-0-19-516247-9</a>, pp. 4–6, 49–52, 622–685</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifton E. Olmstead, <i>History of Religion in the United States</i>, pp. 192–209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. R. Voeltzel, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Frankreich. Kirchengeschichte</i></span></i>, in <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart</i></span></i>, 3. Auflage, Band II (1958), col. 1039</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas K. Stevenson (1987), <i>American Life and Institutions</i>, Ernst Klett Verlag, Stuttgart (Germany), p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Jasper, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Vereinte Nationen</i></span></i>, in <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart</i></span></i>, 3. Auflage, Band VI, col. 1328–1329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. G. Schwarzenberger, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Völkerrecht</i></span></i>, in <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart</i></span></i>, 3. Auflage, Band VI, col. 1420–1422</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Heussi, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte</i></span></i>, 11. Auflage, pp. 396–399, 401–403, 417–419</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy Waldron (2002), <i>God, Locke, and Equality: Christian Foundations in Locke's Political Thought</i>, Cambridge University Press, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521-89057-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521-89057-1">978-0521-89057-1</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy Waldron, <i>God, Locke, and Equality</i>, pp. 21–43, 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen Weinstein and David Rubel, <i>The Story of America</i>, pp. 189–309</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Heussi, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte</i></span></i>, 11. Auflage, pp. 403, 425</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Elze,<i>Grotius, Hugo</i>, in <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart</i></span></i>, 3. Auflage, Band II, col. 1885–1886</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Hohlwein, <i>Pufendorf, Samuel</i>, in <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart</i></span></i>, 3. Auflage, Band V, col. 721</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Pfister, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schweiz. Seit der Reformation</i></span></i>, in <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart</i></span></i>, 3. Auflage, Band V (1961), col. 1614–1615</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifton E. Olmstead, <i>History of Religion in the United States</i>, pp. 484–494</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Wagner, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Diakonie</i></span></i>, in <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart</i></span></i>, 3. Auflage, Band I, col. 164–167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.R.H. Moorman, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Anglikanische Kirche</i></span></i>, in <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart</i></span></i>, 3. Auflage, Band I, col. 380–381</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifton E.Olmstead, <i>History of Religion in the United States</i>, pp. 461–465</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen Weinstein and David Rubel, <i>The Story of America</i>, pp. 274–275</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Schmidt, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kongregationalismus</i></span></i>, in <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart</i></span></i>, 3. Auflage, Band III, col. 1770</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Kupisch, <i>Bismarck, Otto von</i>, in <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart</i></span></i>, 3. Auflage, Band I, col. 1312–1315</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Quante, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sozialversicherung</i></span></i>, in <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart</i></span></i>, Band VI, col. 205–206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Responses to Some Questions Regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine on the Church, 29 June 2007, Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFAC-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AFAC_264-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuard-willEmissary2007" class="citation book cs1">Stuard-will, Kelly; Emissary (2007). Karitas Publishing (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&pg=PP1"><i>A Faraway Ancient Country</i></a>. United States: Gardners Books. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-15801-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-15801-3"><bdi>978-0-615-15801-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003149/https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Faraway+Ancient+Country&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Gardners+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-615-15801-3&rft.aulast=Stuard-will&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft.au=Emissary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq469xc7mbksC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orthodoxeurope.org/page/14/124.aspx#2">"Bishop Hilarion of Vienna and Austria: The Vatican Document Brings Nothing New"</a>. Orthodoxeurope.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181025084339/http://www.orthodoxeurope.org/page/14/124.aspx#2">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bishop+Hilarion+of+Vienna+and+Austria%3A+The+Vatican+Document+Brings+Nothing+New&rft.pub=Orthodoxeurope.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forthodoxeurope.org%2Fpage%2F14%2F124.aspx%232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spindleworks.com/library/faber/008_theca.htm">"<i>The Canadian Reformed Magazine</i>, 18 (20–27 September, 4–11 October, 18, 1, 8 November 1969)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070806081139/http://www.spindleworks.com/library/faber/008_theca.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Reformed+Magazine%2C+18+%2820%E2%80%9327+September%2C+4%E2%80%9311+October%2C+18%2C+1%2C+8+November+1969%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspindleworks.com%2Flibrary%2Ffaber%2F008_theca.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oikoumene.org/en/what-we-do/cwme/history">"History – World Council of Churches"</a>. <i>www.oikoumene.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140725221218/https://www.oikoumene.org/en/what-we-do/cwme/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oikoumene.org&rft.atitle=History+%E2%80%93+World+Council+of+Churches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oikoumene.org%2Fen%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fcwme%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0804/__P1T.HTM">"Orthodox Church: text – IntraText CT"</a>. Intratext.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527224429/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0804/__P1T.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orthodox+Church%3A+text+%E2%80%93+IntraText+CT&rft.pub=Intratext.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FENG0804%2F__P1T.