CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Portuguese Empire - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8ca5f717-3ac5-456e-b788-840941991d74","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Portuguese_Empire","wgTitle":"Portuguese Empire","wgCurRevisionId":1258986085,"wgRevisionId":1258986085,"wgArticleId":230578,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Harv and Sfn no-target errors","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from August 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)","CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use shortened footnotes from April 2023", "Articles containing Portuguese-language text","Pages with European Portuguese IPA","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019","CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)","Commons category link from Wikidata","Christian states","Portuguese Empire","Former empires","Kingdom of Portugal","History of European colonialism","Portuguese colonisation in Africa","Portuguese colonisation in Asia","Portuguese colonization of the Americas","Overseas empires","Portuguese Renaissance","Early modern history of Portugal","Modern history of Portugal","1415 establishments in Portugal","1999 disestablishments in Portugal","1415 establishments in the Portuguese Empire","1999 disestablishments in the Portuguese Empire","States and territories established in 1415","States and territories disestablished in 1999","1415 establishments in Europe","1999 disestablishments in Europe","2nd millennium in Portugal","Historical transcontinental empires"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Portuguese_Empire","wgRelevantArticleId":230578,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false, "wgWikibaseItemId":"Q200464","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media", "ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png/1200px-PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="632"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png/800px-PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="421"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png/640px-PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="337"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Portuguese Empire - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Portuguese_Empire rootpage-Portuguese_Empire skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Portuguese+Empire" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Portuguese+Empire" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Portuguese+Empire" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Portuguese+Empire" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_colonisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_colonisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History and colonisation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_colonisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History and colonisation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_colonisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background_(1139–1415)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_(1139–1415)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background (1139–1415)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_(1139–1415)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_empire_(1415–1663)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_empire_(1415–1663)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>First empire (1415–1663)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_empire_(1415–1663)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_African_coastline_excursions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_African_coastline_excursions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Initial African coastline excursions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_African_coastline_excursions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Tordesillas_(1494)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Tordesillas_(1494)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Tordesillas_(1494)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Portuguese_enter_the_Indian_Ocean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Portuguese_enter_the_Indian_Ocean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>The Portuguese enter the Indian Ocean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Portuguese_enter_the_Indian_Ocean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_with_Maritime_Asia,_Africa_and_the_Indian_Ocean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_with_Maritime_Asia,_Africa_and_the_Indian_Ocean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Trade with Maritime Asia, Africa and the Indian Ocean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_with_Maritime_Asia,_Africa_and_the_Indian_Ocean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Goa,_Malacca_and_Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goa,_Malacca_and_Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4.1</span> <span>Goa, Malacca and Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goa,_Malacca_and_Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China_and_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China_and_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4.2</span> <span>China and Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China_and_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spice_Islands_(Moluccas)_and_Treaty_of_Zaragoza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spice_Islands_(Moluccas)_and_Treaty_of_Zaragoza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4.3</span> <span>Spice Islands (Moluccas) and Treaty of Zaragoza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spice_Islands_(Moluccas)_and_Treaty_of_Zaragoza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia,_Persian_Gulf_and_Red_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia,_Persian_Gulf_and_Red_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4.4</span> <span>South Asia, Persian Gulf and Red Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia,_Persian_Gulf_and_Red_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-Saharan_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-Saharan_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4.5</span> <span>Sub-Saharan Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-Saharan_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missionary_expeditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missionary_expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4.6</span> <span>Missionary expeditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missionary_expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonization_efforts_in_the_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonization_efforts_in_the_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Colonization efforts in the Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonization_efforts_in_the_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5.2</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iberian_Union,_Protestant_rivalry,_and_colonial_stasis_(1580–1663)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iberian_Union,_Protestant_rivalry,_and_colonial_stasis_(1580–1663)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>Iberian Union, Protestant rivalry, and colonial stasis (1580–1663)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iberian_Union,_Protestant_rivalry,_and_colonial_stasis_(1580–1663)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_empire_(1663–1822)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_empire_(1663–1822)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Second empire (1663–1822)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_empire_(1663–1822)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minas_Gerais_and_the_gold_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minas_Gerais_and_the_gold_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Minas Gerais and the gold industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minas_Gerais_and_the_gold_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pombaline_and_post-Pombaline_Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pombaline_and_post-Pombaline_Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Pombaline and post-Pombaline Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pombaline_and_post-Pombaline_Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazilian_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazilian_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Brazilian Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazilian_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_empire_(1822–1999)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_empire_(1822–1999)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Third empire (1822–1999)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_empire_(1822–1999)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_Ultimatum_and_end_of_Portuguese_monarchy_(1890–1910)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Ultimatum_and_end_of_Portuguese_monarchy_(1890–1910)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>British Ultimatum and end of Portuguese monarchy (1890–1910)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Ultimatum_and_end_of_Portuguese_monarchy_(1890–1910)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decolonization_(1954–1999)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decolonization_(1954–1999)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Decolonization (1954–1999)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decolonization_(1954–1999)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Portuguese Empire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugese_Ryk" title="Portugese Ryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Portugese Ryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإمبراطورية البرتغالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإمبراطورية البرتغالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_Portugu%C3%A9s" title="Imperiu Portugués – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu Portugués" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuqaliya_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Portuqaliya imperiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Portuqaliya imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="پورتوقال ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پورتوقال ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="পর্তুগিজ সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পর্তুগিজ সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%96" title="Калоніі Партугаліі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калоніі Партугаліі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Португалска империя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Португалска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_trevadennel_Portugal" title="Impalaeriezh trevadennel Portugal – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh trevadennel Portugal" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Portugu%C3%A8s" title="Imperi Portuguès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Portuguès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalsk%C3%A1_koloni%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Portugalská koloniální říše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Portugalská koloniální říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_portugisiske_koloniimperium" title="Det portugisiske koloniimperium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det portugisiske koloniimperium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugiesische_Kolonialgeschichte" title="Portugiesische Kolonialgeschichte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portugiesische Kolonialgeschichte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugali_koloniaalimpeerium" title="Portugali koloniaalimpeerium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Portugali koloniaalimpeerium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αυτοκρατορία της Πορτογαλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκρατορία της Πορτογαλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_portugu%C3%A9s" title="Imperio portugués – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio portugués" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugala_kolonia_imperio" title="Portugala kolonia imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Portugala kolonia imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugaldar_Inperioa" title="Portugaldar Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Portugaldar Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="امپراتوری پرتغال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری پرتغال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_colonial_portugais" title="Empire colonial portugais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire colonial portugais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Portugu%C3%A9s" title="Imperio Portugués – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Portugués" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%88%AC%EA%B0%88_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="포르투갈 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포르투갈 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daular_Portuguese" title="Daular Portuguese – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Daular Portuguese" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պորտուգալական կայսրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պորտուգալական կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="पुर्तगाली साम्राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुर्तगाली साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalsko_kolonijalno_carstvo" title="Portugalsko kolonijalno carstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Portugalsko kolonijalno carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Portugal" title="Imperium Portugal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Imperium Portugal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%BAgalska_heimsveldi%C3%B0" title="Portúgalska heimsveldið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Portúgalska heimsveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_portoghese" title="Impero portoghese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero portoghese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%92%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה הפורטוגזית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה הפורטוגזית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anpi_kolonyal_p%C3%B2tig%C3%A8" title="Anpi kolonyal pòtigè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anpi kolonyal pòtigè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Portugallense" title="Imperium Portugallense – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Portugallense" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portug%C4%81les_koloni%C4%81l%C4%81_imp%C4%93rija" title="Portugāles koloniālā impērija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Portugāles koloniālā impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalijos_kolonijin%C4%97_imperija" title="Portugalijos kolonijinė imperija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Portugalijos kolonijinė imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portug%C3%A1l_Birodalom" title="Portugál Birodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Portugál Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Португалско Царство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Португалско Царство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="पोर्तुगीज साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोर्तुगीज साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="პორტუგალიაშ კოლონიეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პორტუგალიაშ კოლონიეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Portugal" title="Empayar Portugal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Portugal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp%C3%A9rio_Pertu%C3%A9s" title="Ampério Pertués – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ampério Pertués" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%82%E1%80%AE_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="ပေါ်တူဂီ အင်ပါယာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပေါ်တူဂီ အင်ပါယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugese_Rijk" title="Portugese Rijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Portugese Rijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="ポルトガル海上帝国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポルトガル海上帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_portugisiske_imperiet" title="Det portugisiske imperiet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det portugisiske imperiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_portugisiske_imperiet" title="Det portugisiske imperiet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det portugisiske imperiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Portugu%C3%A9s" title="Empèri Portugués – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri Portugués" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugaliya_imperiyasi" title="Portugaliya imperiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Portugaliya imperiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="پرتگیزی سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرتگیزی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_portugalskie" title="Imperium portugalskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Imperium portugalskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Portugu%C3%AAs" title="Império Português – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Português" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugaliya_Imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Portugaliya Imperiyası – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Portugaliya Imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_colonial_portughez" title="Imperiul colonial portughez – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul colonial portughez" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Колонии Португалии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колонии Португалии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A8riu_portughesu" title="Impèriu portughesu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Impèriu portughesu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Portuguese Empire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_Portugeze" title="Perandoria Portugeze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria Portugeze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="පෘතුගීසි අධිරාජ්‍යය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෘතුගීසි අධිරාජ්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Portuguese Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalsk%C3%A1_r%C3%AD%C5%A1a" title="Portugalská ríša – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Portugalská ríša" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalski_imperij" title="Portugalski imperij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Portugalski imperij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimintooyada_Burtugaal" title="Rimintooyada Burtugaal – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Rimintooyada Burtugaal" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DA%95%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ئیمپڕاتۆریەتی پورتوگالی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپڕاتۆریەتی پورتوگالی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalsko_carstvo" title="Portugalsko carstvo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Portugalsko carstvo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalsko_kolonijalno_carstvo" title="Portugalsko kolonijalno carstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Portugalsko kolonijalno carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalin_siirtomaat" title="Portugalin siirtomaat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Portugalin siirtomaat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugisiska_imperiet" title="Portugisiska imperiet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Portugisiska imperiet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="போர்த்துகல் பேரரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போர்த்துகல் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA" title="จักรวรรดิโปรตุเกส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิโปรตุเกส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portekiz_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Portekiz İmparatorluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Portekiz İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Португальська імперія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Португальська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="پرتگیزی سلطنت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پرتگیزی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%87%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="پورتۇگالىيە ئىمپېرىيىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پورتۇگالىيە ئىمپېرىيىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_B%E1%BB%93_%C4%90%C3%A0o_Nha" title="Đế quốc Bồ Đào Nha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Bồ Đào Nha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="葡萄牙帝国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="葡萄牙帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mfumo_wa_Maputukezi" title="Mfumo wa Maputukezi – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Mfumo wa Maputukezi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="葡萄牙帝國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="葡萄牙帝國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="葡萄牙帝國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="葡萄牙帝國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q200464#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Portuguese_Empire" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portuguese_Empire" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Portuguese_Empire" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&oldid=1258986085" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Portuguese_Empire&id=1258986085&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPortuguese_Empire"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPortuguese_Empire"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Portuguese_Empire&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Portugu%C3%AAs" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q200464" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Colonial empire between 1415–1999</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Portuguese Empire</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Império Português</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1415–1999</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Portuguese Empire"><img alt="Portuguese coat of arms (1481–present)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg/85px-Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg/128px-Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg/170px-Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="580" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Portuguese Empire"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Areas of the world that were once part of the Portuguese Empire"><img alt="Areas of the world that were once part of the Portuguese Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png/250px-PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png/375px-PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png/500px-PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png 2x" data-file-width="6460" data-file-height="3403" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Areas of the world that were once part of the Portuguese Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> (1415–1808; 1821–1999)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> (1808–1821)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Portugal" title="Catholic Church in Portugal">Roman Catholicism</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a> (1415–1910)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a> (1910–1999)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Monarchs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1415–1433 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Portugal" title="John I of Portugal">John I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1908–1910 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Portugal" title="Manuel II of Portugal">Manuel II</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Portugal">Presidents</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1911–1915 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Arriaga" title="Manuel de Arriaga">Manuel de Arriaga</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1996–1999 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Sampaio" title="Jorge Sampaio">Jorge Sampaio</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Portugal" title="List of prime ministers of Portugal">Prime Ministers</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1834–1835 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Sousa_Holstein,_1st_Duke_of_Palmela" title="Pedro de Sousa Holstein, 1st Duke of Palmela">Pedro de Sousa Holstein</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1995–1999 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Ceuta">Conquest of Ceuta</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1415</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discovery_of_the_sea_route_to_India" title="Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India">Sea route to India</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1498</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1500</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1580–1640</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch-Portuguese War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1588–1654</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1640–1668</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mazagan_(1769)" title="Siege of Mazagan (1769)">End of Moroccan territories</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1769</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence of Brazil</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1822</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Goa">Loss of Indian provinces</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1961</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1961–1974</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1974–1975</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Macau">Handover of Macau</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1999</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Junta" title="National Salvation Junta">Portuguese Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Portugal" title="Category:History of Portugal">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">History of <span class="fn org label">Portugal</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg/80px-Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg/120px-Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg/160px-Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="580" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Portugal" title="Ancient Portugal">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Hispania">Roman conquest of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hispania" title="Romanization of Hispania">Romanization of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Suebic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Portugal in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Umayyad conquest of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharb_Al-Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gharb Al-Andalus">Gharb Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Reconquista" title="Portugal in the Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_House_of_Burgundy" title="Portuguese House of Burgundy">Portuguese House of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1383%E2%80%931385_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1383–1385 Crisis">1383–1385 Crisis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#Naval_exploration_and_Portuguese_Empire_(15th–16th_centuries)" title="History of Portugal">Age of Discovery</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931578)" title="History of Portugal (1415–1578)">Imperial expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">House of Aviz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Portuguese Renaissance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession" title="War of the Portuguese Succession">War of the Portuguese Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch-Portuguese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch-Portuguese War">Dutch-Portuguese War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1640%E2%80%931777)" title="History of Portugal (1640–1777)">Bragantine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">Great Lisbon earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)" title="History of Portugal (1777–1834)">Imperial decline, war, and revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_Court_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil">Transfer of Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834%E2%80%931910)" title="History of Portugal (1834–1910)">Constitutional Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">1910 Revolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#The_First_Republic_(1910–1926)" title="History of Portugal">First Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_North" title="Monarchy of the North">Monarchy of the North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portugal during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">1926 coup d'état</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#Estado_Novo_(1933–1974)" title="History of Portugal">Second Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ditadura_Nacional" title="Ditadura Nacional">Ditadura Nacional</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#The_Third_Republic_(1974–)" title="History of Portugal">Third Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Processo_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_Em_Curso" class="mw-redirect" title="Processo Revolucionário Em Curso">Processo Revolucionário Em Curso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_transition_to_democracy" title="Portuguese transition to democracy">Transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Portuguese_Republic" title="Third Portuguese Republic">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932014_Portuguese_financial_crisis" title="2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis">Financial crisis</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010–2014)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2020–2022)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Topic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Category:Archives_in_Portugal" title="Category:Archives in Portugal">Archives</a> - <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economy</a> - <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese" title="History of Portuguese">Language</a> - <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Portugal" title="LGBT history in Portugal">LGBT</a> - <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Judaism</a> - <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Portugal" title="Military history of Portugal">Military</a> - <a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal" title="Music history of Portugal">Music</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Regions_of_Portugal" title="Autonomous Regions of Portugal">Regions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Azores" title="History of the Azores">Azorean history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeiran history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Portuguese_history" title="Timeline of Portuguese history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; border-bottom:1px solid #ccc"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/24px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/32px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Portugal" title="Portal:Portugal">Portugal portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Portugal" title="Template:History of Portugal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Portugal" title="Template talk:History of Portugal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Portugal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Portugal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Portuguese_colonial_campaigns" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Portuguese_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:Campaignbox Portuguese colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Portuguese_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Portuguese colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Portuguese_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Portuguese colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portuguese_colonial_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Portuguese colonial campaigns</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>15th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Ceuta" title="Portuguese conquest of Ceuta">Morocco (1415)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ceuta_(1419)" title="Siege of Ceuta (1419)">Morocco (1419)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1437)" title="Battle of Tangier (1437)">Morocco (1437)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Portuguese conquest of Ksar es-Seghir">Morocco (1458)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tangier_(1463%E2%80%931464)" title="Siege of Tangier (1463–1464)">Morocco (1463–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfa_expedition_(1468)" title="Anfa expedition (1468)">Morocco (1468)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Asilah" title="Conquest of Asilah">Morocco (1471)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Tangier" title="Portuguese conquest of Tangier">Morocco (1471)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guinea" title="Battle of Guinea">Guinea (1478)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaouia_expedition" title="Chaouia expedition">Morocco (1487)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Graciosa_(1489)" title="Siege of Graciosa (1489)">Morocco (1489)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targa_expedition_(1490)" title="Targa expedition (1490)">Morocco (1490)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>16th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Luso-Malabarese_War" title="First Luso-Malabarese War">India (1500–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir_(1501)" title="Battle of Mers-el-Kébir (1501)">Algeria (1501)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pandarane" title="Battle of Pandarane">India (1504)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mombasa_(1505)" title="Battle of Mombasa (1505)">East Africa (1505)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Mamluk–Portuguese conflicts">Indian Ocean (1505–17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Anjadiva_(1506)" title="Siege of Anjadiva (1506)">India (1506)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannanore" title="Battle of Cannanore">India (1506)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barawa" title="Battle of Barawa">East Africa (1507)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cannanore_(1507)" title="Siege of Cannanore (1507)">India (1507)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Socotra" title="Battle of Socotra">Socotra (1507)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Muscat_(1507)" title="Capture of Muscat (1507)">Arabia (1507)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Hormuz" title="Portuguese conquest of Hormuz">Persian Gulf (1507–15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dabul" title="Battle of Dabul">India (1508)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diu" title="Battle of Diu">India (1509)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Goa" title="Portuguese conquest of Goa">India (1510)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" title="Capture of Malacca (1511)">Malaysia (1511)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Azemmour" title="Battle of Azemmour">Morocco (1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tednest" title="Battle of Tednest">Morocco (1514)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alcaides" title="Battle of the Alcaides">Morocco (1514)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_of_Marrakesh_(1515)" title="Raid of Marrakesh (1515)">Morocco (1515)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mamora_(1515)" title="Battle of Mamora (1515)">Morocco (1515)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_expedition_to_Doukkala_(1516)" title="Portuguese expedition to Doukkala (1516)">Morocco (1516)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zeila" title="Battle of Zeila">East Africa (1517)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Goa_(1517)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Goa (1517)">Goa (1517)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pago" title="Battle of Pago">Malaysia (1520)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts">Sri Lanka (1520–1658)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aceh_(1521)" title="Battle