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id="toc-Start_date_and_nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Start_date_and_nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Start date and nomenclature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Start_date_and_nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napoleon's_tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleon's_tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Napoleon's tactics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleon's_tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Prelude </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_between_Britain_and_France,_1803–1814" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_between_Britain_and_France,_1803–1814"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 War between Britain and France, 1803–1814 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War_between_Britain_and_France,_1803–1814-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle War between Britain and France, 1803–1814 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-War_between_Britain_and_France,_1803–1814-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_motivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_motivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 British motivations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_motivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Economic warfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financing_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financing_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Financing the war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financing_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_the_Third_Coalition,_1805" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_the_Third_Coalition,_1805"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 War of the Third Coalition, 1805 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_the_Third_Coalition,_1805-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition,_1806–1807" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition,_1806–1807"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 War of the Fourth Coalition, 1806–1807 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition,_1806–1807-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle War of the Fourth Coalition, 1806–1807 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition,_1806–1807-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scandinavia_and_Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandinavia_and_Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Scandinavia and Finland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandinavia_and_Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peninsular_War,_1808–1814" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peninsular_War,_1808–1814"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Peninsular War, 1808–1814 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peninsular_War,_1808–1814-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition,_1809" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition,_1809"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 War of the Fifth Coalition, 1809 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition,_1809-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsidiary_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsidiary_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Subsidiary wars </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subsidiary_wars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Subsidiary wars subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Subsidiary_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Serbian_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbian_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Serbian Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbian_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_1812" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_1812"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 War of 1812 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_1812-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_American_Revolutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_American_Revolutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Latin American Revolutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_American_Revolutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barbary_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barbary_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Barbary Wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barbary_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_Russia,_1812" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_Russia,_1812"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Invasion of Russia, 1812 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_Russia,_1812-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition,_1812–1814" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition,_1812–1814"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 War of the Sixth Coalition, 1812–1814 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition,_1812–1814-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition,_1815" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition,_1815"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 War of the Seventh Coalition, 1815 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition,_1815-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Political effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Military legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Military legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Military_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enlarged_scope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlarged_scope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Enlarged scope </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlarged_scope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Innovations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innovations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Innovations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innovations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Total_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Total_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Total war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Total_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_military_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_military_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Use of military intelligence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_of_military_intelligence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Use of military intelligence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Use_of_military_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_espionage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_espionage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Diplomatic espionage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_espionage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 In fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_and_reference_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_reference_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.1 General and reference books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_reference_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napoleon_and_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleon_and_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.2 Napoleon and French </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleon_and_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austrian,_Prussian_and_Russian_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austrian,_Prussian_and_Russian_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.3 Austrian, Prussian and Russian roles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austrian,_Prussian_and_Russian_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography_and_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_and_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.4 Historiography and memory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_and_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.5 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Napoleonic Wars</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" > 92 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleontiese_Oorlo%C3%AB" title="Napoleontiese Oorloë – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Napoleontiese Oorloë" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحروب النابليونية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحروب النابليونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_napole%C3%B3niques" title="Guerres napoleóniques – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerres napoleóniques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99l%C9%99ri" title="Napoleon müharibələri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Napoleon müharibələri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ناپلئون ساواشلاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ناپلئون ساواشلاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="নেপোলিয়নীয় যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নেপোলিয়নীয় যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng" title="Napoléon Chiàn-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Napoléon Chiàn-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Напалеонаўскія войны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Напалеонаўскія войны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Напалеонаўскія войны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Напалеонаўскія войны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Наполеонови войни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Наполеонови войни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezelio%C3%B9_Napoleon" title="Brezelioù Napoleon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezelioù Napoleon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_Napole%C3%B2niques" title="Guerres Napoleòniques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerres Napoleòniques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonsk%C3%A9_v%C3%A1lky" title="Napoleonské války – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Napoleonské války" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfeloedd_Napoleon" title="Rhyfeloedd Napoleon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfeloedd Napoleon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonskrigene" title="Napoleonskrigene – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Napoleonskrigene" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonische_Kriege" title="Napoleonische Kriege – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Napoleonische Kriege" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleoni_s%C3%B5jad" title="Napoleoni sõjad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Napoleoni sõjad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Ναπολεόντειοι Πόλεμοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ναπολεόντειοι Πόλεμοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_napole%C3%B3nicas" title="Guerras napoleónicas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerras napoleónicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonaj_Militoj" title="Napoleonaj Militoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Napoleonaj Militoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleondar_Gerrak" title="Napoleondar Gerrak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Napoleondar Gerrak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جنگ‌های ناپلئونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ‌های ناپلئونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_napol%C3%A9oniennes" title="Guerres napoléoniennes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerres napoléoniennes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleontyske_Oarloggen" title="Napoleontyske Oarloggen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Napoleontyske Oarloggen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coga%C3%AD_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Cogaí Napoléon – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogaí Napoléon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_napole%C3%B3nicas" title="Guerras napoleónicas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerras napoleónicas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%ED%8F%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%98%B9_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="나폴레옹 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나폴레옹 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Նապոլեոնյան պատերազմներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նապոլեոնյան պատերազմներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="नेपोलियन के युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नेपोलियन के युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonski_ratovi" title="Napoleonski ratovi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Napoleonski ratovi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Napoleon" title="Perang Napoleon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Napoleon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nap%C3%B3leonsstyrjaldirnar" title="Napóleonsstyrjaldirnar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Napóleonsstyrjaldirnar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_napoleoniche" title="Guerre napoleoniche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerre napoleoniche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="המלחמות הנפוליאוניות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המלחמות הנפוליאוניות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paprangan_Jaman_Napoleon" title="Paprangan Jaman Napoleon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paprangan Jaman Napoleon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ნაპოლეონის ომები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნაპოლეონის ომები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Наполеондық соғыстар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Наполеондық соғыстар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lag%C3%A8r_napol%C3%A9onyenn" title="Lagèr napoléonyenn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lagèr napoléonyenn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Наполеон согуштары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Наполеон согуштары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Napoleonica" title="Bella Napoleonica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bella Napoleonica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleona_kari" title="Napoleona kari – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Napoleona kari" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleono_karai" title="Napoleono karai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Napoleono karai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geras_de_Napoleon" title="Geras de Napoleon – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Geras de Napoleon" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/me_la_napoleon_nunjamna" title="me la napoleon nunjamna – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="me la napoleon nunjamna" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nap%C3%B3leoni_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BAk" title="Napóleoni háborúk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Napóleoni háborúk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Наполеонови војни – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Наполеонови војни" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87" title="नेपोलियोनिक युद्धे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नेपोलियोनिक युद्धे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="حروب نابوليون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حروب نابوليون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Napoleon" title="Perang Napoleon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Napoleon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_Napole%C3%B3nicas" title="Guerras Napoleónicas – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Guerras Napoleónicas" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleontische_oorlogen" title="Napoleontische oorlogen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Napoleontische oorlogen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="नेपोलियनकालीन युद्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नेपोलियनकालीन युद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="नेपोलियोनिक हताः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नेपोलियोनिक हताः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="ナポレオン戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナポレオン戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonskrigene" title="Napoleonskrigene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Napoleonskrigene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonskrigane" title="Napoleonskrigane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Napoleonskrigane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rras_Napoleonencas" title="Guèrras Napoleonencas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrras Napoleonencas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_urushlari" title="Napoleon urushlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Napoleon urushlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="نپولینی جنگاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نپولینی جنگاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%DB%90" title="ناپولیوني جګړې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ناپولیوني جګړې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napuolian_Waar_Dem" title="Napuolian Waar Dem – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Napuolian Waar Dem" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80" title="សង្គ្រាមណាប៉ូលេអូនិក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សង្គ្រាមណាប៉ូលេអូនិក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojny_napoleo%C5%84skie" title="Wojny napoleońskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojny napoleońskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_Napole%C3%B4nicas" title="Guerras Napoleônicas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerras Napoleônicas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboaiele_Napoleoniene" title="Războaiele Napoleoniene – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războaiele Napoleoniene" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Наполеоновские войны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Наполеоновские войны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gherras_napole%C3%B2nicas" title="Gherras napoleònicas – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gherras napoleònicas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Napoleonic Wars" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luft%C3%ABrat_Napoleonike" title="Luftërat Napoleonike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Luftërat Napoleonike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerri_napulionichi" title="Guerri napulionichi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Guerri napulionichi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Napoleonic Wars" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonsk%C3%A9_vojny" title="Napoleonské vojny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Napoleonské vojny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonske_vojne" title="Napoleonske vojne – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Napoleonske vojne" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86" title="شەڕەکانی ناپلیۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕەکانی ناپلیۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Наполеонови ратови – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Наполеонови ратови" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonski_ratovi" title="Napoleonski ratovi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Napoleonski ratovi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonin_sodat" title="Napoleonin sodat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Napoleonin sodat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonkrigen" title="Napoleonkrigen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Napoleonkrigen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digmaang_Napoleoniko" title="Digmaang Napoleoniko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Digmaang Napoleoniko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="நெப்போலியப் போர்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெப்போலியப் போர்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Наполеон сугышлары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Наполеон сугышлары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="สงครามนโปเลียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามนโปเลียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napolyon_Sava%C5%9Flar%C4%B1" title="Napolyon Savaşları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Napolyon Savaşları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Наполеонівські війни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Наполеонівські війни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="نپولینی جنگیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نپولینی جنگیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1c_cu%E1%BB%99c_chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_c%E1%BB%A7a_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Các cuộc chiến tranh của Napoléon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Các cuộc chiến tranh của Napoléon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleoni_s%C3%B5aq" title="Napoleoni sõaq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Napoleoni sõaq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonhon_nga_mga_gera" title="Napoleonhon nga mga gera – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Napoleonhon nga mga gera" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="拿破仑战争 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拿破仑战争" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_Ogun_Napoleon" title="Àwọn Ogun Napoleon – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn Ogun Napoleon" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E5%B4%99%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="拿破崙戰爭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="拿破崙戰爭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E5%B4%99%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="拿破崙戰爭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拿破崙戰爭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q78994#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1803–1815 series of wars led by Napoleon</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Napoleonic Wars</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleonic_Wars_(revision).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Napoleonic_Wars_%28revision%29.jpg/220px-Napoleonic_Wars_%28revision%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Napoleonic_Wars_%28revision%29.jpg/330px-Napoleonic_Wars_%28revision%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Napoleonic_Wars_%28revision%29.jpg/440px-Napoleonic_Wars_%28revision%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1920" /></a> Left to right, top to bottom: Battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Berlin_(1806)" title="Fall of Berlin (1806)">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Friedland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Paris</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815 (1803-05-18 – 1815-11-20) (12 years, 6 months and 2 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Coalition victory <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Full results</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Second Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li>Exile of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a> to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[4]</a></li> <li>Fall of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration of the Bourbon monarchy</a></li> <li>Dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>.</li> <li>Decline of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch Empires</a>.</li> <li>Rise of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">dominant world superpower</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Royal_Navy-38">[5]</a></li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdoms_of_Sweden_and_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway">United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchäfer2002137-39">[6]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[7]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation">citation not found</a>]<a href="#cite_note-41">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Imperial Army">Russian army</a> is becoming one of the strongest in the world<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgorshinaPetrova2023343–344-42">[9]</a></li> <li>Rise of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> as a new European power<a href="#cite_note-43">[10]</a></li> <li>Beginning of <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Italian</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[12]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">German unifications</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[13]</a></li> <li>Widespread rise of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[14]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation">citation not found</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1973432–433-48">[15]</a></li> <li>Major population loss in France and the rest of Continental Western Europe<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsdaile2009-49">[16]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_forces_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Coalition forces of the Napoleonic Wars">Coalition forces:</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (until 1806)</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-Francis_II_1806-2">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[c]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[d]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-Russo-Turkish_War_1812-6">[f]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> <a href="#cite_note-7">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-8">[h]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nominally_1812-10">[j]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[k]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a><a href="#cite_note-07-12-12">[l]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allies_1809-13">[m]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a><a href="#cite_note-13–15-14">[n]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick"><img alt="Duchy of Brunswick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a><a href="#cite_note-year1815-15">[o]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9_armies_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Émigré armies of the French Revolutionary Wars">French royalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover"><img alt="Province of Hanover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[p]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Hungary</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[q]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[r]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281719%E2%80%931852%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281719%E2%80%931852%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281719%E2%80%931852%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281719%E2%80%931852%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281719%E2%80%931852%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281719%E2%80%931852%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro2.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro2.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro2.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro" title="Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro">Montenegro</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[s]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_the_House_of_Nassau_Weilburg.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_House_of_Nassau_Weilburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_the_House_of_Nassau_Weilburg.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_House_of_Nassau_Weilburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_the_House_of_Nassau_Weilburg.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_House_of_Nassau_Weilburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="378" /> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a><a href="#cite_note-year1815-15">[o]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a><a href="#cite_note-year1815-15">[o]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Baden_%283%5E2%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_Baden_%283%5E2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Baden_%283%5E2%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_Baden_%283%5E2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Baden_%283%5E2%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_Baden_%283%5E2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg/31px-Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Iran</a><a href="#cite_note-07-12-12">[l]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-23">[t]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg/23px-Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg/35px-Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg/45px-Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/45px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a><a href="#cite_note-13–15-14">[n]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/23px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/35px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/45px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[u]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[v]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/State_flag_simple_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany.svg/23px-State_flag_simple_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/State_flag_simple_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany.svg/35px-State_flag_simple_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/State_flag_simple_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany.svg/45px-State_flag_simple_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a><a href="#cite_note-year1815-15">[o]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/23px-Wurttflag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/35px-Wurttflag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/45px-Wurttflag.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a><a href="#cite_note-13–15-14">[n]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark#19th_century" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[w]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbon France">Bourbon France</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[x]</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> France and its client states: <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">French Republic</a> (until 1804) <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a> (from 1804) <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>French <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">clients</a>:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[y]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a_1808-1813.svg/23px-Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a_1808-1813.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a_1808-1813.svg/35px-Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a_1808-1813.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a_1808-1813.svg/45px-Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a_1808-1813.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Bonapartist Spain</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-8">[h]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[z]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[aa]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[ab]</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/45px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/23px-Wurttflag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/35px-Wurttflag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/45px-Wurttflag.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-32">[ac]</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria"><img alt="Kingdom of Etruria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Etrurian_Kingdom_and_War_Flag_with_Great_Royal_Coat_of_Arms.svg/23px-Etrurian_Kingdom_and_War_Flag_with_Great_Royal_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Etrurian_Kingdom_and_War_Flag_with_Great_Royal_Coat_of_Arms.svg/35px-Etrurian_Kingdom_and_War_Flag_with_Great_Royal_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Etrurian_Kingdom_and_War_Flag_with_Great_Royal_Coat_of_Arms.svg/45px-Etrurian_Kingdom_and_War_Flag_with_Great_Royal_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[ad]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Banner_of_the_Lithuanian_Provisional_Governing_Commission.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Lithuanian_Provisional_Governing_Commission.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Banner_of_the_Lithuanian_Provisional_Governing_Commission.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Lithuanian_Provisional_Governing_Commission.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Banner_of_the_Lithuanian_Provisional_Governing_Commission.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Lithuanian_Provisional_Governing_Commission.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Provisional_Governing_Commission" title="Lithuanian Provisional Governing Commission">Lithuania</a> (1812) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Holland</a><a href="#cite_note-auto4-34">[ae]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Lucca_%281805-1809%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Lucca_%281805-1809%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Lucca_%281805-1809%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Lucca_%281805-1809%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Lucca_%281805-1809%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Lucca_%281805-1809%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Lucca-Piombino</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples"><img alt="Kingdom of Naples" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[af]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_(Napoleonic_period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)">Polish Legions</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-32">[ac]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Early_Swiss_cross.svg/15px-Early_Swiss_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Early_Swiss_cross.svg/23px-Early_Swiss_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Early_Swiss_cross.svg/30px-Early_Swiss_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era#Act_of_Mediation" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Switzerland</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[ag]</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William III">Frederick William III</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg/23px-Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg/35px-Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg/45px-Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/23px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/35px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/45px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes">#</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Barclay de Tolly</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Levin_August_von_Bennigsen" title="Levin August von Bennigsen">Levin Bennigsen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Wittgenstein" title="Peter Wittgenstein">Peter Wittgenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Miloradovich" title="Mikhail Miloradovich">Mikhail Miloradovich</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" title="Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg"><img alt="Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" title="Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg"><img alt="Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George, Prince Regent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Henry Addington</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes">#</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">William Grenville</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">William Cavendish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Spencer Perceval</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Robert Jenkinson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">Gustav IV Adolf</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIV John of Sweden">Charles John</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal"><img alt="Kingdom of Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Sultan Selim III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_IV" title="Mustafa IV">Sultan Mustafa IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Sultan Mahmud II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[ah]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro" title="Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro"><img alt="Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro2.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro2.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro2.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Petar_I_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar I Petrović-Njegoš">Petar I Petrović-Njegoš</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria"><img alt="Kingdom of Bavaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[ai]</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Charles_Oudinot" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Charles Oudinot">Nicolas Charles Oudinot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Louis-Gabriel_Suchet" title="Louis-Gabriel Suchet">Louis-Gabriel Suchet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Brune" title="Guillaume Brune">Guillaume Brune</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">X</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><abbr title="Died of wounds">DOW</abbr></a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">François Joseph Lefebvre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Grouchy,_marquis_de_Grouchy" title="Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy">Emmanuel Grouchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria"><img alt="Kingdom of Bavaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian I Joseph">Maximilian I Joseph</a><a href="#cite_note-untilLeipzig-52">[aj]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway"><img alt="Denmark–Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Frederick VI</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw"><img alt="Duchy of Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic"><img alt="Batavian Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rutger_Jan_Schimmelpenninck" title="Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck">Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)"><img alt="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Eugène de Beauharnais</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg/31px-Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Fath_Ali_Shah_Qajar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fath Ali Shah Qajar">Fath Ali Shah Qajar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony"><img alt="Kingdom of Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/45px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I</a><a href="#cite_note-untilLeipzig-52">[aj]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a_1808-1813.svg/23px-Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a_1808-1813.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a_1808-1813.svg/35px-Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a_1808-1813.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a_1808-1813.svg/45px-Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a_1808-1813.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jerôme I</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[ak]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg"><img alt="Kingdom of Württemberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/23px-Wurttflag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/35px-Wurttflag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/45px-Wurttflag.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[al]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[am]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Jean Bernadotte</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[an]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[ao]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[ap]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>: 900,000 regulars, cossacks and militia at peak strength (1812)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn199150-59">[17]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>: 320,000 regulars and militia at peak strength (1806)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggiere2014-60">[18]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>: 250,000 regulars, sailors, marines and militia at peak strength (1813)<a href="#cite_note-Oxford132-61">[19]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation">citation not found</a>]</li><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>: 300,000 regulars and militia at peak strength (1809)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a>: 198,520 regulars, guerrillas and militia at peak strength (1812)<a href="#cite_note-Elliott-62">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[aq]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>: 50,000 regulars, guerrillas and militia at peak strength (1809)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: 50,000 regulars and militia at peak strength (1813)</li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands"><img alt="United Kingdom of the Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: 36,500 regulars and militia at peak strength (1815)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>: 350,000 regulars</li></ul></div> Other coalition members: 100,000 regulars and militia at peak strength (1813) Total: 3,000,000 regulars and militia at peak strength (1813)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a>: 1,200,000 regulars, sailors, marines and militia at peak strength (1813)<a href="#cite_note-John_France_2011_351-65">[22]</a></li><li>French clients and allies: 500,000 regulars and militia at peak strength (1813)</li><li>Total: 2,000,000 regulars and militia at peak strength (1813)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> Austria: 350,220 killed in action<a href="#cite_note-66">[23]</a> (500,000 total dead)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> Spain: more than 300,000 killed in action<a href="#cite_note-White_2014,_Urlanis-67">[24]</a> and more than 586,000 dead in total including civilians<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanales2004-68">[25]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Russia: 289,000 killed in action<a href="#cite_note-White_2014,_Danzer-69">[26]</a> (600,000 total dead including civilians)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> Prussia: 134,000 killed in action (300,000 total dead including civilians)</li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> United Kingdom: 125,000<a href="#cite_note-auto2-70">[27]</a> killed in action (300,000 total dead)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal"><img alt="Kingdom of Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Portugal: up to 250,000 total dead or missing including civilians<a href="#cite_note-auto2-70">[27]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)"><img alt="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Italy: 120,000 total dead or missing including civilians<a href="#cite_note-White_2014,_Urlanis-67">[24]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Ottoman Empire: 50,000 total dead or missing<a href="#cite_note-71">[28]</a> <hr /> Total: 4,000,000 total military and civilian dead or missing</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> French Empire: <ul><li>306,000 French killed in action<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014-72">[29]</a></li> <li>65,000 French allies killed in action<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilo2010-73">[30]</a></li> <li>800,000 French and allies killed by wounds, accidents or disease<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilo2010-73">[30]</a></li> <li>600,000 civilians killed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilo2010-73">[30]</a> <hr /> Total: 2,000,000 dead<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1916-74">[31]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising" title="First Serbian Uprising">First Serbian Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Wars_(Scandinavia)" title="English Wars (Scandinavia)">English Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_War" title="Gunboat War">Gunboat War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_of_1808%E2%80%931809" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809">Dano-Swedish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_War_(1807%E2%80%931809)" title="Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)">Anglo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">Fifth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Polish_War" title="Austro-Polish War">Austro-Polish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Swedish_War_(1810%E2%80%931812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812)">Anglo-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_(1813%E2%80%931814)" title="Dano-Swedish War (1813–1814)">Dano-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)">Swedish-Norwegian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Seventh Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_War" title="Neapolitan War">Neapolitan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_campaign" title="Waterloo campaign">Waterloo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_campaigns_of_1815" title="Minor campaigns of 1815">Minor campaigns of 1815</a></li></ul></li> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linois%27s_expedition_to_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Linois's expedition to the Indian Ocean">Linois's expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_campaign_of_1803%E2%80%931810" title="Caribbean campaign of 1803–1810">Caribbean campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troude%27s_expedition_to_the_Caribbean" title="Troude's expedition to the Caribbean">Troude's expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roquebert%27s_expedition_to_the_Caribbean" title="Roquebert's expedition to the Caribbean">Roquebert's expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allemand%27s_expedition_of_1805" title="Allemand's expedition of 1805">Allemand's expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Hermite%27s_expedition" title="L'Hermite's expedition">L'Hermite's expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamellerie%27s_expedition" title="Lamellerie's expedition">Lamellerie's expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Archipelago_Expedition" title="Second Archipelago Expedition">Senyavin's expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_campaign_of_1807%E2%80%931814" title="Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814">Adriatic campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_campaign_of_1806%E2%80%931807" title="Java campaign of 1806–1807">1st Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">River Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_campaign_of_1809%E2%80%931811" title="Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811">Mauritius campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">2nd Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_the_Banda_Oriental_(1811%E2%80%931812)" title="Portuguese invasion of the Banda Oriental (1811–1812)">Banda Oriental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_3_February_1812" title="Action of 3 February 1812">Haiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-French_Wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-French_wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Anglo-French wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Anglo-French_wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Anglo-French wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-French_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Anglo-French wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-French_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Wars" title="Anglo-French Wars">Anglo-French Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England#Later_reign,_1107–1135,_1108–14" title="Henry I of England">1109–1113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A9mule" title="Battle of Brémule">1116–1120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_1173%E2%80%931174" title="Revolt of 1173–1174">1173–1174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England#Death" title="Henry II of England">1189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England#War_against_Philip_of_France" title="Richard I of England">1193–1196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England#War_against_Philip_of_France" title="Richard I of England">1197–1199</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England#Accession_to_the_throne,_1199" title="John, King of England">1199–1200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy_by_Philip_II_of_France" title="Invasion of Normandy by Philip II of France">1202–1204</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1213%E2%80%931214)" title="Anglo-French War (1213–1214)">1213–1214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barons%27_War" title="First Barons' War">1215–1217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_La_Rochelle_(1224)" title="Siege of La Rochelle (1224)">1224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_invasion_of_France_(1230)" title="English invasion of France (1230)">1230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintonge_War" title="Saintonge War">1242–1243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_War" title="Gascon War">1294–1303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Saint-Sardos" title="War of Saint-Sardos">1324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">1337–1453</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1337%E2%80%931360" title="Hundred Years' War, 1337–1360">1337–1360</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1369%E2%80%931389" title="Hundred Years' War, 1369–1389">1369–1389</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1415%E2%80%931453" title="Hundred Years' War, 1415–1453">1415–1453</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1494%E2%80%931495" title="Italian War of 1494–1495">1496–1498</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">1512–1514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" title="Italian War of 1521–1526">1522–1526</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%931546" title="Italian War of 1542–1546">1542–1546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">1557–1559</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_expedition_to_France_(1562-1563)" class="mw-redirect" title="English expedition to France (1562-1563)">1562–1563</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%931629)" title="Anglo-French War (1627–1629)">1627–1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">1666–1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">1678</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">1689–1815</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">1689–1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">1702–1713</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">1744–1748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">1746–1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">1754–1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">1778–1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">1793–1802</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1803–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">1815</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; width: 300px;"><div class="center" style="font-weight:bold">Napoleonic Wars</div><div class="thumbinner noresize" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; outline:0px; border:0px; padding:0px; height: 240px; width: 300px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 300px; height: 240px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm" data-width="300" data-height="240" data-zoom="3" data-lat="48" data-lon="14" href="/wiki/Special:Map/3/48/14/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,3,48,14,300x240.png?lang=en" width="300" height="240" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,3,48,14,300x240@2x.png?lang=en 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: -30px; left: 0px; width: 300px; height: 300px; transform: rotate(0deg); border-radius: 0px; background-color: #FFFFFF00; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 113px; left: -2px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 222px; left: 287px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" title="About OpenStreetMaps" rel="nofollow"><img alt="About OpenStreetMaps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 222px; left: 190px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use" title="Maps: terms of use"><img alt="Maps: terms of use" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: 196px; left: 238.5px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/52px-Mapscaleline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/78px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/104px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="18" /></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 195.875px; left: 284px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> 1000km 620miles</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 88.44695233472px; left: 87.603541806702px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 89.44695233472px; left: 84.103541806702px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 88.44695233472px; left: 95.103541806702px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">9</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 88.44695233472px; left: 87.603541806702px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days"><img alt="Hundred Days 1815:...Waterloo..