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WELS-JD-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WELS-JD_278-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090927213720/https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=19&cuItem_itemID=6741">"Justification"</a>. <i>WELS Topical Q&A</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=19&cuItem_itemID=6741">the original</a> on 27 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>. <q>A document which is aimed at settling differences needs to address those differences unambiguously. The Joint Declaration does not do this. At best, it sends confusing mixed signals and should be repudiated by all Lutherans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WELS+Topical+Q%26A&rft.atitle=Justification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsite.pl%3F1518%26cuTopic_topicID%3D19%26cuItem_itemID%3D6741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060721210415/http://www.umc.org/site/c.gjJTJbMUIuE/b.1863123/k.FF49/World_Methodists_approve_further_ecumenical_dialogue.htm">"News Archives"</a>. UMC.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umc.org/site/c.gjJTJbMUIuE/b.1863123/k.FF49/World_Methodists_approve_further_ecumenical_dialogue.htm">the original</a> on 21 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+Archives&rft.pub=UMC.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umc.org%2Fsite%2Fc.gjJTJbMUIuE%2Fb.1863123%2Fk.FF49%2FWorld_Methodists_approve_further_ecumenical_dialogue.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060725190303/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0604186.htm">"CNS Story: Methodists adopt Catholic-Lutheran declaration on justification"</a>. Catholicnews.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0604186.htm">the original</a> on 25 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CNS+Story%3A+Methodists+adopt+Catholic-Lutheran+declaration+on+justification&rft.pub=Catholicnews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnews.com%2Fdata%2Fstories%2Fcns%2F0604186.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke,_Beyer-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke,_Beyer_281-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke,_Beyer_281-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke,_Beyer_281-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke,_Beyer_281-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke,_Beyer_281-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke,_Beyer_281-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke,_Beyer_281-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkeBeyer2009" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Peter B.; Beyer, Peter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rBgn3xB75ZcC&pg=PA510"><i>The World's Religions: Continuities and Transformations</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135211004" title="Special:BookSources/9781135211004"><bdi>9781135211004</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210203239/https://books.google.com/books?id=rBgn3xB75ZcC&pg=PA510">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Religions%3A+Continuities+and+Transformations&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781135211004&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft.au=Beyer%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrBgn3xB75ZcC%26pg%3DPA510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2018" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Stephen F. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lplJPBYWefcC&pg=PA13"><i>Protestantism</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604131123" title="Special:BookSources/9781604131123"><bdi>9781604131123</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003040/https://books.google.com/books?id=lplJPBYWefcC&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protestantism&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781604131123&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Stephen+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlplJPBYWefcC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noll-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Noll_283-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noll_283-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noll_283-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noll_283-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noll_283-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noll_283-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noll_283-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noll_283-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoll2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Noll" title="Mark Noll">Noll, Mark A.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1GKBgK00JSsC&pg=PA9"><i>Protestantism: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191620133" title="Special:BookSources/9780191620133"><bdi>9780191620133</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003134/https://books.google.com/books?id=1GKBgK00JSsC&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protestantism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780191620133&rft.aulast=Noll&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1GKBgK00JSsC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diamond,_Plattner,_Costopoulos,_2005-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diamond,_Plattner,_Costopoulos,_2005_284-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diamond,_Plattner,_Costopoulos,_2005_284-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diamond,_Plattner,_Costopoulos,_2005_284-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diamond,_Plattner,_Costopoulos,_2005_284-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diamond,_Plattner,_Costopoulos,_2005_284-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diamond,_Plattner,_Costopoulos,_2005_284-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jay Diamond, Larry. Plattner, Marc F. and Costopoulos, Philip J. <i>World Religions and Democracy</i>. 2005, p. 119. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CTqTeiBfdxEC&pg=PA119">link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003137/https://books.google.com/books?id=CTqTeiBfdxEC&pg=PA119">Archived</a> 23 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (saying "<i>Not only do Protestants presently constitute 13 percent of the world's population—about 800 million people—but since 1900 Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.</i>")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-World_286-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">~34% of ~7.2 billion world population (under the section 'People') <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/">"World"</a>. CIA world facts. 15 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032610/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World&rft.pub=CIA+world+facts&rft.date=2021-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fworld%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Global_Christianity-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Global_Christianity_287-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnalysis2011" class="citation web cs1">Analysis (19 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx">"Global Christianity"</a>. Pewforum.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730062627/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Christianity&rft.pub=Pewforum.org&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft.au=Analysis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2FChristian%2FGlobal-Christianity-exec.