of Aceh (1521)">Sumatra (1521)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_Bahrain" title="Portuguese invasion of Bahrain">Bahrain (1521)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Bintan_(1521)" title="Attack on Bintan (1521)">Insulindia (1521)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tunmen" title="Battle of Tunmen">China (1521)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedir_expedition_(1522)" title="Pedir expedition (1522)">Sumatra (1522)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ash-Shihr_(1523)" title="Battle of Ash-Shihr (1523)">Arabia (1523)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muar_River" title="Battle of Muar River">Malaysia (1523)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_conquest_of_Pasai" title="Acehnese conquest of Pasai">Sumatra (1523–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lingga" title="Battle of Lingga">Insulindia (1525)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bintan" title="Siege of Bintan">Insulindia (1526)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calicut_(1526)" title="Siege of Calicut (1526)">India (1526)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Sunda_Kelapa" title="Conquest of Sunda Kelapa">Java (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aceh_(1528)" title="Battle of Aceh (1528)">Sumatra (1528)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mombasa_(1528)" title="Battle of Mombasa (1528)">East Africa (1528)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bahrain_(1529)" title="Siege of Bahrain (1529)">Persian Gulf (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternatean%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Ternatean–Portuguese conflicts">Moluccas (1530–1607)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1531)" title="Siege of Diu (1531)">India (1531)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Agadir_(1533)" title="Siege of Agadir (1533)">Morocco (1533)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reishahr" title="Battle of Reishahr">Persian Gulf (1534)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malacca_(1534)" title="Battle of Malacca (1534)">Malaysia (1534)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis (1535)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ugentana" title="Battle of Ugentana">Malaysia (1535)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ugentana_(1536)" title="Battle of Ugentana (1536)">Malaysia (1536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tidore" title="Battle of Tidore">Moluccas (1536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Brazil (1534–1536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beadala_(1538)" title="Battle of Beadala (1538)">India (1538)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1538)" title="Siege of Diu (1538)">India (1538)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)">Indian Ocean (1538–60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suakin_(1541)" title="Battle of Suakin (1541)">Red Sea (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Jeddah_(1541)" title="Attack on Jeddah (1541)">Red Sea (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Tor" title="Battle of El Tor">Red Sea (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suez_(1541)" title="Battle of Suez (1541)">Red Sea (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Massawa_(1541)" title="Battle of Massawa (1541)">Ethiopia (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_War" title="Ethiopian–Adal War">Ethiopia (1542)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benadir" title="Battle of Benadir">East Africa (1542)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ba%C3%A7ente" title="Battle of Baçente">Ethiopia (1542)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jarte" title="Battle of Jarte">Ethiopia (1542)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hill_of_the_Jews" title="Battle of the Hill of the Jews">Ethiopia (1542)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wofla" title="Battle of Wofla">Ethiopia (1542)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wayna_Daga" title="Battle of Wayna Daga">Ethiopia (1543)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Campar_(1543)" title="Siege of Campar (1543)">Malaysia (1543)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Jailolo" title="Attack on Jailolo">Insulindia (1545)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1546)" title="Siege of Diu (1546)">India (1546)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bharuch" title="Battle of Bharuch">India (1547)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perlis_River" title="Battle of Perlis River">Malaysia (1547)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Aden_(1548)" title="Capture of Aden (1548)">Arabia (1548)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Shihr_(1548)" title="Battle of al-Shihr (1548)">Arabia (1548)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jailolo_(1550)" title="Siege of Jailolo (1550)">Jailolo (1550)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qatif_(1551)" title="Siege of Qatif (1551)">Persian Gulf (1551)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1551)" title="Siege of Malacca (1551)">Malaysia (1551)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_campaign_against_Hormuz" title="Ottoman campaign against Hormuz">Arabia (1552–54)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Oman" title="Battle of the Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman (1554)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Thatta" title="Sack of Thatta">Pakistan (1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kotte_(1557%E2%80%931558)" title="Siege of Kotte (1557–1558)">Sri Lanka (1557–58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1558)" title="Battle of Rio de Janeiro (1558)">Brazil (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Daman" title="Portuguese conquest of Daman">India (1559)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom_(1560)" title="Portuguese invasion of the Jaffna kingdom (1560)">Jaffna (1560)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Moji" title="Siege of Moji">Japan (1561)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Coast_(1562)" title="Battle of Cape Coast (1562)">Gold Coast (1562)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mazagan_(1562)" title="Siege of Mazagan (1562)">Morocco (1562)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Morocco (1564)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fukuda_Bay" title="Battle of Fukuda Bay">Japan (1565)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1567)" title="Battle of Rio de Janeiro (1567)">Brazil (1567)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1568)" title="Siege of Malacca (1568)">Malacca (1568)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martim_Afonso_de_Sousa%27s_expedition_to_Brazil" title="Martim Afonso de Sousa's expedition to Brazil">Brazil (1569-73)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aceh_(1569)" title="Battle of Aceh (1569)">Sumatra (1569)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gambia_River_(1570)" title="Battle of the Gambia River (1570)">Gambia (1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Goa_(1570%E2%80%931571)" title="Siege of Goa (1570–1571)">Goa (1570–1571)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chaul_(1570%E2%80%931571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Chaul (1570–1571)">Chaul (1570–1571)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Honavar_(1571)" title="Siege of Honavar (1571)"> Honavar (1571)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mangalore_(1571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Mangalore (1571)"> Mangalore (1571)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chaliyam" title="Siege of Chaliyam">Chale (1571)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_the_Indies" title="War of the League of the Indies">India (1570–75)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1573)" title="Siege of Malacca (1573)">Malaysia (1573)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1574)" title="Siege of Malacca (1574)">Malaysia (1574)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1575)" title="Siege of Malacca (1575)">Malaysia (1575)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir" title="Battle of Alcácer Quibir">Morocco (1578)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Anzele" title="Siege of Anzele">Angola (1580)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daman_(1581)" title="Siege of Daman (1581)">India (1581)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Muscat_(1581)" title="Capture of Muscat (1581)">Arabia (1581)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talandongo" title="Battle of Talandongo">Angola (1583)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1586%E2%80%931589)" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1586–1589)">Indian Ocean (1586–89)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leitao_Coast" title="Battle of Leitao Coast">Persian Gulf (1586)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Johor_(1586)" title="Battle of Johor (1586)">Malaysia (1586)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Johor_(1587)" title="Siege of Johor (1587)">Malaysia (1587)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colombo_(1587%E2%80%931588)" title="Siege of Colombo (1587–1588)">Sri Lanka (1587–88)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mombasa_(1589)" title="Battle of Mombasa (1589)">Mombasa (1589)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portudal%E2%80%93Joal_Massacre" title="Portudal–Joal Massacre">Senegal (1589)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom_(1591)" title="Portuguese invasion of the Jaffna kingdom (1591)">Jaffna (1591)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kottakkal" title="Siege of Kottakkal">India (1599–1600)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>17th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bantam" title="Battle of Bantam">Java (1601)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceh_expedition_(1606)" title="Aceh expedition (1606)">Sumatra (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1606)" title="Siege of Malacca (1606)">Malaysia (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Rachado" title="Battle of Cape Rachado">Malaysia (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Seal_Ship_incident_(1609)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Seal Ship incident (1609)">China (1609)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Swally" title="Battle of Swally">India (1612)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Portuguese conquest of Maranhão">Brazil (1612–1615)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Cambar%C3%A3o" title="Capture of Cambarão">Persian Gulf (1614)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Formoso_River" title="Battle of Formoso River">Malaysia (1615)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_attack_on_the_Catherine_(1618)" title="Portuguese attack on the Catherine (1618)">Gambia (1618)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna (1619)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Crapp%C3%A9%27s_raids_on_Portuguese_colonies" title="Roland Crappé's raids on Portuguese colonies">Coromandel Coast (1619)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Qeshm" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Qeshm">Persian Gulf (1621–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Koneswaram_Temple" title="Conquest of Koneswaram Temple">Trincomalee (1622)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Hormuz" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Hormuz">Persian Gulf (1622)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Macau" title="Battle of Macau">China (1622)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mbumbi" title="Battle of Mbumbi">Angola (1622)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mbanda_Kasi" title="Battle of Mbanda Kasi">Angola (1623)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Bahia" title="Capture of Bahia">Brazil (1624)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filips_van_Zuylen%27s_campaign_agaisnt_Luanda" title="Filips van Zuylen's campaign agaisnt Luanda">Angola (1624)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_February_1625" title="Action of 1 February 1625">Persian Gulf (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Brazil (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elmina_(1625)" title="Battle of Elmina (1625)">Gold Coast (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Langat_River" title="Battle of Langat River">Malaysia (1628)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Duyon_River" title="Battle of Duyon River">Malacca (1629)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Flensborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinking of the Flensborg">Cape of Good Hope (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Recife_(1630)" title="Siege of Recife (1630)">Brazil (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jambi" title="Battle of Jambi">Jambi (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abrolhos" title="Battle of Abrolhos">Brazil (1631)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_al-Hasan#Portuguese_expedition_to_Mombasa_1632" title="Yusuf ibn al-Hasan">East Africa (1632)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hooghly" title="Siege of Hooghly">Bengal (1632)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Julfar" title="Capture of Julfar">Arabia (1633)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sohar" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Sohar">Arabia (1633–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mata_Redonda" title="Battle of Mata Redonda">Brazil (1636)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elmina_(1637)" title="Battle of Elmina (1637)">Gold Coast (1637)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goa_(1638)" title="Battle of Goa (1638)">India (1638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salvador_(1638)" title="Siege of Salvador (1638)">Brazil (1638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daman_(1638%E2%80%931639)" title="Siege of Daman (1638–1639)">India (1638–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_30_September_1639" title="Action of 30 September 1639">India (1639)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12%E2%80%9317_January_1640" title="Action of 12–17 January 1640">Brazil (1640)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazagan_Ambush_(1640)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazagan Ambush (1640)">Morocco (1640)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1641)" title="Siege of Malacca (1641)">Malaysia (1640–41)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Angola" title="Recapture of Angola">Angola (1641–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mboror%C3%A9" title="Battle of Mbororé">Brazil (1641)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Carical_Conflict" title="Dano-Carical Conflict">India (1644–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabocas" title="Battle of Tabocas">Brazil (1645)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casa_Forte" title="Battle of Casa Forte">Brazil (1645)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kombi" title="Battle of Kombi">Angola (1647)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="First Battle of Guararapes">Brazil (1648)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="Second Battle of Guararapes">Brazil (1649)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Muscat_(1650)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Muscat (1650)">Arabia (1650)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Recife_(1652%E2%80%931654)" title="Recapture of Recife (1652–1654)">Brazil (1652–54)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_23_March_1654" title="Action of 23 March 1654">1st Sri Lanka (1654)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_2_May_1654" title="Action of 2 May 1654">2nd Sri Lanka (1654)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mannar_(1658)" title="Battle of Mannar (1658)">Mannar (1658)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Malabar" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Malabar">Malabar (1658–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marg%C3%A3o_(1659)" title="Battle of Margão (1659)">Margão (1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mbwila" title="Battle of Mbwila">Angola (1665)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjuration_of_Our_Father" title="Conjuration of Our Father">Brazil (1666)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mbidizi_River" title="Battle of Mbidizi River">Angola (1670)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kitombo" title="Battle of Kitombo">Angola (1670)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pungo_Andongo" title="Battle of Pungo Andongo">Angola (1671)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Katole" title="Battle of Katole">Angola (1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Bassein_(1693)" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of Bassein (1693)">India (1693)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mombasa_(1696%E2%80%931698)" title="Siege of Mombasa (1696–1698)">East Africa (1696–98)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>18th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surat_(1704)" title="Battle of Surat (1704)">India (1704)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1710)" title="Battle of Rio de Janeiro (1710)">Brazil (1710)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Battle of Rio de Janeiro">Brazil (1711)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinda_Expedition" title="Cabinda Expedition">Angola (1723)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1729%E2%80%931732)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha–Portuguese War (1729–1732)">India (1729–32)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1735%E2%80%931737)" title="Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)">Banda Oriental (1735–37)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alorna" title="Siege of Alorna">India (1746)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tiracol" title="Siege of Tiracol">India (1746)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calicut_(1752)" title="Battle of Calicut (1752)">India (1752)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_War" title="Guaraní War">Brazil (1756)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_War" title="Fantastic War">Brazil (1762–63)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Cevallos_expedition" title="First Cevallos expedition">Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mazagan_(1769)" title="Siege of Mazagan (1769)">Morocco (1769)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese%E2%80%93Ovimbundu_War" title="Portuguese–Ovimbundu War">Angola (1774–1778)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1776%E2%80%931777)" title="Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)">Banda Oriental (1776–77)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>19th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_French_Guiana" title="Portuguese conquest of French Guiana">French Guiana (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth" title="Battle of the Tiger's Mouth">China (1809–10)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Banda_Oriental" title="Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental (1816–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_War_of_Independence" title="Brazilian War of Independence">Brazil (1821–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Faiti%C3%B5es" title="Revolt of the Faitiões">China (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal-Angoche_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugal-Angoche conflict">Mozambique (1847–1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passale%C3%A3o_incident" title="Passaleão incident">China (1849)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marracuene" title="Battle of Marracuene">Mozambique (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coolela" title="Battle of Coolela">Mozambique (1895)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>20th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailundo_revolt" title="Bailundo revolt">Angola (1902–04)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mufilo" title="Battle of Mufilo">Angola (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_rebellion_of_1911%E2%80%931912" title="East Timorese rebellion of 1911–1912">East Timor (1911–12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_campaign_in_Angola" title="German campaign in Angola">Angola (1914–15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolongongo_War" title="Kolongongo War"> Angola (1914–1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">Mozambique (1917–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barue_uprising" title="Barue uprising">Mozambique (1917-18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Timor (1942–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" title="Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli">India (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">India (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Africa (1961–74)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angola (1961–74)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau (1963–74)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambique (1964–74)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Portuguese Empire</b> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Império Português</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">European Portuguese:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-PT-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ĩˈpɛ.ɾju<span class="wrap"> </span>puɾ.tuˈɣeʃ]</a></span>), also known as the <b>Portuguese Overseas</b> (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Ultramar Português</i></span>) or the <b>Portuguese Colonial Empire</b> (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Império Colonial Português</i></span>), was composed of the overseas <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)#Portuguese_feitorias_(c._1445)" title="Factory (trading post)">factories</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Territory#Overseas_territory" title="Territory">overseas territories</a>, governed by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a>, and later the <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Republic of Portugal</a>. It was one of the longest-lived <a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">colonial empires</a> in European history, lasting 584 years from the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Ceuta">conquest of Ceuta</a> in North Africa in 1415 to the <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Macau">transfer of sovereignty over Macau</a> to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> in 1999. The empire began in the 15th century, and from the early 16th century it stretched across the globe, with bases in Africa, North America, South America, and various regions of Asia and <a href="#Spice_Islands_(Moluccas)_and_Treaty_of_Zaragoza">Oceania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PageSonnenburg481_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PageSonnenburg481-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brockeyxv_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brockeyxv-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JuangMorrissette894_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JuangMorrissette894-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese Empire originated at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, and the power and influence of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a> would eventually expand across the globe. In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_maritime_exploration" title="Portuguese maritime exploration">Portuguese sailors began exploring</a> the coast of Africa and the Atlantic archipelagos in 1418–1419, using recent developments in navigation, cartography, and maritime technology such as the <a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">caravel</a>, with the aim of finding a sea route to the source of the lucrative <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>. In 1488, <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a> rounded the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>, and in 1498 <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> reached India. In 1500, either by an accidental landfall or by the crown's secret design, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a> reached what would be <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. </p><p>Over the following decades, Portuguese sailors continued to explore the coasts and islands of East Asia, establishing <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_colonial_forts" title="List of Portuguese colonial forts">forts</a> and factories as they went. By 1571, a string of naval outposts connected Lisbon to <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> along the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. This commercial network and the colonial trade had a substantial positive impact on Portuguese economic growth (1500–1800) when it accounted for about a fifth of Portugal's per-capita income. </p><p>When King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> (Philip I of Portugal) <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession" title="War of the Portuguese Succession">seized the Portuguese crown</a> in 1580, there began a 60-year union between Spain and Portugal known to subsequent <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a>, although the realms continued to have separate administrations. As the King of Spain was also King of Portugal, Portuguese colonies became the subject of attacks by three rival European powers hostile to Spain: the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">England</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">France</a>. With its smaller population, Portugal found itself unable to effectively defend its overstretched network of trading posts, and the empire began a long and gradual decline. Eventually, Brazil became the most valuable colony of the second era of empire (1663–1825), until, as part of the wave of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_the_Americas" title="Decolonization of the Americas">independence movements</a> that swept the Americas during the early 19th century, it broke away in 1822. </p><p>The third era of empire covers the final stage of Portuguese colonialism after the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">independence of Brazil</a> in the 1820s. By then, the colonial possessions had been reduced to <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Africa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Portuguese Africa (disambiguation)">forts and plantations along the African coastline</a> (expanded inland during the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> in the late 19th century), <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">enclaves</a> in India (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a>) and China (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Portuguese Macau</a>). The <a href="/wiki/1890_British_Ultimatum" title="1890 British Ultimatum">1890 British Ultimatum</a> led to the contraction of <a href="/wiki/Pink_Map" title="Pink Map">Portuguese ambitions in Africa</a>. </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António Salazar</a> (in office 1932–1968), the <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)"><i>Estado Novo</i> dictatorship</a> made some ill-fated attempts to cling on to its last remaining colonies. Under the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Pluricontinentalism" title="Pluricontinentalism">pluricontinentalism</a>, the regime renamed its colonies "<a href="/wiki/Overseas_province" title="Overseas province">overseas provinces</a>" while retaining the <a href="/wiki/Chibalo" title="Chibalo">system of forced labour</a>, from which only a small <a href="/wiki/Assimilado" title="Assimilado">indigenous élite</a> was normally exempt. In August 1961, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Dahomey" title="Republic of Dahomey">Dahomey</a> annexed the <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud%C3%A1" title="Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá">Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá</a>, and in December that year <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">India annexed Goa, Daman, and Diu</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> in Africa lasted from 1961 until the final overthrow of the <i>Estado Novo</i> regime in 1974. The <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> of April 1974 in Lisbon led to the hasty <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">decolonization of Portuguese Africa</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">1975 annexation of Portuguese Timor</a> by Indonesia. Decolonization prompted the exodus of nearly all the <a href="/wiki/Processo_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_Em_Curso#The_retornados" class="mw-redirect" title="Processo Revolucionário Em Curso">Portuguese colonial settlers</a> and of many <a href="/wiki/Luso-Africans" title="Luso-Africans">mixed-race people</a> from the colonies. Portugal <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Macau">returned</a> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a> to China in 1999. The only overseas possessions to remain under Portuguese rule, the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Regions_of_Portugal" title="Autonomous Regions of Portugal">Azores and Madeira</a>, both had overwhelmingly Portuguese populations, and Lisbon subsequently changed their <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_the_Azores" title="Political status of the Azores">constitutional status</a> from "<a href="/wiki/Overseas_province" title="Overseas province">overseas provinces</a>" to "<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions">autonomous regions</a>". The <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Speaking_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries">Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries</a> (CPLP) is the cultural successor of the Empire, analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> for countries formerly part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_colonisation">History and colonisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and colonisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_(1139–1415)"><span id="Background_.281139.E2.80.931415.29"></span>Background (1139–1415)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background (1139–1415)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1139%E2%80%931415)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Portugal (1139–1415)">History of Portugal (1139–1415)</a></div> <p>The origin of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a> lay in the <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">reconquista</a></i>, the gradual reconquest of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Moors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DiffieWinius301_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius301-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After establishing itself as a separate kingdom in 1139, Portugal completed its reconquest of Moorish territory by reaching <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a> in 1249, but its independence continued to be threatened by neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a> until the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ayll%C3%B3n" title="Treaty of Ayllón">Treaty of Ayllón</a> in 1411.<sup id="cite_ref-Newitt2005p15-17_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newitt2005p15-17-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Free from threats to its existence and unchallenged by the wars fought by other European states, Portuguese attention turned overseas and towards a military expedition to the Muslim lands of North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Newitt19_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newitt19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were several probable motives for their first attack, on the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Dynasty">Marinid Sultanate</a> (in present-day Morocco). It offered the opportunity to continue the Christian <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">crusade</a> against Islam; to the military class, it promised glory on the battlefield and the spoils of war;<sup id="cite_ref-Boxer19_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boxer19-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and finally, it was also a chance to expand Portuguese trade and to address Portugal's economic decline.<sup id="cite_ref-Newitt19_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newitt19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Infante_D._Henrique_na_conquista_de_Ceuta,_s.XV.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Infante_D._Henrique_na_conquista_de_Ceuta%2C_s.XV.JPG/220px-Infante_D._Henrique_na_conquista_de_Ceuta%2C_s.XV.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Infante_D._Henrique_na_conquista_de_Ceuta%2C_s.XV.JPG/330px-Infante_D._Henrique_na_conquista_de_Ceuta%2C_s.XV.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Infante_D._Henrique_na_conquista_de_Ceuta%2C_s.XV.JPG/440px-Infante_D._Henrique_na_conquista_de_Ceuta%2C_s.XV.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2937" data-file-height="1926" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Ceuta">Conquest of Ceuta</a>, in 1415, was led by <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Navigator" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry the Navigator">Henry the Navigator</a> and initiated the Portuguese Empire.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1415 an attack was made on <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>, a strategically located North African Muslim enclave along the Mediterranean Sea, and one of the terminal ports of the trans-Saharan gold and slave trades. The <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Ceuta">conquest</a> was a military success, and marked one of the first steps in Portuguese expansion beyond the Iberian Peninsula,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it proved costly to defend against the Muslim forces that soon besieged it. The Portuguese were unable to use it as a base for further expansion into the hinterland,<sup id="cite_ref-Newitt21_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newitt21-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the trans-Saharan caravans merely shifted their routes to bypass Ceuta and/or used alternative Muslim ports.<sup id="cite_ref-DiffieWinius55_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius55-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_empire_(1415–1663)"><span id="First_empire_.281415.E2.80.931663.29"></span>First empire (1415–1663)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First empire (1415–1663)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931578)" title="History of Portugal (1415–1578)">History of Portugal (1415–1578)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese discoveries">Portuguese discoveries</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_enclaves_in_North_Africa_before_1830" title="European enclaves in North Africa before 1830">European enclaves in North Africa before 1830</a></div> <p>Although Ceuta proved to be a disappointment for the Portuguese, the decision was taken to hold it while exploring along the Atlantic African coast.<sup id="cite_ref-DiffieWinius55_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius55-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key supporter of this policy was <a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">Infante</a> <a href="/wiki/Dom_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom (title)">Dom</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Navigator" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry the Navigator">Henry the Navigator</a>, who had been involved in the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Ceuta">capture of Ceuta</a>, and who took the lead role in promoting and financing Portuguese maritime exploration until his death in 1460.<sup id="cite_ref-DiffieWinius56_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius56-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, Europeans did not know what lay beyond <a href="/wiki/Cape_Bojador" title="Cape Bojador">Cape Bojador</a> on the African coast. Henry wished to know how far the Muslim territories in Africa extended, and whether it was possible to reach Asia by sea, both to reach the source of the lucrative <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> and perhaps to join forces with the fabled Christian kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Prester_John" title="Prester John">Prester John</a> that was rumoured to exist somewhere in the "Indies".