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 104.58049289829px; left: 75.811393331395px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 105.58049289829px; left: 72.311393331395px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 104.58049289829px; left: 83.311393331395px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">8</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 104.58049289829px; left: 75.811393331395px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition"><img alt="Sixth Coalition: France 1814:...Paris..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 82.533739485205px; left: 133.22656284952px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 83.533739485205px; left: 129.72656284952px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 82.533739485205px; left: 140.72656284952px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">7</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 82.533739485205px; left: 133.22656284952px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition"><img alt="Sixth Coalition: Germany 1813:...Leipzig..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 39.9078518188px; left: 277.76624683083px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 40.9078518188px; left: 274.26624683083px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 39.9078518188px; left: 285.26624683083px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">6</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 39.9078518188px; left: 277.76624683083px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia"><img alt="French invasion of Russia 1812:...Moscow..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 107.3559383155px; left: 131.9099637479px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 108.3559383155px; left: 128.4099637479px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 107.3559383155px; left: 139.4099637479px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">5</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 107.3559383155px; left: 131.9099637479px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition"><img alt="Fifth Coalition: Austria 1809:...Landshut..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 154.04762316308px; left: 47.017943413534px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 155.04762316308px; left: 43.517943413534px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 154.04762316308px; left: 54.517943413534px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">4</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 154.04762316308px; left: 47.017943413534px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War"><img alt="Peninsular War: Spain 1808...Vitoria..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 182.64020095702px; left: 9.294516980391px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 183.64020095702px; left: 5.794516980391px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 182.64020095702px; left: 16.794516980391px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">3</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 182.64020095702px; left: 9.294516980391px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War"><img alt="Peninsular War: Portugal 1807...Torres Vedras..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 71.48691903635px; left: 139.12263708717px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 72.48691903635px; left: 135.62263708717px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 71.48691903635px; left: 146.62263708717px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">2</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 71.48691903635px; left: 139.12263708717px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition"><img alt="Fourth Coalition: Prussia 1806:...Berlin..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 102.22487721897px; left: 158.29918921934px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 103.22487721897px; left: 154.79918921934px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 102.22487721897px; left: 165.79918921934px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">1</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 102.22487721897px; left: 158.29918921934px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition"><img alt="Third Coalition: Germany 1803:...Austerlitz..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute;top: 9px;left: 264px"><div style="color: white; opacity:100; font-size: 19px; font-weight:normal; text-align: left;"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink no-icon" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/4/48/14/en" data-zoom="4" data-lat="48" data-lon="14" data-overlays="["_69e8d83a0448a9f59cdd0498f6dbf80cd47a5fdc"]"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style> </a></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Key: <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396">1</div> <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a>: Germany 1803:...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a>... <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396">2</div> <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Fourth Coalition</a>: Prussia 1806:...<a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Berlin_(1806)" title="Fall of Berlin (1806)">Berlin</a>... <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396">3</div> <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>: Portugal 1807...<a href="/wiki/Lines_of_Torres_Vedras" title="Lines of Torres Vedras">Torres Vedras</a>... <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396">4</div> <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>: Spain 1808...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a>... <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396">5</div> <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">Fifth Coalition</a>: Austria 1809:...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landshut_(1809)" title="Battle of Landshut (1809)">Landshut</a>... <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396">6</div> <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a> 1812:...<a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">Moscow</a>... <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396">7</div> <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a>: Germany 1813:...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a>... <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396">8</div> <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a>: France 1814:...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Paris</a>... <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396">9</div> <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a> 1815:...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a>...</div></div></div> The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of conflicts fought between the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> (1804–1815) and a fluctuating array of <a href="/wiki/Coalition_forces_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Coalition forces of the Napoleonic Wars">European coalitions</a>. The wars originated in political forces arising from the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> (1789–1799) and from the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> (1792–1802) and produced a period of French domination over <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[32]</a> The wars are categorised as seven conflicts, five named after the coalitions that fought Napoleon, plus two named for their respective theatres: the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Seventh Coalition">War of the Seventh Coalition</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[33]</a> The first stage of the war broke out when <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> declared war on France on 18 May 1803, alongside the Third Coalition. In December 1805, Napoleon defeated the allied Russo-Austrian army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a>, thus forcing <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> to make peace. Concerned about increasing French power, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> led the creation of the Fourth Coalition, which resumed war in October 1806. Napoleon soon defeated the Prussians at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Jena-Auerstedt</a> and the Russians at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Friedland</a>, bringing an <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">uneasy peace</a> to the continent. The treaty had failed to end the tension, and war broke out again in 1809, with the Austrian-led Fifth Coalition. At first, the Austrians won a significant victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Aspern-Essling</a> but were quickly defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a>. Hoping to isolate and weaken Britain economically through his <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a>, Napoleon launched an <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Portugal_(1807)" title="Invasion of Portugal (1807)">invasion of Portugal</a>, the only remaining British ally in continental Europe. After occupying <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> in November 1807, and with the bulk of French troops present in Spain, Napoleon seized the opportunity to turn against his former ally, depose the reigning <a href="/wiki/Spanish_royal_family" title="Spanish royal family">Spanish royal family</a>, and declare his brother King of Spain in 1808 as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">José I</a>. The Spanish and Portuguese thus revolted, with British support, and expelled the French from Iberia in 1814 after <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">six years of fighting</a>. Concurrently, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, unwilling to bear the economic consequences of reduced trade, routinely violated the Continental System, prompting Napoleon to launch a <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">massive invasion of Russia</a> in 1812. The resulting campaign ended in disaster for France and the near-destruction of Napoleon's <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a>. Encouraged by the defeat, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia formed the Sixth Coalition and began a new campaign against France, decisively defeating Napoleon at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a> in October 1813. The Allies then <a href="/wiki/Campaign_in_north-east_France_(1814)" title="Campaign in north-east France (1814)">invaded France from the east</a>, while the Peninsular War <a href="/wiki/Campaign_in_south-west_France_(1814)" title="Campaign in south-west France (1814)">spilled over into southwestern France</a>. Coalition troops captured <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Paris</a> at the end of March 1814, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">forced Napoleon to abdicate</a> in April, exiled him to the island of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Elba" title="Principality of Elba">Elba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">restored power to the Bourbons</a>. Napoleon escaped in February 1815 and reassumed control of France for around one <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a>. The allies formed the Seventh Coalition, which defeated him at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a> in June 1815, and exiled him to the island of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>, where he died six years later in 1821.<a href="#cite_note-zamoy-77">[34]</a> The wars had profound consequences on global history, including the spread of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, advancements in <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code#Codes_in_other_countries" title="Napoleonic Code">civil law</a>, the rise of Britain as the world's <a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">foremost naval and economic power</a>, the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_the_Americas" title="Decolonization of the Americas">independence movements</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish America</a> and the subsequent decline of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empires</a>, the fundamental reorganization of German and Italian territories into larger states, and the introduction of radically new methods of conducting warfare. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> redrew Europe's borders and brought <a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">a relative peace</a> to the continent, lasting until the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> in 1853. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> Napoleon <a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">seized power</a> in 1799, establishing a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1994[httpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgeillustr00jone_0page193_193–194]-78">[35]</a> There are numerous opinions on the date to use as the formal beginning of the Napoleonic Wars; 18 May 1803 is often used, when Britain and France ended the only short period of peace between 1792 and 1814.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKagan200742–43-79">[36]</a> The Napoleonic Wars began with the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a>, which was the first of the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Coalition Wars</a> against the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">First French Republic</a> after Napoleon's accession as leader of France. Britain ended the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a>, declaring war on France in May 1803. Among the reasons were Napoleon's changes to the international system in Western Europe, especially in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Switzerland</a>, Germany, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Netherlands</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kagan" title="Frederick Kagan">Frederick Kagan</a> argues that Britain was irritated in particular by Napoleon's assertion of control over Switzerland. Furthermore, Britons felt insulted when Napoleon stated that their country deserved no voice in European affairs, even though King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">elector</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. For its part, Russia decided that the intervention in Switzerland indicated that Napoleon was not looking toward a peaceful resolution of his differences with the other European powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKagan200742–43-79">[36]</a> The British hastily enforced a <a href="/wiki/Naval_blockade" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval blockade">naval blockade</a> of France to starve it of resources. Napoleon responded with economic embargoes against Britain, and sought to eliminate Britain's Continental allies to break the coalitions arrayed against him. The so-called <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a> formed a <a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">League of Armed Neutrality</a> to disrupt the blockade and enforce <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> with France. The British responded by <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1801)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1801)">capturing the Danish fleet</a>, breaking up the league, and later <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">secured dominance over the seas</a>, allowing it to freely continue its strategy. Napoleon won the War of the Third Coalition at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a>, forcing the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pressburg_(1805)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Pressburg (1805)">out of the war</a>, and formally dissolving the Holy Roman Empire. Within months, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> declared war, triggering a <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a>. This war ended disastrously for Prussia, which had been <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">defeated and occupied</a> within 19 days of the beginning of the campaign. Napoleon subsequently defeated Russia at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Friedland</a>, creating powerful <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client states</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and ending the Fourth Coalition. Concurrently, the refusal of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> to commit to the Continental System, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700-1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700-1808)">Spain</a>'s failure to maintain it, led to the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> and the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a>. The French occupied Spain and formed a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Spanish client kingdom</a>, ending the alliance between the two. Heavy British involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> soon followed, while a <a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Walcheren Expedition">British effort to capture Antwerp</a> failed. Napoleon oversaw the situation in Iberia, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">defeating the Spanish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corunna" title="Battle of Corunna">expelling the British</a> from the Peninsula. Austria, eager to recover territory lost during the War of the Third Coalition, invaded France's client states in Eastern Europe in April 1809. Napoleon defeated the Fifth Coalition at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a>. Plans to invade British North America pushed the United States to declare war on Britain in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, but it did not become an ally of France. Grievances over control of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Poland</a>, and Russia's withdrawal from the Continental System, led to <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">Napoleon invading Russia</a> in June 1812. The invasion was an unmitigated disaster for Napoleon; <a href="/wiki/Scorched-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorched-earth">scorched earth</a> tactics, desertion, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">French strategic failures</a> and the onset of the Russian winter <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia#Retreat" title="French invasion of Russia">compelled Napoleon to retreat with massive losses</a>. Napoleon suffered further setbacks: French power in the Iberian Peninsula was broken at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Battle of Vitoria</a> the following summer, and a new alliance began, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a>. The coalition defeated Napoleon at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, precipitating his fall from power and eventual abdication on 6 April 1814. The victors exiled Napoleon to <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">restored the Bourbon monarchy</a>. Napoleon escaped from Elba in 1815, gathering enough support to overthrow the monarchy of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a>, triggering a <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">seventh, and final, coalition against him</a>. Napoleon was then <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">decisively defeated at Waterloo</a>, and he abdicated again on 22 June. On 15 July, he surrendered to the British at <a href="/wiki/Rochefort,_Charente-Maritime" title="Rochefort, Charente-Maritime">Rochefort</a>, and was permanently exiled to remote <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Treaty of Paris</a>, signed on 20 November 1815, formally ended the war. The Bourbon monarchy was once again restored, and the victors began the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> to restore peace to Europe. As a direct result of the war, the Kingdom of Prussia rose to become a <a href="/wiki/Great_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Power">great power</a>,<a href="#cite_note-auto3-80">[37]</a> while Great Britain, with its unequalled <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and growing <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Empire</a>, became the world's dominant <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</a>, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[38]</a> The Holy Roman Empire had been dissolved, and the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> that emerged early in the war contributed greatly to the later <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of the German states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">and those of the Italian peninsula</a>. The war in Iberia greatly weakened Spanish power, and the Spanish Empire began to unravel; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_Wars_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish American Wars of Independence">Spain would lose nearly all of its American possessions by 1833</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> also shrank, with <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Brazil declaring independence</a> in 1822.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenHaynes2012chpt._8-82">[39]</a> The wars revolutionised European warfare; the application of <a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">mass conscription</a> and <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a> led to campaigns of unprecedented scale, as whole nations committed all their <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">economic and industrial resources</a> to a collective war effort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailsfirsttotalwarnap00bellpage51_51]-83">[40]</a> Tactically, the <a href="/wiki/French_Imperial_Army_(1804%E2%80%931815)" title="French Imperial Army (1804–1815)">French Army</a> had redefined the role of <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, while Napoleon emphasised mobility to offset numerical disadvantages,<a href="#cite_note-auto1-84">[41]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerial_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial surveillance">aerial surveillance</a> was used for the first time in warfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer194181–83-85">[42]</a> The highly successful <a href="/wiki/Spanish_guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish guerrilla">Spanish guerrillas</a> demonstrated the capability of a people driven by fervent nationalism against an occupying force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETone1996355–382-86">[43]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page range too broad</a>] Due to the longevity of the wars, the extent of Napoleon's conquests, and the popularity of the ideals of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the period had a deep impact on European social culture. Many subsequent revolutions, such as that of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russia</a>, looked to the French as a source of inspiration,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlapentokh1997220–228PalmerColtonKramer201381–83-87">[44]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">its core founding tenets</a> greatly expanded the arena of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> and shaped modern political philosophies in use today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesanHuntNelson20133,_8,_10-88">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valmy_Battle_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Valmy_Battle_painting.jpg/220px-Valmy_Battle_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Valmy_Battle_painting.jpg/330px-Valmy_Battle_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Valmy_Battle_painting.jpg/440px-Valmy_Battle_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6926" data-file-height="4226" /></a><figcaption>French victory over the Prussians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Battle of Valmy</a> in 1792</figcaption></figure> The outbreak of the French Revolution had been received with great alarm by the rulers of Europe's continental powers, further exacerbated by the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">execution of Louis XVI</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">overthrow of the French monarchy</a>. In 1793, <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700-1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700-1808)">Kingdom of Spain</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a> to curtail the growing power of revolutionary France. Measures such as <a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">mass conscription</a>, military reforms, and total war allowed France to defeat the coalition, despite the <a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">concurrent civil war in France</a>. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, then a general of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Revolutionary Army</a>, forced the Austrians to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a>, leaving only Great Britain opposed to the fledgling French Republic. A <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a> was formed in 1798 by Great Britain, Austria, Naples, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gustavian_era" title="Gustavian era">Sweden</a>. The French Republic, under the <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a>, suffered from heavy levels of corruption and <a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">internal strife</a>. The new republic also lacked funds, no longer enjoying the services of <a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Carnot</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_War_(France)" title="Minister of War (France)">minister of war</a> who had guided France to its victories during the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">Revolution</a>. Bonaparte, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Italy_(France)" title="Army of Italy (France)">Armée d'Italie</a> in the latter stages of the First Coalition, had <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">launched a campaign in Egypt</a>, intending to disrupt the British control of <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">India</a>. Pressed from all sides, the Republic suffered a string of successive defeats against revitalised enemies, who were supported by Britain's financial help. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleon_at_the_Battle_of_Rivoli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Napoleon_at_the_Battle_of_Rivoli.jpg/220px-Napoleon_at_the_Battle_of_Rivoli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Napoleon_at_the_Battle_of_Rivoli.jpg/330px-Napoleon_at_the_Battle_of_Rivoli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Napoleon_at_the_Battle_of_Rivoli.jpg/440px-Napoleon_at_the_Battle_of_Rivoli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1698" /></a><figcaption>Bonaparte defeating the Austrians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a> in 1797</figcaption></figure> Bonaparte returned to France from Egypt on 23 August 1799, his <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">campaign there having failed</a>. He seized control of the French government on November 9, in <a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">a bloodless coup d'état</a>, replacing the Directory with the <a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a> and transforming the republic into a de facto dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1994[httpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgeillustr00jone_0page193_193–194]-78">[35]</a> He further reorganised the French military forces, establishing a large reserve army positioned to support campaigns on the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> or in Italy. <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich">Russia had already been knocked out of the war</a>, and, under Napoleon's leadership, the French <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">decisively defeated the Austrians in June 1800</a>, crippling Austrian capabilities in Italy. Austria was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">definitively defeated that December</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Victor_Marie_Moreau" title="Jean Victor Marie Moreau">Moreau</a>'s forces in <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>. The Austrian defeat was sealed by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> early the following year, further compelling the British to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> with France, establishing a tenuous peace. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Start_date_and_nomenclature">Start date and nomenclature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Start date and nomenclature">edit</a>]</div> No consensus exists as to when the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> ended and the Napoleonic Wars began. Possible dates include 9 November 1799, when Bonaparte <a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">seized power on 18 Brumaire</a>, the date according to the <a href="/wiki/French_Republican_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republican Calendar">Republican Calendar</a> then in use;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1998215-89">[46]</a> 18 May 1803, when Britain and France ended the one short period of peace between 1792 and 1814; or 2 December 1804, when <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[47]</a> British historians occasionally refer to the nearly continuous period of warfare from 1792 to 1815 as the Great French War, or as the final phase of the Anglo-French <a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">Second Hundred Years' War</a>, spanning the period 1689 to 1815.<a href="#cite_note-91">[48]</a> Historian Mike Rapport (2013) suggested using the term "French Wars" to unambiguously describe the entire period from 1792 to 1815.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERapport20134-92">[49]</a> In France, the Napoleonic Wars are generally integrated with the French Revolutionary Wars: Les guerres de la Révolution et de l'Empire.<a href="#cite_note-93">[50]</a> German historiography may count the War of the Second Coalition (1798/9–1801/2), during which Napoleon had seized power, as the Erster Napoleonischer Krieg ("First Napoleonic War").<a href="#cite_note-94">[51]</a> In Dutch historiography, it is common to refer to the 7 major wars between 1792 and 1815 as the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Coalition Wars</a> (coalitieoorlogen), referring to the first two as the French Revolution Wars (Franse Revolutieoorlogen).<a href="#cite_note-Encarta_coalitieoorlogen-95">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleon's_tactics">Napoleon's tactics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Napoleon's tactics">edit</a>]</div> Napoleon was, and remains, famous for his battlefield victories, and historians have spent enormous attention in analysing them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1966-96">[53]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In 2008, Donald Sutherland wrote: <blockquote>The ideal Napoleonic battle was to manipulate the enemy into an unfavourable position through manoeuvre and deception, force him to commit his main forces and reserve to the main battle and then undertake an enveloping attack with uncommitted or reserve troops on the flank or rear. Such a surprise attack would either produce a devastating effect on morale or force him to weaken his main battle line. Either way, the enemy's own impulsiveness began the process by which even a smaller French army could defeat the enemy's forces one by one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDuwHSN9QTroCpgPA356_356]-97">[54]</a></blockquote> After 1807, Napoleon's creation of a highly mobile, well-armed artillery force gave artillery usage an increased tactical importance. Napoleon, rather than relying on infantry to wear away the enemy's defences, could now use massed artillery as a spearhead to pound a break in the enemy's line. Once that was achieved he sent in infantry and cavalry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConachy2001617–640-98">[55]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page range too broad</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prelude">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Zurich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Battle_of_Zurich.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Zurich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Battle_of_Zurich.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Zurich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Battle_of_Zurich.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Zurich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2627" data-file-height="2203" /></a><figcaption>French victory over the Austrians and Russians at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich">Second Battle of Zürich</a></figcaption></figure> Britain was irritated by several French actions following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a>. Bonaparte annexed <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a>, made himself President of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italian Republic</a>, a state in northern Italy that France had set up, and failed to evacuate <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Holland</a>, as it had agreed to do in the treaty. France then continued to interfere with British trade despite peace having been made and complained about Britain harbouring certain individuals and not cracking down on the anti-French press.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1805220–222-99">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> was captured by Britain during the war and was subject to a complex arrangement in the 10th article of the Treaty of Amiens, where it was to be restored to the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_St._John" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of St. John">Knights of St. John</a> with a Neapolitan garrison and placed under the guarantee of third powers. The weakening of the Knights of St. John by the confiscation of their assets in France and Spain along with delays in obtaining guarantees prevented the British from evacuating it after three months as stipulated in the treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1805239-100">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_James_de_Loutherbourg_-_The_Battle_of_Alexandria,_21_March_1801_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Philip_James_de_Loutherbourg_-_The_Battle_of_Alexandria%2C_21_March_1801_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Philip_James_de_Loutherbourg_-_The_Battle_of_Alexandria%2C_21_March_1801_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Philip_James_de_Loutherbourg_-_The_Battle_of_Alexandria%2C_21_March_1801_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Philip_James_de_Loutherbourg_-_The_Battle_of_Alexandria%2C_21_March_1801_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Philip_James_de_Loutherbourg_-_The_Battle_of_Alexandria%2C_21_March_1801_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Philip_James_de_Loutherbourg_-_The_Battle_of_Alexandria%2C_21_March_1801_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4001" data-file-height="2805" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Alexandria_(painting)" title="The Battle of Alexandria (painting)">The Battle of Alexandria</a>. The British victory over the French at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandria_(1801)" title="Battle of Alexandria (1801)">Battle of Alexandria</a>, resulted in the end of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s military presence in Egypt.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Republic" title="Helvetic Republic">Helvetic Republic</a> was set up by France when it <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Switzerland" title="French invasion of Switzerland">invaded Switzerland in 1798</a>. France had withdrawn its troops, but <a href="/wiki/Stecklikrieg" title="Stecklikrieg">violent strife broke out against the government</a>, which many Swiss saw as overly centralised. Bonaparte reoccupied the country in October 1802 and <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Mediation" title="Act of Mediation">imposed a compromise settlement</a>. This caused widespread outrage in Britain, which protested that this was a violation of the Treaty of Lunéville. Although continental powers were unprepared to act, the British decided to send an agent to help the Swiss obtain supplies, and also ordered their military not to return <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> to Holland as they had committed to do in the Treaty of Amiens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1805248–252-101">[58]</a> Swiss resistance collapsed before anything could be accomplished, and, after a month, Britain countermanded the orders to not restore Cape Colony. At the same time, Russia finally joined the guarantee regarding Malta. Concerned that there would be hostilities when Bonaparte found out that Cape Colony had been <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muizenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Muizenberg">retained</a>, the British began to procrastinate on the evacuation of Malta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1805252–258-102">[59]</a> In January 1803, a government paper in France published a report from a commercial agent which noted the ease with which <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egypt</a> could be conquered. The British seized on this to demand satisfaction and security before evacuating Malta, which was a convenient stepping stone to Egypt. France disclaimed any desire to seize Egypt and asked what sort of satisfaction was required, but the British were unable to give a response.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1805258–264-103">[60]</a> There was still no thought of going to war; Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Henry Addington</a> publicly affirmed that Britain was in a state of peace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1805265-104">[61]</a> In early March 1803, the <a href="/wiki/Addington_ministry" title="Addington ministry">Addington ministry</a> received word that Cape Colony had been <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">reoccupied</a> by the British army, in accordance with the orders which had subsequently been countermanded. On 8 March they ordered military preparations to guard against possible French retaliation and justified them by falsely claiming that it was only in response to French preparations and that they were conducting serious negotiations with France. In a few days, it was known that Cape Colony had been surrendered in accordance with the counter-orders, but it was too late. Bonaparte berated the British ambassador in front of 200 spectators over the military preparations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1805264–268-105">[62]</a> The Addington ministry realised they would face an inquiry over their false reasons for the military preparations, and during April unsuccessfully attempted to secure the support of <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt</a> to shield them from damage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1805277-106">[63]</a> In the same month, the ministry issued an ultimatum to France, demanding a retention of Malta for at least ten years, the permanent acquisition of the island of <a href="/wiki/Lampedusa" title="Lampedusa">Lampedusa</a> from the Kingdom of Sicily, and the evacuation of Holland. They also offered to recognise French gains in Italy if they evacuated Switzerland and compensated the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">King of Sardinia</a> for his territorial losses. France offered to place Malta in the hands of Russia to satisfy British concerns, pull out of Holland when Malta was evacuated, and form a convention to give satisfaction to Britain on other issues. The British falsely denied that Russia had made an offer, and their ambassador left Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1805268–278-107">[64]</a> Desperate to avoid a war, Bonaparte sent a secret offer where he agreed to let Britain retain Malta if France could occupy the <a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Otranto</a> peninsula in Naples.<a href="#cite_note-108">[65]</a> All efforts were futile, and Britain declared war on 18 May 1803. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_between_Britain_and_France,_1803–1814">War between Britain and France, 1803–1814</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: War between Britain and France, 1803–1814">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="United Kingdom in the Napoleonic Wars">United Kingdom in the Napoleonic Wars</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_motivations">British motivations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: British motivations">edit</a>]</div> Britain ended the uneasy truce created by the Treaty of Amiens when it had declared war on France in May 1803. The British were increasingly angered by Napoleon's reordering of the international system in Western Europe, especially in Switzerland, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands. Kagan argues that Britain was especially alarmed by Napoleon's assertion of control over Switzerland. The British felt insulted when Napoleon said it deserved no voice in European affairs (even though King George was an <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">elector</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>) and sought to restrict the London newspapers that were vilifying him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKagan200742–43-79">[36]</a> Britain had a sense of loss of control, as well as loss of markets, and was worried by Napoleon's possible threat to its <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">overseas colonies</a>. McLynn argues that Britain went to war in 1803 out of a "mixture of economic motives and national neuroses—an irrational anxiety about Napoleon's motives and intentions." McLynn concludes that it proved to be the right choice for Britain because, in the long run, Napoleon's intentions were hostile to the British national interest. Napoleon was not ready for war, and so this was the best time for Britain to stop them. Britain seized upon the Malta issue, refusing to follow the terms of the Treaty of Amiens and evacuate the island.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2014309-109">[66]</a> The deeper British grievance was their perception that Napoleon was taking personal control of Europe, making the international system unstable, and forcing Britain to the sidelines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrainger2004Schroeder1994231-110">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant1944-111">[68]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKagan200742–43-79">[36]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Numerous scholars have argued that Napoleon's aggressive posture made him enemies and cost him potential allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETulard1984351-112">[69]</a> As late as 1808, the continental powers affirmed most of his gains and titles, but the continuing conflict with Britain led him to start the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">invasion of Russia</a>, which many scholars see as a dramatic miscalculation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray200747Malia2006205-113">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicholas_Pocock_-_Duckworth%27s_Action_off_San_Domingo,_6_February_1806.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Nicholas_Pocock_-_Duckworth%27s_Action_off_San_Domingo%2C_6_February_1806.jpg/220px-Nicholas_Pocock_-_Duckworth%27s_Action_off_San_Domingo%2C_6_February_1806.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Nicholas_Pocock_-_Duckworth%27s_Action_off_San_Domingo%2C_6_February_1806.jpg/330px-Nicholas_Pocock_-_Duckworth%27s_Action_off_San_Domingo%2C_6_February_1806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Nicholas_Pocock_-_Duckworth%27s_Action_off_San_Domingo%2C_6_February_1806.jpg/440px-Nicholas_Pocock_-_Duckworth%27s_Action_off_San_Domingo%2C_6_February_1806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Domingo" title="Battle of San Domingo">Battle of San Domingo</a>, 6 February 1806</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Pyrenees,_July_28th_1813_-_Fonds_Ancely_-_B315556101_A_HEATH_035.