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318101547/http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/rel04-demograph.htm">"Protestant Demographics and Fragmentations"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/rel04-demograph.htm">the original</a> on 18 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protestant+Demographics+and+Fragmentations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsmitha.com%2Fh2%2Frel04-demograph.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=954">"Religious Populations in England"</a>. Office for National Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110824122412/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=954">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Populations+in+England&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2Fcci%2Fnugget.asp%3Fid%3D954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe2018" class="citation book cs1">Thorpe, Edgar (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I9OyQ9mEpxkC&pg=SL1-PA42"><i>The Pearson General Knowledge Manual 2012</i></a>. Pearson Education India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131761908" title="Special:BookSources/9788131761908"><bdi>9788131761908</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003139/https://books.google.com/books?id=I9OyQ9mEpxkC&pg=SL1-PA42">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pearson+General+Knowledge+Manual+2012&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9788131761908&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI9OyQ9mEpxkC%26pg%3DSL1-PA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-museeprotestant.org-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-museeprotestant.org_292-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museeprotestant.org_292-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museeprotestant.org/en/notice/protestantism-in-the-republic-of-czechoslovakia/">"Protestantism in Bohemia and Moravia (Czech Republic) – Musée virtuel du Protestantisme"</a>. <i>www.museeprotestant.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015211407/http://www.museeprotestant.org/en/notice/protestantism-in-the-republic-of-czechoslovakia/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.museeprotestant.org&rft.atitle=Protestantism+in+Bohemia+and+Moravia+%28Czech+Republic%29+%E2%80%93+Mus%C3%A9e+virtuel+du+Protestantisme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museeprotestant.org%2Fen%2Fnotice%2Fprotestantism-in-the-republic-of-czechoslovakia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150221184947/http://www.czso.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/tab_7_1_population_by_religious_belief_and_by_municipality_size_groups/%24File/PVCR071_ENG.pdf">"Tab 7.1 Population by religious belief and by municipality size groups"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Czech). Czso.cz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.czso.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/tab_7_1_population_by_religious_belief_and_by_municipality_size_groups/$File/PVCR071_ENG.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tab+7.1+Population+by+religious+belief+and+by+municipality+size+groups&rft.pub=Czso.cz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.czso.cz%2Fsldb2011%2Feng%2Fredakce.nsf%2Fi%2Ftab_7_1_population_by_religious_belief_and_by_municipality_size_groups%2F%24File%2FPVCR071_ENG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104224923/http://www.czso.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/tab_7_2_population_by_religious_belief_and_by_regions/%24File/PVCR072_ENG.pdf">"Tab 7.2 Population by religious belief and by regions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Czech). Czso.cz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.czso.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/tab_7_2_population_by_religious_belief_and_by_regions/$File/PVCR072_ENG.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tab+7.2+Population+by+religious+belief+and+by+regions&rft.pub=Czso.cz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.czso.cz%2Fsldb2011%2Feng%2Fredakce.nsf%2Fi%2Ftab_7_2_population_by_religious_belief_and_by_regions%2F%24File%2FPVCR072_ENG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMastrini2008" class="citation book cs1">Mastrini, Hana (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pqJNavelP3UC&pg=PA108"><i>Frommer's Prague & the Best of the Czech Republic</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470293232" title="Special:BookSources/9780470293232"><bdi>9780470293232</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003043/https://books.google.com/books?id=pqJNavelP3UC&pg=PA108">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frommer%27s+Prague+%26+the+Best+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780470293232&rft.aulast=Mastrini&rft.aufirst=Hana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpqJNavelP3UC%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLilla2006" class="citation news cs1">Lilla, Mark (31 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/31/arts/31iht-idlede1.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all">"Europe and the legend of secularization"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130062241/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/31/arts/31iht-idlede1.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Europe+and+the+legend+of+secularization&rft.date=2006-03-31&rft.aulast=Lilla&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F03%2F31%2Farts%2F31iht-idlede1.html%3F_r%3D1%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251">"Discrimination in the EU in 2019"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Special Eurobarometer</a></i>, 493, European Union: European Commission, 2019, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200518204808/https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251">archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Special+Eurobarometer&rft.atitle=Discrimination+in+the+EU+in+2019&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fcommfrontoffice%2Fpublicopinion%2Findex.cfm%2FSurvey%2FgetSurveyDetail%2Finstruments%2FSPECIAL%2FsurveyKy%2F2251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witte_and_Alexander-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Witte_and_Alexander_298-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witte_and_Alexander_298-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witte_and_Alexander_298-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witte_and_Alexander_298-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witte_and_Alexander_298-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitteAlexander2018" class="citation book cs1">Witte, John; Alexander, Frank S. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ie-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT44"><i>The Teachings of Modern Protestantism on Law, Politics, and Human Nature</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231142632" title="Special:BookSources/9780231142632"><bdi>9780231142632</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003155/https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ie-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT44">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Teachings+of+Modern+Protestantism+on+Law%2C+Politics%2C+and+Human+Nature&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780231142632&rft.aulast=Witte&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Alexander%2C+Frank+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Ie-AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190120193240/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2011-12-20/christianity-growth-africa-europe/52125920/1">"Study: Christianity grows exponentially in Africa"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2011-12-20/christianity-growth-africa-europe/52125920/1">the original</a> on 20 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Study%3A+Christianity+grows+exponentially+in+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Freligion%2Fstory%2F2011-12-20%2Fchristianity-growth-africa-europe%2F52125920%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TIME_2001-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TIME_2001_301-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIME_2001_301-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIME_2001_301-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstling2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Ostling, Richard N. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2014</span> – via content.time.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Battle+for+Latin+America%27s+Soul&rft.date=2001-06-24&rft.aulast=Ostling&rft.aufirst=Richard+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C156277%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/china-protestantisms-simplicity-yields-more-converts-catholicism-213465">"In China, Protestantism's Simplicity Yields More Converts Than Catholicism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a></i>. 28 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812085447/http://www.ibtimes.com/china-protestantisms-simplicity-yields-more-converts-catholicism-213465">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=In+China%2C+Protestantism%27s+Simplicity+Yields+More+Converts+Than+Catholicism&rft.date=2012-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fchina-protestantisms-simplicity-yields-more-converts-catholicism-213465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArsenault" class="citation web cs1">Arsenault, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/03/201232593459332334.html">"Evangelicals rise in Latin America"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190308115716/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/03/201232593459332334.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Evangelicals+rise+in+Latin+America&rft.aulast=Arsenault&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Ffeatures%2F2012%2F03%2F201232593459332334.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/">America's Changing Religious Landscape</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226054944/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/">Archived</a> 26 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, 12 May 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalmanRiis2018" class="citation book cs1">Halman, Loek; Riis, Ole (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRLBF3KW8HkC&pg=PA59"><i>Religion in a Secularizing Society: The Europeans' Religion at the End of the 20th Century</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004126220" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004126220"><bdi>978-9004126220</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003154/https://books.google.com/books?id=XRLBF3KW8HkC&pg=PA59">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+a+Secularizing+Society%3A+The+Europeans%27+Religion+at+the+End+of+the+20th+Century&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-9004126220&rft.aulast=Halman&rft.aufirst=Loek&rft.au=Riis%2C+Ole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRLBF3KW8HkC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jean-Paul_Willaime-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jean-Paul_Willaime_306-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jean-Paul_Willaime_306-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengersSunier2018" class="citation book cs1">Sengers, Erik; Sunier, Thijl (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DaJtXsY4ttQC&pg=PA99"><i>Religious Newcomers and the Nation State: Political Culture and Organized Religion in France and the Netherlands</i></a>. Eburon Uitgeverij B.V. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789059723986" title="Special:BookSources/9789059723986"><bdi>9789059723986</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003132/https://books.google.com/books?id=DaJtXsY4ttQC&pg=PA99">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Newcomers+and+the+Nation+State%3A+Political+Culture+and+Organized+Religion+in+France+and+the+Netherlands&rft.pub=Eburon+Uitgeverij+B.V.&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789059723986&rft.aulast=Sengers&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Sunier%2C+Thijl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDaJtXsY4ttQC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2011/april/protestant-revival-sweeps-moscow/">"Moscow Church Spearheads Russia Revival"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527024350/http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2011/April/Protestant-Revival-Sweeps-Moscow/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moscow+Church+Spearheads+Russia+Revival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbn.com%2Fcbnnews%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fapril%2Fprotestant-revival-sweeps-moscow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/28-1_093.pdf">"Protestantism in Postsoviet Russia: An Unacknowledged Triumph"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160110073012/http://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/28-1_093.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protestantism+in+Postsoviet+Russia%3A+An+Unacknowledged+Triumph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblicalstudies.org.uk%2Fpdf%2Frss%2F28-1_093.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelix_Corley_and_Geraldine_Fagan2002" class="citation web cs1">Felix Corley and Geraldine Fagan (10 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2002/june10/13.22.html?paging=off">"Growing Protestants, Catholics Draw Ire"</a>. <i>ChristianityToday.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120113934/https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2002/june10/13.22.html?paging=off">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChristianityToday.com&rft.atitle=Growing+Protestants%2C+Catholics+Draw+Ire&rft.date=2002-06-10&rft.au=Felix+Corley+and+Geraldine+Fagan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2002%2Fjune10%2F13.22.html%3Fpaging%3Doff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nones_of_the_Rise-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nones_of_the_Rise_310-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nones_of_the_Rise_310-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nones_of_the_Rise_310-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/10/NonesOnTheRise-full.pdf">"Nones" on the Rise: One-in-Five Adults Have No Religious Affiliation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826234925/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/10/NonesOnTheRise-full.pdf">Archived</a> 26 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Pew Research Center (The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life), 9 October 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-19892837">"US Protestants no longer majority"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 10 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121010042339/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-19892837">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=US+Protestants+no+longer+majority&rft.date=2012-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-19892837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leaderu.com/ftissues/ft9303/articles/johnson.html">"Mainline Churches: The Real Reason for Decline"</a>. <i>www.leaderu.