<sup id="cite_ref-Boxer19_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boxer19-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson50_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson50-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under his sponsorship, soon the Atlantic islands of <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> (1419) and <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> (1427) were reached and started to be settled, producing wheat for export to Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-Coates60_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coates60-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png/300px-Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png/450px-Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:green solid 2px;"> </span> Pêro da Covilhã and <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Paiva" title="Afonso de Paiva">Afonso de Paiva</a>'s common route to <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> in 1487–1488 (green)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:orange solid 2px;"> </span> Covilhã's travel 1489–†1490 (orange)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:blue solid 2px;"> </span> Covilhã's travel to <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> 1490–†1530? (blue)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:black solid 2px;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>'s travel 1497–1499 (black)</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>Soon its ships were bringing into the European market highly valued gold, ivory, pepper, cotton, sugar, and slaves. The slave trade, for example, was conducted by a few dozen merchants in Lisbon. In the process of expanding the trade routes, Portuguese navigators mapped unknown parts of Africa, and began exploring the Indian Ocean. In 1487, an overland expedition by <a href="/wiki/P%C3%AAro_da_Covilh%C3%A3" title="Pêro da Covilhã">Pêro da Covilhã</a> made its way to India, exploring trade opportunities with the Indians and Arabs, and winding up finally in Ethiopia. His detailed report was eagerly read in Lisbon, which became the best-informed center for global geography and trade routes.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initial_African_coastline_excursions">Initial African coastline excursions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Initial African coastline excursions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fears of what lay beyond <a href="/wiki/Cape_Bojador" title="Cape Bojador">Cape Bojador</a>, and whether it was possible to return once it was passed, were assuaged in 1434 when it was rounded by one of Infante Henry's captains, <a href="/wiki/Gil_Eanes" title="Gil Eanes">Gil Eanes</a>. Once this psychological barrier had been crossed, it became easier to probe further along the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-DiffieWinius68_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius68-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1443, <a href="/wiki/Infante_Pedro,_Duke_of_Coimbra" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Pedro, Duke of Coimbra">Infante Dom Pedro</a>, Henry's brother and by then regent of the Kingdom, granted him the monopoly of navigation, war and trade in the lands south of Cape Bojador. Later this monopoly would be enforced by the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bulls</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Dum_Diversas" title="Dum Diversas">Dum Diversas</a></i> (1452) and <i><a href="/wiki/Romanus_Pontifex" title="Romanus Pontifex">Romanus Pontifex</a></i> (1455), granting Portugal the trade monopoly for the newly discovered lands.<sup id="cite_ref-Daus33_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daus33-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major advance that accelerated this project was the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">caravel</a> in the mid-15th century, a ship that could be sailed closer to the wind than any other in operation in Europe at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Boxer29_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boxer29-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using this new maritime technology, Portuguese navigators reached ever more southerly <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a>, advancing at an average rate of one degree a year.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell-Wood1998p9_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-Wood1998p9-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verde Peninsula">Cape Verde Peninsula</a> were reached in 1445.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodriguez79_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodriguez79-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%A1zaro_Luis_1563.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/L%C3%A1zaro_Luis_1563.jpg/220px-L%C3%A1zaro_Luis_1563.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/L%C3%A1zaro_Luis_1563.jpg/330px-L%C3%A1zaro_Luis_1563.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/L%C3%A1zaro_Luis_1563.jpg/440px-L%C3%A1zaro_Luis_1563.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2519" data-file-height="3636" /></a><figcaption>Map of Western Africa by Lázaro Luis (1563). The large castle in West Africa represents the São Jorge da Mina (<a href="/wiki/Elmina_Castle" title="Elmina Castle">Elmina Castle</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Feitoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feitoria">feitoria</a> trade post overseas was established in 1445 on the island of <a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a>, off the coast of Mauritania, to attract Muslim traders and monopolize the business in the routes travelled in North Africa. In 1446, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Fernandes" title="Álvaro Fernandes">Álvaro Fernandes</a> pushed on almost as far as present-day <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a> was reached in the 1460s.<sup id="cite_ref-DiffieWinius469_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius469-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> Islands were discovered in 1456 and settled in 1462. </p><p>Expansion of <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> in Madeira started in 1455, using advisers from <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and (largely) <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a> capital to produce the "sweet salt" that was rare in Europe. Already cultivated in <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a>, the accessibility of Madeira attracted Genoese and Flemish traders keen to bypass Venetian monopolies. Slaves were used, and the proportion of imported slaves in Madeira reached 10% of the total population by the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1480 <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> had some seventy ships engaged in the Madeira sugar trade, with the refining and distribution concentrated in Antwerp. By the 1490s Madeira had overtaken Cyprus as a producer of sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-Ponting482_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ponting482-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of sugar merchants such as <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Marchionni" title="Bartolomeo Marchionni">Bartolomeo Marchionni</a> would propel the investment in future travels.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis84_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis84-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1469, after prince Henry's death and as a result of meagre returns of the African explorations, King <a href="/wiki/Afonso_V_of_Portugal" title="Afonso V of Portugal">Afonso V</a> granted the monopoly of trade in part of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a> to merchant <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Gomes" title="Fernão Gomes">Fernão Gomes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BethencourtCurto232_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BethencourtCurto232-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gomes, who had to explore 100 miles (160 km) of the coast each year for five years, discovered the islands of the Gulf of Guinea, including <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a>, and found a thriving <a href="/wiki/Alluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial">alluvial</a> gold trade among the natives and visiting Arab and Berber traders at the port then named <a href="/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina">Mina</a> (the mine), where he established a trading post.<sup id="cite_ref-White138_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White138-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade between Elmina and Portugal grew throughout a decade. During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Castilian_Succession" title="War of the Castilian Succession">War of the Castilian Succession</a>, a large <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castilian</a> fleet attempted to wrest control of this lucrative trade, but were decisively defeated in the 1478 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guinea" title="Battle of Guinea">Battle of Guinea</a>, which firmly established an exclusive Portuguese control. In 1481, the recently crowned <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">João II</a> decided to build <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jorge_da_Mina" class="mw-redirect" title="São Jorge da Mina">São Jorge da Mina</a> in order to ensure the protection of this trade, which was held again as a royal monopoly. The equator was crossed by navigators sponsored by Fernão Gomes in 1473 and the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a> by <a href="/wiki/Diogo_C%C3%A3o" title="Diogo Cão">Diogo Cão</a> in 1482. It was during this expedition that the Portuguese first encountered the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kingdom of Kongo</a>, with which it soon developed a rapport.<sup id="cite_ref-GannDuignan273_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GannDuignan273-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his 1485–86 expedition, Cão continued to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cross" title="Cape Cross">Cape Cross</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">Tropic of Capricorn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DiffieWinius156_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius156-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_Morocco.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Portuguese_Morocco.PNG/220px-Portuguese_Morocco.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Portuguese_Morocco.PNG/330px-Portuguese_Morocco.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Portuguese_Morocco.PNG/440px-Portuguese_Morocco.PNG 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Morocco–Portugal relations">Portuguese possessions in Morocco</a> (1415–1769)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1488, <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a> rounded the southern tip of Africa and reached <a href="/wiki/Great_Fish_River" title="Great Fish River">Great Fish River</a> on the coast of Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiffieWinius1977161_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiffieWinius1977161-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proving false the view that had existed since <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> that the Indian Ocean was <a href="/wiki/Land-locked" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-locked">land-locked</a>. Simultaneously <a href="/wiki/P%C3%AAro_da_Covilh%C3%A3" title="Pêro da Covilhã">Pêro da Covilhã</a>, traveling secretly overland, had reached <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, suggesting that a sea route to the Indies would soon be forthcoming.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson59_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson59-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Portuguese explored the coastlines of Africa, they left behind a series of <a href="/wiki/Padr%C3%A3o" title="Padrão">padrões</a>, stone crosses engraved with the Portuguese coat of arms marking their claims,<sup id="cite_ref-Newitt47_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newitt47-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and built forts and trading posts. From these bases, they engaged profitably in the slave and gold trades. Portugal enjoyed a virtual monopoly on the African seaborne slave trade for over a century, importing around 800 slaves annually. Most were brought to the Portuguese capital Lisbon, where it is estimated black Africans came to constitute 10 percent of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson55_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson55-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Treaty_of_Tordesillas_(1494)"><span id="Treaty_of_Tordesillas_.281494.29"></span>Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spain_and_Portugal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Spain_and_Portugal.png/220px-Spain_and_Portugal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Spain_and_Portugal.png/330px-Spain_and_Portugal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Spain_and_Portugal.png/440px-Spain_and_Portugal.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>The 1494 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a> meridian divided the world between the crowns <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">of Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">of Castile</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>'s 1492 discovery for Spain of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, which he believed to be Asia, led to disputes between the Spanish and the Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-McAlister73-75_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAlister73-75-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were eventually settled by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a> in 1494, which divided the world outside of Europe in an exclusive <a href="/wiki/Duopoly" title="Duopoly">duopoly</a> between the Portuguese and the Spanish along a north–south meridian 370 <a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">leagues</a>, or 970 miles (1,560 km), west of the Cape Verde islands.<sup id="cite_ref-BethencourtCurto165_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BethencourtCurto165-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as it was not possible at the time to correctly measure <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>, the exact boundary was disputed by the two countries until 1777.<sup id="cite_ref-DiffieWinius174_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius174-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The completion of these negotiations with Spain is one of several reasons proposed by historians for why it took nine years for the Portuguese to follow up on Dias's voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, though it has also been speculated that other voyages were in fact taking place in secret during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-DiffieWinius176_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius176-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boxer36_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boxer36-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether or not this was the case, the long-standing Portuguese goal of finding a sea route to Asia was finally achieved in a <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_sea_route_to_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the sea route to India">ground-breaking voyage</a> commanded by <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DiffieWinius176-185_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius176-185-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Portuguese_enter_the_Indian_Ocean">The Portuguese enter the Indian Ocean</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Portuguese enter the Indian Ocean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discovery_of_the_sea_route_to_India" title="Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India">Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India_Armadas" title="Portuguese India Armadas">Portuguese India Armadas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade#Portuguese_period" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade § Portuguese period</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_presence_in_Asia" title="Portuguese presence in Asia">Portuguese presence in Asia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_partida_de_Vasco_da_Gama_para_a_%C3%8Dndia_em_1497.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/A_partida_de_Vasco_da_Gama_para_a_%C3%8Dndia_em_1497.jpg/220px-A_partida_de_Vasco_da_Gama_para_a_%C3%8Dndia_em_1497.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/A_partida_de_Vasco_da_Gama_para_a_%C3%8Dndia_em_1497.jpg/330px-A_partida_de_Vasco_da_Gama_para_a_%C3%8Dndia_em_1497.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/A_partida_de_Vasco_da_Gama_para_a_%C3%8Dndia_em_1497.jpg/440px-A_partida_de_Vasco_da_Gama_para_a_%C3%8Dndia_em_1497.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>'s departure to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in 1497.</figcaption></figure> <p>The squadron of <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> left Portugal in 1497, rounded the Cape and continued along the coast of East Africa, where a local pilot was brought on board who guided them across the Indian Ocean, reaching <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a>, the capital of the kingdom ruled by <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorins</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>) in south-western India in May 1498.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second voyage to India was dispatched in 1500 under <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a>. While following the same south-westerly route as Gama across the Atlantic Ocean, Cabral made landfall on the Brazilian coast. This was probably an accidental discovery, but it has been speculated that the Portuguese secretly knew of Brazil's existence and that it lay on their side of the Tordesillas line.<sup id="cite_ref-McAlister75_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAlister75-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cabral recommended to the Portuguese King that the land be settled, and two follow up voyages were sent in 1501 and 1503. The land was found to be abundant in <i><a href="/wiki/Paubrasilia" title="Paubrasilia">pau-brasil</a></i>, or brazilwood, from which it later inherited its name, but the failure to find gold or silver meant that for the time being Portuguese efforts were concentrated on India.<sup id="cite_ref-McAlister76_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAlister76-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1502, to enforce its trade monopoly over a wide area of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, the Portuguese Empire created the <a href="/wiki/Cartaz" title="Cartaz">cartaz</a> licensing system, granting merchant ships protection against pirates and rival states.