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Battle_of_the_Pyrenees%2C_July_28th_1813_-_Fonds_Ancely_-_B315556101_A_HEATH_035.jpg/220px-Battle_of_the_Pyrenees%2C_July_28th_1813_-_Fonds_Ancely_-_B315556101_A_HEATH_035.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Battle_of_the_Pyrenees%2C_July_28th_1813_-_Fonds_Ancely_-_B315556101_A_HEATH_035.jpg/330px-Battle_of_the_Pyrenees%2C_July_28th_1813_-_Fonds_Ancely_-_B315556101_A_HEATH_035.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Battle_of_the_Pyrenees%2C_July_28th_1813_-_Fonds_Ancely_-_B315556101_A_HEATH_035.jpg/440px-Battle_of_the_Pyrenees%2C_July_28th_1813_-_Fonds_Ancely_-_B315556101_A_HEATH_035.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1322" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Battle of the Pyrenees">Battle of the Pyrenees</a>, July 1813</figcaption></figure> There was one serious attempt to negotiate peace with France during the war, made by <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a> in 1806. The British wanted to retain their overseas conquests and have <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a> restored to George III in exchange for accepting French conquests on the continent. The French were willing to cede Malta, Cape Colony, <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French Indian</a> posts to Britain but wanted to obtain Sicily in exchange for the restoration of Hanover, a condition which the British refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke1808-116">[73]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Unlike its many coalition partners, Britain remained at war during the period of the Napoleonic Wars. Protected by naval supremacy (in the words of Admiral <a href="/wiki/John_Jervis,_1st_Earl_of_St_Vincent" title="John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent">Jervis</a> to the House of Lords "I do not say, my Lords, that the French will not come. I say only they will not come by sea"), Britain did not have to spend the entire war defending itself and could thus focus on supporting its embattled allies, maintaining low-intensity land warfare on a global scale for over a decade. The British government paid out a large amount of money to other European states so that they could pay armies in the field against France. These payments are colloquially known as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Cavalry_of_St_George" title="Golden Cavalry of St George">Golden Cavalry of St George</a>. The <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> provided long-term support to the Spanish rebellion in the Peninsular War of 1808–1814, assisted by Spanish <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> ('little war') tactics. Anglo-Portuguese forces under <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley</a> supported the Spanish, who campaigned successfully against the French armies, eventually driving them from Spain and allowing Britain to invade southern France. By 1815, the British Army played the central role in the final defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BritishEmpire1815.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BritishEmpire1815.png/260px-BritishEmpire1815.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BritishEmpire1815.png/390px-BritishEmpire1815.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BritishEmpire1815.png/520px-BritishEmpire1815.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>The British managed to occupy and take control of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> during the Napoleonic Wars.</figcaption></figure> Beyond minor naval actions against British imperial interests, the Napoleonic Wars were much less global in their scope than preceding conflicts such as the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, which historians term a "<a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">world war</a>". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_warfare">Economic warfare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economic warfare">edit</a>]</div> In response to the naval blockade of the French coasts enacted by the British government on 16 May 1806, Napoleon issued the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Decree" title="Berlin Decree">Berlin Decree</a> on November 21, 1806, which brought into effect the <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1994307–310-117">[74]</a> This policy aimed to eliminate the threat from Britain by closing French-controlled territory to its trade. Britain maintained a standing army of 220,000 at the height of the Napoleonic Wars, of whom less than 50% were available for campaigning. The rest were necessary for garrisoning <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Ireland" title="British rule in Ireland">Ireland</a> and the colonies and providing security for Britain. France's strength peaked at around 2,500,000 full-time and part-time soldiers including several hundred thousand <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guardsmen</a> whom Napoleon could draft into the military if necessary. Both nations enlisted large numbers of sedentary militia who were unsuited for campaigning and were mostly employed to release regular forces for active duty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1989128–129-118">[75]</a> The Royal Navy disrupted France's extra-continental trade by seizing and threatening French shipping and <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">colonial possessions</a>, but could do nothing about France's trade with the major continental economies, and posed little threat to French territory in Europe. France's population and agricultural capacity greatly outstripped Britain's. Britain had the greatest industrial capacity in Europe, and its mastery of the seas allowed it to build up considerable economic strength through trade. This ensured that France could never consolidate its control over Europe in peace. Many in the French government believed that cutting Britain off from the Continent would end its economic influence over Europe and isolate it. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financing_the_war">Financing the war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Financing the war">edit</a>]</div> A key element in British success was its ability to mobilise the nation's industrial and financial resources, and apply them to defeating France. Though the UK had a population of approximately 16 million against France's 30 million, the French numerical advantage was offset by British subsidies that paid for many of the Austrian and Russian soldiers, peaking at about 450,000 men in 1813.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1989128–129-118">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwig1969-119">[76]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Under the Anglo–Russian agreement of 1803, Britain paid a subsidy of £1.5 million for every 100,000 Russian soldiers in the field.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer197486-120">[77]</a> British national output continued to be strong, and the well-organised business sector channeled products into what the military needed. Britain used its economic power to expand the Royal Navy, doubling the number of <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a>, adding 50 per cent more large <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ships of the line</a>, and increasing the number of sailors from 15,000 to 133,000 in eight years after the war began in 1793. France saw its navy shrink by more than half.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1959143-121">[78]</a> The smuggling of finished products into the continent undermined French efforts to weaken the British economy by cutting off markets. Subsidies to Russia and Austria kept them in the war. The British budget in 1814 reached £98 million, including £10 million for the Royal Navy, £40 million for the army, £10 million for the allies, and £38 million as interest on the national debt, which had soared to £679 million, more than double the GDP. This debt was supported by hundreds of thousands of investors and taxpayers, despite the higher taxes on land and a new income tax. The cost of the war amounted to £831 million.<a href="#cite_note-123">[ar]</a> In contrast, the French financial system was inadequate and Napoleon's forces had to rely in part on requisitions from conquered lands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalévy1924205–228-124">[80]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page range too broad</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2013-125">[81]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-126">[82]</a> From London in 1813 to 1815, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Mayer_Rothschild" title="Nathan Mayer Rothschild">Nathan Mayer Rothschild</a> was crucial in almost single-handedly financing the British war effort, organising the shipment of bullion to the Duke of Wellington's armies across Europe, as well as arranging the payment of British financial subsidies to their continental allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200878-127">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_of_the_Third_Coalition,_1805">War of the Third Coalition, 1805</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: War of the Third Coalition, 1805">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trafalgar-Auguste_Mayer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Trafalgar-Auguste_Mayer.jpg/220px-Trafalgar-Auguste_Mayer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Trafalgar-Auguste_Mayer.jpg/330px-Trafalgar-Auguste_Mayer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Trafalgar-Auguste_Mayer.jpg/440px-Trafalgar-Auguste_Mayer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>The British <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sandwich_(1759)" title="HMS Sandwich (1759)">HMS Sandwich</a> fires at the French <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a> <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Bucentaure_(1803)" title="French ship Bucentaure (1803)">Bucentaure</a> (completely dismasted) in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">battle of Trafalgar</a>. Bucentaure also fights <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">HMS Victory</a> (behind her) and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Temeraire_(1798)" title="HMS Temeraire (1798)">HMS Temeraire</a> (left side of the picture). HMS Sandwich did not fight at Trafalgar and her depiction is a mistake by the painter.<a href="#cite_note-128">[84]</a></figcaption></figure> Britain gathered allies to form the Third Coalition against The French Empire after Napoleon was self-proclaimed as emperor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1994231–86-129">[85]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page range too broad</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKagan2007141ff-130">[86]</a> In response, Napoleon <a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">seriously considered an invasion of Great Britain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-131">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[88]</a> massing 180,000 troops at <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne</a>. Before he could invade, he needed to achieve naval superiority—or at least to pull the British fleet away from the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>. A complex plan to distract the British by threatening their possessions in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> failed when a Franco-Spanish fleet under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Charles_de_Villeneuve" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-Charles de Villeneuve">Villeneuve</a> turned back after an indecisive action off <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1805)" title="Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)">Cape Finisterre</a> on 22 July 1805. The Royal Navy blockaded Villeneuve in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> until he left for <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> on 19 October; the British squadron caught and overwhelmingly defeated the combined enemy fleet in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a> on 21 October (the British commander, <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Lord Nelson</a>, died in the battle). Napoleon never again had the opportunity to challenge the British at sea, nor to threaten an invasion. He again turned his attention to the enemies on the Continent. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1805.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1805.jpg/260px-Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1805.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1805.jpg/390px-Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1805.jpg/520px-Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>European strategic situation in 1805 before the War of the Third Coalition</figcaption></figure> In April 1805, Britain and Russia signed a treaty with the aim of removing the French from the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a> (roughly present-day Netherlands) and the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Confederation_(Napoleonic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Confederation (Napoleonic)">Swiss Confederation</a>. Austria joined the alliance after the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> and the proclamation of Napoleon as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">King of Italy</a> on 17 March 1805. Sweden, which had already agreed to lease <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a> as a military base for British troops against France, entered the coalition on 9 August. The Austrians began the war by invading <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> on 8 September<a href="#cite_note-133">[89]</a> 1805 with an army of about 70,000 under <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mack_von_Leiberich" title="Karl Mack von Leiberich">Karl Mack von Leiberich</a>, and the French army marched out from <a href="/wiki/Camp_of_Boulogne" title="Camp of Boulogne">Boulogne</a> in late July 1805 to confront them. At <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulm" title="Battle of Ulm">Ulm</a> (25 September – 20 October) Napoleon surrounded Mack's army, forcing its surrender without significant losses. With the main Austrian army north of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> defeated (another army under <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Charles of Austria">Archduke Charles</a> fought against <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Italy_(France)" title="Army of Italy (France)">French army in Italy</a>), Napoleon occupied <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> on 13 November. Far from his supply lines, he faced a larger Austro–Russian army under the command of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a>, with Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a> personally present. On 2 December, Napoleon crushed the Austro–Russian force in <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a> (usually considered his greatest victory). He inflicted 25,000 casualties on a numerically superior enemy army while sustaining fewer than 7,000 in his own force. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Th%C3%A9venin_-_Reddition_de_la_ville_d%27Ulm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Charles_Th%C3%A9venin_-_Reddition_de_la_ville_d%27Ulm.jpg/220px-Charles_Th%C3%A9venin_-_Reddition_de_la_ville_d%27Ulm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Charles_Th%C3%A9venin_-_Reddition_de_la_ville_d%27Ulm.jpg/330px-Charles_Th%C3%A9venin_-_Reddition_de_la_ville_d%27Ulm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Charles_Th%C3%A9venin_-_Reddition_de_la_ville_d%27Ulm.jpg/440px-Charles_Th%C3%A9venin_-_Reddition_de_la_ville_d%27Ulm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="1212" /></a><figcaption>Surrender of the town of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulm" title="Battle of Ulm">Ulm</a>, 20 October 1805</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entr%C3%A9e_des_Francaise_dans_Vienne_le_13_Novembre_1805.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Entr%C3%A9e_des_Francaise_dans_Vienne_le_13_Novembre_1805.jpg/220px-Entr%C3%A9e_des_Francaise_dans_Vienne_le_13_Novembre_1805.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Entr%C3%A9e_des_Francaise_dans_Vienne_le_13_Novembre_1805.jpg/330px-Entr%C3%A9e_des_Francaise_dans_Vienne_le_13_Novembre_1805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Entr%C3%A9e_des_Francaise_dans_Vienne_le_13_Novembre_1805.jpg/440px-Entr%C3%A9e_des_Francaise_dans_Vienne_le_13_Novembre_1805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>The French entering <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> on 13 November 1805</figcaption></figure> Austria signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pressburg_(1805)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Pressburg (1805)">Treaty of Pressburg</a> (26 December 1805) and left the coalition. The treaty required the Austrians to give up <a href="/wiki/Venetia_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetia (region)">Venetia</a> to the French-dominated <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom of Italy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_Tyrol" title="German Tyrol">Tyrol</a> to Bavaria. With the withdrawal of Austria from the war, stalemate ensued. Napoleon's army had a record of continuous unbroken victories on land, but the full force of the Russian army had not yet come into play. Napoleon had now consolidated his hold on France, had taken control of Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and most of Western Germany and northern Italy. His admirers say that Napoleon wanted to stop now, but was forced to continue in order to gain greater security from the countries that refused to accept his conquests. Esdaile rejects that explanation and instead says that it was a good time to stop expansion, for the major powers were ready to accept Napoleon as he was: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">in 1806 both Russia and Britain had been positively eager to make peace, and they might well have agreed to terms that would have left the Napoleonic imperium almost completely intact. As for Austria and Prussia, they simply wanted to be left alone. To have secured a compromise peace, then, would have been comparatively easy. But Napoleon was prepared to make no concessions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsdaile2009252–253-134">[90]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition,_1806–1807">War of the Fourth Coalition, 1806–1807</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: War of the Fourth Coalition, 1806–1807">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Meynier_-_Entr%C3%A9e_de_Napol%C3%A9on_%C3%A0_Berlin._27_octobre_1806.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Charles_Meynier_-_Entr%C3%A9e_de_Napol%C3%A9on_%C3%A0_Berlin._27_octobre_1806.jpg/220px-Charles_Meynier_-_Entr%C3%A9e_de_Napol%C3%A9on_%C3%A0_Berlin._27_octobre_1806.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Charles_Meynier_-_Entr%C3%A9e_de_Napol%C3%A9on_%C3%A0_Berlin._27_octobre_1806.jpg/330px-Charles_Meynier_-_Entr%C3%A9e_de_Napol%C3%A9on_%C3%A0_Berlin._27_octobre_1806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Charles_Meynier_-_Entr%C3%A9e_de_Napol%C3%A9on_%C3%A0_Berlin._27_octobre_1806.jpg/440px-Charles_Meynier_-_Entr%C3%A9e_de_Napol%C3%A9on_%C3%A0_Berlin._27_octobre_1806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2119" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Entry_of_Napoleon_into_Berlin" title="Entry of Napoleon into Berlin">Entry of Napoleon into Berlin</a>. After defeating Prussian forces at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena-Auerstedt" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jena-Auerstedt">Jena</a>, the French Army entered Berlin on 27 October 1806.</figcaption></figure> Within months of the collapse of the Third Coalition, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Fourth Coalition</a> (1806–1807) against France was formed by Britain, Prussia, Russia, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a>, and Sweden. In July 1806, Napoleon formed the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> out of the many small German states which constituted the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> and most other western parts of Germany. He <a href="/wiki/German_mediatisation" title="German mediatisation">amalgamated many of the smaller states</a> into larger electorates, duchies, and kingdoms to make the governance of non-Prussian Germany smoother. Napoleon elevated the rulers of the two largest Confederation states, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, to the status of kings. In August 1806, the Prussian king, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III</a>, decided to go to war independently of any other great power. The army of Russia, a Prussian ally, in particular, was too far away to assist. On October 8, 1806, Napoleon unleashed all the French forces east of the Rhine into Prussia. Napoleon defeated a Prussian army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jena">Jena</a> (14 October 1806), and <a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Davout</a> defeated another at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Auerst%C3%A4dt" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Auerstädt">Auerstädt</a> on the same day. 160,000 French soldiers (increasing in number as the campaign went on) attacked Prussia, moving with such speed that they destroyed the entire <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a> as an effective military force. Out of 250,000 troops, the Prussians sustained 25,000 casualties, lost a further 150,000 as prisoners, 4,000 artillery pieces, and over 100,000 muskets. At Jena, Napoleon had fought only a detachment of the Prussian force. The battle at Auerstädt involved a single French corps defeating the bulk of the Prussian army. Napoleon entered Berlin on 27 October 1806. He visited the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> and instructed his <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Empire" title="Marshal of the Empire">marshals</a> to remove their hats there, saying, "If he were alive we wouldn't be here today". Napoleon had taken only 19 days from beginning his attack on Prussia to knock it out of the war with the capture of Berlin and the destruction of its principal armies at Jena and Auerstädt. Saxony abandoned Prussia, and together with small states from north Germany, allied with France. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedland_mazurovsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Friedland_mazurovsky.jpg/220px-Friedland_mazurovsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Friedland_mazurovsky.jpg/330px-Friedland_mazurovsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Friedland_mazurovsky.jpg/440px-Friedland_mazurovsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Charge of the Russian <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Guard (Russia)">Imperial Guard</a> cavalry against French cuirassiers at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Battle of Friedland</a>, 14 June 1807</figcaption></figure> In the next stage of the war, the French drove Russian forces out of Poland and employed many Polish and German soldiers in several sieges in <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>, with the assistance of Dutch and Italian soldiers in the latter case. Napoleon then turned north to confront the remainder of the Russian army and to try to capture the temporary Prussian capital at <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a>. A tactical draw at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Eylau</a> (7–8 February 1807), followed by capitulation at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1807)" title="Siege of Danzig (1807)">Danzig</a> (24 May 1807) and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heilsberg" title="Battle of Heilsberg">Battle of Heilsberg</a> (10 June 1807), forced the Russians to withdraw further north. Napoleon decisively beat the Russian army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Friedland</a> (14 June 1807), following which Alexander had to make peace with Napoleon at <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tilsit" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tilsit">Tilsit</a> (7 July 1807). In Germany and Poland, new Napoleonic client states, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Kingdom of Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_(Napoleonic)" title="Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)">Republic of Danzig</a>, were established. Early that same year, the French <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(1807)" title="Siege of Kolberg (1807)">besieged the fortified town of Kolberg</a>, which resulted in a lifting of the siege by a peace treaty on 2 July. By September, Marshal <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Brune" title="Guillaume Brune">Guillaume Brune</a> completed the occupation of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a>, allowing the Swedish army to withdraw with all its munitions of war. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scandinavia_and_Finland">Scandinavia and Finland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Scandinavia and Finland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gunboat_War" title="Gunboat War">Gunboat War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_of_1808%E2%80%931809" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809">Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Trangen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Battle_of_Trangen.JPG/220px-Battle_of_Trangen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Battle_of_Trangen.JPG/330px-Battle_of_Trangen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Battle_of_Trangen.JPG/440px-Battle_of_Trangen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trangen" title="Battle of Trangen">Battle of Trangen</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_of_1808%E2%80%931809" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809">Dano–Swedish War, 1808–1809</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Army" title="Norwegian Army">Norwegians</a> fought bravely and defeated the Swedes.</figcaption></figure> Britain's first response to Napoleon's Continental System was to launch a major naval attack against <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Denmark</a>. Although ostensibly neutral, Denmark was under heavy French and Russian pressure to pledge <a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Navy" title="Royal Danish Navy">its fleet</a> to Napoleon. London could not take the chance of ignoring the Danish threat. In August 1807, the Royal Navy <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">besieged and bombarded Copenhagen</a>, leading to the capture of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Danish_navy" title="History of the Danish navy">Dano–Norwegian fleet</a>, and assuring use of the sea lanes in the North and Baltic seas for the British merchant fleet. Denmark joined the war on the side of France, but without a fleet it had little to offer,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1953-135">[91]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunch-Petersen2007-136">[92]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] beginning an engagement in a <a href="/wiki/Gunboat_War" title="Gunboat War">naval guerrilla war</a> in which small gunboats attacked larger British ships in Danish and Norwegian waters. Denmark also committed themselves to participate in a war against Sweden together with France and Russia. At Tilsit, Napoleon and Alexander had agreed that Russia should force Sweden to join the Continental System, which led to a <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Russian invasion of Finland</a> in February 1808, followed by a <a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_of_1808%E2%80%931809" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809">Danish declaration of war</a> in March. Napoleon also sent an auxiliary corps, consisting of troops from France, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain_(Napoleonic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Spain (Napoleonic)">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Holland</a>, led by Marshal <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bernadotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte">Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte</a>, to Denmark to participate in the invasion of Sweden. But British naval superiority prevented the armies from crossing the <a href="/wiki/%C3%98resund" title="Øresund">Øresund</a> strait, and the war came mainly to be fought along the Swedish–Norwegian border. At the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Erfurt" title="Congress of Erfurt">Congress of Erfurt</a> (September–October 1808), France and Russia further agreed on the division of Sweden into two parts separated by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a>, where the eastern part became the Russian <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a>. British voluntary attempts to assist Sweden with humanitarian aid remained limited, and did not prevent Sweden from adopting a more Napoleon-friendly policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGötz2014519–539-137">[93]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page range too broad</a>] The war between Denmark and Britain effectively finished with a British victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyng%C3%B8r" title="Battle of Lyngør">Battle of Lyngør</a> in 1812, involving the destruction of the last large Dano–Norwegian ship—the <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> <a href="/wiki/HDMS_Najaden_(1811)" title="HDMS Najaden (1811)">Najaden</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Poland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:January_Suchodolski,_Bitwa_pod_Somosierr%C4%85.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/January_Suchodolski%2C_Bitwa_pod_Somosierr%C4%85.jpg/220px-January_Suchodolski%2C_Bitwa_pod_Somosierr%C4%85.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/January_Suchodolski%2C_Bitwa_pod_Somosierr%C4%85.jpg/330px-January_Suchodolski%2C_Bitwa_pod_Somosierr%C4%85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/January_Suchodolski%2C_Bitwa_pod_Somosierr%C4%85.jpg/440px-January_Suchodolski%2C_Bitwa_pod_Somosierr%C4%85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5906" data-file-height="4355" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polish_cavalry" title="Polish cavalry">Polish cavalry</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Battle of Somosierra</a> in Spain, 1808</figcaption></figure> In 1807, Napoleon created a powerful outpost of his empire in Central Europe. <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Poland</a> had recently been <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitioned by its three neighbours</a>, but Napoleon created the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, which depended on France from the beginning. The duchy consisted of lands seized by Austria and Prussia; its Grand Duke was Napoleon's ally King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I of Saxony</a>, but Napoleon appointed the intendants who administered the country. The population of 4.3 million was released from occupation and, by 1814, sent about 200,000 men to Napoleon's armies. That included about 90,000 who marched with him to Moscow; few marched back.<a href="#cite_note-138">[94]</a> The Russians strongly opposed any move towards an independent Poland and one reason Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812 was to punish them. The Grand Duchy was absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> as a semi-autonomous <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a> in 1815; Poland did not become a sovereign state again until 1918, following the collapse of the neighbouring Russian, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Austria–Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> Empires in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Napoleon's impact on Poland was significant, including the Napoleonic legal code, the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a>, and the introduction of modern middle-class bureaucracies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201327–28-139">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrab2003176–187-140">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peninsular_War,_1808–1814">Peninsular War, 1808–1814</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Peninsular War, 1808–1814">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Capitulation_de_Madrid,_le_4_d%C3%A9cembre_1808.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Capitulation_de_Madrid%2C_le_4_d%C3%A9cembre_1808.jpg/220px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Capitulation_de_Madrid%2C_le_4_d%C3%A9cembre_1808.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Capitulation_de_Madrid%2C_le_4_d%C3%A9cembre_1808.jpg/330px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Capitulation_de_Madrid%2C_le_4_d%C3%A9cembre_1808.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Capitulation_de_Madrid%2C_le_4_d%C3%A9cembre_1808.jpg/440px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Capitulation_de_Madrid%2C_le_4_d%C3%A9cembre_1808.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="3058" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Accepting_the_Surrender_of_Madrid" title="Napoleon Accepting the Surrender of Madrid">Napoleon Accepting the Surrender of Madrid</a> by <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Jean_Gros" title="Antoine-Jean Gros">Antoine-Jean Gros</a> (1810)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid.jpg/220px-El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid.jpg/330px-El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid.jpg/440px-El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3051" data-file-height="2359" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Second_of_May_1808" title="The Second of May 1808">The Second of May 1808: The Charge of the Mamelukes</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Goya" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco de Goya">Francisco de Goya</a> (1814)</figcaption></figure> The Iberian conflict began when <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> continued trade with Britain, despite French restrictions. When <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700-1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700-1808)">Spain</a> failed to maintain the Continental System, the uneasy Spanish alliance with France ended in all but name. French troops gradually encroached on Spanish territory until they occupied <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, and installed a client monarchy. This provoked an explosion of <a href="/wiki/Dos_de_Mayo_Uprising" title="Dos de Mayo Uprising">popular rebellions</a> across Spain. Heavy British involvement soon followed. After defeats in Spain suffered by France, Napoleon took charge and enjoyed success, retaking Madrid, defeating the Spanish, and forcing a withdrawal of the heavily out-numbered British army from the Iberian Peninsula (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corunna" title="Battle of Corunna">Battle of Corunna</a>, 16 January 1809). But when he left, the <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla war">guerrilla war</a> against his forces in the countryside continued to tie down great numbers of troops. The outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a> prevented Napoleon from successfully wrapping up operations against British forces by necessitating his departure for Austria, and he never returned to the Peninsular theatre. The British then sent in a fresh army under <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Sir Arthur Wellesley (later the Duke of Wellington)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFremont-Barnes2014-141">[97]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] For a time, the British and Portuguese remained restricted to the area around <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> (behind their impregnable <a href="/wiki/Lines_of_Torres_Vedras" title="Lines of Torres Vedras">Lines of Torres Vedras</a>), while their Spanish allies were <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Siege of Cádiz">besieged in Cádiz</a>. The Peninsular war proved a major disaster for France. Napoleon did well when he was in direct charge, but severe losses followed his departure, as he severely underestimated how much manpower would be needed. The effort in Spain was a drain on money, manpower and prestige. Historian David Gates called it the "Spanish ulcer".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGates1986-142">[98]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Napoleon realised it had been a disaster for his cause, writing later, "That unfortunate war destroyed me ... All the circumstances of my disasters are bound up in that fatal knot."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETone2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidE2WtMq4LF90CpgPA243_243]-143">[99]</a> The Peninsular campaigns witnessed 60 major battles and 30 major sieges, more than any other of the Napoleonic conflicts, and lasted over 6 years, far longer than any of the others. France and her allies lost at least 91,000 killed in action and 237,000 wounded in the peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017157-144">[100]</a> From 1812, the Peninsular War merged with the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition,_1809">War of the Fifth Coalition, 1809</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: War of the Fifth Coalition, 1809">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Napoleonic Wars">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></div> The Fifth Coalition (1809) of Britain and Austria against France formed as Britain engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> in Spain and Portugal. The sea became a major <a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">theatre of war</a> against Napoleon's allies. Austria, previously an ally of France, took the opportunity to attempt to restore its imperial territories in Germany as held prior to Austerlitz. During the time of the Fifth Coalition, the Royal Navy won a succession of victories in the French colonies. On land the major battles included <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raszyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Raszyn">Battles of Raszyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckmuhl" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Eckmuhl">Eckmuhl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raab" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Raab">Raab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Aspern-Essling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a>. On land, the Fifth Coalition attempted few extensive military endeavours. One, the <a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Walcheren Expedition">Walcheren Expedition</a> of 1809, involved a dual effort by the British Army and the Royal Navy to relieve Austrian forces under intense French pressure. It ended in disaster after the Army commander, <a href="/wiki/John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham" title="John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham">John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham</a>, failed to capture the objective, the naval base of French-controlled <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>. For the most part of the years of the Fifth Coalition, British military operations on land (apart from the Iberian Peninsula) remained restricted to hit-and-run operations executed by the Royal Navy, which dominated the sea after having beaten down almost all substantial naval opposition from France and its allies and blockading what remained of France's naval forces in heavily fortified French-controlled ports. These rapid-attack operations were aimed mostly at destroying blockaded French naval and mercantile shipping and the disruption of French supplies, communications, and military units stationed near the coasts. Often, when British allies attempted military actions within several dozen miles or so of the sea, the Royal Navy would arrive, land troops and supplies, and aid the coalition's land forces in a concerted operation. Royal Navy ships even provided artillery support against French units when fighting strayed near enough to the coastline. The ability and quality of the land forces governed these operations. For example, when operating with inexperienced guerrilla forces in Spain, the Royal Navy sometimes failed to achieve its objectives because of the lack of manpower that the Navy's guerrilla allies had promised to supply. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1809.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1809.jpg/300px-Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1809.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1809.jpg/450px-Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1809.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1809.jpg/600px-Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1809.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption>The strategic situation in Europe in February 1809</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_1812_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Europe_1812_map_en.png/300px-Europe_1812_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Europe_1812_map_en.png/450px-Europe_1812_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Europe_1812_map_en.png/600px-Europe_1812_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption>The French Empire in 1812 at its greatest extent</figcaption></figure> Austria achieved some initial victories against the thinly spread army of Marshal <a href="/wiki/Louis_Alexandre_Berthier" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Alexandre Berthier">Berthier</a>. Napoleon left Berthier with only 170,000 men to defend France's entire eastern frontier (in the 1790s, 800,000 men had carried out the same task, but holding a much shorter front). In the east, the Austrians drove into the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a> but suffered defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raszyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Raszyn">Battle of Raszyn</a> on 19 April 1809. The <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Army of the Duchy of Warsaw">Army of the Duchy of Warsaw</a> captured <a href="/wiki/West_Galicia" title="West Galicia">West Galicia</a> following its earlier success. Napoleon assumed personal command and bolstered the army for a counter-attack on Austria. After a few small battles, the well-run campaign forced the Austrians to withdraw from Bavaria, and Napoleon advanced into Austria. His hurried attempt to cross the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> resulted in the major <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Battle of Aspern-Essling</a> (22 May 1809) – Napoleon's first significant tactical defeat. But the Austrian commander, <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles</a>, failed to follow up on his indecisive victory, allowing Napoleon to prepare and seize Vienna in early July. He defeated the Austrians at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a>, on 5–6 July. (It was during the middle of that battle that Marshal <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIV John of Sweden">Bernadotte</a> was stripped of his command after retreating contrary to Napoleon's orders. Shortly thereafter, Bernadotte took up the offer from Sweden to fill the vacant position of Crown Prince there. Later he actively participated in wars against his former Emperor.) The War of the Fifth Coalition ended with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" title="Treaty of Schönbrunn">Treaty of Schönbrunn</a> (14 October 1809). In the east, only the <a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_Rebellion" title="Tyrolean Rebellion">Tyrolese rebels</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Hofer" title="Andreas Hofer">Andreas Hofer</a> continued to fight the French-Bavarian army until finally defeated in November 1809. In the west, the Peninsular War continued. Economic warfare between Britain and France continued: The British continued a naval blockade of French-controlled territory. Due to military shortages and lack of organisation in French territory, many breaches of the Continental System occurred and the French Continental System was largely ineffective and did little economic damage to Great Britain. Both sides entered further conflicts in attempts to enforce their blockade. As Napoleon realised that extensive trade was going through Spain and Russia, he invaded those two countries;<a href="#cite_note-145">[101]</a> the British fought the United States in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> (1812–1815). In 1810, the French Empire reached its greatest extent. Napoleon married <a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie-Louise</a>, an Austrian Archduchess, with the aim of ensuring a more stable alliance with Austria and of providing the Emperor with an heir (something his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine</a>, had failed to do). As well as the French Empire, Napoleon controlled the Swiss Confederation, the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a>, the Duchy of Warsaw and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom of Italy</a>. Territories allied with the French included: <ul><li>the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain_(Napoleonic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Spain (Napoleonic)">Kingdom of Spain</a> (under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a>, Napoleon's elder brother)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Kingdom of Westphalia</a> (<a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a>, Napoleon's younger brother)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a> (under <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a>, husband of Napoleon's sister <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Bonaparte" title="Caroline Bonaparte">Caroline</a>)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Principality of Lucca and Piombino</a> (under <a href="/wiki/Elisa_Bonaparte" title="Elisa Bonaparte">Elisa Bonaparte</a> (Napoleon's sister) and her husband <a href="/wiki/Felice_Pasquale_Baciocchi" title="Felice Pasquale Baciocchi">Felice Baciocchi</a>);</li></ul> and Napoleon's former enemies, Sweden, Prussia and Austria. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsidiary_wars">Subsidiary wars</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Subsidiary wars">edit</a>]</div> The Napoleonic Wars were the direct cause of wars in the Americas and elsewhere. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbian_Revolution">Serbian Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Serbian Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising" title="First Serbian Uprising">First Serbian Uprising</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian Revolution</a> coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)</a> (in which the French diplomat, <a href="/wiki/Horace_Fran%C3%A7ois_Bastien_S%C3%A9bastiani_de_La_Porta" title="Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta">Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta</a> played a very important role in provoking the war), which were a proxy conflict of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">Coalition Wars</a>, having most of the time <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Serbia" title="Revolutionary Serbia">Serbs revolutionaries</a> the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Serbian_Alliance_(1807)" title="Russo-Serbian Alliance (1807)">support</a> of the Russian Empire, while the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance#A_final,_but_short-lived,_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">ally</a> of the French Empire.<a href="#cite_note-146">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[103]</a> This was due to the fact that both empires feared <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s moves to the east as the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Peace of Pressburg</a> brought France into Balkan affairs.<a href="#cite_note-:0-148">[104]</a> The most radical and liberal rebels were also inspired in some way by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> (specially the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>) and the autonomy of the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces" title="Illyrian Provinces">Illyrian Provinces</a> (Serbs initially felt that French presence in the region could have developed into military aid in support of the insurrection against Ottoman rule as a <a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">Sister republic</a>, but Napoleon didn't want to increase Russian or Austrian influence in the region).