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190429115337/http://www.leaderu.com/ftissues/ft9303/articles/johnson.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.leaderu.com&rft.atitle=Mainline+Churches%3A+The+Real+Reason+for+Decline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leaderu.com%2Fftissues%2Fft9303%2Farticles%2Fjohnson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_313-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnstone, Patrick, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AVzFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">"The Future of the Global Church: History, Trends and Possibilities"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519062536/https://books.google.com/books?id=AVzFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">Archived</a> 19 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 100, fig 4.10 & 4.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-315"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_315-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillerbrand2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hillerbrand, Hans J., ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PMSTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1815"><i>Encyclopedia of Protestantism</i></a>. Vol. 1–4. London; New York: Routledge. p. 1815. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92472-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92472-6"><bdi>978-0-415-92472-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003036/https://books.google.com/books?id=4tbFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT3311">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020. <q>Observers carefully comparing all these figures in the total context will have observed the even more startling finding that for the first time ever in the history of Protestantism, <i>Wider Protestants</i> will by 2050 have become almost exactly as numerous as Catholics—each with just over 1.5 billion followers, or 17 percent of the world, with Protestants growing considerably faster than Catholics each year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Protestantism&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=1815&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92472-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPMSTAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmerman1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Ammerman" title="Nancy Ammerman">Ammerman, Nancy T.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC&pg=PA1">"North American Protestant Fundamentalism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Martin_E._Marty" title="Martin E. Marty">Marty, Martin E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/R._Scott_Appleby" title="R. Scott Appleby">Appleby, R. Scott</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC"><i>Fundamentalisms Observed</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism_Project" title="Fundamentalism Project">The Fundamentalism Project</a>, 1. Chicago, Il; London: University of Chicago Press. pp. 1–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-50878-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-50878-1"><bdi>0-226-50878-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=North+American+Protestant+Fundamentalism&rft.btitle=Fundamentalisms+Observed&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Il%3B+London&rft.series=The+Fundamentalism+Project%2C+1&rft.pages=1-65&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-226-50878-1&rft.aulast=Ammerman&rft.aufirst=Nancy+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqd5yzP5hdiEC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckerPfaffRubin2016" class="citation journal cs1">Becker, Sascha O.; Pfaff, Steven; Rubin, Jared (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1177&context=esi_working_papers">"Causes and Consequences of the Protestant Reformation"</a>. <i>ESI Working Paper 16–13</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2572-1496">2572-1496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ESI+Working+Paper+16%E2%80%9313&rft.atitle=Causes+and+Consequences+of+the+Protestant+Reformation&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=2572-1496&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Sascha+O.&rft.au=Pfaff%2C+Steven&rft.au=Rubin%2C+Jared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.chapman.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1177%26context%3Desi_working_papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>General</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillerbrand2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hillerbrand, Hans J., ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PMSTAgAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Protestantism</i></a>. Vol. 1–4. London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92472-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92472-6"><bdi>978-0-415-92472-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523002949/https://books.google.com/books?id=PMSTAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA349">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Protestantism&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92472-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPMSTAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span> 2195 pp. Reprint 2014.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">Melton, J. Gordon</a>, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bW3sXBjnokkC"><i>Encyclopedia of Protestantism</i></a>. Encyclopedia of World Religions. New York: Facts On File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-5456-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-5456-8"><bdi>0-8160-5456-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Protestantism&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8160-5456-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbW3sXBjnokkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span> 628 pp.</li></ul> <p><b>Special</b> </p> <ul><li>Bruce, Steve (2019). <i>A house divided: Protestantism, Schism and secularization</i>. London; New York: Routledge.</li> <li>Cook, Martin L. (1991). <i>The Open Circle: Confessional Method in Theology</i>. Minneapolis, Mn: Fortress Press. xiv, 130 p. N.B.: Discusses the place of Confessions of Faith in Protestant theology, especially in Lutheranism. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2482-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2482-3">0-8006-2482-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dillenberger" title="John Dillenberger">Dillenberger, John</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Welch_(theologian)" title="Claude Welch (theologian)">Claude Welch</a> (1988). <i>Protestant Christianity, Interpreted through Its Development</i>. Second ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-329601-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-329601-1">0-02-329601-1</a></li> <li>Giussani, Luigi (1969), trans. Damian Bacich (2013). American Protestant Theology: A Historical Sketch. Montreal: McGill-Queens UP.