<sup id="cite_ref-DiffieWinius274,320-323_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius274,320-323-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasco_da_Gama_perante_o_Samorim_de_Calecute.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Vasco_da_Gama_perante_o_Samorim_de_Calecute.png/220px-Vasco_da_Gama_perante_o_Samorim_de_Calecute.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Vasco_da_Gama_perante_o_Samorim_de_Calecute.png/330px-Vasco_da_Gama_perante_o_Samorim_de_Calecute.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Vasco_da_Gama_perante_o_Samorim_de_Calecute.png/440px-Vasco_da_Gama_perante_o_Samorim_de_Calecute.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption>"Vasco da Gama Meets the Zamorin of Calicut", painting by Veloso Salgado, 1898.</figcaption></figure> <p>Profiting from the rivalry between the <a href="/wiki/Cochin_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin kingdom">ruler of Kochi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kozhikode" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kozhikode">Calicut</a>, the Portuguese were well-received and seen as allies, as they obtained a permit to build the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Emmanuel" title="Fort Emmanuel">fort <i>Immanuel</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a>) and a trading post that was the first European settlement in India. They established a trading center at <a href="/wiki/Tangasseri" title="Tangasseri">Tangasseri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon">Quilon</a> (<i>Coulão</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>) city in (1503) in 1502, which became the centre of trade in pepper,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after founding manufactories at <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a> (<i>Cochim</i>, Kochi) and <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Cannanore</a> (<i>Canonor</i>, Kannur), built a factory at <a href="/wiki/Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon">Quilon</a> in 1503. In 1505 King <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a> first <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a> of Portuguese India, establishing the Portuguese government in the east. That year the Portuguese also conquered <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>, where they founded <a href="/wiki/St._Angelo_Fort" title="St. Angelo Fort">St. Angelo Fort</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_de_Almeida" title="Lourenço de Almeida">Lourenço de Almeida</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (modern Sri Lanka), where he discovered the source of <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BethencourtCurto207_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BethencourtCurto207-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Cankili_I" title="Cankili I">Cankili I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna">Jaffna</a> initially resisted contact with them, the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna kingdom</a> came to the attention of Portuguese officials soon after for their resistance to missionary activities as well as logistical reasons due to its proximity with <a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a> harbour among other reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Abeyasinghe2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abeyasinghe2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, Manuel I ordered Almeida to fortify the Portuguese fortresses in Kerala and within eastern Africa, as well as probe into the prospects of building forts in Sri Lanka and Malacca in response to growing hostilities with Muslims within those regions and threats from the Mamluk sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney2009b128_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b128-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_Carracks_off_a_Rocky_Coast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Portuguese_Carracks_off_a_Rocky_Coast.jpg/220px-Portuguese_Carracks_off_a_Rocky_Coast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Portuguese_Carracks_off_a_Rocky_Coast.jpg/330px-Portuguese_Carracks_off_a_Rocky_Coast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Portuguese_Carracks_off_a_Rocky_Coast.jpg/440px-Portuguese_Carracks_off_a_Rocky_Coast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption>The carrack <i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_do_Monte_Sinai" title="Santa Catarina do Monte Sinai">Santa Catarina do Monte Sinai</a></i> exemplified the might and the force of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Navy" title="Portuguese Navy">Portuguese Armada</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A Portuguese fleet under the command of <a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A3o_da_Cunha" title="Tristão da Cunha">Tristão da Cunha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a> at the entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> in 1506 and <a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a> in 1507. Having failed to conquer <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Ormuz</a>, they instead followed a strategy intended to close off commerce to and from the Indian Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-DiffieWinius233,235_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius233,235-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> was partly explored by Cunha, and <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> was discovered by Cunha whilst possibly being accompanied by Albuquerque.<sup id="cite_ref-Macmillan11_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macmillan11-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the capture of Socotra, Cunha and Albuquerque operated separately. While Cunha traveled India and Portugal for trading purposes, Albuquerque went to India to take over as governor after Almeida's three-year term ended. Almeida refused to turn over power and soon placed Albuquerque under house arrest, where he remained until 1509.<sup id="cite_ref-DiffieWinius237-239_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius237-239-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_D._Francisco_de_Almeida_(ap%C3%B3s_1545)_-_Autor_desconhecido.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Retrato_de_D._Francisco_de_Almeida_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png/220px-Retrato_de_D._Francisco_de_Almeida_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="411" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Retrato_de_D._Francisco_de_Almeida_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png/330px-Retrato_de_D._Francisco_de_Almeida_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Retrato_de_D._Francisco_de_Almeida_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png/440px-Retrato_de_D._Francisco_de_Almeida_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>First viceroy of India, Dom <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although requested by Manuel I to further explore interests in Malacca and Sri Lanka, Almeida instead focused on western India, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Gujarat">Sultanate of Gujarat</a> due to his suspicions of traders from the region possessing more power. The <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamlûk Sultanate</a> sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Qansuh_al-Ghawri" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri">Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri</a> along with the Gujarati sultanate attacked Portuguese forces in the harbor of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaul" title="Battle of Chaul">Chaul</a>, resulting in the death of <a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_de_Almeida" title="Lourenço de Almeida">Almeida's son</a>. In retaliation, the Portuguese fought and destroyed the Mamluks and Gujarati fleets in the sea <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diu_(1509)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Diu (1509)">Battle of Diu</a> in 1509.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney2009b128-29_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b128-29-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with Almeida's initial attempts, Manuel I and his council in Lisbon had tried to distribute power in the Indian Ocean, creating three areas of jurisdiction: Albuquerque was sent to the Red Sea, <a href="/wiki/Diogo_Lopes_de_Sequeira" title="Diogo Lopes de Sequeira">Diogo Lopes de Sequeira</a> to South-east Asia, seeking an agreement with the Sultan of Malacca, and Jorge de Aguiar followed by Duarte de Lemos were sent to the area between the Cape of Good Hope and Gujarat.<sup id="cite_ref-DiffieWinius245-247_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius245-247-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, such posts were centralized by Afonso de Albuquerque after his succession and remained so in subsequent ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-Subrahmanyam67-83_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Subrahmanyam67-83-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 261.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 259.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Portuguese discoveries and explorations: first arrival places and dates; main Portuguese spice trade routes (blue)"><img alt="Portuguese discoveries and explorations: first arrival places and dates; main Portuguese spice trade routes (blue)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png/389px-Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png/584px-Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png/778px-Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese discoveries">Portuguese discoveries</a> and explorations: first arrival places and dates; main Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> routes (blue)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="16th century Portuguese illustration from the Códice Casanatense, depicting a Portuguese nobleman with his retinue in India"><img alt="16th century Portuguese illustration from the Códice Casanatense, depicting a Portuguese nobleman with his retinue in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman.jpg/253px-Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman.jpg/380px-Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman.jpg/507px-Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="1331" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">16th century Portuguese illustration from the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3dice_Casanatense" title="Códice Casanatense">Códice Casanatense</a>, depicting a Portuguese nobleman with his retinue in India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 103.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 101.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_Nau.png" class="mw-file-description" title="16th century heavy Portuguese carrack."><img alt="16th century heavy Portuguese carrack." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Portuguese_Nau.png/152px-Portuguese_Nau.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Portuguese_Nau.png/228px-Portuguese_Nau.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Portuguese_Nau.png/304px-Portuguese_Nau.png 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="798" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">16th century heavy Portuguese carrack.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trade_with_Maritime_Asia,_Africa_and_the_Indian_Ocean"><span id="Trade_with_Maritime_Asia.2C_Africa_and_the_Indian_Ocean"></span>Trade with Maritime Asia, Africa and the Indian Ocean</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Trade with Maritime Asia, Africa and the Indian Ocean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macao" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Macao">Portuguese Macao</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Goa" title="History of Goa">History of Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Chittagong" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Chittagong">Portuguese Chittagong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Goa,_Malacca_and_Southeast_Asia"><span id="Goa.2C_Malacca_and_Southeast_Asia"></span>Goa, Malacca and Southeast Asia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Goa, Malacca and Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Adil_Shahi%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Adil Shahi–Portuguese conflicts">Adil Shahi–Portuguese conflicts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay-Portuguese_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay-Portuguese conflicts">Malay-Portuguese conflicts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acehnese-Portuguese_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Acehnese-Portuguese conflicts">Acehnese-Portuguese conflicts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_(ap%C3%B3s_1545)_-_Autor_desconhecido.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png/220px-Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="405" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png/330px-Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png/440px-Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Second Portuguese governor of India <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a>. Albuquerque is credited with laying the foundations of Portuguese power in Asia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_oceania_anonymous_c1550.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Asia_oceania_anonymous_c1550.jpg/220px-Asia_oceania_anonymous_c1550.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Asia_oceania_anonymous_c1550.jpg/330px-Asia_oceania_anonymous_c1550.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Asia_oceania_anonymous_c1550.jpg/440px-Asia_oceania_anonymous_c1550.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Portuguese Empire of the East, or <i>Estado da Índia</i> ("State of India"), with its capital in Goa, included possessions (as subjected areas with a certain degree of autonomy) in all the Asian sub-continents, East Africa, and Pacific.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of 1509, Albuquerque became viceroy of the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a> with the capital at <a href="/wiki/Velha_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Velha Goa">Velha Goa</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Cape_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape route">Cape route</a> was discovered by Vasco da Gama. In contrast to Almeida, Albuquerque was more concerned with strengthening the navy,<sup id="cite_ref-Disney2009b129_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b129-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as being more compliant with the interests of the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-DiffieWinius238_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius238-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first objective was to conquer Goa, due to its strategic location as a defensive fort positioned between Kerala and Gujarat, as well as its prominence for <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian horse</a> imports.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney2009b128-29_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b128-29-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Conquest_of_Goa_(1510)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Conquest of Goa (1510)">The initial capture of Goa</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adil Shahi dynasty">Bijapur sultanate</a> in 1510 was soon countered by the Bijapuris, but with the help of Hindu <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</a> <a href="/wiki/Timoji" title="Timoji">Timoji</a>, on November 25 of the same year it was recaptured.<sup id="cite_ref-Shastry34-45_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shastry34-45-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Disney2009b130_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b130-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Goa, Albuquerque began the first Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Mint_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mint (coin)">mint</a> in India in 1510.<sup id="cite_ref-deSouza220_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSouza220-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He encouraged Portuguese settlers to marry local women, built a church in honor of <a href="/wiki/St._Catherine_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Catherine of Alexandria">St. Catherine</a> (as it was recaptured on her feast day), and attempted to build rapport with the Hindus by protecting their temples and reducing their tax requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney2009b130_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b130-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese maintained friendly relations with the south Indian Emperors of the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mehta291_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehta291-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1511, Albuquerque sailed to <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs23_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs23-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the largest spice market of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-Kratoska2004p98_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kratoska2004p98-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the trade was largely dominated by the Gujarati, other groups such as the Turks, Persians, Armenians, Tamils and <a href="/wiki/People_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Ethiopia">Abyssinians</a> traded there.<sup id="cite_ref-Kratoska2004p98_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kratoska2004p98-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albuquerque targeted Malacca to impede the Muslim and Venetian influence in the spice trade and increase that of Lisbon.<sup id="cite_ref-Gipouloux2011p301-302_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gipouloux2011p301-302-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By July 1511, Albuquerque had captured Malacca and sent <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Abreu" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio de Abreu">Antonio de Abreu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serr%C3%A3o" title="Francisco Serrão">Francisco Serrão</a> (along with Ferdinand Magellan) to explore the Indonesian archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-Newitt2005p78_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newitt2005p78-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg/220px-Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg/330px-Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg/440px-Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>Iberian '<a href="/wiki/Mare_clausum" title="Mare clausum">mare clausum</a>' in the Age of Discovery. Afonso de Albuquerque's strategy to encircle the Indian Ocean is shown.