<a href="#cite_note-:0-148">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[105]</a> During the first phase, from 1804 to 1806, it was a <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reaction</a> to new abuses by the <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dahis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahis">Dahis</a>, after they killed <a href="/wiki/Hadji_Mustafa_Pasha" title="Hadji Mustafa Pasha">Hadyi Mustafa Pasha</a> (vizier of the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Smederevo" title="Sanjak of Smederevo">Sanjak of Smederevo</a>. He created a militia of Serb notables and realized the <a href="/wiki/Slaughter_of_the_Knezes" title="Slaughter of the Knezes">Slaughter of the Knezes</a>, because the Janissaries, expelled from <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, found refuge with <a href="/wiki/Osman_Pazvanto%C4%9Flu" title="Osman Pazvantoğlu">Osman Pazvantoğlu</a>, governor of the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Vidin" title="Sanjak of Vidin">Sanjak of Vidin</a> (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>), who pursued his own policy and sought independence, which brought him into conflict with the Serbs and later with the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a>. Thus, the Serbs appealed to <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Selim III</a> for assistance against the Dahis, who had since rejected the authority of the Porte. Also, <a href="/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91e" title="Karađorđe">Karađorđe</a> negotiated with the Austrian captain Sajtinski. At this meeting, he expressed the wish of the Serbian people that the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> receive him as a kingdom under his protection like in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(1718%E2%80%931739)" title="Kingdom of Serbia (1718–1739)">past</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Habsburg-occupied_Serbia_(1788%E2%80%931791)" title="Habsburg-occupied Serbia (1788–1791)">occupation of 1788–1791</a> was still a fresh memory. However, the Austrian authorities, due to difficulties with Napoleon and because they wanted to maintain their neutrality, in order to be correct with the Porte, could not accept his offers. So, the Serbs were forced to ask for the protection of the Russians, and therefore, on May 3, 1804, the Serb leaders sent a letter to the Russian envoy in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, in which they spoke of the problems and wishes of the Serbian people, but they also stressed that they would continue to be loyal to the Sultan. Due to the recent <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ottoman_alliance" title="Russo-Ottoman alliance">Russo-Ottoman alliance</a> against France's expanding influence in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> (the approach of French troops to the Turkish territories, like <a href="/wiki/French_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands_(1797%E2%80%931799)" title="French rule in the Ionian Islands (1797–1799)">occupation of Corfu and other Ionian islands in 1797–99</a>, influenced the Porte to conclude an alliance with Russia in 1798), the Russian government had a neutral policy toward the Serbian revolt until summer 1804, in which the goal was now to having Constantinople recognize Russia as the guarantor of peace in the region.<a href="#cite_note-150">[106]</a> In 1806, the Serbs rejected <a href="/wiki/I%C4%8Dko%27s_Peace" title="Ičko's Peace">Ičko's Peace</a> (the Ottomans seemed ready to grant <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Serbia" title="Ottoman Serbia">Serbia</a> autonomy, similar to that enjoyed by neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, in order to enter in the Napoleonic Wars as an ally of the French) as they desired Russian support for their independence, starting a new phase of the <a href="/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising" title="First Serbian Uprising">uprising</a> in which the Serbs planned to create their own <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">national state</a>, which would also include the territories of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, as well as the pashaliks of <a href="/wiki/Vidin" title="Vidin">Vidin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nis_(Serbia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nis (Serbia)">Nis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leskovac" title="Leskovac">Leskovac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pazardzhik_Province" title="Pazardzhik Province">Pazar</a>. Also, in the <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a> circles of Serbia rebels,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-151">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Petar_I_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar I Petrović-Njegoš">Petar I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro" title="Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> developed a plan in 1807 to restore the medieval <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a> ("Slaveno–Serb empire"), consisting on unify <a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spu%C5%BE" title="Spuž">Spuž</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDabljak" title="Žabljak">Žabljak</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Kotor" title="Bay of Kotor">Bay of Kotor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_(region)" title="Bosnia (region)">Bosnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> with <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>,<a href="#cite_note-V-1_pp._170-152">[108]</a> which he informed the Russian court<a href="#cite_note-V-1_pp._170-152">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-151">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[110]</a> and was also viewed by <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg Serbs">Habsburg Serb</a> metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Stratimirovi%C4%87" title="Stefan Stratimirović">Stefan Stratimirović</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[111]</a> The title of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_the_Serbs" title="Emperor of the Serbs">Emperor of the Serbs</a> would be held by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Russian emperor</a> as <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-V-1_pp._170-152">[108]</a> but with the condition that Russians respected the <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">independence-autocephaly</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Orthodox_Church" title="Montenegrin Orthodox Church">Montenegrin Orthodox Church</a>. So, in February 1807, Petar I planned an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a> by <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">montenegrin</a> forces and asked for Karađorđe's aid,<a href="#cite_note-156">[112]</a> wanting to connect the territory occupied by the Serbian rebel forces and Montenegro, which succeeded after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suvodol" title="Battle of Suvodol">Battle of Suvodol</a> in 1809.<a href="#cite_note-157">[113]</a> This support of Montenegro for the Serbs was reinforced due to the fact that in the war of 1807–1812, Ottoman troops, supported by French detachments on Illyria, attacked Montenegro along the entire border, and the Montenegrins did not have time to repel all the attacks. However, they managed to force the French troops to withdraw from <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a> and conquered the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Kotor" title="Bay of Kotor">Bay of Kotor</a>. Napoleon himself offered Petar I the title "Patriarch of the entire Serbian nation or of the entire Illyricum" on the condition that he cease cooperation with Russia and accept a French protectorate, which he refused for fear of an eventual papal status jurisdiction or an <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clerical</a> policy.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-151">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-montenegrina.net-158">[114]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_Of_Tilsit" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty Of Tilsit">Treaty Of Tilsit</a> between France and Russia against the Ottomans helped put a stop to hostilities in the Balkans, with a truce taking place (which was perceived extremely negatively in Serbia, despite the fact that the truce did not apply to the Serb rebels), also, there was a secret clause that provides for the division of Turkish possessions in the Balkans between Russia and France<a href="#cite_note-159">[115]</a> and the cancellation of the Slaveno-Serb empire project.<a href="#cite_note-V-1_pp._170-152">[108]</a> In 1809, <a href="/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91e" title="Karađorđe">Karađorđe</a> appealed to an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a> and Napoleon, with no success,<a href="#cite_note-160">[116]</a> even wrote personally to Napoleon seeking military assistance, and in 1810, dispatched an emissary to French Empire.<a href="#cite_note-161">[117]</a> However, the French did not believe that the rebels had the military capacity to defeat the Ottomans or expulse them from the Balkans. In 1812, under pressure from Napoleon, Russia was forced to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1812)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1812)">Treaty of Bucharest</a>, which restored peace with the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-162">[118]</a> One of the clauses of the treaty provided for the maintenance of Serbian autonomy, also, a truce was signed according to the Article 8 of the Treaty. Then, the Russians encouraged Karađorđe and his followers to negotiate directly with the Porte.<a href="#cite_note-163">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_1812">War of 1812</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: War of 1812">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_United_States_and_the_French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">The United States and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> coincided with the War of the Sixth Coalition. Historians in the United States and Canada see it as a war in its own right, while Europeans often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars. The United States declared war on Britain because of British military support for <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orders_in_Council_(1807)" title="Orders in Council (1807)">interference</a> with American merchant ships, <a href="/wiki/Impressment#Conflict_with_the_United_States" title="Impressment">forced enlistment</a> of American sailors into the Royal Navy, and a desire to expand its territory. France had interfered as well, and the United States had considered declaring war on France. The war ended in a military stalemate, and there were no boundary changes at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a>, which took effect in early 1815 when Napoleon was on Elba.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2009-165">[121]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_American_Revolutions">Latin American Revolutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Latin American Revolutions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_of_Independence_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Independence of Brazil">War of Independence of Brazil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:America_1794.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/America_1794.png/220px-America_1794.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/America_1794.png/330px-America_1794.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/America_1794.png/440px-America_1794.png 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1270" /></a><figcaption>Political map of the Americas in 1794</figcaption></figure> The abdication of Kings <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV of Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII" title="Ferdinand VII">Ferdinand VII</a> of Spain and the installation of Napoleon's brother as King <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">José</a> provoked civil wars and revolutions, leading to the independence of most of Spain's mainland American colonies. In <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Spanish America</a>, many local elites formed juntas and set up mechanisms to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII, whom they considered the legitimate Spanish monarch. The outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a> in most of the empire was a result of Napoleon's destabilizing actions in Spain, and led to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Strongman_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strongman (politics)">strongmen</a> in the wake of these wars.<a href="#cite_note-166">[122]</a> The defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815 caused an exodus of French soldiers into Latin America, where they joined ranks with the armies of the independence movements.<a href="#cite_note-OreBerg18-167">[123]</a> While these officials had a role in various victories such as the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Valdivia" title="Capture of Valdivia">Capture of Valdivia</a> (1820), some are held responsible for significant defeats at the hands of the royalists, as was the case at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Cancha_Rayada" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Cancha Rayada">Second Battle of Cancha Rayada</a> (1818).<a href="#cite_note-OreBerg18-167">[123]</a> In contrast, the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">royal family</a> escaped to <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Brazil</a> and established the court there, resulting in political stability for Portuguese America. In 1816, Brazil was proclaimed an equal part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a>, paving the way to Brazilian independence six years later. The <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a> began in 1791, just before the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>, and continued until 1804. France's defeat resulted in the independence of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> and led Napoleon to sell the territory making up the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-168">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barbary_Wars">Barbary Wars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Barbary Wars">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Wars" title="Barbary Wars">Barbary Wars</a></div> During the Napoleonic Wars, the United States, Sweden, and Sicily fought against the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> in the Mediterranean. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invasion_of_Russia,_1812">Invasion of Russia, 1812</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Invasion of Russia, 1812">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Borodino_1812.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Battle_of_Borodino_1812.png/220px-Battle_of_Borodino_1812.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Battle_of_Borodino_1812.png/330px-Battle_of_Borodino_1812.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Battle_of_Borodino_1812.png/440px-Battle_of_Borodino_1812.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1596" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Battle of Borodino</a> as depicted by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois,_Baron_Lejeune" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-François, Baron Lejeune">Louis Lejeune</a>. The battle was the largest and bloodiest single-day action of the Napoleonic Wars.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tilsit" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tilsit">Treaty of Tilsit</a> in 1807 resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo–Russian War</a> (1807–1812). Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a> declared war on Britain after the British attack on Denmark in September 1807. British men-of-war supported the Swedish fleet during the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a> and won victories over the Russians in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a> in July 1808 and August 1809. The success of the Russian army on land, however, forced Sweden to sign peace treaties with Russia in 1809 and with France in 1810, and to join the blockade against Britain. But Franco–Russian relations would become progressively worse after 1810, and the Russian war with Britain effectively ended. In April 1812, Britain, Russia, and Sweden signed secret agreements directed against Napoleon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1974-169">[125]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The central issue for both Napoleon and Tsar Alexander I was control over Poland. Each wanted a semi-independent Poland he could control. As Esdaile notes, "Implicit in the idea of a Russian Poland was, of course, a war against Napoleon."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsdaile2009438-170">[126]</a> Schroeder says Poland was "the root cause" of Napoleon's war with Russia, but Russia's refusal to support the Continental System was also a factor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1994419-171">[127]</a> In 1812, at the height of his power, Napoleon invaded Russia with a pan-European <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a>, consisting of 450,000 men (200,000 Frenchmen, and many soldiers of allies or subject areas). The French forces crossed the <a href="/wiki/Neman" title="Neman">Niemen</a> river on 24 June 1812. Russia proclaimed a Patriotic War, and Napoleon proclaimed a Second Polish war. The Poles supplied almost 100,000 men for the invasion force, but against their expectations, Napoleon avoided any concessions to Poland, having in mind further negotiations with Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990-172">[128]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The Grande Armée marched through Russia, winning some relatively minor engagements and the major <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)">Battle of Smolensk</a> on 16–18 August. In the same days, part of the French Army led by <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Nicolas Oudinot</a> was stopped in the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="First Battle of Polotsk">Battle of Polotsk</a> by the right wing of the Russian Army, under command of General <a href="/wiki/Peter_Wittgenstein" title="Peter Wittgenstein">Peter Wittgenstein</a>. This prevented the French march on the Russian capital, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>; the fate of the invasion was decided in Moscow, where Napoleon led his forces in person. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg/220px-Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg/330px-Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg/440px-Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s withdrawal from Russia, a painting by <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Northen" title="Adolph Northen">Adolph Northen</a></figcaption></figure> The main Russian army was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly</a>, who recognized that Napoleon's immediate goal was a decisive battle to crush the main Russian force in the west. In response, the Russian army used <a href="/wiki/Scorched-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorched-earth">scorched-earth</a> tactics as it withdrew east, and harried the Grande Armée with light <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossack</a> cavalry. The Grande Armée did not adjust its operational methods in response.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990138–140-173">[129]</a> Provisioning such an enormous army with adequate food and fresh water had proven difficult since the very start of the campaign, exacerbated by the sparse terrain of <a href="/wiki/Western_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Russia">western Russia</a>; diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> rapidly became rampant among the rank and file. These factors led to most of the losses of the main column of the Grande Armée, which in one case amounted to 95,000 men, including deserters, in a week.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990185-174">[130]</a> The main Russian army retreated for almost three months. This constant retreat led to the increasing unpopularity of Barclay de Tolly (who was a <a href="/wiki/Baltic_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic German">Baltic German</a> and already mistrusted by the Russian elite) and a respected Russian veteran, Prince <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a>, was made the new Commander-in-Chief by Tsar Alexander. Finally, the two armies engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Battle of Borodino</a> on 7 September,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite2012-175">[131]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] in the vicinity of Moscow. The battle was the largest and bloodiest single-day action of the Napoleonic Wars, involving more than 250,000 men and resulting in at least 70,000 casualties. The battle was indecisive; the French captured the main positions on the battlefield but failed to destroy the Russian army. While Kutuzov had recognized the political need to give battle, he also recognized that Barclay de Tolly's strategies had proven effective, and that the Grande Armée was bleeding personnel and supplies more and more severely with every step they took deeper into Russia. Napoleon's logistical difficulties meant that French casualties simply could not be replaced, whereas the Russian army could reinforce itself far more readily. Napoleon entered Moscow on 14 September, after the Russian Army had retreated yet again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990253–254-176">[132]</a> By then, the Russians had largely evacuated the city and released criminals from the prisons to inconvenience the French; the governor, Count <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Rostopchin" title="Fyodor Rostopchin">Fyodor Rostopchin</a>, ordered the city <a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Moscow_(1812)" title="Fire of Moscow (1812)">to be burnt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[133]</a> Alexander I refused to capitulate, and the peace talks attempted by Napoleon failed. Rather than withdraw further east, the Russian army withdrew south, rebuilding its strength and preparing to interfere with a French withdrawal. In October, with no sign of clear victory in sight, Napoleon began the disastrous Great Retreat from Moscow. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minard%27s_Map_(vectorized).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Minard%27s_Map_%28vectorized%29.svg/300px-Minard%27s_Map_%28vectorized%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Minard%27s_Map_%28vectorized%29.svg/450px-Minard%27s_Map_%28vectorized%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Minard%27s_Map_%28vectorized%29.svg/600px-Minard%27s_Map_%28vectorized%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2023" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Minard" title="Charles Joseph Minard">Charles Joseph Minard</a>'s graph of the decreasing size of the Grande Armée represented by the width of the line as it marches to Moscow (tan) and back (black)</figcaption></figure> The French tried to reach <a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a> and swing through southern Russia, where they could find food and forage supplies. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets">Battle of Maloyaroslavets</a>, the replenished Russian army blocked the road to Kaluga. While an indecisive engagement, it nevertheless doomed the Grande Armée; with the Russians refusing to be dislodged, Napoleon was forced to retreat back down the <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a> road along which he had already advanced, and which had already been denuded of supplies - most crucially, food. The French supply chain, already in tatters from the attrition of wagons and horses, began to collapse completely. The lack of horses also rendered Napoleon's cavalry ineffective, leaving the Grande Armée vulnerable to sustained <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> by Russian peasants and irregular troops. The Grande Armée was dealt a further catastrophic blow by the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter" title="Russian Winter">Russian Winter</a>, which the underfed and undersupplied Grande Armée was unprepared to cope with. When the remnants of Napoleon's army <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">struggled across the Berezina River</a> in November with the Russian army in pursuit, only 27,000 fit soldiers survived, with 380,000 men dead or missing and 100,000 captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpshall199317-178">[134]</a> Napoleon then left his men and returned to Paris to prepare the defence against the advancing Russians. The campaign had effectively ended on 14 December 1812, when the last enemy troops left Russia. The Russians had lost around 210,000 men, but with their shorter supply lines, they soon replenished their armies. For every six soldiers of the Grande Armée that entered Russia, only one would make it out in fighting condition. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition,_1812–1814">War of the Sixth Coalition, 1812–1814</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: War of the Sixth Coalition, 1812–1814">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archive-ugent-be-7D309E20-C7E9-11E0-A4B4-E65737D8FA8C_DS-9_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Archive-ugent-be-7D309E20-C7E9-11E0-A4B4-E65737D8FA8C_DS-9_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Archive-ugent-be-7D309E20-C7E9-11E0-A4B4-E65737D8FA8C_DS-9_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Archive-ugent-be-7D309E20-C7E9-11E0-A4B4-E65737D8FA8C_DS-9_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Archive-ugent-be-7D309E20-C7E9-11E0-A4B4-E65737D8FA8C_DS-9_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Archive-ugent-be-7D309E20-C7E9-11E0-A4B4-E65737D8FA8C_DS-9_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Archive-ugent-be-7D309E20-C7E9-11E0-A4B4-E65737D8FA8C_DS-9_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1946" data-file-height="3172" /></a><figcaption>Fragment from the manuscript "Memoires on <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s campaigns, experienced as a soldier of the second regiment". Written by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Abbeel" title="Joseph Abbeel">Joseph Abbeel</a>, a soldier participating in the War of the Sixth Coalition, 1805–1815.<a href="#cite_note-179">[135]</a></figcaption></figure> Seeing an opportunity in Napoleon's historic defeat, Prussia, Sweden and several other German states switched sides, joining Russia, the United Kingdom and others opposing Napoleon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwyer2013431–474-180">[136]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page range too broad</a>] Napoleon vowed that he would create a new army as large as the one he had sent into Russia, and quickly built up his forces in the east from 30,000 to 130,000 and eventually to 400,000. Napoleon inflicted 40,000 casualties on the Allies at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Lützen (1813)">Lützen</a> (2 May 1813) and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Bautzen (1813)">Bautzen</a> (20–21 May 1813). Both battles involved forces of over 250,000, making them some of the largest conflicts of the wars so far. <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a> in November 1813 offered Napoleon the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_proposals" title="Frankfurt proposals">Frankfurt proposals</a>. They would allow Napoleon to remain Emperor but France would be reduced to its "natural frontiers" and lose control of most of Italy and Germany and the Netherlands. Napoleon still expected to win the wars, and rejected the terms. By 1814, as the Allies were closing in on Paris, Napoleon did agree to the Frankfurt proposals, but it was too late and he rejected the new harsher terms proposed by the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley2013206-181">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MoshkovVI_SrazhLeypcigomGRM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/MoshkovVI_SrazhLeypcigomGRM.jpg/220px-MoshkovVI_SrazhLeypcigomGRM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/MoshkovVI_SrazhLeypcigomGRM.jpg/330px-MoshkovVI_SrazhLeypcigomGRM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/MoshkovVI_SrazhLeypcigomGRM.jpg/440px-MoshkovVI_SrazhLeypcigomGRM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a> involved over 600,000 soldiers, making it the largest battle in Europe prior to World War I.</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a>, renewed the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Army" title="Anglo-Portuguese Army">Anglo-Portuguese</a> advance into Spain just after New Year in 1812, besieging and capturing the fortified towns of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1812)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_(1812)" title="Siege of Badajoz (1812)">Badajoz</a>, and crushing a French army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca" title="Battle of Salamanca">Battle of Salamanca</a>. As the French regrouped, the Anglo-Portuguese entered Madrid and advanced towards <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Burgos" title="Siege of Burgos">Burgos</a>, before retreating all the way to Portugal when renewed French concentrations threatened to trap them. As a consequence of the Salamanca campaign, the French were forced to end their long siege of Cádiz and to permanently evacuate the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungLawford2015-182">[138]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In a strategic move, Wellesley planned to move his supply base from Lisbon to <a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a>. The Anglo-Portuguese forces swept northwards in late May and seized Burgos. On 21 June, at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a>, the combined Anglo-Portuguese and Spanish armies won against <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a>, finally breaking French power in Spain. The French had to retreat from the Iberian peninsula, over the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlover1963-183">[139]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The belligerents declared an armistice from 4 June 1813 (continuing until 13 August) during which time both sides attempted to recover from the loss of approximately a quarter of a million men in the preceding two months. During this time coalition negotiations finally brought Austria out in open opposition to France. Two principal Austrian armies took the field, adding 300,000 men to the coalition armies in Germany. The Allies now had around 800,000 front-line soldiers in the German theatre, with a strategic reserve of 350,000 formed to support the front-line operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley2013206-181">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Nansouty_at_the_battle_of_Hanau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/General_Nansouty_at_the_battle_of_Hanau.jpg/220px-General_Nansouty_at_the_battle_of_Hanau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/General_Nansouty_at_the_battle_of_Hanau.jpg/330px-General_Nansouty_at_the_battle_of_Hanau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/General_Nansouty_at_the_battle_of_Hanau.jpg/440px-General_Nansouty_at_the_battle_of_Hanau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2692" data-file-height="1690" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanau" title="Battle of Hanau">Battle of Hanau</a> (30–31 October 1813), took part between Austro-Bavarian and French forces.</figcaption></figure> Napoleon succeeded in bringing the imperial forces in the region to around 650,000—although only 250,000 came under his direct command, with another 120,000 under <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Charles_Oudinot" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Charles Oudinot">Nicolas Charles Oudinot</a> and 30,000 under Davout. The remaining imperial forces came mostly from the Confederation of the Rhine, especially Saxony and Bavaria. In addition, to the south, Murat's Kingdom of Naples and <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Eugène de Beauharnais</a>'s Kingdom of Italy had 100,000 armed men. In Spain, another 150,000 to 200,000 French troops steadily retreated before Anglo-Portuguese forces numbering around 100,000. Thus around 900,000 Frenchmen in all theatres faced around 1,800,000 coalition soldiers (including the strategic reserve under formation in Germany). The gross figures may mislead slightly, as most of the German troops fighting on the side of the French fought at best unreliably and stood on the verge of defecting to the Allies. One can reasonably say that Napoleon could count on no more than 450,000 men in Germany—which left him outnumbered about four to one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley2013206-181">[137]</a> Following the end of the armistice, Napoleon seemed to have regained the initiative at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden" title="Battle of Dresden">Dresden</a> (August 1813), where he once again defeated a numerically superior coalition army and inflicted enormous casualties, while sustaining relatively few. The failures of his marshals and a slow resumption of the offensive on his part cost him any advantage that this victory might have secured. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a> in Saxony (16–19 October 1813), also called the "Battle of the Nations", 191,000 French fought more than 300,000 Allies, and the defeated French had to retreat into France. After the French withdrawal from Germany, Napoleon's remaining ally, <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>, became isolated and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">fell to the coalition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[140]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russparis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Russparis.jpg/220px-Russparis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Russparis.jpg/330px-Russparis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Russparis.jpg/440px-Russparis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1602" /></a><figcaption>Russian army enters Paris, 31 March 1814</figcaption></figure> Napoleon then fought a series of battles in France, including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube">Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube</a>, but the overwhelming numbers of the Allies steadily forced him back. The Allies <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">entered Paris</a> on 30 March 1814. During this time Napoleon fought his <a href="/wiki/Six_Days%27_Campaign" title="Six Days' Campaign">Six Days' Campaign</a>, in which he won many battles against the enemy forces advancing towards Paris. During this entire campaign, he never managed to field more than 70,000 men against more than half a million coalition soldiers. At the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont" title="Treaty of Chaumont">Treaty of Chaumont</a> (9 March 1814), the Allies agreed to preserve the coalition until Napoleon's total defeat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwyer2013464–498-185">[141]</a> Napoleon determined to fight on, even now, incapable of fathoming his fall from power. During the campaign, he had issued a decree for 900,000 fresh conscripts, but only a fraction of these materialised, and Napoleon's schemes for victory eventually gave way to the reality of his hopeless situation. Napoleon abdicated on 6 April. Occasional military actions continued in Italy, Spain, and Holland in early 1814.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwyer2013464–498-185">[141]</a> An armistice was signed with the Allied Powers on 23 April 1814. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">First Treaty of Paris</a>, signed on 30 May 1814, officially ended the War of the Sixth Coalition. The victors exiled Napoleon to the island of <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a> and restored the French <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> monarchy in the person of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a>. They signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Treaty of Fontainebleau</a> (11 April 1814) and initiated the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> to redraw the map of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwyer2013464–498-185">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition,_1815">War of the Seventh Coalition, 1815</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: War of the Seventh Coalition, 1815">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_War" title="Neapolitan War">Neapolitan War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg/220px-Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg/330px-Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg/440px-Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>Wellington at Waterloo by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Alexander_Hillingford" title="Robert Alexander Hillingford">Robert Alexander Hillingford</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Coalition">Seventh Coalition</a> (1815) pitted Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and several smaller German states against France. The period known as the Hundred Days began after Napoleon escaped from Elba and landed at <a href="/wiki/Cannes" title="Cannes">Cannes</a> (1 March 1815). Travelling to Paris, picking up support as he went, he eventually overthrew <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a>. The Allies rapidly gathered their armies to meet him again. Napoleon raised 280,000 men, whom he distributed among several armies. To add to the 90,000-strong standing army, he recalled well over a quarter of a million veterans from past campaigns and issued a decree for the eventual draft of around 2.5 million new men into the French army, which was never achieved. This faced an initial coalition force of about 700,000—although coalition campaign plans provided for one million front-line soldiers, supported by around 200,000 garrison, logistics and other auxiliary personnel. Napoleon took about 124,000 men of the Army of the North on a pre-emptive strike against the Allies in Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-186">[142]</a> He intended to attack the coalition armies before they combined, in hope of driving the British into the sea and the Prussians out of the war. His march to the frontier achieved the surprise he had planned, catching the Anglo-Dutch Army in a dispersed arrangement. The Prussians had been more wary, concentrating 75 per cent of their army in and around <a href="/wiki/Ligny" title="Ligny">Ligny</a>. The Prussians forced the <a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_du_Nord" class="mw-redirect" title="Armée du Nord">Armée du Nord</a> to fight all the day of the 15th to reach Ligny in a delaying action by the Prussian 1st Corps. He forced Prussia to fight at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Ligny</a> on 16 June 1815, and the defeated Prussians retreated in disorder. On the same day, the left wing of the Armée du Nord, under the command of Marshal <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a>, succeeded in stopping any of Wellington's forces going to aid <a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Blücher</a>'s Prussians by fighting a blocking action at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Quatre Bras</a>. Ney failed to clear the cross-roads and Wellington reinforced the position. But with the Prussian retreat, Wellington too had to retreat. He fell back to a previously reconnoitred position on an <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpment</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Jean,_Belgium" title="Mont-Saint-Jean, Belgium">Mont St Jean</a>, a few miles south of the village of <a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Belgium" title="Waterloo, Belgium">Waterloo</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg/300px-Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg/450px-Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg/600px-Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1706" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Waterloo campaign</figcaption></figure> Napoleon took the reserve of the Army of the North, and reunited his forces with those of Ney to pursue Wellington's army, after he ordered Marshal <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel,_marquis_de_Grouchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmanuel, marquis de Grouchy">Grouchy</a> to take the right wing of the Army of the North and stop the Prussians regrouping. In the first of a series of miscalculations, both Grouchy and Napoleon failed to realise that the Prussian forces were already reorganised and were assembling at the city of <a href="/wiki/Wavre" title="Wavre">Wavre</a>. The French army did nothing to stop a rather leisurely retreat that took place throughout the night and into the early morning by the Prussians. As the 4th, 1st, and 2nd Prussian Corps marched through the town towards Waterloo, the 3rd Prussian Corps took up blocking positions across the river, and although Grouchy engaged and defeated the Prussian rearguard under the command of Lt-Gen <a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Thielmann" title="Johann von Thielmann">von Thielmann</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Battle of Wavre</a> (18–19 June) it was 12 hours too late. In the end, 17,000 Prussians had kept 33,000 badly needed French reinforcements off the field. Napoleon delayed the start of fighting at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> on the morning of 18 June for several hours while he waited for the ground to dry after the previous night's rain. By late afternoon, the French army had not succeeded in driving Wellington's forces from the escarpment on which they stood. When the Prussians arrived and attacked the French right flank in ever-increasing numbers, Napoleon's strategy of keeping the coalition armies divided had failed and a combined coalition general advance drove his army from the field in confusion.<a href="#cite_note-187">[143]</a> Grouchy organised a successful and well-ordered retreat towards Paris, where Marshal Davout had 117,000 men ready to turn back the 116,000 men of Blücher and Wellington. General <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Vandamme" title="Dominique Vandamme">Vandamme</a> was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issy" title="Battle of Issy">Battle of Issy</a> and negotiations for surrender had begun. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charge_of_the_French_Cuirassiers_at_Waterloo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Charge_of_the_French_Cuirassiers_at_Waterloo.jpg/250px-Charge_of_the_French_Cuirassiers_at_Waterloo.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Charge_of_the_French_Cuirassiers_at_Waterloo.jpg/375px-Charge_of_the_French_Cuirassiers_at_Waterloo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Charge_of_the_French_Cuirassiers_at_Waterloo.jpg/500px-Charge_of_the_French_Cuirassiers_at_Waterloo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="1510" /></a><figcaption>The charge of the French <a href="/wiki/Cuirassier" title="Cuirassier">Cuirassiers</a> at the Battle of Waterloo against a square of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_regiment" title="Scottish regiment">Scottish Highlanders</a></figcaption></figure> On arriving at Paris three days after Waterloo, Napoleon still clung to the hope of a concerted national resistance; but the temper of the <a href="/wiki/Corps_l%C3%A9gislatif" title="Corps législatif">legislative chambers</a>, and of the public generally, did not favour his view. Lacking support Napoleon abdicated again on 22 June 1815, and on 15 July he surrendered to the British squadron at <a href="/wiki/Rochefort,_Charente-Maritime" title="Rochefort, Charente-Maritime">Rochefort</a>. The Allies exiled him to the remote South Atlantic island of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>, where he died on 5 May 1821. In Italy, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a>, whom the Allies had allowed to remain King of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a> after Napoleon's initial defeat, once again allied with his brother-in-law, triggering the <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_War" title="Neapolitan War">Neapolitan War</a> (March to May 1815). Hoping to find support among Italian nationalists fearing the increasing influence of the Habsburgs in Italy, Murat issued the <a href="/wiki/Rimini_Proclamation" title="Rimini Proclamation">Rimini Proclamation</a> inciting them to war. The proclamation failed and the Austrians soon crushed Murat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tolentino" title="Battle of Tolentino">Battle of Tolentino</a> (2–3 May 1815), forcing him to flee. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies" title="House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies">Bourbons</a> returned to the throne of Naples on 20 May 1815. Murat tried to regain his throne, but after that failed, he was executed by firing squad on 13 October 1815. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Second Treaty of Paris</a>, signed on 20 November 1815, officially marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars.<a href="#cite_note-188">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_effects">Political effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Political effects">edit</a>]</div> The Napoleonic Wars brought radical changes to Europe, but the <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> forces returned and <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">restored the Bourbon house</a> to the French throne. Napoleon had succeeded in bringing most of Western Europe under one rule. In most European countries, subjugation in the French Empire brought with it many liberal features of the French Revolution including democracy, <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a> in courts, abolition of <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a>, reduction of the power of the Catholic Church, and demand for constitutional limits on monarchs. The increasing voice of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle classes</a> with rising commerce and industry meant that restored European monarchs found it difficult to restore pre-revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute monarch">absolutism</a> and had to retain many of the reforms enacted during Napoleon's rule. Institutional legacies remain to this day in the form of <a href="/wiki/Civil_Law_(legal_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Law (legal system)">civil law</a>, with clearly defined <a href="/wiki/Code_of_law" title="Code of law">codes of law</a>—an enduring legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_1815_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Europe_1815_map_en.png/310px-Europe_1815_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Europe_1815_map_en.png/465px-Europe_1815_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Europe_1815_map_en.png/620px-Europe_1815_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption>The national boundaries within Europe set by the Congress of Vienna, 1815</figcaption></figure> France's constant warfare with the combined forces of different combinations of, and eventually all, of the other major powers of Europe for over two decades finally took its toll. By the end of the Napoleonic Wars, France no longer held the role of the dominant <a href="/wiki/Historical_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical powers">power</a> in Continental Europe, as it had since the times of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> produced a "<a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a>" by resizing the main powers so they could balance each other and remain at peace. In this regard, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> was restored in its former borders, and also received large chunks of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Warsaw">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a>. Greatly enlarged, Prussia became a permanent <a href="/wiki/Great_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Power">Great Power</a>. In order to drag Prussia's attention towards the west and France, the Congress also gave the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Rhineland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Rhineland">Rhineland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Westphalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Westphalia">Westphalia</a> to Prussia. These industrial regions transformed agrarian Prussia into an industrial leader in the nineteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-80">[37]</a> Britain emerged as the most important economic power, and its <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> held unquestioned naval superiority across the globe well into the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-The_Royal_Navy-38">[5]</a> After the Napoleonic period, nationalism, a relatively new movement, became increasingly significant. This shaped much of the course of future European history. Its growth spelled the beginning of some states and the end of others, as the map of Europe changed dramatically in the hundred years following the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic Era">Napoleonic Era</a>. Rule by <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fiefdoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> was widely replaced by national ideologies based on shared origins and culture. Bonaparte's reign over Europe sowed the seeds for the founding of the nation-states of <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italy</a> by starting the process of consolidating city-states, kingdoms and <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principalities</a>. At the end of the war, Denmark was forced to cede Norway to Sweden mainly as a compensation for the loss of <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> which the other coalition members agreed to, but because Norway had signed its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">own constitution</a> on 17 May 1814 <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> initiated the <a href="/wiki/Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)">Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)</a>. The war was a short one taking place between 26 July – 14 August 1814 and was a Swedish victory that put <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">personal union with Sweden</a>. The union was peacefully dissolved in 1905. The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> created as a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a> against France dissolved rapidly with the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">independence of Belgium</a> in 1830.