</li> <li>Grytten, Ola Honningdal. "Weber revisited: A literature review on the possible Link between Protestantism, Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth." (NHH Dept. of Economics Discussion Paper 08, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.nhh.no/nhh-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2657268/DP%2008.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">online</a></li> <li>Howard, Thomas A. <i>Remembering the Reformation: an inquiry into the meanings of Protestantism</i> (Oxford UP, 2016).</li> <li>Howard, Thomas A. and Mark A. Noll, eds. <i>Protestantism after 500 years</i> (Oxford UP, 2016).</li> <li>Leithart, Peter J. <i>The end of Protestantism: pursuing unity in a fragmented church</i> (Brazos Press, 2016).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alister_McGrath" title="Alister McGrath">McGrath, Alister E.</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christianitysdan00mcgr_0"><i>Christianity's Dangerous Idea</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperOne" title="HarperOne">HarperOne</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060822132" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060822132"><bdi>978-0060822132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%27s+Dangerous+Idea&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0060822132&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Alister+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristianitysdan00mcgr_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nash, Arnold S., ed. (1951). <i>Protestant Thought in the Twentieth Century: Whence & Whither</i>? New York: Macmillan Co.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoll2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Noll" title="Mark Noll">Noll, Mark A.</a> (2011). <i>Protestantism: A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protestantism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Noll&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ryrie, Alec <i>Protestants: The Radicals Who Made the Modern World</i> (HarperCollins, 2017).</li> <li>Ryrie, Alec "The World's Local Religion" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/alec-ryrie/worlds-local-religion"><i>History Today</i> (Sept 20, 2017) online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.wikihow.com/Declare-Your-Personal-Christian-Statement-of-Faith-%28Protestant%29">"Personal Christian Statement of Faith (Protestant)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WikiHow" title="WikiHow">wikiHow</a>. 29 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Personal+Christian+Statement+of+Faith+%28Protestant%29&rft.pub=wikiHow&rft.date=2015-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.wikihow.com%2FDeclare-Your-Personal-Christian-Statement-of-Faith-%2528Protestant%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestantism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Protestantism.aspx">Protestantism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180521073511/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12495a.htm">"Protestantism"</a> from the 1917 <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historyscoper.com/protestantscope.html">The Historyscoper</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oikoumene.org/">World Council of Churches</a> – World body for mainline Protestant churches</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Heresy in the Catholic Church">Beliefs condemned as heretical by the Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heresies_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of heresies in the Catholic Church">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollinarism" title="Apollinarism">Apollinarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomoeanism" title="Anomoeanism">Anomoeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Arianism" title="Semi-Arianism">Semi-Arianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidicomarianite" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidicomarianite">Antidicomarianites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audianism" title="Audianism">Audianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcellions" title="Circumcellions">Circumcellions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collyridianism" title="Collyridianism">Collyridianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology#In_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchites" title="Euchites">Euchites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscillianism" title="Priscillianism">Priscillianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naassenes" title="Naassenes">Naassenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_of_Cagliari" title="Lucifer of Cagliari">Luciferianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Macedonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Melchisedechians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Modalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Athinganoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modalistic_Monarchianism" title="Modalistic Monarchianism">Modalistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatianism" title="Novatianism">Novatianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patripassianism" title="Patripassianism">Patripassianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Pneumatomachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Denial of the virgin birth of Jesus">Psilanthropism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">Subordinationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire."><img alt="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/100px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/150px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/200px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1975" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinians" title="Dulcinians">Dulcinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraticelli" title="Fraticelli">Fraticelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Free_Spirit" title="Brethren of the Free Spirit">Free Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lausanne" title="Henry of Lausanne">Henricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliati" title="Humiliati">Humiliati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impanation" title="Impanation">Impanation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephines" title="Josephines">Josephines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migetians" title="Migetians">Migetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasagians" title="Pasagians">Pasagians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Adoptionism" title="Spanish Adoptionism">Spanish Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taborites" title="Taborites">Taborites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modernity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiation" title="Consubstantiation">Consubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephinism" title="Josephinism">Josephinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(Christian_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quietism (Christian philosophy)">Quietism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">Modernity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(heresy)" title="Americanism (heresy)">Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Lady_of_All_Nations" title="Community of the Lady of All Nations">Community of the Lady of All Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeneyism" title="Feeneyism">Feeneyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indifferentism" title="Indifferentism">Indifferentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco-saint" title="Narco-saint">Narco-saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxim%C3%B3n" title="Maximón">Maximón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reincarnationism">Reincarnationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold;background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_world_and_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_world" title="Template:Western world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_world" title="Template talk:Western world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_world_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Roman legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">European Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">high</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Diet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_tradition" title="Classical tradition">Classical tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dance_(Europe_and_North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western dance (Europe and North America)">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_education" title="Western education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_astrology" title="Western astrology">Astrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Western_world" title="Immigration to the Western world">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurolinguistics" title="Eurolinguistics">Eurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Average_European" title="Standard Average European">Standard Average European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_folk_music_traditions" title="List of European folk music traditions">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="European mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_Western_painting" title="20th-century Western painting">contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Values</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_physical_culture" title="Western physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_sports" title="Western sports">Sport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Christianity_in_the_Western_world" title="Decline of Christianity in the Western world">Decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Ancient Roman philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Tolerance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_tolerance" title="Paradox of tolerance">Paradox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peritrope" title="Peritrope">Peritrope</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Sovereigntism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_values" title="Western values">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_values" title="European values">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABCANZ_Armies" title="ABCANZ Armies">ABCANZ Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_European_Regions" title="Assembly of European Regions">AER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Portuguese Alliance">Anglo-Portuguese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUK" title="ANZUK">ANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUSCANNZUKUS" title="AUSCANNZUKUS">AUSCANNZUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">BSEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Nine" title="Bucharest Nine">Bucharest Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANZUK" title="CANZUK">CANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">CBSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">CEFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiova_Group" title="Craiova Group">Craiova Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Group" title="Eastern European Group">Eastern European Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">EPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">EU Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK TCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Treaties" title="Lancaster House Treaties">Lancaster House Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">PROSUR/PROSUL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UKUSA_Agreement" title="UKUSA Agreement">UKUSA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">USMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nordic_Council" title="West Nordic Council">West Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_and_Others_Group" title="Western European and Others Group">Western 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</span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kreuz-hugenotten.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/12px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/19px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/25px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="849" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Reformed_Christianity" title="Portal:Reformed Christianity">Reformed Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG/15px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG/24px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG/31px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG 2x" data-file-width="164" data-file-height="201" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evangelical_Christianity" title="Portal:Evangelical Christianity">Evangelical Christianity</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23540#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23540#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23540#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4047538-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Protestantism"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85107718">United States</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Protestant churches"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85107712">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119346212">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119346212">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569233">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="evangelictví"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120045&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="protestantské církve"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115899&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="protestantismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124663&CON_LNG=ENG">3</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="protestantské učení"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph307587&CON_LNG=ENG">4</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541386805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027267318">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/028700">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/protestanlik">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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142.065 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 4.20% 134.426 5 Template:Langx"," 3.83% 122.831 1 Template:Protestantism"," 3.81% 122.172 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.963","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17834206,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbigail2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmmerman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnalysis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArsenault\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvis2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB._Drummond_Ayers_Jr.