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Malacca peninsula became the strategic base for Portuguese trade expansion with China and Southeast Asia. A strong gate, called the <a href="/wiki/A_Famosa" title="A Famosa">A Famosa</a>, was erected to defend the city and remains.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi2009p202_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi2009p202-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Learning of Siamese ambitions over Malacca, Albuquerque immediately sent <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Fernandes" title="Duarte Fernandes">Duarte Fernandes</a> on a diplomatic mission to the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Kingdom of Siam</a> (modern Thailand), where he was the first European to arrive, establishing amicable relations and trade between both kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Lach520-521_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lach520-521-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese empire pushed further south and proceeded to discover Timor in 1512. <a href="/wiki/Jorge_de_Menezes" title="Jorge de Menezes">Jorge de Meneses</a> discovered <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> in 1526, naming it the "Island of the Papua".<sup id="cite_ref-QuanchiRobson2005_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QuanchiRobson2005-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1517, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Silveira" title="João da Silveira">João da Silveira</a> commanded a fleet to <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 1528, the Portuguese had established a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">settlement in Chittagong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris225_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris225-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese eventually based their center of operations along the <a href="/wiki/Hugli_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugli River">Hugli River</a>, where they encountered Muslims, Hindus, and Portuguese deserters known as <i>Chatins</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="China_and_Japan">China and Japan</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: China and Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Portugal" title="Chinese people in Portugal">Chinese people in Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade" title="Nanban trade">Nanban trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Slavery in Portugal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Nagasaki" title="Portuguese Nagasaki">Portuguese Nagasaki</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macau_Trade_Routes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Macau_Trade_Routes.png/220px-Macau_Trade_Routes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Macau_Trade_Routes.png/330px-Macau_Trade_Routes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Macau_Trade_Routes.png/440px-Macau_Trade_Routes.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>The Portuguese visited the city of <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki, Japan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Jorge Alvares was the first European to reach China by sea, while the Romans were the first overland via Asia Minor.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edmonds2002_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edmonds2002-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ward2008_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward2008-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gleason2007_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gleason2007-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also the first European to discover Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1514, Afonso de Albuquerque, the Viceroy of the Estado da India, dispatched <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Perestrello" title="Rafael Perestrello">Rafael Perestrello</a> to sail to China in order to pioneer European trade relations with the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In their first attempts at obtaining trading posts by force, the Portuguese were defeated by the Ming Chinese at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tunmen" title="Battle of Tunmen">Battle of Tunmen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tam%C3%A3o" title="Tamão">Tamão</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tuen_Mun" title="Tuen Mun">Tuen Mun</a>. In 1521, the Portuguese lost 2 ships at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sincouwaan" title="Battle of Sincouwaan">Battle of Sincouwaan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lantau_Island" title="Lantau Island">Lantau Island</a>. The Portuguese also lost 2 ships at <a href="/wiki/Shuangyu" title="Shuangyu">Shuangyu</a> in 1548 where several Portuguese were captured and near the <a href="/wiki/Dongshan_County" title="Dongshan County">Dongshan Peninsula</a>. In 1549 two Portuguese junks and <a href="/wiki/Galeote_Pereira" title="Galeote Pereira">Galeote Pereira</a> were captured. During these battles the Ming Chinese captured weapons from the defeated Portuguese which they then reverse engineered and mass-produced in China such as <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">matchlock</a> <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musket</a> <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebuses</a> which they named <a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_China#History" title="Gun control in China">bird guns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breech-loading_swivel_gun" title="Breech-loading swivel gun">breech-loading swivel guns</a> which they named as Folangji (<a href="/wiki/Franks#Crusaders_and_other_Western_Europeans_as_"Franks"" title="Franks">Frankish</a>) cannon because the Portuguese were known to the Chinese under the name of Franks at this time. The Portuguese later returned to China peacefully and presented themselves under the name Portuguese instead of Franks in the <a href="/wiki/Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luso-Chinese agreement (1554)">Luso-Chinese agreement (1554)</a> and rented Macau as a trading post from China by paying annual lease of hundreds of silver <a href="/wiki/Taels" class="mw-redirect" title="Taels">taels</a> to Ming China.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macau_oldmap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Macau_oldmap.jpg/220px-Macau_oldmap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Macau_oldmap.jpg/330px-Macau_oldmap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Macau_oldmap.jpg/440px-Macau_oldmap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>A depiction, from 1639, of the <a href="/wiki/Macau_Peninsula" title="Macau Peninsula">Macau Peninsula</a>, during the golden age of colonization of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Portuguese Macau</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Despite initial harmony and excitement between the two cultures, difficulties began to arise shortly afterwards, including misunderstanding, bigotry, and even hostility.<sup id="cite_ref-smithsonianmag.com_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonianmag.com-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Pires_de_Andrade#Andrade's_brother_and_spoiled_relations" title="Fernão Pires de Andrade">Simão de Andrade</a> incited poor relations with China due to his pirate activities, raiding Chinese shipping, attacking a Chinese official, and kidnappings of Chinese. He based himself at Tamao island in a fort. The Chinese claimed that Simão kidnapped Chinese boys and girls to be molested and cannibalized.<sup id="cite_ref-Jesus5_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jesus5-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese sent a squadron of junks against Portuguese caravels that succeeded in driving the Portuguese away and reclaiming Tamao. As a result, the Chinese posted an edict banning men with Caucasian features from entering Canton, killing multiple Portuguese there, and driving the Portuguese back to sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Dodge226_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dodge226-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whiteway339_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whiteway339-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Sultan of Bintan detained several Portuguese under Tomás Pires, the Chinese then executed 23 Portuguese and threw the rest into prison where they resided in squalid, sometimes fatal conditions. The Chinese then massacred Portuguese who resided at <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> trading posts in 1545 and 1549, due to extensive and damaging raids by the Portuguese along the coast, which irritated the Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-Dodge226_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dodge226-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portuguese pirating was second to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese pirates">Japanese pirating</a> by this period. However, they soon began to shield Chinese junks and a cautious trade began. In 1557 the Chinese authorities allowed the Portuguese to settle in Macau, creating a warehouse in the trade of goods between China, Japan, Goa and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Dodge226_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dodge226-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Disney2009b175,184_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b175,184-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Spice_Islands_(Moluccas)_and_Treaty_of_Zaragoza"><span id="Spice_Islands_.28Moluccas.29_and_Treaty_of_Zaragoza"></span>Spice Islands (Moluccas) and Treaty of Zaragoza</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spice Islands (Moluccas) and Treaty of Zaragoza"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attributed_to_Kano_Sanraku_-_Important_Cultural_Property_Namban_Screens_-_Google_Art_Project2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Attributed_to_Kano_Sanraku_-_Important_Cultural_Property_Namban_Screens_-_Google_Art_Project2.jpg/220px-Attributed_to_Kano_Sanraku_-_Important_Cultural_Property_Namban_Screens_-_Google_Art_Project2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Attributed_to_Kano_Sanraku_-_Important_Cultural_Property_Namban_Screens_-_Google_Art_Project2.jpg/330px-Attributed_to_Kano_Sanraku_-_Important_Cultural_Property_Namban_Screens_-_Google_Art_Project2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Attributed_to_Kano_Sanraku_-_Important_Cultural_Property_Namban_Screens_-_Google_Art_Project2.jpg/440px-Attributed_to_Kano_Sanraku_-_Important_Cultural_Property_Namban_Screens_-_Google_Art_Project2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7421" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Portugal was the first European nation to <a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade" title="Nanban trade">establish trade routes with Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Pires_de_Andrade" title="Fernão Pires de Andrade">China</a>. A significant portion of the crews on Portuguese ships on the <a href="/wiki/Japan_voyage" title="Japan voyage">Japan voyage</a> were <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_India" title="Catholic Church in India">Indian Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Portuguese operations in Asia did not go unnoticed, and in 1521 <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Magellan</a> arrived in the region and claimed the Philippines for Spain. In 1525, Spain under Charles V sent an expedition to colonize the <a href="/wiki/Moluccas_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas islands">Moluccas islands</a>, claiming they were in his zone of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a>, since there was no set limit to the east. The expedition of <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_Jofre_de_Loa%C3%ADsa" class="mw-redirect" title="García Jofre de Loaísa">García Jofre de Loaísa</a> reached the Moluccas, docking at <a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a>. With the Portuguese already established in nearby Ternate, conflict was inevitable, leading to nearly a decade of skirmishes. A resolution was reached with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zaragoza" title="Treaty of Zaragoza">Treaty of Zaragoza</a> in 1529, attributing the Moluccas to Portugal and the Philippines to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi2004p1340_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi2004p1340-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese traded regularly with the <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Bruneian Empire</a> from 1530 and described the capital of Brunei as surrounded by a stone wall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="South_Asia,_Persian_Gulf_and_Red_Sea"><span id="South_Asia.2C_Persian_Gulf_and_Red_Sea"></span>South Asia, Persian Gulf and Red Sea</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: South Asia, Persian Gulf and Red Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Persian%E2%80%93Portuguese_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian–Portuguese war">Persian–Portuguese war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Ormuz_(1507)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Ormuz (1507)">Capture of Ormuz (1507)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_Bahrain" title="Portuguese invasion of Bahrain">Portuguese invasion of Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuwait" title="History of Kuwait">History of Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Qatar" title="History of Qatar">History of Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qeshm_Island" title="Qeshm Island">Qeshm Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Bandar Abbas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Oman" title="Portuguese Oman">Portuguese Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Socotra" title="Portuguese Socotra">Portuguese Socotra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gujarati-Portuguese_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarati-Portuguese conflicts">Gujarati-Portuguese conflicts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahrain_Fort_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bahrain_Fort_1.jpg/220px-Bahrain_Fort_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bahrain_Fort_1.jpg/330px-Bahrain_Fort_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bahrain_Fort_1.jpg/440px-Bahrain_Fort_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_al-Bahrain" title="Qal'at al-Bahrain">Portuguese Fort</a>, one of the best-preserved forts in <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persia_Portrait_of_a_Portuguese_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Persia_Portrait_of_a_Portuguese_%28detail%29.jpg/220px-Persia_Portrait_of_a_Portuguese_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Persia_Portrait_of_a_Portuguese_%28detail%29.jpg/330px-Persia_Portrait_of_a_Portuguese_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Persia_Portrait_of_a_Portuguese_%28detail%29.jpg/440px-Persia_Portrait_of_a_Portuguese_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="2152" /></a><figcaption>Persian portrait of a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nobility" title="Portuguese nobility">Portuguese nobleman</a> (16th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Portuguese empire expanded into the Persian Gulf, contesting control of the spice trade with the <a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. In 1515, Afonso de Albuquerque <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Ormuz_(1507)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Ormuz (1507)">conquered</a> the <a href="/wiki/Huwala" class="mw-redirect" title="Huwala">Huwala</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Hormuz</a> at the head of the Persian Gulf, establishing it as a vassal state. <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>, however, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aden" title="Siege of Aden">resisted</a> Albuquerque's expedition in that same year and another attempt by Albuquerque's successor <a href="/wiki/Lopo_Soares_de_Albergaria" title="Lopo Soares de Albergaria">Lopo Soares de Albergaria</a> in 1516. In 1521 a force led by <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Correia_(admiral)" title="António Correia (admiral)">António Correia</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, defeating the <a href="/wiki/Jabrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabrid">Jabrid</a> King, <a href="/wiki/Muqrin_ibn_Zamil" title="Muqrin ibn Zamil">Muqrin ibn Zamil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a shifting series of alliances, the Portuguese dominated much of the southern Persian Gulf for the next hundred years. With the regular maritime route linking Lisbon to Goa since 1497, the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Mozambique" title="Island of Mozambique">island of Mozambique</a> became a strategic port, and there was built <a href="/wiki/Fort_S%C3%A3o_Sebasti%C3%A3o" title="Fort São Sebastião">Fort São Sebastião</a> and a hospital. In the Azores, the Islands Armada protected the ships en route to Lisbon.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Flanagan125_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Flanagan125-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1534, Gujarat faced attack from the <a href="/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a> and the Rajput states of <a href="/wiki/Chitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitor">Chitor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandu,_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Mandu, Madhya Pradesh">Mandu</a>. The Sultan <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_of_Gujarat" title="Bahadur Shah of Gujarat">Bahadur Shah of Gujarat</a> was forced to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bassein_(1534)" title="Treaty of Bassein (1534)">Treaty of Bassein</a> with the Portuguese, establishing an alliance to regain the country, giving in exchange <a href="/wiki/Daman,_Daman_and_Diu" class="mw-redirect" title="Daman, Daman and Diu">Daman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diu,_India" title="Diu, India">Diu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasai" title="Vasai">Bassein</a>. It also regulated the trade of Gujarati ships departing to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and passing through Bassein to pay duties and allow the horse trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson1976pp74-82_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson1976pp74-82-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Mughal ruler <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a> had success against Bahadur, the latter signed another treaty with the Portuguese to confirm the provisions and allowed the fort to be built in Diu. Shortly afterward, Humayun turned his attention elsewhere, and the Gujarats allied with the Ottomans to regain control of Diu and lay siege to the fort. The two failed sieges of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1538)" title="Siege of Diu (1538)">1538</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1546)" title="Siege of Diu (1546)">1546</a> put an end to Ottoman ambitions, confirming the Portuguese hegemony in the region,<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson1976pp74-82_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson1976pp74-82-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Malekandathil116-118_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malekandathil116-118-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as gaining superiority over the Mughals.