<a href="#cite_note-189">[145]</a> The Napoleonic wars also played a key role in the independence of the Latin American colonies from Spain and Portugal. The conflict weakened the authority and military power of Spain, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a>. There were many uprisings in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish America</a>, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">wars of independence</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese America</a>, Brazil experienced greater autonomy as it now <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_Court_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil">served as seat of the Portuguese Empire</a> and ascended politically to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">status of Kingdom</a>. These events also contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">Portuguese Liberal Revolution</a> in 1820 and the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence of Brazil</a> in 1822.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenHaynes2012chpt._8-82">[39]</a> The century of relative transatlantic peace, after the Congress of Vienna, enabled the "greatest intercontinental migration in human history"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeeling199939-190">[146]</a> beginning with "a big spurt of immigration after the release of the dam erected by the Napoleonic Wars."<a href="#cite_note-191">[147]</a> Immigration inflows relative to the US population rose to record levels (peaking at 1.6 per cent in 1850–51)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeeling2007267–268-192">[148]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page range too broad</a>] as 30 million Europeans relocated to the United States between 1815 and 1914.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones199278–79-193">[149]</a> Another concept emerged from the Congress of Vienna—that of a unified Europe. After his defeat, Napoleon deplored the fact that his dream of a free and peaceful "European association" remained unaccomplished. Such a European association would share the same principles of government, system of measurement, currency and <a href="/wiki/Civil_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Code">Civil Code</a>. One-and-a-half centuries later, and after two world wars several of these ideals re-emerged in the form of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_legacy">Military legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Military legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlarged_scope">Enlarged scope</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Enlarged scope">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lejeune_-_Bataille_de_Marengo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lejeune_-_Bataille_de_Marengo.jpg/220px-Lejeune_-_Bataille_de_Marengo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lejeune_-_Bataille_de_Marengo.jpg/330px-Lejeune_-_Bataille_de_Marengo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lejeune_-_Bataille_de_Marengo.jpg/440px-Lejeune_-_Bataille_de_Marengo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2593" /></a><figcaption>In 1800, Bonaparte took the French Army across the Alps, eventually defeating the Austrians at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Marengo</a>.</figcaption></figure> Until the time of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, European states employed relatively small armies, made up of both national soldiers and <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a>. These regulars were highly drilled, professional soldiers. <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a> armies could only deploy small field armies due to rudimentary staffs and comprehensive yet cumbersome logistics. Both issues combined to limit field forces to approximately 30,000 men under a single commander. Military innovators in the mid-18th century began to recognise the potential of an entire nation at war: a "nation in arms".<a href="#cite_note-194">[150]</a> The scale of warfare dramatically enlarged during the Revolutionary and subsequent Napoleonic Wars. During Europe's major pre-revolutionary war, the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> of 1756–1763, few armies ever numbered more than 200,000 with field forces often numbering less than 30,000. The French innovations of separate corps (allowing a single commander to efficiently command more than the traditional command span of 30,000 men) and living off the land (which allowed field armies to deploy more men without requiring an equal increase in supply arrangements such as depots and supply trains) allowed the French republic to field much larger armies than their opponents. Napoleon ensured during the time of the French republic that separate French field armies operated as a single army under his control, often allowing him to substantially outnumber his opponents. This forced his continental opponents to also increase the size of their armies, moving away from the traditional small, well-drilled Ancien Régime armies of the 18th century to mass conscript armies. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Napoleon_on_the_Battlefield_of_Eylau_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Napoleon_on_the_Battlefield_of_Eylau_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Napoleon_on_the_Battlefield_of_Eylau_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Napoleon_on_the_Battlefield_of_Eylau_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Napoleon_on_the_Battlefield_of_Eylau_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Napoleon_on_the_Battlefield_of_Eylau_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Napoleon_on_the_Battlefield_of_Eylau_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7621" data-file-height="5455" /></a><figcaption>Napoleon on the field of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Eylau</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a>, which largely ended the War of the Second Coalition, was fought with fewer than 60,000 men on both sides. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a> which ended the War of the Third Coalition involved fewer than 160,000 men. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Battle of Friedland</a> which led to peace with Russia in 1807 involved about 150,000 men. After these defeats, the continental powers developed various forms of mass conscription to allow them to face France on even terms, and the size of field armies increased rapidly. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Battle of Wagram</a> of 1809 involved 300,000 men, and 500,000 fought at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a> in 1813, of whom 150,000 were killed or wounded. About a million French soldiers became casualties (wounded, invalided or killed), a higher proportion than in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. The European total may have reached 5,000,000 military deaths, including disease.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell20077-195">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy198999–100-196">[152]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] France had the second-largest population in Europe by the end of the 18th century (28 million, as compared to Britain's 12 million and Russia's 35 to 40 million).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvedyJones197841–222-197">[153]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page range too broad</a>] It was well poised to take advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">levée en masse</a>. Before Napoleon's efforts, <a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Carnot</a> played a large part in the reorganisation of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Revolutionary Army</a> from 1793 to 1794—a time which saw previous French misfortunes reversed, with Republican armies advancing on all fronts. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Museum_in_Poznan_-_Przej%C5%9Bcie_przez_Berezyn%C4%99.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/National_Museum_in_Poznan_-_Przej%C5%9Bcie_przez_Berezyn%C4%99.JPG/220px-National_Museum_in_Poznan_-_Przej%C5%9Bcie_przez_Berezyn%C4%99.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/National_Museum_in_Poznan_-_Przej%C5%9Bcie_przez_Berezyn%C4%99.JPG/330px-National_Museum_in_Poznan_-_Przej%C5%9Bcie_przez_Berezyn%C4%99.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/National_Museum_in_Poznan_-_Przej%C5%9Bcie_przez_Berezyn%C4%99.JPG/440px-National_Museum_in_Poznan_-_Przej%C5%9Bcie_przez_Berezyn%C4%99.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1189" /></a><figcaption>Napoleon's retreat from Russia in 1812. His <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> had lost about half a million men.</figcaption></figure> The French army peaked in size in the 1790s with 1.5 million Frenchmen enlisted although battlefield strength was much less. Haphazard bookkeeping, rudimentary medical support and lax recruitment standards ensured that many soldiers either never existed, fell ill or were unable to withstand the physical demands of soldiering. About 2.8 million Frenchmen fought on land and about 150,000 at sea, bringing the total for France to almost 3 million combatants during almost 25 years of warfare.<a href="#cite_note-John_France_2011_351-65">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trafalgar_Crepin_mg_0578.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Trafalgar_Crepin_mg_0578.jpg/220px-Trafalgar_Crepin_mg_0578.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Trafalgar_Crepin_mg_0578.jpg/330px-Trafalgar_Crepin_mg_0578.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Trafalgar_Crepin_mg_0578.jpg/440px-Trafalgar_Crepin_mg_0578.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3824" data-file-height="2675" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a></figcaption></figure> Britain had 750,000 men under arms between 1792 and 1815 as its <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">army</a> expanded from 40,000 men in 1793[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] to a peak of 250,000 men in 1813.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford132-61">[19]</a> Over 250,000 sailors served in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. In September 1812, Russia had 900,000 enlisted men in its <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">army</a>, and between 1799 and 1815 2.1 million men served in its army. Another 200,000 served in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy" title="Imperial Russian Navy">Imperial Russian Navy</a>. Out of the 900,000 men, the field armies deployed against France numbered less than 250,000. There are no consistent statistics for other major combatants. <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Army_during_the_French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Austrian Army during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">Austria's forces</a> peaked at about 576,000 (during the War of the Sixth Coalition) and had little or no naval component yet never fielded more than 250,000 men in field armies. After Britain, Austria proved the most persistent enemy of France; more than a million Austrians served during the long wars. Its large army was overall quite homogeneous and solid and in 1813 operated in Germany (140,000 men), Italy and the Balkans (90,000 men at its peak, about 50,000 men during most of the campaigning on these fronts). Austria's manpower was becoming quite limited towards the end of the wars, leading its generals to favour cautious and conservative strategies, to limit their losses. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baschkiren_gegen_Franzosen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Baschkiren_gegen_Franzosen.jpg/220px-Baschkiren_gegen_Franzosen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Baschkiren_gegen_Franzosen.jpg/330px-Baschkiren_gegen_Franzosen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Baschkiren_gegen_Franzosen.jpg/440px-Baschkiren_gegen_Franzosen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption>French soldiers in skirmish with <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> in 1813</figcaption></figure> Prussia never had more than 320,000 men under arms at any time. In 1813–1815, the core of its <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">army</a> (about 100,000 men) was characterised by competence and determination, but the bulk of its forces consisted of second- and third-line troops, as well as <a href="/wiki/Landwehr" title="Landwehr">militiamen</a> of variable strength. Many of these troops performed reasonably well and often displayed considerable bravery but lacked the professionalism of their regular counterparts and were not as well equipped. Others were largely unfit for operations, except sieges. During the 1813 campaign, 130,000 men were used in the military operations, with 100,000 effectively participating in the main <a href="/wiki/German_campaign_of_1813" title="German campaign of 1813">German campaign</a>, and about 30,000 being used to besiege isolated French garrisons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggiere2014-60">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Army_(Peninsular_War)" title="Spanish Army (Peninsular War)">Spain's armies</a> also peaked at around 200,000 men, not including more than 50,000 guerrillas scattered over Spain. In addition the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Army of the Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a> each had more than 100,000 men under arms. Even small nations now had armies rivalling the size of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Powers">Great Powers</a>' forces of past wars but most of these were poor quality forces only suitable for garrison duties. The size of their combat forces remained modest yet they could still provide a welcome addition to the major powers. The percentage of French troops in the Grande Armée which Napoleon led into Russia was about 50 per cent while the French allies also provided a significant contribution to the French forces in Spain. As these small nations joined the coalition forces in 1813–1814, they provided a useful addition to the coalition while depriving Napoleon of much-needed manpower. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innovations">Innovations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Innovations">edit</a>]</div> The initial stages of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> had much to do with larger military forces—it became easy to mass-produce weapons and thus to equip larger forces. Britain was the largest single manufacturer of armaments in this period. It supplied most of the weapons used by the coalition powers throughout the conflicts. France produced the second-largest total of armaments, equipping its own huge forces as well as those of the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> and other allies.<a href="#cite_note-198">[154]</a> Napoleon showed innovative tendencies in his use of mobility to offset numerical disadvantages, as demonstrated in the rout of the Austro–Russian forces in 1805 in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a>. The French Army redefined the role of artillery, forming independent, mobile units, as opposed to the previous tradition of attaching artillery pieces in support of troops.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-84">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Semaphore_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Semaphore line">semaphore system</a> had allowed the French War-Minister, Carnot, to communicate with French forces on the frontiers throughout the 1790s. The French continued to use this system throughout the Napoleonic wars. <a href="/wiki/Aerial_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial surveillance">Aerial surveillance</a> was used for the first time when the French used a hot-air balloon to survey coalition positions before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Battle of Fleurus</a>, on 26 June 1794.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer194181–83-85">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Total_war">Total war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Total war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goya-Guerra_(32).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Goya-Guerra_%2832%29.jpg/220px-Goya-Guerra_%2832%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Goya-Guerra_%2832%29.jpg/330px-Goya-Guerra_%2832%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Goya-Guerra_%2832%29.jpg/440px-Goya-Guerra_%2832%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya's</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Disasters_of_War" title="The Disasters of War">The Disasters of War</a>, showing French atrocities against Spanish civilians</figcaption></figure> Historians have explored how the Napoleonic wars became total wars. Most historians argue that the escalation in size and scope came from two sources. First was the ideological clash between revolutionary/egalitarian and conservative/hierarchical belief systems. Second was the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> in France, Germany, Spain, and elsewhere, that made these "people's wars" instead of contests between monarchs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokerSchneidBlanton200824,_31–32,_38-199">[155]</a> Bell has argued that even more important than ideology and nationalism were the intellectual transformations in the culture of war that came about through the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell20077–13-200">[156]</a> One factor, he says, is that war was no longer a routine event but a transforming experience for societies—a total experience. Secondly, the military emerged in its own right as a separate sphere of society distinct from the ordinary civilian world. The French Revolution made every civilian a part of the war machine, either as a soldier through universal conscription, or as a vital cog in the home front machinery supporting and supplying the army. Out of that, says Bell, came "militarism", the belief that the military role was morally superior to the civilian role in times of great national crisis. The fighting army represented the essence of the nation's soul.<a href="#cite_note-201">[as]</a> As Napoleon proclaimed, "It is the soldier who founds a Republic and it is the soldier who maintains it."<a href="#cite_note-202">[157]</a> Napoleon said on his career "I closed the gulf of anarchy and brought order out of chaos. I rewarded merit regardless of birth or wealth, wherever I found it. I abolished feudalism and restored equality to all religion and before the law. I fought the decrepit monarchies of the Old Regime because the alternative was the destruction of all this. I purified the Revolution."<a href="#cite_note-203">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_military_intelligence">Use of military intelligence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Use of military intelligence">edit</a>]</div> Intelligence played a pivotal factor throughout the Napoleonic Wars and could very well have changed the tide of war. The use and misuse of military intelligence dictated the course of many major battles during the Napoleonic Wars. Some of the major battles that were dictated by the use of intelligence include: The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca" title="Battle of Salamanca">Battle of Salamanca</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Battle of Vitoria</a>. A major exception to the greater use of superior military intelligence to claim victory was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jena">Battle of Jena</a> in 1806. At the Battle of Jena even Prussian superior military intelligence was not enough to counter the sheer military force of Napoleons' armies. The use of intelligence varied greatly across the major world powers of the war. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> at this time had more supply of intelligence given to him than any French general before him. However, Napoleon was not an advocate of military intelligence at this time as he often found it unreliable and inaccurate when compared to his own preconceived notions of the enemy. Napoleon rather studied his enemy via domestic newspapers, diplomatic publications, maps, and prior documents of military engagements in the theaters of war in which he would operate. It was this stout and constant study of the enemy which made Napoleon the military mastermind of his time. Whereas, his opponents—Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia—were much more reliant on traditional intelligence-gathering methods and were much more quickly and willing to act on them. The methods of Intelligence during these wars were to include the formation of vast and complex networks of corresponding agents, codebreaking, and cryptanalysis. The greatest cipher to be used to hide military operations during this time was known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Cipher" title="Great Cipher">Great Paris Cipher</a> used by the French. However, thanks to the hard work of British codebreakers like <a href="/wiki/George_Scovell" title="George Scovell">George Scovell</a>, the British were able to crack French ciphers and gain vast amounts of military intelligence on Napoleon and his armies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrew2018-204">[159]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomatic_espionage">Diplomatic espionage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Diplomatic espionage">edit</a>]</div> French diplomat <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a> served as a source of intelligence for the Coalition powers against Napoleon.<a href="#cite_note-205">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[161]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Erfurt" title="Congress of Erfurt">Congress of Erfurt</a> in September–October 1808, Talleyrand secretly counseled Tsar Alexander. Alexander's attitude towards Napoleon was one of apprehensive opposition. Talleyrand believed Napoleon would eventually destroy the empire he had worked to build across multiple rulers.<a href="#cite_note-207">[162]</a> After his resignation in 1807 from the ministry, Talleyrand began to accept bribes from hostile powers (mainly Austria, but also Russia), to betray Napoleon's secrets.<a href="#cite_note-Lawday-208">[163]</a> Various agents of Napoleon were known such as <a href="/wiki/Madame_d%27Oettlinger" title="Madame d'Oettlinger">Madame d'Oettlinger</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: In fiction">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars_in_fiction" title="Napoleonic Wars in fiction">Napoleonic Wars in fiction</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Napoleonic_Wars_films" title="List of Napoleonic Wars films">List of Napoleonic Wars films</a></div> The Napoleonic Wars were a defining event of the early 19th century, and inspired many works of fiction, from then until the present day. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>'s epic novel <a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a> recounts Napoleon's wars between 1805 and 1812 (especially the disastrous 1812 invasion of Russia and subsequent retreat) from a Russian perspective.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal">Stendhal</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/The_Charterhouse_of_Parma" title="The Charterhouse of Parma">The Charterhouse of Parma</a> opens with a ground-level recounting of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> and the subsequent chaotic retreat of French forces.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a> by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> takes place against the backdrop of the Napoleonic Wars and subsequent decades, and in its unabridged form contains an epic telling of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adieu_(short_story)" title="Adieu (short story)">Adieu</a> is a novella by <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a> in which can be found a short description of the French retreat from Russia, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">battle of Berezina</a>, where the fictional couple of the story are tragically separated. Years later after imprisonment, the husband returns to find his wife still in a state of utter shock and amnesia. He has the battle and their separation reenacted, hoping the memory will heal her state.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray">William Makepeace Thackeray</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(novel)" title="Vanity Fair (novel)">Vanity Fair</a> takes place during the 1815 Napoleonic War – one of its protagonists dies at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>. Thackeray states in Chapter XXX "We do not claim to rank among the military novelists. Our place is with the non-combatants. When the decks are cleared for action we go below and wait meekly." And indeed he presents no descriptions of military leaders, strategy, or combat; he describes anxious non-combatants waiting in Brussels for news.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia%27s_Lovers" title="Sylvia's Lovers">Sylvia's Lovers</a> by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gaskell" title="Elizabeth Gaskell">Elizabeth Gaskell</a> is set in the English home-front during the Napoleonic Wars and depicts the <a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">impressment</a> of sailors by roving press gangs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Duel_(short_story)" title="The Duel (short story)">The Duel</a>, a short story by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a>, recounts the story based on true events of two French <a href="/wiki/Hussar" title="Hussar">Hussar</a> officers who carry a long grudge and fight in duels each time they meet during the Napoleonic wars. The short story was adapted by director <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a> into the <a href="/wiki/1977_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1977 Cannes Film Festival">1977 Cannes Film Festival</a>'s Best First Work award-winning film <a href="/wiki/The_Duellists" title="The Duellists">The Duellists</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr_Midshipman_Easy" title="Mr Midshipman Easy">Mr Midshipman Easy</a> (1836), semi-autobiographical novel by Captain <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marryat" title="Frederick Marryat">Frederick Marryat</a>, who served as a Royal Navy officer (1806–1830) including during Napoleonic Wars, and who wrote many novels, and who was a pioneer of the Napoleonic wars sea story about the experiences of British naval officers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Colonel_Chabert_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Colonel Chabert (novel)">Le Colonel Chabert</a> by Honoré de Balzac. After being severely wounded during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Battle of Eylau</a> (1807), Chabert, a famous colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Cuirassier" title="Cuirassier">cuirassiers</a>, was erroneously recorded as dead and buried unconscious with French casualties. After extricating himself from his grave and being nursed back to health by local peasants, it takes several years for him to recover. When he returns to the Paris of the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a>, he discovers that his "widow", a former prostitute that Chabert made rich and honourable, has married the wealthy Count Ferraud. She has also liquidated all of Chabert's belongings and pretends not to recognise her first husband. Seeking to regain his name and monies that were wrongly given away as inheritance, he hires Derville, an attorney, to win back his money and his honour.</li> <li>A poem "<a href="/wiki/Borodino_(poem)" title="Borodino (poem)">Borodino</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Mikhail Lermontov</a> describes the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Battle of Borodino</a> from the perspective of the poet's uncle, a Russian officer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo" title="The Count of Monte Cristo">The Count of Monte Cristo</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_p%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Dumas, père">Alexandre Dumas, père</a> starts during the tail-end of the Napoleonic Wars. The main character, <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Dant%C3%A8s" title="Edmond Dantès">Edmond Dantès</a>, suffers imprisonment following false accusations of Bonapartist leanings.</li> <li>The novelist <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a> lived much of her life during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, and two of her brothers served in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. Austen almost never refers to specific dates or historical events in her novels, but wartime England forms part of the general backdrop to several of them: in <a href="/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice" title="Pride and Prejudice">Pride and Prejudice</a> (1813, but possibly written during the 1790s), the local <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> (civilian volunteers) has been called up for home defence and its officers play an important role in the plot; in <a href="/wiki/Mansfield_Park" title="Mansfield Park">Mansfield Park</a> (1814), Fanny Price's brother William is a <a href="/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman">midshipman</a> (officer in training) in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>; and in <a href="/wiki/Persuasion_(novel)" title="Persuasion (novel)">Persuasion</a> (1818), Frederick Wentworth and several other characters are naval officers recently returned from service.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">Charlotte Brontë</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Shirley_(novel)" title="Shirley (novel)">Shirley</a> (1849), set during the Napoleonic Wars, explores some of the economic effects of war on rural Yorkshire.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_Gerard" title="Brigadier Gerard">Brigadier Gerard</a> serves as a French soldier during the Napoleonic Wars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/The_Idiot_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Idiot (novel)">The Idiot</a> had a character, General Ivolgin, who witnessed and recounted his relationship with Napoleon during the Campaign of Russia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Brook" title="Roger Brook">Roger Brook</a> is a fictional secret agent and Napoleonic Wars Era gallant, later identified as the Chevalier de Breuc, in a series of twelve novels by <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Wheatley" title="Dennis Wheatley">Dennis Wheatley</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Hornblower" title="Horatio Hornblower">Hornblower</a> books by <a href="/wiki/C.S._Forester" class="mw-redirect" title="C.S. Forester">C.S. Forester</a> follow the naval career of Horatio Hornblower during the Napoleonic Wars. The 1951 film "<a href="/wiki/Captain_Horatio_Hornblower" title="Captain Horatio Hornblower">Captain Horatio Hornblower</a>" starring <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Mayo" title="Virginia Mayo">Virginia Mayo</a> and directed by <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Walsh" title="Raoul Walsh">Raoul Walsh</a> is a film adaption based on Forester's series of novels. Also by C.S. Forester two novels of the Peninsular War in Spain and Portugal: "<a href="/wiki/Death_to_the_French" title="Death to the French">Death to the French</a>" (1932, published in the United States under the title "Rifleman Dodd"), and "<a href="/wiki/The_Gun_(novel)" title="The Gun (novel)">The Gun</a>" (1933), later made into a 1957 film, "<a href="/wiki/The_Pride_and_the_Passion" title="The Pride and the Passion">The Pride and the Passion</a>", with <a href="/wiki/Cary_Grant" title="Cary Grant">Cary Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kramer" title="Stanley Kramer">Stanley Kramer</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._F._Delderfield" title="R. F. Delderfield">R. F. Delderfield</a>, two novels about the Napoleonic Wars; <a href="/wiki/Seven_Men_of_Gascony" title="Seven Men of Gascony">Seven Men of Gascony</a> (1949) about seven French infantrymen serving in a succession of Napoleonic campaigns, and <a href="/wiki/Too_Few_For_Drums" title="Too Few For Drums">Too Few For Drums</a> (1964) about British soldiers cut off behind the French lines in Portugal in 1810, during the Peninsular War.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Aubrey%E2%80%93Maturin_series" title="Aubrey–Maturin series">Aubrey–Maturin series</a> of novels is a sequence of 20 <a href="/wiki/Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">historical novels</a> by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_O%27Brian" title="Patrick O'Brian">Patrick O'Brian</a> portraying the rise of Jack Aubrey from Lieutenant to Rear Admiral during the Napoleonic Wars. The film <a href="/wiki/Master_and_Commander:_The_Far_Side_of_the_World" title="Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World">Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Russell_Crowe" title="Russell Crowe">Russell Crowe</a> and directed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Weir" title="Peter Weir">Peter Weir</a> is based on this series of books.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sharpe_(novel_series)" title="Sharpe (novel series)">Sharpe</a> series by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cornwell" title="Bernard Cornwell">Bernard Cornwell</a> stars the character Richard Sharpe, a soldier in the British Army, who fights throughout the Napoleonic Wars. It was adapted into the <a href="/wiki/Sharpe_(TV_series)" title="Sharpe (TV series)">Sharpe TV Series</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Sean_Bean" title="Sean Bean">Sean Bean</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Jack_(novel)" title="Bloody Jack (novel)">Bloody Jack</a> book series by <a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Meyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis A. Meyer">Louis A. Meyer</a> is set during the Second Coalition of the Napoleonic Wars, and retells many famous battles of the age. The heroine, Jacky, meets Bonaparte.</li> <li>The Napoleonic Wars provide the backdrop for The Emperor, The Victory, The Regency and The Campaigners, Volumes 11, 12, 13 and 14 respectively of <a href="/wiki/The_Morland_Dynasty" title="The Morland Dynasty">The Morland Dynasty</a>, a series of historical novels by the author <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Harrod-Eagles" title="Cynthia Harrod-Eagles">Cynthia Harrod-Eagles</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bolitho" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Bolitho">Richard Bolitho</a> series by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Reeman" title="Douglas Reeman">Alexander Kent</a> novels portray this period of history from a naval perspective.</li> <li>G.S. Beard, author of two novels (2010) about John Fury, British naval officer during the Napoleonic Wars.</li> <li>Napoleon's Blackguards, a novel by Stephen McGarry, set in Spain during the Napoleonic Wars about the travails of an elite unit of Napoleon's <a href="/wiki/Irish_Legion" title="Irish Legion">Irish Legion</a>.</li> <li>Robert Challoner, author of three novels in the series about Charles Oakshott, British naval officer in Napoleonic Wars.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Donachie" title="David Donachie">David Donachie</a>'s John Pearce series about a pressed seaman who becomes a British naval officer during the French Revolution wars and Napoleonic Wars.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Stockwin" title="Julian Stockwin">Julian Stockwin</a>'s Thomas Kydd series portrays one man's journey from pressed man to Admiral in the time of the French and Napoleonic Wars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Scarrow" title="Simon Scarrow">Simon Scarrow</a> – Napoleonic series. Rise of Napoleon and Wellington from humble beginnings to history's most remarkable and notable leaders. Four books in the series.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lord_Ramage" title="Lord Ramage">Lord Ramage</a> series by <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Pope" title="Dudley Pope">Dudley Pope</a> takes place during the Napoleonic Wars.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Winterson" title="Jeanette Winterson">Jeanette Winterson</a>'s 1987 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Passion_(novel)" title="The Passion (novel)">The Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgette_Heyer" title="Georgette Heyer">Georgette Heyer</a>'s 1937 novel <a href="/wiki/An_Infamous_Army" title="An Infamous Army">An Infamous Army</a> recounts the fortunes of a family in the run-up to and during the course of, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>. Heyer's novel is noted for its meticulous research on the progress of the battle, combining her noted period romance writing with her detailed research into regency history.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_(Rambaud_novel)" title="The Battle (Rambaud novel)">The Battle</a> (French: La Bataille) is a historical novel by the French author <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Rambaud" title="Patrick Rambaud">Patrick Rambaud</a> that was first published in 1997 and again in English in 2000. The book describes the 1809 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Battle of Aspern-Essling</a> between the French Empire under Napoleon and the Austrian Empire. The novel was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Goncourt" title="Prix Goncourt">Prix Goncourt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_du_roman_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française">Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française</a> for 1997.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Jasper_Kent" title="Jasper Kent">Jasper Kent</a>'s novel Twelve, 1812 Russian Invasion serves as a base story for the book. In later books from The Danilov Quintet, this war is constantly mentioned.</li> <li>The Fighting Sail series by Alaric Bond portrays life and action aboard Royal Naval vessels during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. From the lower decks to the quarterdeck Bond's detailed settings are realistic. Narratives are told not just from a commissioned officer's point of view but include varied perspectives, including warranted officers, ordinary and able seamen, marines, supernumeraries, and women aboard presenting a broader, more complete picture of the Georgian Navy.<a href="#cite_note-209">[164]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/64px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Polish_War" title="Austro-Polish War">Austro-Polish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_Napoleonic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="British Army during the Napoleonic Wars">British Army during the Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">British invasions of the River Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Army_during_the_Napoleonic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial and Royal Army during the Napoleonic Wars">Imperial and Royal Army during the Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1648%E2%80%931814)" title="International relations (1648–1814)">International relations (1648–1814)</a>, for diplomacy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Lists of battles of the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars">Lists of battles of the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussian_Army_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Royal Prussian Army of the Napoleonic Wars">Royal Prussian Army of the Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_La_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Uniforms of La Grande Armée">Uniforms of La Grande Armée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> 1805, 1809, 1813–1815 </li> <li id="cite_note-Francis_II_1806-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Francis_II_1806_2-0">^</a> The term Austrian Empire came into use after Napoleon crowned himself <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_the_French" title="Emperor of the French">Emperor of the French</a> in 1804, by which <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a> took the title <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria" title="Emperor of Austria">Emperor of Austria</a> (Kaiser von Österreich) in response. The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> was dissolved in 1806, and consequently Emperor of Austria became Francis' primary title. For this reason, Austrian Empire is often used instead of Holy Roman Empire for brevity's sake when speaking of the Napoleonic Wars, even though the two entities are not synonymous. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Both Austria and Prussia briefly became allies of France and contributed forces to the <a href="/wiki/French_Invasion_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="French Invasion of Russia">French Invasion of Russia</a> in 1812. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> 1806–1807, 1813–1815 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> 1804–1807, 1812–1815 </li> <li id="cite_note-Russo-Turkish_War_1812-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Russo-Turkish_War_1812_6-0">^</a> Russia became an ally of France following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tilsit" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tilsit">Treaty of Tilsit</a> in 1807. The alliance broke down in 1810, which led to the French invasion in 1812. During that time Russia waged war against <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Sweden</a> (1808–1809) and the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Ottoman Empire</a> (1806–1812), and nominally against <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Britain</a> (1807–1812). </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> 1808–1815 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_8-1">b</a> Spain was an ally of France until a stealthy French invasion in 1808, then fought France in the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> 1804–1809, 1812–1815 </li> <li id="cite_note-Nominally_1812-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Nominally_1812_10-0">^</a> Nominally, Sweden declared <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Swedish_War_(1810%E2%80%931812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812)">war against Great Britain</a> after its defeat by Russia in the Finnish War (1808–1809). </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> 1800–1807, 1809–1815 </li> <li id="cite_note-07-12-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-07-12_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-07-12_12-1">b</a> 1807–1812 </li> <li id="cite_note-Allies_1809-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Allies_1809_13-0">^</a> The Ottoman Empire fought against Napoleon in the <a href="/wiki/French_Campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French Campaign in Egypt and Syria">French Campaign in Egypt and Syria</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>. During the Napoleonic era of 1803 to 1815, the Empire participated in two wars against the Allies: against Britain in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_War_(1807%E2%80%931809)" title="Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)">Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)</a> and against Russia in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)</a>. Russia was allied with Napoleon 1807–1810. </li> <li id="cite_note-13–15-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-13–15_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-13–15_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-13–15_14-2">c</a> 1813–1815 </li> <li id="cite_note-year1815-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-year1815_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-year1815_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-year1815_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-year1815_15-3">d</a> 1815 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Hanover was in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with Great Britain </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> 1809 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1538%E2%80%931867)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1538–1867)">Kingdom of Hungary</a> participated in the war with separate Hungarian regiments<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid63xTTaYTbrwCpgPA36_36]-18">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[2]</a> in the Imperial and Royal Army, and also by a traditional army ("insurrectio").<a href="#cite_note-20">[3]</a> The Hungarian Diet voted to join in war and agreed to pay one third of the war expenses. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> 1806–1807, 1813–1814 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-23"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_23-0">^</a> Qajar dynasty fought against Russia from 1804 to 1813; the Russians were allied with Napoleon 1807–1812. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> 1806–1815 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Sicily remained in personal union with Naples until Naples became a French client-republic following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Tenese" title="Battle of Campo Tenese">Battle of Campo Tenese</a> in 1806. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> 1814 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> 1814-1815 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> From 1803 till 1806, when it became the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> 1808–1813 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Sixteen of France's allies among the German states (including Bavaria and Württemberg) established the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> in July 1806 following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a> (December 1805). Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena-Auerstedt" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jena-Auerstedt">Battle of Jena-Auerstedt</a> (October 1806), various other German states that had previously fought alongside the anti-French allies, including Saxony and Westphalia, also allied with France and joined the Confederation. Saxony changed sides again in 1813 during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a>, causing most other member-states to quickly follow suit and declare war on France. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Bavaria, Saxony, Westphalia, and Württemberg were the leading nations of the Confederation, but the Confederation was made up of a total of 43 principalities, kingdoms, and duchies. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_32-1">b</a> Napoleon established the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a>, ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a> in 1807. <a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_(Napoleonic_period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)">Polish Legions</a> had already been serving in the French armies beforehand. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> The French Empire annexed the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Kingdom of Etruria</a> in 1807. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-34"><a href="#cite_ref-auto4_34-0">^</a> The French Empire annexed the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a> in 1810. Dutch troops fought against Napoleon during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a> in 1815. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a>, briefly allied with Austria in 1814, allied with France again and fought against Austria during the <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_War" title="Neapolitan War">Neapolitan War</a> in 1815. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> 1807–1814 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> In 1814 Ney betrayed Napoleon but in 1815 he was sent to arrest Napoleon but rejoined him </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> 1813-1815 </li> <li id="cite_note-untilLeipzig-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-untilLeipzig_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-untilLeipzig_52-1">b</a> until the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a>, 1813 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> 1807-1813, 1815 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> until 1813 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> until 1812 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> until 1813 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> until 1813 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> until 1812 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> 38,520 of which being irregulars (guerillas, militias)<a href="#cite_note-63">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> £3 trillion in modern economic cost terms.