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalmer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalmerWinner2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaltzell1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBecker1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckerPfaffRubin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBendix1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerdyaev1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerger2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoppartFalkingerGrossmann2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownCollinsonWilkinson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBucher2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurgessvan_der_Maas2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFButterfield1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCantoni2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkeBeyer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCranach2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCross2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDixon2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEberle2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaithful2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFasse\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFelix_Corley_and_Geraldine_Fagan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFennell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerngren2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerrante2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForbund2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrey1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGassmannLarsonOldenburg2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbard2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraebner1910\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFGreen1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHacker1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaffner1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalmanRiis2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHein\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerzogPhilip_Schaff1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillerbrand2004\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFHorsch1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphrey2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHägglund2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJunius_Benjamin_Remensnyder1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim,_Sung_Ho2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuyper1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLane2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangford_Oliver1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLefroy1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLilla2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLockridge\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacCulloch,_Diarmaid\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacCulloch2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackay1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManager\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMastersWhitcomb1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMastersWright1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMastrini2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrath\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrath2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrath2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeadHillAtwood\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelton2005\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFMilner\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeal2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoll2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOffice\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstling2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrick1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPipes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchalteggerTorgler2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSengersSunier2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShurden2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpaterTranvik2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuard-willEmissary2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSztompka2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarasoff2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTausch2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorpe2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW._Williams2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillsky-Ciollo2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitteAlexander2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFcaryslmbrown2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 7,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleref2\"] = 5,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 6,\n [\"Christianity\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 12,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 65,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 80,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 29,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 13,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 8,\n [\"Lang\"] = 64,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 31,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 8,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Portalbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Protestantism\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reformation\"] = 1,\n [\"Religion topics\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 9,\n [\"Self-published inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 18,\n [\"Western culture\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Protestantism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protestantism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q23540","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q23540","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-30T21:47:33Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T09:46:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2f\/Lutherstadt_Wittenberg_09-2016_photo06.jpg","headline":"division within Christianity, originating from the Reformation in the 16th century against the Roman Catholic Church, that rejects the Roman Catholic doctrines of papal supremacy and sacraments"}</script> </body> </html>