<a href="#cite_note-122">[79]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Many historians say it was not the "first" total war; for a critique of Bell see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_C._Schneid2012" class="citation book cs1">Frederick C. Schneid (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V086MVIushMC&pg=PA1802">Napoleonic Wars</a>. Potomac Books. p. 1802. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-578-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-578-0"><bdi>978-1-59797-578-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930174847/https://books.google.com/books?id=V086MVIushMC&pg=PA1802">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleonic+Wars&rft.pages=1802&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59797-578-0&rft.au=Frederick+C.+Schneid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV086MVIushMC%26pg%3DPA1802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid63xTTaYTbrwCpgPA36_36]-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid63xTTaYTbrwCpgPA36_36]_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArnold1995">Arnold 1995</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=63xTTaYTbrwC&pg=PA36">36</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> The Austrian Imperial-Royal Army (Kaiserliche-Königliche Heer) 1805–1809: The Hungarian Royal Army <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/organization/Austria/ArmyStudy/c_AustrianArmyHungary.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222141736/http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/organization/Austria/ArmyStudy/c_AustrianArmyHungary.html">Archived</a> 22 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2001" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Todd (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fpNMC02Im0YC&pg=PA7">The Napoleonic Wars: The Empires Fight Back 1808–1812</a>. Oshray Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-298-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-298-2"><bdi>978-1-84176-298-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930183548/https://books.google.com/books?id=fpNMC02Im0YC&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Napoleonic+Wars%3A+The+Empires+Fight+Back+1808%E2%80%931812&rft.pub=Oshray+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-298-2&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfpNMC02Im0YC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSainsbury,_John1842" class="citation book cs1">Sainsbury, John (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TwNmAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA15">Sketch of the Napoleon Museum</a>. London. p. 15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226110609/https://books.google.com/books?id=TwNmAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA15">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketch+of+the+Napoleon+Museum&rft.place=London&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1842&rft.au=Sainsbury%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTwNmAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Royal_Navy-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Royal_Navy_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Royal_Navy_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/511494/The-Royal-Navy">"The Royal Navy"</a>. Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226110624/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Royal-Navy">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Navy&rft.btitle=Britannica+Online&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F511494%2FThe-Royal-Navy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchäfer2002137-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchäfer2002137_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchäfer2002">Schäfer 2002</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Edward et al., pp. 522–524 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlement.com/id/vhnnmt7m42jk/de_grondwet_van_1815">"De Grondwet van 1815"</a>. Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226110613/https://www.parlement.com/id/vhnnmt7m42jk/de_grondwet_van_1815%20">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parlement+%26+Politiek&rft.atitle=De+Grondwet+van+1815&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlement.com%2Fid%2Fvhnnmt7m42jk%2Fde_grondwet_van_1815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgorshinaPetrova2023343–344-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgorshinaPetrova2023343–344_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEgorshinaPetrova2023">Egorshina & Petrova 2023</a>, pp. 343–344. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2014" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Philip G. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FEDKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA255">The Rise of Prussia 1700–1830</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-88703-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-88703-4"><bdi>978-1-317-88703-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522161118/https://books.google.com/books?id=FEDKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA255">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Prussia+1700%E2%80%931830&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-88703-4&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Philip+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFEDKAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollier2003" class="citation book cs1">Collier, Martin (2003). Italian unification, 1820–71. Heinemann Advanced History (1st ed.). Oxford: Heinemann. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-435-32754-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-435-32754-2"><bdi>0-435-32754-2</bdi></a>. <q>The Risorgimento is the name given to the process that ended with the political unification of Italy in 1871</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+unification%2C+1820%E2%80%9371&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Heinemann+Advanced+History&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-435-32754-2&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiall1994" class="citation book cs1">Riall, Lucy (1994). The Italian Risorgimento: state, society, and national unification (1st ed.). London: Routledge. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-41234-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-41234-6"><bdi>0-203-41234-6</bdi></a>. <q>The functional importance of the Risorgimento to both Italian politics and Italian historiography has made this short period (1815–60) one of the most contested and controversial in modern Italian history</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Risorgimento%3A+state%2C+society%2C+and+national+unification&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-203-41234-6&rft.aulast=Riall&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalterRaeff1996" class="citation book cs1">Walter, Jakob; Raeff, Marc (1996). The diary of a Napoleonic foot soldier. Princeton, N.J.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+diary+of+a+Napoleonic+foot+soldier&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rft.au=Raeff%2C+Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Martyn Lyons pp. 234–236 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1973432–433-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1973432–433_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPayne1973">Payne 1973</a>, pp. 432–433. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsdaile2009-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsdaile2009_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEsdaile2009">Esdaile 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn199150-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn199150_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiehn1991">Riehn 1991</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggiere2014-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggiere2014_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggiere2014_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeggiere2014">Leggiere 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford132-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford132_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford132_61-1">b</a> Chandler & Beckett, p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-Elliott-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott1816" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, George (1816). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ywM9AAAAYAAJ&q=4+may+1814&pg=PR13">The Life of the Most Noble Arthur, Duke of Wellington</a>. London: J. Cundee. p. xiii–xiv. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208132731/https://books.google.com/books?id=ywM9AAAAYAAJ&q=4+may+1814&pg=PR13#v=snippet&q=4%20may%201814&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+the+Most+Noble+Arthur%2C+Duke+of+Wellington&rft.place=London&rft.pages=xiii-xiv&rft.pub=J.+Cundee&rft.date=1816&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DywM9AAAAYAAJ%26q%3D4%2Bmay%2B1814%26pg%3DPR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Esdaile, Charles J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c1S8MfavSxwC&q=corso&pg=PA193">Fighting Napoleon: Guerrillas, Bandits and Adventurers in Spain, 1808–1814, p. 108. Yale University Press.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231122054326/https://books.google.com/books?id=c1S8MfavSxwC&q=corso&pg=PA193">Archived</a> 22 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Google Books. Retrieved 14 September 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-John_France_2011_351-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_France_2011_351_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_France_2011_351_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_France2011" class="citation book cs1">John France (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/perilousgloryris0000fran">Perilous Glory: The Rise of Western Military Power</a>. Yale UP. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/perilousgloryris0000fran/page/351">351</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17744-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17744-2"><bdi>978-0-300-17744-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perilous+Glory%3A+The+Rise+of+Western+Military+Power&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=Yale+UP&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-300-17744-2&rft.au=John+France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperilousgloryris0000fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2014">White 2014</a> cites <a href="#CITEREFClodfelter">Clodfelter</a> and <a href="#CITEREFDanzer">Danzer</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-White_2014,_Urlanis-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-White_2014,_Urlanis_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_2014,_Urlanis_67-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2014">White 2014</a>, Napoleonic Wars cites <a href="#CITEREFUrlanis1971">Urlanis 1971</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanales2004-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanales2004_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanales2004">Canales 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-White_2014,_Danzer-69"><a href="#cite_ref-White_2014,_Danzer_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2014">White 2014</a> cites <a href="#CITEREFDanzer">Danzer</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2014">White 2014</a> cites <a href="#CITEREFPayne">Payne</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClodfelter">Clodfelter</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2014_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2014">White 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilo2010-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilo2010_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilo2010_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilo2010_73-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilo2010">Philo 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1916-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1916_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBodart1916">Bodart 1916</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColsonMikaberidze2023" class="citation book cs1">Colson, Bruno; Mikaberidze, Alexander, eds. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-the-napoleonic-wars/34338C6981ADFB4F519A506334F4FF23">The Cambridge History of the Napoleonic Wars: Volume 2: Fighting the Napoleonic Wars</a>. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108278096">10.1017/9781108278096</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41766-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41766-2"><bdi>978-1-108-41766-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Napoleonic+Wars%3A+Volume+2%3A+Fighting+the+Napoleonic+Wars&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108278096&rft.isbn=978-1-108-41766-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-history-of-the-napoleonic-wars%2F34338C6981ADFB4F519A506334F4FF23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom/The-Napoleonic-Wars">"The Napoleonic Wars"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica (Online ed.). Retrieved 30 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Napoleonic+Wars&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FUnited-Kingdom%2FThe-Napoleonic-Wars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zamoy-77"><a href="#cite_ref-zamoy_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamoyski2018" class="citation book cs1">Zamoyski, Adam (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NqVKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT480">Napoleon: A Life</a>. London: Basic Books. p. 480. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-05593-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-05593-7"><bdi>978-0-465-05593-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806042616/https://books.google.com/books?id=NqVKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT480">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%3A+A+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pages=480&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-465-05593-7&rft.aulast=Zamoyski&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNqVKDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1994[httpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgeillustr00jone_0page193_193–194]-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1994[httpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgeillustr00jone_0page193_193–194]_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1994[httpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgeillustr00jone_0page193_193–194]_78-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1994">Jones 1994</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00jone_0/page/193">193–194</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKagan200742–43-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKagan200742–43_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKagan200742–43_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKagan200742–43_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKagan200742–43_79-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKagan2007">Kagan 2007</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2014" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Philip G. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FEDKAgAAQBAJ&q=napoleonic+wars+rise+of+prussia&pg=PA255">The Rise of Prussia 1700–1830</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-88703-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-88703-4"><bdi>978-1-317-88703-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207044936/https://books.google.com/books?id=FEDKAgAAQBAJ&q=napoleonic+wars+rise+of+prussia&pg=PA255">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Prussia+1700%E2%80%931830&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-88703-4&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Philip+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFEDKAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnapoleonic%2Bwars%2Brise%2Bof%2Bprussia%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2004" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Niall (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empire00nial">Empire, The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-02328-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-02328-2"><bdi>0-465-02328-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%2C+The+rise+and+demise+of+the+British+world+order+and+the+lessons+for+global+power&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-465-02328-2&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempire00nial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenHaynes2012chpt._8-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeenHaynes2012chpt._8_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeenHaynes2012chpt._8_82-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeenHaynes2012">Keen & Haynes 2012</a>, chpt. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailsfirsttotalwarnap00bellpage51_51]-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailsfirsttotalwarnap00bellpage51_51]_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBell2007">Bell 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firsttotalwarnap00bell/page/51">51</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_Wawro2002" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey Wawro (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gtuAhd9qARkC&pg=PA9">Warfare and Society in Europe, 1792–1914</a>. Routledge. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-00735-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-00735-8"><bdi>978-0-203-00735-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930225924/https://books.google.com/books?id=gtuAhd9qARkC&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Society+in+Europe%2C+1792%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-203-00735-8&rft.au=Geoffrey+Wawro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgtuAhd9qARkC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer194181–83-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer194181–83_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer194181–83_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPalmer1941">Palmer 1941</a>, pp. 81–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETone1996355–382-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETone1996355–382_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTone1996">Tone 1996</a>, pp. 355–382. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlapentokh1997220–228PalmerColtonKramer201381–83-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShlapentokh1997220–228PalmerColtonKramer201381–83_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShlapentokh1997">Shlapentokh 1997</a>, pp. 220–228; <a href="#CITEREFPalmerColtonKramer2013">Palmer, Colton & Kramer 2013</a>, pp. 81–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesanHuntNelson20133,_8,_10-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesanHuntNelson20133,_8,_10_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDesanHuntNelson2013">Desan, Hunt & Nelson 2013</a>, pp. 3, 8, 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1998215-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1998215_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLynn1998">McLynn 1998</a>, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_C._Tucker2012" class="citation book cs1">Spencer C. Tucker (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VljA5QEI9_wC&pg=PA499">The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 499. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-957-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-957-3"><bdi>978-1-85109-957-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930162308/https://books.google.com/books?id=VljA5QEI9_wC&pg=PA499">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+War+of+1812&rft.pages=499&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-957-3&rft.au=Spencer+C.+Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVljA5QEI9_wC%26pg%3DPA499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuffinton1929" class="citation book cs1">Buffinton, Arthur H. (1929). The Second Hundred Years' War, 1689–1815.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Hundred+Years%27+War%2C+1689%E2%80%931815&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Buffinton&rft.aufirst=Arthur+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrouzet1996" class="citation journal cs1">Crouzet, Francois (1996). "The Second Hundred Years War: Some Reflections". French History. 10 (4): 432–450. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffh%2F10.4.432">10.1093/fh/10.4.432</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0269-1191">0269-1191</a>,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+History&rft.atitle=The+Second+Hundred+Years+War%3A+Some+Reflections&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=432-450&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ffh%2F10.4.432&rft.issn=0269-1191&rft.aulast=Crouzet&rft.aufirst=Francois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1992" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, H. M. (1992). "Review: The Second 'Hundred Years War' 1689–1815". The Historical Journal. 35: 443–469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00025887">10.1017/S0018246X00025887</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162306794">162306794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Second+%27Hundred+Years+War%27+1689%E2%80%931815&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=443-469&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00025887&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162306794%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=H.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERapport20134-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERapport20134_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRapport2013">Rapport 2013</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herodote.net/histoire/synthese.php?ID=560">"France – Les guerres de la Révolution et de l'Empire"</a>. Herodote.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120723230200/http://www.herodote.net/histoire/synthese.php?ID=560">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Herodote.net&rft.atitle=France+%E2%80%93+Les+guerres+de+la+R%C3%A9volution+et+de+l%27Empire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.herodote.net%2Fhistoire%2Fsynthese.php%3FID%3D560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabich2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rabich, Adalbert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TmA1lqBCMlwC&q=erster+napoleonischer+krieg&pg=PA37">Die Regionalgeschichte von Dülmen und Umgebung, Teil 2</a> (in German). Norderstedt: GRIN Verlag. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-640-80584-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-640-80584-6"><bdi>978-3-640-80584-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715013903/https://books.google.com/books?id=TmA1lqBCMlwC&q=erster+napoleonischer+krieg&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Regionalgeschichte+von+D%C3%BClmen+und+Umgebung%2C+Teil+2&rft.place=Norderstedt&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-640-80584-6&rft.aulast=Rabich&rft.aufirst=Adalbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTmA1lqBCMlwC%26q%3Derster%2Bnapoleonischer%2Bkrieg%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encarta_coalitieoorlogen-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_coalitieoorlogen_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"coalitieoorlogen". Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=coalitieoorlogen&rft.btitle=Encarta-encyclopedie+Winkler+Prins&rft.pub=Microsoft+Corporation%2FHet+Spectrum&rft.date=1993%2F2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1966-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1966_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChandler1966">Chandler 1966</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDuwHSN9QTroCpgPA356_356]-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDuwHSN9QTroCpgPA356_356]_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSutherland2008">Sutherland 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DuwHSN9QTroC&pg=PA356">356</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConachy2001617–640-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConachy2001617–640_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcConachy2001">McConachy 2001</a>, pp. 617–640: McConachy rejects the alternative theory that growing reliance on artillery by the French army beginning in 1807 was an outgrowth of the declining quality of the French infantry and, later, France's inferiority in cavalry numbers </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1805220–222-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1805220–222_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1805">Adams 1805</a>, pp. 220–222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1805239-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1805239_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1805">Adams 1805</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1805248–252-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1805248–252_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1805">Adams 1805</a>, pp. 248–252. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1805252–258-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1805252–258_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1805">Adams 1805</a>, pp. 252–258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1805258–264-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1805258–264_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1805">Adams 1805</a>, pp. 258–264. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1805265-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1805265_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1805">Adams 1805</a>, p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1805264–268-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1805264–268_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1805">Adams 1805</a>, pp. 264–268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1805277-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1805277_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1805">Adams 1805</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1805268–278-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1805268–278_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1805">Adams 1805</a>, pp. 268–278. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahan1892" class="citation book cs1">Mahan, A.T. (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/influenceofsea02maha#page/106/mode/1up">The influence of sea power on the French Revolution and Empire</a>. Vol. II. pp. 106–107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+influence+of+sea+power+on+the+French+Revolution+and+Empire&rft.pages=106-107&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Mahan&rft.aufirst=A.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Finfluenceofsea02maha%23page%2F106%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2014309-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2014309_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2014">Roberts 2014</a>, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrainger2004Schroeder1994231-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrainger2004Schroeder1994231_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrainger2004">Grainger 2004</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1994">Schroeder 1994</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant1944-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant1944_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant1944">Bryant 1944</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETulard1984351-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETulard1984351_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTulard1984">Tulard 1984</a>, p. 351. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray200747Malia2006205-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray200747Malia2006205_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGray2007">Gray 2007</a>, p. 47; <a href="#CITEREFMalia2006">Malia 2006</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin_Neillands2003" class="citation book cs1">Robin Neillands (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eC7AAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22">Wellington & Napoleon: Clash of Arms</a>. Pen and Sword. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-926-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-926-5"><bdi>978-0-85052-926-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930122957/https://books.google.com/books?id=eC7AAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington+%26+Napoleon%3A+Clash+of+Arms&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-85052-926-5&rft.au=Robin+Neillands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeC7AAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne2000" class="citation book cs1">Horne, Alistair (2000). Cowley, Robert (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ls0zJPyWEl8C&pg=PT161">What If?: The World's Foremost Historians Imagine What Might Have Been</a>. Penguin. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-11891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-11891-7"><bdi>978-1-101-11891-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930192640/https://books.google.com/books?id=ls0zJPyWEl8C&pg=PT161">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+If%3F%3A+The+World%27s+Foremost+Historians+Imagine+What+Might+Have+Been&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-101-11891-7&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dls0zJPyWEl8C%26pg%3DPT161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke1808-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurke1808_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurke1808">Burke 1808</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1994307–310-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1994307–310_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1994">Schroeder 1994</a>, pp. 307–310. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1989128–129-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1989128–129_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1989128–129_118-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1989">Kennedy 1989</a>, pp. 128–129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwig1969-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherwig1969_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSherwig1969">Sherwig 1969</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer197486-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer197486_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPalmer1974">Palmer 1974</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1959143-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggs1959143_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBriggs1959">Briggs 1959</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160601215026/https://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/relativevalue.php?use2=a%3A5%3A%7Bi%3A0%3Bs%3A3%3A%22CPI%22%3Bi%3A1%3Bs%3A6%3A%22DEFIND%22%3Bi%3A2%3Bs%3A4%3A%22WAGE%22%3Bi%3A3%3Bs%3A5%3A%22GDPCP%22%3Bi%3A4%3Bs%3A4%3A%22GDPC%22%3B%7D&amount=0.831&year_source=1815&year_result=2016&button=Submit">"Measuring Worth – Purchase Power of the Pound"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/relativevalue.php?use2=a%3A5%3A{i%3A0%3Bs%3A3%3A%22CPI%22%3Bi%3A1%3Bs%3A6%3A%22DEFIND%22%3Bi%3A2%3Bs%3A4%3A%22WAGE%22%3Bi%3A3%3Bs%3A5%3A%22GDPCP%22%3Bi%3A4%3Bs%3A4%3A%22GDPC%22%3B}&amount=0.831&year_source=1815&year_result=2016&button=Submit">the original</a> on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Measuring+Worth+%E2%80%93+Purchase+Power+of+the+Pound&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fukcompare%2Frelativevalue.php%3Fuse2%3Da%253A5%253A%7Bi%253A0%253Bs%253A3%253A%2522CPI%2522%253Bi%253A1%253Bs%253A6%253A%2522DEFIND%2522%253Bi%253A2%253Bs%253A4%253A%2522WAGE%2522%253Bi%253A3%253Bs%253A5%253A%2522GDPCP%2522%253Bi%253A4%253Bs%253A4%253A%2522GDPC%2522%253B%7D%26amount%3D0.831%26year_source%3D1815%26year_result%3D2016%26button%3DSubmit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalévy1924205–228-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalévy1924205–228_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalévy1924">Halévy 1924</a>, pp. 205–228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2013-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight2013_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight2013">Knight 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1960" class="citation book cs1">Watson, J. Steven (1960). The Reign of George III 1760–1815. pp. 374–377, 406–407, 463–471.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+George+III+1760%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=374-377%2C+406-407%2C+463-471&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=J.+Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200878-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200878_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2008">Ferguson 2008</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721013055/http://www.musee-marine.fr/cartel2.php?id=55">"Scène de la bataille de Trafalgar"</a>. Musee Marine (in French). 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Nmm.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmm.ac.uk/collections/nelson/viewCategory.cfm/category/90346/browseMode/century">the original</a> on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Invasion+of+Britain+%E2%80%93+National+Maritime+Museum&rft.pub=Nmm.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmm.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fnelson%2FviewCategory.cfm%2Fcategory%2F90346%2FbrowseMode%2Fcentury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon.org/en/reading_room/articles/files/omeara_napo_invasion.asp">"O'Meara's account of Napoleon on the invasion of the England"</a>. Napoleon.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716183000/http://www.napoleon.org/en/reading_room/articles/files/omeara_napo_invasion.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O%27Meara%27s+account+of+Napoleon+on+the+invasion+of+the+England&rft.pub=Napoleon.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleon.org%2Fen%2Freading_room%2Farticles%2Ffiles%2Fomeara_napo_invasion.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFСизенко2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Сизенко, А.Г. (2011). <bdi lang="ru">ВЕЛИКИЕ БИТВЫ ВЕЛИКОЙ РОСИИ</bdi>. Владис. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-9567-1173-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-9567-1173-6"><bdi>978-5-9567-1173-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%95+%D0%91%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%92%D0%AB+%D0%92%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%99+%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%98&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-5-9567-1173-6&rft.aulast=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE&rft.aufirst=%D0%90.%D0%93.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsdaile2009252–253-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsdaile2009252–253_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEsdaile2009">Esdaile 2009</a>, pp. 252–253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1953-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1953_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRyan1953">Ryan 1953</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunch-Petersen2007-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunch-Petersen2007_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMunch-Petersen2007">Munch-Petersen 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGötz2014519–539-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGötz2014519–539_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGötz2014">Götz 2014</a>, pp. 519–539. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtto_Pivka2012" class="citation book cs1">Otto Pivka (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ETYsTuIaKkQC&pg=PA8">Napoleon's Polish Troops</a>. 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Slavic Review. 37 (3): 421–439. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2497684">10.2307/2497684</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6779">0037-6779</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2497684">2497684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=The+First+Serbian+Uprising+%281804%E2%80%931813%29+and+the+Nineteenth-Century+Origins+of+the+Eastern+Question&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=421-439&rft.date=1978-09&rft.issn=0037-6779&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2497684%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2497684&rft.aulast=Meriage&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2497684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/Serbia/c_SerbianInsurrection.html">"A Brief History of the Serbian Insurrections 1804–1817"</a>. www.napoleon-series.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230610013140/https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/Serbia/c_SerbianInsurrection.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.napoleon-series.org&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Serbian+Insurrections+1804%E2%80%931817&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleon-series.org%2Fresearch%2Fgovernment%2FSerbia%2Fc_SerbianInsurrection.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeriage1978" class="citation journal cs1">Meriage, Lawrence P. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2497684">"The First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813) and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of the Eastern Question"</a>. Slavic Review. 37 (3): 421–439. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2497684">10.2307/2497684</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6779">0037-6779</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2497684">2497684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=The+First+Serbian+Uprising+%281804%E2%80%931813%29+and+the+Nineteenth-Century+Origins+of+the+Eastern+Question&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=421-439&rft.date=1978&rft.issn=0037-6779&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2497684%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2497684&rft.aulast=Meriage&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2497684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Vucinich, Wayne S. The First Serbian Uprising, 1804–1813. Social Science Monographs, Brooklyn College Press, 1982. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_151-2">c</a> Ослобођење, независност и уједињење Србије и Црне Горе. Београд: Историјски музеј Србије. 1999. p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-V-1_pp._170-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-V-1_pp._170_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-V-1_pp._170_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-V-1_pp._170_152-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-V-1_pp._170_152-3">d</a> Јован Милићевић (1994). "Петар I Петровић, Идеја о обнови српске државе". Црна Гора 1797–1851. Историјa српског народа, V-1. Београд. pp. 170–171. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs8gAQAAMAAJ">Bulletin scientifique</a>. Vol. 22–23. Le Conseil. 1986. p. 300. <q>This was the time when Petar I devised his visionary programme of creation of a Slavonic-Serb state</q> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V0kmAQAAMAAJ">Soviet Studies in History</a>. Vol. 20. International Arts and Sciences Press. 1982. p. 28. <q>Montenegro sent to Russia in the spring of 1807 a project for establishing a Slavic-Serbian kingdom in the Balkans</q> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopović1933" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Popović, Petar I. (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3XMBAAAAMAAJ">Француско-српски односи за време првог устанка: Наполеон и Карађорђе</a> (in Serbian). Издање потпомогнуто је из на Задужбине Луке Ћеловића-Требињца.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3+%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%3A+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%92%D0%B5&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE+%D1%98%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%8B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B0-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%9A%D1%86%D0%B0&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Popovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Petar+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3XMBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_K._Kir%C3%A1ly" class="mw-redirect" title="Béla K. Király">Király, Béla K.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gunther_E._Rothenberg" title="Gunther E. Rothenberg">Rothenberg, Gunther E.</a> (1982). <a href="//archive.org/details/serbsrussianpans0000mack" class="extiw" title="iarchive:serbsrussianpans0000mack">War and Society in East Central Europe: The first Montenegrin uprising 1804–1813.</a> Brooklyn College Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930888-15-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930888-15-2">978-0-930888-15-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GjU9AAAAIAAJ">The Revolt of the Serbs Against the Turks (1804–1813)</a>. CUP Archive. 1942.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolt+of+the+Serbs+Against+the+Turks+%281804%E2%80%931813%29&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGjU9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-montenegrina.net-158"><a href="#cite_ref-montenegrina.net_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.montenegrina.net/pages/pages1/istorija/cg_u_xix_vijeku/napoleon_pominje_crnogorce_marsalu_marmonu.htm">"MONTENEGRINA – digitalna biblioteka crnogorske kulture i nasljedja"</a>. www.montenegrina.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408193254/https://www.montenegrina.net/pages/pages1/istorija/cg_u_xix_vijeku/napoleon_pominje_crnogorce_marsalu_marmonu.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.montenegrina.net&rft.atitle=MONTENEGRINA+%E2%80%93+digitalna+biblioteka+crnogorske+kulture+i+nasljedja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.montenegrina.net%2Fpages%2Fpages1%2Fistorija%2Fcg_u_xix_vijeku%2Fnapoleon_pominje_crnogorce_marsalu_marmonu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorrance1986" class="citation journal cs1">Torrance, Marie-Christiane (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25506143">"Some Russian Attitudes to France in the Period of the Napoleonic Wars as Revealed by Russian Memoirs (1807–14)"</a>. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section C: Archaeology, Celtic Studies, History, Linguistics, Literature. 86C: 289–303. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8991">0035-8991</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25506143">25506143</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230610013137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25506143">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Irish+Academy.+Section+C%3A+Archaeology%2C+Celtic+Studies%2C+History%2C+Linguistics%2C+Literature&rft.atitle=Some+Russian+Attitudes+to+France+in+the+Period+of+the+Napoleonic+Wars+as+Revealed+by+Russian+Memoirs+%281807%E2%80%9314%29&rft.volume=86C&rft.pages=289-303&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25506143%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0035-8991&rft.aulast=Torrance&rft.aufirst=Marie-Christiane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25506143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Jelavich, Barbara (1983). History of the Balkans. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27458-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27458-6">978-0-521-27458-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Singleton, Frederick Bernard (1985). <a href="//archive.org/details/shorthistoryofyu0000sing" class="extiw" title="iarchive:shorthistoryofyu0000sing">A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples. New</a> York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27485-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27485-2">978-0-521-27485-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmail1979" class="citation journal cs1">Ismail, F. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4282743">"The Making of the Treaty of Bucharest, 1811–1812"</a>. Middle Eastern Studies. 15 (2): 163–192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263207908700404">10.1080/00263207908700404</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3206">0026-3206</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4282743">4282743</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417083018/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4282743">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+the+Treaty+of+Bucharest%2C+1811%E2%80%931812&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-192&rft.date=1979&rft.issn=0026-3206&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4282743%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263207908700404&rft.aulast=Ismail&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4282743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87" title="Sima Ćirković">Ćirković, Sima</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC">The Serbs</a>. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4291-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4291-5">978-1-4051-4291-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Jelavich, Charles; <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jelavich" title="Barbara Jelavich">Jelavich, Barbara</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LBYriPYyfUoC">The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804–1920.</a> Vol. 8 (4th ed.). Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80360-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80360-9">978-0-295-80360-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2009-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2009_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlack2009">Black 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lynch_(historian)" title="John Lynch (historian)">Lynch, John</a> (1992). Caudillos in Spanish America 1800–1850. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 402–403.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caudillos+in+Spanish+America+1800%E2%80%931850&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=402-403&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OreBerg18-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OreBerg18_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OreBerg18_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrellana_Billiard2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Orellana Billiard, Jorge Andrés (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2314-15492018000100011">"BERGUÑO HURTADO, Fernando. Los soldados de Napoleón en la Independencia de Chile. 1817–1830"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Revista_de_historia_americana_y_argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Revista de historia americana y argentina">Revista de historia americana y argentina</a> (in Spanish). 53 (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522161122/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2314-15492018000100011">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+historia+americana+y+argentina&rft.atitle=BERGU%C3%91O+HURTADO%2C+Fernando.+Los+soldados+de+Napole%C3%B3n+en+la+Independencia+de+Chile.+1817%E2%80%931830&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Orellana+Billiard&rft.aufirst=Jorge+Andr%C3%A9s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.org.ar%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS2314-15492018000100011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> For Alexander Hamilton's take on the connection of Saint-Domingue and the Purchase, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Hamilton on the Louisiana Purchase: A Newly Identified Editorial from the New-York Evening Post". William and Mary Quarterly. 12 (2): 268–281. April 1955. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1920508">10.2307/1920508</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1920508">1920508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Hamilton+on+the+Louisiana+Purchase%3A+A+Newly+Identified+Editorial+from+the+New-York+Evening+Post&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=268-281&rft.date=1955-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1920508&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1920508%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2010" class="citation book cs1">White, Ashli (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eNf6pyVkAeIC&pg=PA180">Encountering Revolution: Haiti and the Making of the Early Republic</a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 180–191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9415-2"><bdi>978-0-8018-9415-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715013853/https://books.google.com/books?id=eNf6pyVkAeIC&pg=PA180">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encountering+Revolution%3A+Haiti+and+the+Making+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.pages=180-191&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-9415-2&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Ashli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeNf6pyVkAeIC%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1974-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1974_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPalmer1974">Palmer 1974</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsdaile2009438-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsdaile2009438_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEsdaile2009">Esdaile 2009</a>, p. 438. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1994419-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1994419_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1994">Schroeder 1994</a>, p. 419. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990138–140-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990138–140_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, pp. 138–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990185-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990185_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite2012-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite2012_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaythornthwaite2012">Haythornthwaite 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990253–254-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990253–254_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, pp. 253–254. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">With Napoleon in Russia, The Memoirs of General Coulaincourt. William Morrow and Co. 1945. Chapter VI 'The Fire', pp. 109–107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Napoleon+in+Russia%2C+The+Memoirs+of+General+Coulaincourt&rft.pages=Chapter+VI+%27The+Fire%27%2C+pp.+109-107&rft.pub=William+Morrow+and+Co&rft.date=1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpshall199317-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpshall199317_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUpshall1993">Upshall 1993</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:7D309E20-C7E9-11E0-A4B4-E65737D8FA8C#?c=&m=&s=&cv=2&xywh=-1262,-184,6523,3642">"Gedenkschriften over Napoleon's veldtochten, meegemaakt als soldaat bij het 2e regiment carabiniers te paard, 1805–1815"</a>. lib.ugent.be. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201010183103/https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:7D309E20-C7E9-11E0-A4B4-E65737D8FA8C#?c=&m=&s=&cv=2&xywh=-1262,-184,6523,3642">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lib.ugent.be&rft.atitle=Gedenkschriften+over+Napoleon%27s+veldtochten%2C+meegemaakt+als+soldaat+bij+het+2e+regiment+carabiniers+te+paard%2C+1805%E2%80%931815&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.ugent.be%2Fviewer%2Farchive.ugent.be%3A7D309E20-C7E9-11E0-A4B4-E65737D8FA8C%23%3Fc%3D%26m%3D%26s%3D%26cv%3D2%26xywh%3D-1262%2C-184%2C6523%2C3642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwyer2013431–474-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwyer2013431–474_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDwyer2013">Dwyer 2013</a>, pp. 431–474. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley2013206-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley2013206_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley2013206_181-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley2013206_181-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiley2013">Riley 2013</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungLawford2015-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoungLawford2015_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoungLawford2015">Young & Lawford 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlover1963-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlover1963_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlover1963">Glover 1963</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofschroer1993" class="citation book cs1">Hofschroer, Peter (1993). Leipzig 1813: The Battle of the Nations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leipzig+1813%3A+The+Battle+of+the+Nations&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Hofschroer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwyer2013464–498-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwyer2013464–498_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwyer2013464–498_185-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwyer2013464–498_185-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDwyer2013">Dwyer 2013</a>, pp. 464–498. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofschroer2006" class="citation book cs1">Hofschroer, Peter (2006). The Waterloo Campaign: Wellington, His German Allies and the Battles of Ligny and Quatre Bras.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Waterloo+Campaign%3A+Wellington%2C+His+German+Allies+and+the+Battles+of+Ligny+and+Quatre+Bras&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Hofschroer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Napoleonic-Wars">"Napoleonic Wars | Summary, Combatants, & Maps | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220207144711/https://www.britannica.com/event/Napoleonic-Wars">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Napoleonic+Wars+%7C+Summary%2C+Combatants%2C+%26+Maps+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FNapoleonic-Wars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaties-of-Paris-1814-1815">"Treaties of Paris | Congress of Vienna, European Balance of Power, Peace of Paris | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. Retrieved 27 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Treaties+of+Paris+%7C+Congress+of+Vienna%2C+European+Balance+of+Power%2C+Peace+of+Paris+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FTreaties-of-Paris-1814-1815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGingrasRoy2006" class="citation book cs1">Gingras, Yves; Roy, Lyse (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yqyJ5mYmxSUC&q=The+united+kingdom+of+the+netherlands+buffer+state&pg=PA69">Les Transformations des Universités du Xiiie Au Xxie Siècle</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7605-1914-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7605-1914-5"><bdi>978-2-7605-1914-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715013939/https://books.google.com/books?id=yqyJ5mYmxSUC&q=The+united+kingdom+of+the+netherlands+buffer+state&pg=PA69">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Transformations+des+Universit%C3%A9s+du+Xiiie+Au+Xxie+Si%C3%A8cle&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-7605-1914-5&rft.aulast=Gingras&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft.au=Roy%2C+Lyse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyqyJ5mYmxSUC%26q%3DThe%2Bunited%2Bkingdom%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bnetherlands%2Bbuffer%2Bstate%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeeling199939-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeeling199939_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeeling1999">Keeling 1999</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1984" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Franklin D. (1984). The Peopling of America: Perspectives of Immigration. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peopling+of+America%3A+Perspectives+of+Immigration&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen1940" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Marcus (1940). The Atlantic Migration. pp. 79–106,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+Migration&rft.pages=79-106&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> termed this a "new beginning" for American immigration. For further background context, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-of-migration.com/migration-processes/other-time-periods/north-atlantic-1815-19/">"North Atlantic, 1815–19"</a>. Migration as a travel business. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150627182355/http://www.business-of-migration.com/migration-processes/other-time-periods/north-atlantic-1815-19/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Atlantic%2C+1815%E2%80%9319&rft.pub=Migration+as+a+travel+business&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-of-migration.com%2Fmigration-processes%2Fother-time-periods%2Fnorth-atlantic-1815-19%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeeling2007267–268-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeeling2007267–268_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeeling2007">Keeling 2007</a>, pp. 267–268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones199278–79-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones199278–79_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1992">Jones 1992</a>, pp. 78–79: Jones referred to this migration as "one of the wonders of the age." </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080401054136/http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/napoleonic_wars/6361907.html">"Napoleon's Total War"</a>. HistoryNet.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/napoleonic_wars/6361907.html">the original</a> on 1 April 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+Total+War&rft.pub=HistoryNet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fwars_conflicts%2Fnapoleonic_wars%2F6361907.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell20077-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell20077_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBell2007">Bell 2007</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy198999–100-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy198999–100_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1989">Kennedy 1989</a>, pp. 99–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvedyJones197841–222-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvedyJones197841–222_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcEvedyJones1978">McEvedy & Jones 1978</a>, pp. 41–222. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_David_Hall1992" class="citation book cs1">Christopher David Hall (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Ue8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA28">British Strategy in the Napoleonic War, 1803–15</a>. Manchester U.P. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3606-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3606-4"><bdi>978-0-7190-3606-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930130903/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Ue8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Strategy+in+the+Napoleonic+War%2C+1803%E2%80%9315&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Manchester+U.P.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3606-4&rft.au=Christopher+David+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Ue8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokerSchneidBlanton200824,_31–32,_38-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokerSchneidBlanton200824,_31–32,_38_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokerSchneidBlanton2008">Stoker, Schneid & Blanton 2008</a>, pp. 24, 31–32, 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell20077–13-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell20077–13_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBell2007">Bell 2007</a>, pp. 7–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Harvey2013" class="citation book cs1">Robert Harvey (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JB1SXLBGP18C&pg=PT328">The War of Wars</a>. Constable & Robinson. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84901-260-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84901-260-7"><bdi>978-1-84901-260-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930180631/https://books.google.com/books?id=JB1SXLBGP18C&pg=PT328">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+Wars&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Robinson&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84901-260-7&rft.au=Robert+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJB1SXLBGP18C%26pg%3DPT328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.A_Currathers2014" class="citation book cs1">H.A Currathers (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VwBzCgAAQBAJ">Napoleon on Campaign</a>. Sword & Pen Military. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78346-250-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78346-250-6"><bdi>978-1-78346-250-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715013934/https://books.google.com/books?id=VwBzCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2021. 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(17 September 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315840093-10">"Conclusion: Talleyrand: Cynical Opportunist or Agent of Change?"</a>, Talleyrand, Routledge, pp. 205–210, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315840093-10">10.4324/9781315840093-10</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-84009-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-84009-3"><bdi>978-1-315-84009-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208134419/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315840093-10/conclusion-talleyrand-cynical-opportunist-agent-change-philip-dwyer">archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023, retrieved 30 November 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Talleyrand&rft.atitle=Conclusion%3A+Talleyrand%3A+Cynical+Opportunist+or+Agent+of+Change%3F&rft.pages=205-210&rft.date=2016-09-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315840093-10&rft.isbn=978-1-315-84009-3&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Philip+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9781315840093-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2007" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Andrew (April 2007). "Talleyrand: the old fraud". New Criterion. 25 (8). <q>"Men like M. de Talleyrand are like sharp instruments with which it is dangerous to play" concluded a sagacious Prince Metternich (a long-term paymaster).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Criterion&rft.atitle=Talleyrand%3A+the+old+fraud.&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2007-04&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaine2000" class="citation book cs1">Haine, Scott (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffrance00hain">The History of France</a> (1st ed.). Greenwood Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffrance00hain/page/93">93</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30328-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30328-2"><bdi>0-313-30328-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+France&rft.pages=93&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-313-30328-2&rft.aulast=Haine&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoffrance00hain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawday-208"><a href="#cite_ref-Lawday_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawday2007" class="citation book cs1">Lawday, David (2007). Napoleon's Master: A Life of Prince Talleyrand. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-37297-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-37297-2"><bdi>978-0-312-37297-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+Master%3A+A+Life+of+Prince+Talleyrand&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-312-37297-2&rft.aulast=Lawday&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes" class="citation web cs1">Hayes, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historicnavalfiction.com/authors-a-z/alaric-bond">"Alaric Bond"</a>. Historic Fiction. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430110700/https://historicnavalfiction.com/authors-a-z/alaric-bond">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+Fiction&rft.atitle=Alaric+Bond&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicnavalfiction.com%2Fauthors-a-z%2Falaric-bond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1805" class="citation book cs1">Adams, John, ed. (1805). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NNU7AQAAMAAJ&q=annual%20register%201803">The Annual Register, Or, A View of the History, Politics, and Literature for the Year ...</a> J. Dodsley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annual+Register%2C+Or%2C+A+View+of+the+History%2C+Politics%2C+and+Literature+for+the+Year+...&rft.pub=J.+Dodsley&rft.date=1805&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNNU7AQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dannual%2520register%25201803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew2018" class="citation book cs1">Andrew, Christopher (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AxttDwAAQBAJ">Secret World: A History of Intelligence</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24052-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24052-8"><bdi>978-0-300-24052-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+World%3A+A+History+of+Intelligence&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-300-24052-8&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAxttDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1995" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, James R. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=63xTTaYTbrwC">Napoleon Conquers Austria: The 1809 Campaign for Vienna</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94694-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94694-4"><bdi>978-0-275-94694-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+Conquers+Austria%3A+The+1809+Campaign+for+Vienna&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94694-4&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D63xTTaYTbrwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2007" class="citation book cs1">Bell, David Avrom (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pw5jup_LyHAC">The First Total War: Napoleon's Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know it</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-34965-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-34965-4"><bdi>978-0-618-34965-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Total+War%3A+Napoleon%27s+Europe+and+the+Birth+of+Warfare+as+We+Know+it&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-618-34965-4&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=David+Avrom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPw5jup_LyHAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2009" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k3crAQAAIAAJ">The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4078-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4078-0"><bdi>978-0-8061-4078-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1812+in+the+Age+of+Napoleon&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-4078-0&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk3crAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs1959" class="citation book cs1">Briggs, Asa (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEhUMgEACAAJ">The Making of Modern England, 1783–1867: The Age of Improvement</a>. 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Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-523660-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-523660-8"><bdi>978-0-02-523660-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Campaigns+of+Napoleon&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-02-523660-8&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DguFnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzCDgAAQBAJ">Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2585-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2585-0"><bdi>978-1-4766-2585-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015%2C+4th+ed.&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-2585-0&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkNzCDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesanHuntNelson2013" class="citation book cs1">Desan, Suzanne; Hunt, Lynn; Nelson, William Max (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jAyeDgAAQBAJ">The French Revolution in Global Perspective</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-6747-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-6747-9"><bdi>978-0-8014-6747-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolution+in+Global+Perspective&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-6747-9&rft.aulast=Desan&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Lynn&rft.au=Nelson%2C+William+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjAyeDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2013" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Philip (2013). 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Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311628-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311628-8"><bdi>978-0-14-311628-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+Wars%3A+An+International+History%2C+1803%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311628-8&rft.aulast=Esdaile&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqOR1NQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2008" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Niall (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PS4CVCq-70sC">The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World: 10th Anniversary Edition</a>. 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Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0975-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0975-9"><bdi>978-1-4728-0975-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Napoleonic+Wars+%283%29%3A+The+Peninsular+War+1807%E2%80%931814&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-0975-9&rft.aulast=Fremont-Barnes&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNpeHCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates1986" class="citation book cs1">Gates, David (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VN9nAAAAMAAJ">The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War</a>. Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-940079-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-940079-5"><bdi>978-0-04-940079-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Ulcer%3A+A+History+of+the+Peninsular+War&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-04-940079-5&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVN9nAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlover1963" class="citation book cs1">Glover, Michael (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7R68zQEACAAJ">Wellington's Peninsular Victories: Busaco, Salamanca, Vitoria, Nivelle</a>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%27s+Peninsular+Victories%3A+Busaco%2C+Salamanca%2C+Vitoria%2C+Nivelle&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7R68zQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGötz2014" class="citation journal cs1">Götz, Norbert (6 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2014.918559">"The Good Plumpuddings' Belief: British Voluntary Aid to Sweden During the Napoleonic Wars"</a>. The International History Review. 37 (3): 519–539. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2014.918559">10.1080/07075332.2014.918559</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0707-5332">0707-5332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Good+Plumpuddings%27+Belief%3A+British+Voluntary+Aid+to+Sweden+During+the+Napoleonic+Wars&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=519-539&rft.date=2014-06-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.2014.918559&rft.issn=0707-5332&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6tz&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F07075332.2014.918559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrab2003" class="citation book cs1">Grab, Alexander (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d48dBQAAQBAJ">Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe</a>. 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Hachette Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81645-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81645-1"><bdi>978-0-306-81645-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Old+Order%3A+Napoleon+and+Europe%2C+1801%E2%80%931805&rft.pub=Hachette+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81645-1&rft.aulast=Kagan&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXZdjTr7DCcgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeling1999" class="citation journal cs1">Keeling, Drew (1999). "The Transportation Revolution and Transatlantic Migration". Research in Economic History. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+in+Economic+History&rft.atitle=The+Transportation+Revolution+and+Transatlantic+Migration&rft.volume=19&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Keeling&rft.aufirst=Drew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeling2007" class="citation journal cs1">Keeling, Drew (1 January 2007). "Transport Capacity Management and Transatlantic Migration, 1900–1914". Research in Economic History. 25. Emerald Group Publishing Limited: 225–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0363-3268%2807%2925005-0">10.1016/s0363-3268(07)25005-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7623-1370-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7623-1370-9"><bdi>978-0-7623-1370-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+in+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Transport+Capacity+Management+and+Transatlantic+Migration%2C+1900%E2%80%931914&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=225-283&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0363-3268%2807%2925005-0&rft.isbn=978-0-7623-1370-9&rft.aulast=Keeling&rft.aufirst=Drew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeenHaynes2012" class="citation book cs1">Keen, Benjamin; Haynes, Keith (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yZIJAAAAQBAJ">A History of Latin America</a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-133-70932-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-133-70932-9"><bdi>978-1-133-70932-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Latin+America&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-133-70932-9&rft.aulast=Keen&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Haynes%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyZIJAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1989" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Paul M. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n4ZMl8iS8lAC">The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000</a>. Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72019-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72019-5"><bdi>978-0-679-72019-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Great+Powers%3A+Economic+Change+and+Military+Conflict+from+1500+to+2000&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-679-72019-5&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn4ZMl8iS8lAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2013" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Roger (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LdZtKP2qLxgC">Britain Against Napoleon: The Organization of Victory, 1793–1815</a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-197702-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-197702-7"><bdi>978-0-14-197702-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+Against+Napoleon%3A+The+Organization+of+Victory%2C+1793%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-14-197702-7&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLdZtKP2qLxgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeggiere2014" class="citation book cs1">Leggiere, Michael V. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=twXBAgAAQBAJ">Blücher: Scourge of Napoleon</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4567-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4567-9"><bdi>978-0-8061-4567-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bl%C3%BCcher%3A+Scourge+of+Napoleon&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-4567-9&rft.aulast=Leggiere&rft.aufirst=Michael+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtwXBAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalia2006" class="citation book cs1">Malia, Martin Edward (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7rDBKN3kvM4C">History's Locomotives: Revolutions and the Making of the Modern World</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12690-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12690-7"><bdi>978-0-300-12690-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History%27s+Locomotives%3A+Revolutions+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12690-7&rft.aulast=Malia&rft.aufirst=Martin+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7rDBKN3kvM4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConachy2001" class="citation journal cs1">McConachy, Bruce (2001). "The Roots of Artillery Doctrine: Napoleonic Artillery Tactics Reconsidered". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Military_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Military History">Journal of Military History</a>. 65 (3): 617–640. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2677528">10.2307/2677528</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2677528">2677528</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159945703">159945703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=The+Roots+of+Artillery+Doctrine%3A+Napoleonic+Artillery+Tactics+Reconsidered&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=617-640&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159945703%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2677528%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2677528&rft.aulast=McConachy&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEvedyJones1978" class="citation book cs1">McEvedy, Colin; Jones, Richard (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p98UAQAAIAAJ">Atlas of World Population History</a>. Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87196-402-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87196-402-1"><bdi>978-0-87196-402-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+World+Population+History&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-87196-402-1&rft.aulast=McEvedy&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Jones%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp98UAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLynn1998" class="citation book cs1">McLynn, Frank (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FRj1MNP-3xwC">Napoleon: A Biography</a>. Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6247-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6247-5"><bdi>978-0-7126-6247-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-6247-5&rft.aulast=McLynn&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFRj1MNP-3xwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunch-Petersen2007" class="citation book cs1">Munch-Petersen, Thomas (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lP70HAAACAAJ">Defying Napoleon: How Britain Bombarded Copenhagen and Seized the Danish Fleet in 1807</a>. Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-4280-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-4280-5"><bdi>978-0-7509-4280-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defying+Napoleon%3A+How+Britain+Bombarded+Copenhagen+and+Seized+the+Danish+Fleet+in+1807&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-4280-5&rft.aulast=Munch-Petersen&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlP70HAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1941" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Robert Roswell (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lXfRAAAAMAAJ">Twelve who Ruled: The Committee of Public Safety, During the Terror</a>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twelve+who+Ruled%3A+The+Committee+of+Public+Safety%2C+During+the+Terror&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Robert+Roswell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlXfRAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1974" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Alan (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C3FpAAAAMAAJ&q=Alexander%20I:%20Tsar%20of%20War%20and%20Peace.">Alexander I: Tsar of War and Peace</a>. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-76700-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-76700-8"><bdi>978-0-297-76700-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+I%3A+Tsar+of+War+and+Peace&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-297-76700-8&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC3FpAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DAlexander%2520I%3A%2520Tsar%2520of%2520War%2520and%2520Peace.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerColtonKramer2013" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, R. R.; Colton, Joel; Kramer, Lloyd (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vmt6CgAAQBAJ">A History of the Modern World: 11th Edition</a>. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-759962-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-759962-1"><bdi>978-0-07-759962-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Modern+World%3A+11th+Edition&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Higher+Education&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-07-759962-1&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=R.+R.&rft.au=Colton%2C+Joel&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVmt6CgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1973" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley G. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofspainpo00payn">A History of Spain and Portugal: Eighteenth Century to Franco</a>. Vol. 2. Madison: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299062705" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299062705"><bdi>978-0299062705</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Spain+and+Portugal%3A+Eighteenth+Century+to+Franco&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0299062705&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofspainpo00payn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilo2010" class="citation cs2">Philo, Tom (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100420103253/http://www.taphilo.com/history/war-deaths.shtml">Military and Civilian War Related Deaths Through the Ages</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taphilo.com/history/war-deaths.shtml/">the original</a> on 20 April 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+and+Civilian+War+Related+Deaths+Through+the+Ages&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Philo&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taphilo.com%2Fhistory%2Fwar-deaths.shtml%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapport2013" class="citation book cs1">Rapport, Mike (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wPK7XxVwF6YC">The Napoleonic Wars: A Very Short Introduction</a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-164251-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-164251-7"><bdi>978-0-19-164251-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Napoleonic+Wars%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-164251-7&rft.aulast=Rapport&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwPK7XxVwF6YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiehn1990" class="citation book cs1">Riehn, Richard K. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdZnAAAAMAAJ">1812: Napoleon's Russian Campaign</a>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-052731-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-052731-7"><bdi>978-0-07-052731-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1812%3A+Napoleon%27s+Russian+Campaign&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-07-052731-7&rft.aulast=Riehn&rft.aufirst=Richard+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZdZnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiehn1991" class="citation cs2">Riehn, Richard K. (1991), 1812: Napoleon's Russian Campaign (Paperback ed.), New York: Wiley, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-54302-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-54302-2"><bdi>978-0-471-54302-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1812%3A+Napoleon%27s+Russian+Campaign&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-471-54302-2&rft.aulast=Riehn&rft.aufirst=Richard+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley2013" class="citation book cs1">Riley, J. P. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=beq3AAAAQBAJ">Napoleon and the World War of 1813: Lessons in Coalition Warfighting</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-32135-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-32135-1"><bdi>978-1-136-32135-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+and+the+World+War+of+1813%3A+Lessons+in+Coalition+Warfighting&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-32135-1&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbeq3AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2014" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Andrew (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rjVBAwAAQBAJ">Napoleon: A Life</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-698-17628-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-698-17628-7"><bdi>978-0-698-17628-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-698-17628-7&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrjVBAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1953" class="citation journal cs1">Ryan, A. N. (1953). "The Causes of the British Attack upon Copenhagen in 1807". The English Historical Review. 68 (266): 37–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Flxviii.cclxvi.37">10.1093/ehr/lxviii.cclxvi.37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8266">0013-8266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Causes+of+the+British+Attack+upon+Copenhagen+in+1807&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=266&rft.pages=37-55&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Flxviii.cclxvi.37&rft.issn=0013-8266&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=A.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäfer2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schäfer, Anton (2002). Zeittafel der Rechtsgeschichte. Von den Anfängen über Rom bis 1919. Mit Schwerpunkt Österreich und zeitgenössischen Bezügen (in German) (3rd ed.). Edition Europa Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-9500616-8-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-9500616-8-1"><bdi>3-9500616-8-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zeittafel+der+Rechtsgeschichte.+Von+den+Anf%C3%A4ngen+%C3%BCber+Rom+bis+1919.+Mit+Schwerpunkt+%C3%96sterreich+und+zeitgen%C3%B6ssischen+Bez%C3%BCgen&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Edition+Europa+Verlag&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=3-9500616-8-1&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder1994" class="citation book cs1">Schroeder, Paul W. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BS2z3iGPCigC">The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848</a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820654-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820654-5"><bdi>978-0-19-820654-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+European+Politics%2C+1763%E2%80%931848&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820654-5&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Paul+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBS2z3iGPCigC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwig1969" class="citation book cs1">Sherwig, John M. 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Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36775-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36775-3"><bdi>978-0-674-36775-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guineas+and+Gunpowder%3A+British+Foreign+Aid+in+the+Wars+with+France%2C+1793%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-674-36775-3&rft.aulast=Sherwig&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOInxvgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShlapentokh1997" class="citation book cs1">Shlapentokh, Dmitry (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eVKOSX0E2bUC">The French Revolution and the Russian Anti-Democratic Tradition: A Case of False Consciousness</a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2397-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2397-5"><bdi>978-1-4128-2397-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolution+and+the+Russian+Anti-Democratic+Tradition%3A+A+Case+of+False+Consciousness&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-2397-5&rft.aulast=Shlapentokh&rft.aufirst=Dmitry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeVKOSX0E2bUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokerSchneidBlanton2008" class="citation book cs1">Stoker, Donald; Schneid, Frederick C.; Blanton, Harold D. 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Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-67404-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-67404-8"><bdi>978-0-203-67404-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conscription+in+the+Napoleonic+Era%3A+A+Revolution+in+Military+Affairs%3F&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-203-67404-8&rft.aulast=Stoker&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Schneid%2C+Frederick+C.&rft.au=Blanton%2C+Harold+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Diks6rVhTHrwC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland2008" class="citation book cs1">Sutherland, Donald M. G. 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John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-75826-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-75826-7"><bdi>978-0-470-75826-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolution+and+Empire%3A+The+Quest+for+a+Civic+Order&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-75826-7&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDuwHSN9QTroC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTone1996" class="citation journal cs1">Tone, John Lawrence (1996). "Napoleon's uncongenial sea: Guerrilla warfare in Navarre during the Peninsular War, 1808–14". European History Quarterly. 26 (3): 355–382. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026569149602600302">10.1177/026569149602600302</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144885121">144885121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+History+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Napoleon%27s+uncongenial+sea%3A+Guerrilla+warfare+in+Navarre+during+the+Peninsular+War%2C+1808%E2%80%9314.&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=355-382&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F026569149602600302&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144885121%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tone&rft.aufirst=John+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTone2010" class="citation book cs1">Tone, John Lawrence (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E2WtMq4LF90C&pg=PA243">"Partisan Warfare in Spain and Total War"</a>. In Chickering, Roger; Förster, Stig (eds.). War in an Age of Revolution, 1775–1815. Cambridge UP. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89996-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89996-3"><bdi>978-0-521-89996-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Partisan+Warfare+in+Spain+and+Total+War&rft.btitle=War+in+an+Age+of+Revolution%2C+1775%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89996-3&rft.aulast=Tone&rft.aufirst=John+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE2WtMq4LF90C%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTulard1984" class="citation book cs1">Tulard, Jean (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wUDiAAAACAAJ">Napoleon: The Myth of the Saviour</a>. Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-416-39510-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-416-39510-5"><bdi>978-0-416-39510-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%3A+The+Myth+of+the+Saviour&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-416-39510-5&rft.aulast=Tulard&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwUDiAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpshall1993" class="citation book cs1">Upshall, Michael, ed. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IeQ5AAAACAAJ">The Wordsworth Pocket Encyclopedia</a>. Wordsworth Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85326-301-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85326-301-9"><bdi>978-1-85326-301-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wordsworth+Pocket+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-85326-301-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIeQ5AAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2014" class="citation cs2">White, Matthew (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://necrometrics.com/wars19c.htm#Napoleonic">Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Nineteenth Century</a>, retrieved 3 May 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+Wars%2C+Oppressions+and+Atrocities+of+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnecrometrics.com%2Fwars19c.htm%23Napoleonic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988">. This source references: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodart1916" class="citation cs2">Bodart, Gaston (1916), Losses of Life in Modern Wars</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Losses+of+Life+in+Modern+Wars&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Bodart&rft.aufirst=Gaston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumas1923" class="citation cs2">Dumas, Samuel (1923), Losses of Life Caused By War</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Losses+of+Life+Caused+By+War&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Dumas&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrlanis1971" class="citation cs2">Urlanis, Boris (1971), Wars and Population</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+and+Population&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Urlanis&rft.aufirst=Boris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne" class="citation cs2">Payne, Stanley G., A History of Spain and Portugal, vol. 2</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Spain+and+Portugal&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanzer" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Danzer, Arme-Zeitun (in German)</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter" class="citation cs2">Clodfelter, Micheal, Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618–1991</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflict%3A+A+Statistical+Reference+to+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1618%E2%80%931991&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungLawford2015" class="citation book cs1">Young, Peter; Lawford, J. P. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tOOoCgAAQBAJ">Wellington's Masterpiece: The Battle and Campaign of Salamanca</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39728-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39728-1"><bdi>978-1-317-39728-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%27s+Masterpiece%3A+The+Battle+and+Campaign+of+Salamanca&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-39728-1&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Lawford%2C+J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtOOoCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Further_reading_cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Further reading</a>" section may need cleanup. Please read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">editing guide</a> and help improve the section. (May 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_reference_books">General and reference books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: General and reference books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bruun, Geoffrey. Europe and the French Imperium, 1799–1814 (1938) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.183653/2015.183653.Europe-And-The-French-Imperium-1799-1814_text.pdf">online</a>, political and diplomatic context</li> <li>Bruce, Robert B. et al. Fighting Techniques of the Napoleonic Age 1792–1815: Equipment, Combat Skills, and Tactics (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Fighting-Techniques-Napoleonic-Age-1792%C2%96/dp/0312375875/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Clausewitz, Carl von (2018). Napoleon's 1796 Italian Campaign. Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2676-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2676-2">978-0-7006-2676-2</a></li> <li>Clausewitz, Carl von (2020). Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1. Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-3025-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-3025-7">978-0-7006-3025-7</a></li> <li>Clausewitz, Carl von (2021). The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2. Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-3034-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-3034-9">978-0-7006-3034-9</a></li> <li>Gates, David. The Napoleonic Wars 1803–1815 (NY: Random House, 2011)</li> <li>Gulick, E.V. "The final coalition and the Congress of Vienna, 1813–15," in C.W. Crawley, ed. The New Cambridge Modern History: IX. War and Peace in an age of upheaval 1793–1830 (Cambridge University Press, 1965) pp. 629–668; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newcambridgemode0009unse">online</a>.</li> <li>Markham, Felix. "The Napoleonic Adventure" in C.W. Crawley, ed. The New Cambridge Modern History: IX. War and Peace in an age of upheaval 1793–1830 (Cambridge University Press, 1965) pp. 307–336; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newcambridgemode0009unse">online</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Palmer" title="Alan Palmer">Palmer, Alan</a>. An Encyclopaedia of Napoleon's Europe (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-29778-394-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-29778-394-7">978-0-29778-394-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope1999" class="citation book cs1">Pope, Stephen (1999). The Cassel Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars. Cassel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35229-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35229-2"><bdi>0-304-35229-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cassel+Dictionary+of+the+Napoleonic+Wars&rft.pub=Cassel&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-304-35229-2&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ross, Steven T. European Diplomatic History, 1789–1815: France Against Europe (1969)</li> <li>Ross, Steven T. The A to Z of the Wars of the French Revolution (Rowman & Littlefield, 2010); 1st ed. was Historical dictionary of the wars of the French Revolution (Scarecrow Press, 1998)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothenberg1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gunther_E._Rothenberg" title="Gunther E. Rothenberg">Rothenberg, Gunther E.</a> (1988). "The Origins, Causes, and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Interdisciplinary_History" title="Journal of Interdisciplinary History">Journal of Interdisciplinary History</a>. 18 (4): 771–793. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F204824">10.2307/204824</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/204824">204824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+History&rft.atitle=The+Origins%2C+Causes%2C+and+Extension+of+the+Wars+of+the+French+Revolution+and+Napoleon&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=771-793&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F204824&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F204824%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rothenberg&rft.aufirst=Gunther+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rothenberg, E. Gunther. The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon (1977)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneid2011" class="citation book cs1">Schneid, Frederick C. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-20101025334">The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars</a>. Mainz: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_European_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of European History">Institute of European History</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolutionary+and+Napoleonic+Wars&rft.place=Mainz&rft.pub=Institute+of+European+History&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Schneid&rft.aufirst=Frederick+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnbn-resolving.de%2Furn%3Anbn%3Ade%3A0159-20101025334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Schneid, Frederick C. Napoleon's Conquest of Europe: The War of the Third Coalition (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Napoleons-Conquest-Europe-Coalition-International-ebook/dp/B000VI5O02/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Schneid, Frederick C. Napoleonic Wars: The Essential Bibliography (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Napoleonic-Wars-Essential-Bibliography/dp/1597972096/">excerpt and text search</a> 121 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-france.net/vol13reviews/vol13no26ashby.pdf">online review in H-FRANCE</a></li> <li>Smith, Digby George. The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book: Actions and Losses in Personnel, Colours, Standards, and Artillery (1998)</li> <li>Stirk, Peter. "The concept of military occupation in the era of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars." Comparative Legal History 3#1 (2015): 60–84.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgorshinaPetrova2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Egorshina, O.; Petrova, A. (2023). <bdi lang="ru">История русской армии</bdi> [The history of the Russian Army] (in Russian). Moscow: Edition of the Russian Imperial Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-699-42397-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-699-42397-2"><bdi>978-5-699-42397-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Edition+of+the+Russian+Imperial+Library&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-5-699-42397-2&rft.aulast=Egorshina&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.au=Petrova%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleon_and_French">Napoleon and French</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Napoleon and French">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Chandler, David G., ed. Napoleon's Marshals (1987) short scholarly biographies</li> <li>Dwyer, Philip. Napoleon: The Path to Power (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Napoleon-Path-Power-Philip-Dwyer-ebook/dp/B00280LN5G/">excerpt vol 1</a></li> <li>Elting, John R. Swords Around a Throne: Napoleon's Grand Armée (1988).</li> <li>Forrest, Alan I. Napoleon's Men: The Soldiers of the Empire Revolution and Empire (2002).</li> <li>Forrest, Alan. Conscripts and Deserters: The Army and French Society during Revolution and the Empire (1989) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Conscripts-Deserters-French-Society-Revolution/dp/0195059379/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Gallaher, John G. Napoleon's Enfant Terrible: General Dominique Vandamme (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Napoleon%C2%92s-Enfant-Terrible-Dominique-Commanders/dp/0806138750/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Griffith, Paddy. The Art of War of Revolutionary France, 1789–1802 (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Art-War-Revolutionary-France-1789-1802/dp/1853673358/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Haythornthwaite, Philip J. Napoleon's Military Machine (1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Napoleons-Military-Machine-Philip-Haythornthwaite/dp/1885119186/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Hazen, Charles Downer. The French Revolution and Napoleon (1917) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/16519/the-french-revolution-and-napoleon">online free</a></li> <li>Nester, William R. Napoleon and the Art of Diplomacy: How War and Hubris Determined the Rise and Fall of the French Empire (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Napoleon-Art-Diplomacy-Hubris-Determined-ebook/dp/B006P7PV9W/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Parker, Harold T. "Why Did Napoleon Invade Russia? A Study in Motivation and the Interrelations of Personality and Social Structure," Journal of Military History (1990) 54#2 pp. 131–146 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1986039">in JSTOR</a>.</li> <li>Riley, Jonathon P. Napoleon as a General (Hambledon Press, 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mikaberidze" title="Alexander Mikaberidze">Mikaberidze, Alexander</a>. The Napoleonic Wars: A Global History (Oxford University Press) February 2020</li> <li>Wilkin Bernard and Wilkin René: Fighting for Napoleon: French Soldiers’ Letters 1799–1815 Pen and Sword Military (2016)</li> <li>Wilkin Bernard and Wilkin René: Fighting the British: French Eyewitness Accounts from the Napoleonic Wars Pen and Sword Military (2018)</li> <li>Geerts, Gérard A. Samenwerking en Confrontatie: De Frans-Nederlandse militaire betrekkingen, voornamelijk in Franse tijd (Bataafschse Leeuw, 2002)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austrian,_Prussian_and_Russian_roles">Austrian, Prussian and Russian roles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Austrian, Prussian and Russian roles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Haythornthwaite, Philip J. The Russian Army of the Napoleonic Wars (1987) vol 1: Infantry 1799–1814; vol 2: Cavalry, 1799–1814</li> <li>Lieven, D. C. "Russia and the Defeat of Napoleon (1812–14)," Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History (2006) 7#2 pp. 283–308.</li> <li>Rothenberg, Gunther E. Napoleon's Great Adversaries: The Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army 1792–1814 (1982)</li> <li>Schneid, Frederick C. ed. European Armies of the French Revolution, 1789–1802 (2015) Nine essays by leading scholars.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_and_memory">Historiography and memory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Historiography and memory">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Esdaile, Charles. "The Napoleonic Period: Some Thoughts on Recent Historiography," European History Quarterly, (1993) 23: 415–432 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130202043148/http://ehq.sagepub.com/content/23/3/415.extract">online</a></li> <li>Forrest, Alan et al. eds. War Memories: The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in Modern European Culture (2013)</li> <li>Gill, John H. "From Great Captains to Common Grognards: research opportunities in Napoleonic military history." War & Society 41.1 (2022): 69–84. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07292473.2022.2021752">10.1080/07292473.2022.2021752</a></li> <li>Hyatt, Albert M.J. "The Origins of Napoleonic Warfare: A Survey of Interpretations." Military Affairs (1966) 30#4 pp. 177–185.</li> <li>Linch, Kevin. "War Memories: The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in Modern European Culture." Social History 40#2 (2015): 253–254.</li> <li>Martin, Jean-Clément. "War Memories. The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in Modern European Culture." Annales Historiques De La Revolution Francaise. (2015) No. 381.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessenger2001" class="citation book cs1">Messenger, Charles, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VT7fAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA391">Reader's Guide to Military History</a>. Routledge. pp. 391–427. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-95970-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-95970-8"><bdi>978-1-135-95970-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reader%27s+Guide+to+Military+History&rft.pages=391-427&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-135-95970-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVT7fAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"> evaluation of the major books on Napoleon and his wars published by 2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mikaberidze" title="Alexander Mikaberidze">Mikaberidze, Alexander</a>. "Recent Trends in the Russian Historiography of the Napoleonic Wars," Journal of Military History (2010) 74#1 pp. 189–194.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Dwyer, Philip G. "Public remembering, private reminiscing: French military memoirs and the revolutionary and Napoleonic wars," French Historical Studies (2010) 33#2 pp. 231–258 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/content/33/2/231.short">online</a></li> <li>Kennedy, Catriona. Narratives of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: Military and Civilian Experience in Britain and Ireland (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013)</li> <li>Leighton, James. Witnessing the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in German Central Europe (2013), diaries, letters and accounts by civilians <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171020101956/https://academic.oup.com/gh/article-abstract/33/1/142/2726747/Witnessing-the-Revolutionary-and-Napoleonic-Wars">Online review</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Napoleonic_Wars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has travel information for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars#Q78994" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Beck, Archibald Frank (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Waterloo_Campaign,_1815" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Waterloo Campaign, 1815">Waterloo Campaign, 1815</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. 371–381.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waterloo+Campaign%2C+1815&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=371-381&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Archibald+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaude1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Maude, Frederic Natusch (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Napoleonic_Campaigns" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Napoleonic Campaigns">Napoleonic Campaigns</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). pp. 212–236.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Napoleonic+Campaigns&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=212-236&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Maude&rft.aufirst=Frederic+Natusch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Robinson, Charles Walker (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Peninsular_War" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). pp. 90–98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peninsular+War&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=90-98&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Charles+Walker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rose, John Holland (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Napoleon_I." class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Napoleon I.">Napoleon I.</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). pp. 190–211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Napoleon+I.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=190-211&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=John+Holland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Wars" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/group/73374/announcements/20000645/new-journal-napoleonic-and-restorations-periods-born">"A new scholarly journal in 2023: European Review of Studies on the Napoleonic and Restoration Periods"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009051911/http://www.thailisting.com/epic/">The Legend of Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/exhibition/napoleonic_wars/index.HTML">The Napoleonic Wars Exhibition held by The European Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108104011/http://xvld.org/">15th Kings Light Dragoons (Hussars) Re-enactment Regiment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831063254/http://www.95th-rifles.co.uk/main.html">2nd Bt. 95th Rifles</a> Reenactment and Living History Society</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militaryheritage.com/napoleon.htm">The Napoleonic Wars Collection Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/">Napoleon, His Army and Enemies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleonguide.com/">Napoleonic Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2600">War and Peace</a> by <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://british-history.co.uk/napoleonic">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.napoleon.org/en/">Fondation Napoléon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.napoleon-series.org/">The Napoleon Series</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Client_states_of_the_French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars_(1792–1815)" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link 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href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Republic" title="Helvetic Republic">Helvetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_L%C3%A9man" title="Canton of Léman">Lemania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauracian_Republic" title="Rauracian Republic">Rauracia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valais_Republic" title="Valais Republic">Valais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era#Act_of_Mediation" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Swiss Confederation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:First_French_Empire_1812.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Europe as at 1812, highlighting France and her client states" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/First_French_Empire_1812.svg/200px-First_French_Empire_1812.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/First_French_Empire_1812.svg/300px-First_French_Empire_1812.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/First_French_Empire_1812.svg/400px-First_French_Empire_1812.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a> Europe at the height of Napoleon's Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> creations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Aschaffenburg" title="Principality of Aschaffenburg">Aschaffenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Berg" title="Grand Duchy of Berg">Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Erfurt" title="Principality of Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Frankfurt" title="Grand Duchy of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Leyen" title="Principality of Leyen">Leyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Regensburg" title="Principality of Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salm" title="Principality of Salm">Salm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salm-Horstmar" title="Salm-Horstmar">Salm-Horstmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck" title="Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck">Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetzlar" title="Wetzlar">Wetzlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Grand Duchy of Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Lucca and Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Pontecorvo" title="Principality of Pontecorvo">Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Benevento" title="Principality of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_campaign_of_1798" title="Mediterranean campaign of 1798">Mediterranean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Malta" title="French occupation of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Napoleonic_era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Napoleonic era)">Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Holland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_(Napoleonic)" title="Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)">Danzig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Spain</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Napoleonic_Wars" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template talk:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Napoleonic_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Napoleonic Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Fourth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">Fifth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French Invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Seventh Coalition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Belli- gerents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">France, <a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">client states</a> and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_(Napoleonic_period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)">Polish Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era#Act_of_Mediation" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Swiss Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony#The_Napoleonic_Era_and_the_German_Confederation" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_forces_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Coalition forces of the Napoleonic Wars">Coalition forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden#Swedish_Empire" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau#Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">French Royalists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">18 Brumaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">Planned invasion of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Duc d'Enghien Execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">Coronation of Napoleon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1805</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diamond_Rock" title="Battle of Diamond Rock">Diamond Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1805)" title="Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)">Cape Finisterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wertingen" title="Battle of Wertingen">Wertingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_G%C3%BCnzburg" title="Battle of Günzburg">Günzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haslach-Jungingen" title="Battle of Haslach-Jungingen">Haslach-Jungingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elchingen" title="Battle of Elchingen">Elchingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulm" title="Battle of Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(1805)" title="Battle of Verona (1805)">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caldiero_(1805)" title="Battle of Caldiero (1805)">Caldiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ortegal" title="Battle of Cape Ortegal">Cape Ortegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amstetten" title="Battle of Amstetten">Amstetten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_D%C3%BCrenstein" title="Battle of Dürenstein">Dürenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Battle of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1806</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1806)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1806)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Tenese" title="Battle of Campo Tenese">Campo Tenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maida" title="Battle of Maida">Maida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schleiz" title="Battle of Schleiz">Schleiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saalfeld" title="Battle of Saalfeld">Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Jena–Auerstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Erfurt" title="Capitulation of Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halle" title="Battle of Halle">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Magdeburg_(1806)" title="Siege of Magdeburg (1806)">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prenzlau" title="Battle of Prenzlau">Prenzlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Pasewalk" title="Capitulation of Pasewalk">Pasewalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Stettin" title="Capitulation of Stettin">Stettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waren-Nossentin" title="Battle of Waren-Nossentin">Waren-Nossentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Battle of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1806)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1806)">Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hamelin" title="Siege of Hamelin">Hamelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Czarnowo" title="Battle of Czarnowo">Czarnowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Golymin" title="Battle of Golymin">Golymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pu%C5%82tusk_(1806)" title="Battle of Pułtusk (1806)">Pułtusk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1807</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mohrungen" title="Battle of Mohrungen">Mohrungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Eylau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka_(1807)" title="Battle of Ostrołęka (1807)">Ostrołęka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(1807)" title="Siege of Kolberg (1807)">Kolberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1807)" title="Siege of Danzig (1807)">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sortie_of_Stralsund" title="Great Sortie of Stralsund">Stralsund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mileto" title="Battle of Mileto">Mileto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guttstadt-Deppen" title="Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen">Guttstadt-Deppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heilsberg" title="Battle of Heilsberg">Heilsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Friedland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1807)" title="Siege of Stralsund (1807)">Stralsund II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Portugal_(1807)" title="Invasion of Portugal (1807)">Invasion of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1808</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dos_de_Mayo_Uprising" title="Dos de Mayo Uprising">Dos de Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_El_Bruch" title="Battles of El Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Rosily_Squadron" title="Capture of the Rosily Squadron">Rosily Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Cabezón">Cabezón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1808)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1808)">1st Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valencia_(1808)" title="Battle of Valencia (1808)">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medina_de_Rioseco" title="Battle of Medina de Rioseco">Medina de Rioseco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roli%C3%A7a" title="Battle of Roliça">Roliça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro" title="Battle of Vimeiro">Vimeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zornoza" title="Battle of Zornoza">Zornoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmaseda" title="Battle of Valmaseda">Valmaseda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Espinosa_de_los_Monteros" title="Battle of Espinosa de los Monteros">Espinosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tudela" title="Battle of Tudela">Tudela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1809)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1809)">2nd Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Battle of Sahagún">Sahagún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benavente" title="Battle of Benavente">Benavente</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1809</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castell%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Castellón">Castellón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ucl%C3%A9s_(1809)" title="Battle of Uclés (1809)">Uclés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corunna" title="Battle of Corunna">Corunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valls" title="Battle of Valls">Valls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_Rebellion" title="Tyrolean Rebellion">Tyrolean Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villafranca_(1809)" title="Battle of Villafranca (1809)">Villafranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Y%C3%A9benes" title="Battle of Los Yébenes">Yevenes/Yébenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ciudad_Real" title="Battle of Ciudad Real">Ciudad Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Porto" title="First Battle of Porto">1st Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medell%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Medellín">Medellín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Bergisel" title="Battles of Bergisel">Bergisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sacile" title="Battle of Sacile">Sacile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teugen-Hausen" title="Battle of Teugen-Hausen">Teugen-Hausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raszyn_(1809)" title="Battle of Raszyn (1809)">Raszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abensberg" title="Battle of Abensberg">Abensberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landshut_(1809)" title="Battle of Landshut (1809)">Landshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl" title="Battle of Eckmühl">Eckmühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ratisbon" title="Battle of Ratisbon">Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neumarkt-Sankt_Veit" title="Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit">Neumarkt-Sankt Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Campaign_(1809)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalmatian Campaign (1809)">Dalmatian Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ebelsberg" title="Battle of Ebelsberg">Ebelsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_siege_of_Girona" title="Third siege of Girona">Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piave_River_(1809)" title="Battle of Piave River (1809)">Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grij%C3%B3" title="Battle of Grijó">Grijó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Porto" title="Second Battle of Porto">2nd Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%B6rgl" title="Battle of Wörgl">Wörgl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarvis_(1809)" title="Battle of Tarvis (1809)">Tarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Aspern-Essling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alca%C3%B1iz" title="Battle of Alcañiz">Alcañiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sankt_Michael" title="Battle of Sankt Michael">Sankt Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stralsund_(1809)" title="Battle of Stralsund (1809)">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raab_(1809)" title="Battle of Raab (1809)">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Battle of María">María</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Graz" title="Battle of Graz">Graz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Korneuburg" title="Combat of Korneuburg">Korneuburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Stockerau" title="Combat of Stockerau">Stockerau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gefrees" title="Battle of Gefrees">Gefrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hollabrunn_(1809)" title="Battle of Hollabrunn (1809)">Hollabrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Combat of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Znaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice of Znaim">Armistice of Znaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera" title="Battle of Talavera">Talavera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">Walcheren Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%96lper_(1809)" title="Battle of Ölper (1809)">Ölper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almonacid" title="Battle of Almonacid">Almonacid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tamames" title="Battle of Tamames">Tamames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oca%C3%B1a" title="Battle of Ocaña">Ocaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alba_de_Tormes" title="Battle of Alba de Tormes">Alba de Tormes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1810</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Siege of Cádiz">Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Astorga" title="Siege of Astorga">Astorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1810)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1810)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Barquilla_(1810)" title="Combat of Barquilla (1810)">Barquilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_the_C%C3%B4a" title="Combat of the Côa">Côa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almeida_(1810)" title="Siege of Almeida (1810)">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bussaco" title="Battle of Bussaco">Bussaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1811</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gebora" title="Battle of the Gebora">Gebora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barrosa" title="Battle of Barrosa">Barrosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pombal" title="Battle of Pombal">Pombal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Redinha" title="Battle of Redinha">Redinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casal_Novo" title="Battle of Casal Novo">Casal Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Maior" title="Battle of Campo Maior">Campo Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabugal" title="Battle of Sabugal">Sabugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Almeida" title="Blockade of Almeida">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro" title="Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro">Fuentes de Oñoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1811)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1811)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albuera" title="Battle of Albuera">Albuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Usagre" title="Battle of Usagre">Usagre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saguntum" title="Battle of Saguntum">Saguntum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arroyo_dos_Molinos" title="Battle of Arroyo dos Molinos">Arroyo dos Molinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Valencia_(1812)" title="Siege of Valencia (1812)">Valencia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1812</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1812)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_(1812)" title="Siege of Badajoz (1812)">Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villagarcia" title="Battle of Villagarcia">Villagarcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almaraz" title="Battle of Almaraz">Almaraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguilla" title="Battle of Maguilla">Maguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mir_(1812)" title="Battle of Mir (1812)">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ekau" title="Battle of Ekau">Ekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca" title="Battle of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garc%C3%ADa_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Battle of García Hernández">García Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saltanovka" title="Battle of Saltanovka">Saltanovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrovno" title="Battle of Ostrovno">Ostrovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitebsk_(1812)" title="Battle of Vitebsk (1812)">Vitebsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kobrin" title="Battle of Kobrin">Kobryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klyastitsy" title="Battle of Klyastitsy">Klyastitsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majadahonda" title="Battle of Majadahonda">Majadahonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorodechno" title="Battle of Gorodechno">Gorodechno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="First Battle of Polotsk">1st Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valutino" title="Battle of Valutino">Valutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mesoten" title="Battle of Mesoten">Mesoten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Borodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Burgos" title="Siege of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarutino" title="Battle of Tarutino">Tarutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="Second Battle of Polotsk">2nd Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Venta_del_Pozo" title="Battle of Venta del Pozo">Venta del Pozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets">Maloyaroslavets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chashniki" title="Battle of Chashniki">Chashniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vyazma" title="Battle of Vyazma">Vyazma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smoliani" title="Battle of Smoliani">Smoliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="Battle of Krasnoi">Krasnoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">Berezina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1813</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castalla" title="Battle of Castalla">Castalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Lützen (1813)">Lützen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Bautzen (1813)">Bautzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1813)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1813)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luckau" title="Battle of Luckau">Luckau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="Siege of San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Battle of the Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorauren" title="Battle of Sorauren">Sorauren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gro%C3%9Fbeeren" title="Battle of Großbeeren">Großbeeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Katzbach" title="Battle of the Katzbach">Katzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden" title="Battle of Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulm" title="Battle of Kulm">1st Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marcial" title="Battle of San Marcial">San Marcial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dennewitz" title="Battle of Dennewitz">Dennewitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kulm" title="Second Battle of Kulm">2nd Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_G%C3%B6hrde" title="Battle of the Göhrde">Göhrde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Ro%C3%9Flau" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat of Roßlau">Roßlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wartenburg" title="Battle of Wartenburg">Wartenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bidassoa" title="Battle of the Bidassoa">Bidassoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanau" title="Battle of Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nivelle" title="Battle of Nivelle">Nivelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bornh%C3%B6ved_(1813)" title="Battle of Bornhöved (1813)">Bornhöved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sehested" title="Battle of Sehested">Sehested</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1814</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brienne" title="Battle of Brienne">Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rothi%C3%A8re" title="Battle of La Rothière">La Rothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mincio_River_(1814)" title="Battle of the Mincio River (1814)">Mincio River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Champaubert" title="Battle of Champaubert">Champaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montmirail" title="Battle of Montmirail">Montmirail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry_(1814)" title="Battle of Château-Thierry (1814)">Château-Thierry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vauchamps" title="Battle of Vauchamps">Vauchamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garris" title="Battle of Garris">Garris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mormant" title="Battle of Mormant">Mormant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montereau" title="Battle of Montereau">Montereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orthez" title="Battle of Orthez">Orthez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bar-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Bar-sur-Aube">Bar-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laon" title="Battle of Laon">Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reims_(1814)" title="Battle of Reims (1814)">Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craonne" title="Battle of Craonne">Craonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube">Arcis-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%A8re-Champenoise" title="Battle of Fère-Champenoise">Fère-Champenoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Dizier" title="Battle of Saint-Dizier">Saint-Dizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(1814)" title="Battle of Toulouse (1814)">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayonne" title="Battle of Bayonne">Bayonne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1815</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Panaro" title="Battle of the Panaro">Panaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Occhiobello" title="Battle of Occhiobello">Occhiobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carpi_(1815)" title="Battle of Carpi (1815)">Carpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casaglia" title="Battle of Casaglia">Casaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ronco" title="Battle of Ronco">Ronco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cesenatico" title="Battle of Cesenatico">Cesenatico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pesaro" title="Battle of Pesaro">Pesaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Scapezzano" title="Battle of Scapezzano">Scapezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tolentino" title="Battle of Tolentino">Tolentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ancona" title="Siege of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castel_di_Sangro" title="Battle of Castel di Sangro">Castel di Sangro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Germano" title="Battle of San Germano">San Germano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1815)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1815)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Quatre Bras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Ligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Wavre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocheserviere" title="Battle of Rocheserviere">Rocheserviere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Suffel" title="Battle of La Suffel">La Suffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocquencourt" title="Battle of Rocquencourt">Rocquencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issy" title="Battle of Issy">Issy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Info</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French and ally military and political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Victor-Perrin,_Duc_de_Belluno" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno">Marshal Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Charles_Villeneuve" title="Pierre-Charles Villeneuve">Pierre-Charles Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Prince Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Prince Eugène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Frederick VI of Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Coalition military and political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">Rowland Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Moore (British Army officer)">John Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Thomas Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lape%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Lapeña">Manuel Lapeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Prince von Schwarzenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levin_August_von_Bennigsen" title="Levin August von Bennigsen">Count Bennigsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wittgenstein" title="Peter Wittgenstein">Peter Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard von Blücher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Prince of Hohenlohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Ricardo_de_%C3%81lava" title="Miguel Ricardo de Álava">Miguel de Álava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">Prince Regent John of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Pereira_Forjaz,_Count_of_Feira" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Pereira Forjaz, Count of Feira">Count of Feira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William, Prince of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Prince Charles John of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Anglo-Spanish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Swedish_War_(1810%E2%80%931812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812)">Anglo-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_War_(1807%E2%80%931809)" title="Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)">Anglo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Wars_(Scandinavia)" title="English Wars (Scandinavia)">Anglo-Danish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_War" title="Gunboat War">Gunboat War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_of_1808%E2%80%931809" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809">Dano-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Swedish_War" title="Franco-Swedish War">Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)">Swedish–Norwegian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Campo Formio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Lunéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Artlenburg" title="Convention of Artlenburg">Artlenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Pressburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Finckenstein" title="Treaty of Finckenstein">Finckenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Tilsit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Cintra" title="Convention of Cintra">Cintra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" title="Treaty of Schönbrunn">Schönbrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1810)" title="Treaty of Paris (1810)">Paris (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(24_February_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (24 February 1812)">Paris (February 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(14_March_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (14 March 1812)">Paris (March 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Paris (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tauroggen" title="Convention of Tauroggen">Tauroggen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ried" title="Treaty of Ried">Ried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont" title="Treaty of Chaumont">Chaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Mantua" title="Convention of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Casalanza" title="Treaty of Casalanza">Casalanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Fontainebleau (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Paris (1815)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="List of books about the Napoleonic Wars">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars_casualties" title="Napoleonic Wars casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Erfurt" title="Congress of Erfurt">Congress of Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Dresden_(1812)" title="Conference of Dresden (1812)">Conference of Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_expects_that_every_man_will_do_his_duty" title="England expects that every man will do his duty">England expects that every man will do his duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Napoleonic_Wars_films" title="List of Napoleonic Wars films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_La_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Uniforms of La Grande Armée">Uniforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_House" title="Longwood House">Longwood House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_military_forces_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Types of military forces in the Napoleonic Wars">Types of military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hundred_Days" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Waterloo_Campaign" title="Template:Waterloo Campaign"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Waterloo_Campaign" title="Template talk:Waterloo Campaign"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Waterloo_Campaign" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Waterloo Campaign"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hundred_Days" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Waterloo Campaign – Main battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Battle of Ligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Battle of Quatre Bras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Battle of Wavre</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleonic_Eagle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Napoleonic_Eagle.svg/70px-Napoleonic_Eagle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Napoleonic_Eagle.svg/105px-Napoleonic_Eagle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Napoleonic_Eagle.svg/140px-Napoleonic_Eagle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="548" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocheserviere" title="Battle of Rocheserviere">Battle of Rocheserviere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Suffel" title="Battle of La Suffel">Battle of La Suffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocquencourt" title="Battle of Rocquencourt">Battle of Rocquencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issy" title="Battle of Issy">Battle of Issy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Timeline of the Napoleonic era">Timeline of the Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_campaigns_of_1815" title="Minor campaigns of 1815">Minor Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_mobilisation_during_the_Hundred_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Military mobilisation during the Hundred Days">Military mobilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Waterloo_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Waterloo Campaign">Order of battle of the Waterloo Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_War" title="Neapolitan War">Neapolitan War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q78994#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q78994#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q78994#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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