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathew138_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathew138-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Ottomans fought off attacks from the Portuguese in the Red Sea and in the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> in 1541, and in the northern region of the Persian Gulf in 1546 and 1552. Each entity ultimately had to respect the sphere of influence of the other, albeit unofficially.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sub-Saharan_Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sub-Saharan Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodore_de_Bry_-_Harbour_scene_(colorized).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Theodore_de_Bry_-_Harbour_scene_%28colorized%29.jpg/220px-Theodore_de_Bry_-_Harbour_scene_%28colorized%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Theodore_de_Bry_-_Harbour_scene_%28colorized%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Carracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Carracks">carracks</a> unload cargo in Lisbon. Original engraving by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_de_Bry" title="Theodor de Bry">Theodor de Bry</a>, 1593, coloured at a later date</figcaption></figure> <p>After a series of prolonged contacts with Ethiopia, the Portuguese embassy made contact with the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian (Abyssinian) Kingdom</a> led by Rodrigo de Lima in 1520.<sup id="cite_ref-Abir86_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abir86-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This coincided with the Portuguese search for Prester John, as they soon associated the kingdom as his land.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fear of Turkish advances within the Portuguese and Ethiopian sectors also played a role in their alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-Abir86_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abir86-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> defeated the Ethiopians in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shimbra_Kure" title="Battle of Shimbra Kure">battle of Shimbra Kure</a> in 1529, and Islam spread further in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">region</a>. Portugal responded by aiding king <a href="/wiki/Gelawdewos_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelawdewos of Ethiopia">Gelawdewos</a> with Portuguese soldiers and muskets. Though the Ottomans responded with support of soldiers and muskets to the Adal Sultanate, after the death of the Adali sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wayna_Daga" title="Battle of Wayna Daga">battle of Wayna Daga</a> in 1543, the joint Adal-Ottoman force retreated.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stapleton2013p121_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stapleton2013p121-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese also made direct contact with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongolose</a> vassal state <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ndongo" title="Kingdom of Ndongo">Ndongo</a> and its ruler Ngola Kiljuane in 1520, after the latter requested missionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Mancall2007p207_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mancall2007p207-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kongolese king <a href="/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Kongo" title="Afonso I of Kongo">Afonso I</a> interfered with the process with denunciations, and later sent a Kongo mission to Ndongo after the latter had arrested the Portuguese mission that came.<sup id="cite_ref-Mancall2007p207_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mancall2007p207-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growing official and unofficial slave trading with Ndongo strained relations between Kongo and the Portuguese, and even had Portuguese ambassadors from Sao Tome support Ndongo against the Kingdom of Kongo.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornton2000pp100-101_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornton2000pp100-101-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HeywoodThornton2007p83_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeywoodThornton2007p83-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when the <a href="/wiki/Jaga_(Kongo)" title="Jaga (Kongo)">Jaga</a> attacked and conquered regions of Kongo in 1568, Portuguese assisted Kongo in their defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-Stapleton2013p175_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stapleton2013p175-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the Kongo allowed the colonization of Luanda Island; Luanda was established by <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Dias_de_Novais" title="Paulo Dias de Novais">Paulo Dias de Novais</a> in 1576 and soon became a slave port.<sup id="cite_ref-Stapleton2013p175_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stapleton2013p175-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Novais' subsequent alliance with Ndongo angered Luso-Africans who resented the influence from the Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-HeywoodThornton2007p86_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeywoodThornton2007p86-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1579, Ndongo ruler Ngola Kiluanje kia Ndamdi massacred Portuguese and Kongolese residents in the Ndongo capital <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ndongo" title="Kingdom of Ndongo">Kabasa</a> under the influence of Portuguese renegades. Both the Portuguese and Kongo fought against Ndongo, and off-and-on warfare between the Ndongo and Portugal would persist for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-Mancall2007pp208-211_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mancall2007pp208-211-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In east-Africa, the main agents acting on behalf of the Portuguese Crown, exploring and settling the territory of what would become Mozambique were the <i><a href="/wiki/Prazeros" title="Prazeros">prazeiros</a></i>, to whom vast estates around the Zambezi River were leased by the King as a reward for their services. Commanding vast armies of <a href="/wiki/Chikunda" title="Chikunda">chikunda</a> warrior-slaves, these men acted as feudal-like lords, either levying tax from local chieftains, defending them and their estates from marauding tribes, participating in the ivory or slave trade, and becoming involved in the politics of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Kingdom of Mutapa</a>, to the point of installing client kings upon its throne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Missionary_expeditions">Missionary expeditions</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Missionary expeditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_(1635)_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png/220px-Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png/330px-Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png/440px-Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Francis Xavier">St. Francis Xavier</a> requesting <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a> for a missionary expedition in Asia</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1542, Jesuit missionary <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a> arrived in Goa at the service of King <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a>, in charge of an <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Nunciature">Apostolic Nunciature</a>. At the same time Francisco Zeimoto, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Mota" title="António Mota">António Mota</a>, and other traders arrived in Japan for the first time. According to <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Mendes_Pinto" title="Fernão Mendes Pinto">Fernão Mendes Pinto</a>, who claimed to be in this journey, they arrived at <a href="/wiki/Tanegashima" title="Tanegashima">Tanegashima</a>, where the locals were impressed by <a href="/wiki/Tanegashima_(Japanese_matchlock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanegashima (Japanese matchlock)">firearms</a>, that would be immediately made by the Japanese on a large scale.<sup id="cite_ref-Pacey1991_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pacey1991-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1570 the Portuguese bought part of a Japanese port where they founded a small part of the city of <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it became the major trading port in Japan in the triangular trade with China and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney2009b195_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b195-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guarding its trade from both European and Asian competitors, Portugal dominated not only the trade between Asia and Europe, but also much of the trade between different regions of Asia and Africa, such as India, Indonesia, China, and Japan. <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> missionaries, followed the Portuguese to spread <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to Asia and Africa with mixed success.<sup id="cite_ref-BethencourtCurto262-265_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BethencourtCurto262-265-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonization_efforts_in_the_Americas">Colonization efforts in the Americas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Colonization efforts in the Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese colonization of the Americas</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Canada">Canada</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terra_Nova_e_Labrador_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Terra_Nova_e_Labrador_01.png/220px-Terra_Nova_e_Labrador_01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Terra_Nova_e_Labrador_01.png/330px-Terra_Nova_e_Labrador_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Terra_Nova_e_Labrador_01.png/440px-Terra_Nova_e_Labrador_01.png 2x" data-file-width="1439" data-file-height="1107" /></a><figcaption>The Portuguese mapped and claimed <a href="/wiki/Portugal_Cove-St._Philip%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugal Cove-St. Philip's">Canada</a> in 1499 and the 1500s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Based on the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a>, the Portuguese Crown, under the kings Manuel I, John III and Sebastian, also claimed territorial rights in North America (reached by <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a> in 1497 and 1498). To that end, in 1499 and 1500, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Fernandes_Lavrador" title="João Fernandes Lavrador">João Fernandes Lavrador</a> explored <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and the north Atlantic coast of Canada, which accounts for the appearance of "Labrador" on topographical maps of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-DiffieWinius464_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius464-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, in 1500–1501 and 1502, the brothers <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">Gaspar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">Miguel Corte-Real</a> explored what is today the Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>, and Greenland, claiming these lands for Portugal. In 1506, King Manuel I created taxes for the cod fisheries in Newfoundland waters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Around 1521, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_%C3%81lvares_Fagundes" title="João Álvares Fagundes">João Álvares Fagundes</a> was granted <a href="/wiki/Donat%C3%A1rio" title="Donatário">donatary</a> rights to the inner islands of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a> and also created a settlement on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> to serve as a base for cod fishing. Pressure from natives and competing European fisheries prevented a permanent establishment and it was abandoned five years later. Several attempts to establish settlements in Newfoundland over the next half-century also failed.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney2009a116_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009a116-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Brazil">Brazil</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within a few years after Cabral arrived from Brazil, competition came along from France. In 1503, an expedition under the command of <a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_Coelho" title="Gonçalo Coelho">Gonçalo Coelho</a> reported French raids on the Brazilian coasts,<sup id="cite_ref-HerringHerring214_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HerringHerring214-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and explorer <a href="/wiki/Binot_Paulmier_de_Gonneville" title="Binot Paulmier de Gonneville">Binot Paulmier de Gonneville</a> traded for brazilwood after making contact in southern Brazil a year later.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expeditions sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> along the North American coast directly violated of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesilhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tordesilhas">Treaty of Tordesilhas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PickettPickett14_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PickettPickett14-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1531, the French had stationed a trading post off of an island on the Brazilian coast.<sup id="cite_ref-PickettPickett14_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PickettPickett14-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The increase in brazilwood smuggling from the French led <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_III" class="mw-redirect" title="João III">João III</a> to press an effort to establish effective occupation of the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Marley2008p76_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marley2008p76-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1531, a royal expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Martim_Afonso_de_Sousa" title="Martim Afonso de Sousa">Martim Afonso de Sousa</a> and his brother Pero Lopes went to patrol the whole Brazilian coast, banish the French, and create some of the first colonial towns – among them <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Vicente,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="São Vicente, Brazil">São Vicente</a>, in 1532.<sup id="cite_ref-Marley2008pp76-78_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marley2008pp76-78-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sousa returned to Lisbon a year later to become <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Portuguese_India" title="List of governors of Portuguese India">governor of India</a> and never returned to Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-DeOliveira254_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeOliveira254-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marley2008p78_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marley2008p78-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French attacks did cease to an extent after retaliation led to the Portuguese paying the French to stop attacking Portuguese ships throughout the Atlantic,<sup id="cite_ref-PickettPickett14_116-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PickettPickett14-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the attacks would continue to be a problem well into the 1560s.<sup id="cite_ref-Marley2005pp694-696_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marley2005pp694-696-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitanias.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Capitanias.jpg/220px-Capitanias.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Capitanias.jpg/330px-Capitanias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Capitanias.jpg/440px-Capitanias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3064" data-file-height="4154" /></a><figcaption>A map from 1574 showing the 15 hereditary <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">captaincy colonies of Brazil</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Upon de Sousa's arrival and success, fifteen latitudinal tracts, theoretically to span from the coast to the Tordesillas limit, were decreed by João III on 28 September 1532.<sup id="cite_ref-DeOliveira254_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeOliveira254-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marley2005p694_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marley2005p694-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plot of the lands formed as a hereditary <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil#Captaincies" title="Colonial Brazil">captaincies</a> (Capitanias Hereditárias) to grantees rich enough to support settlement, as had been done successfully in <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Cape_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> islands.<sup id="cite_ref-DiffieWinius310_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius310-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each <a href="/wiki/Captain-major" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain-major">captain-major</a> was to build settlements, grant allotments and administer justice, being responsible for developing and taking the costs of colonization, although not being the owner: he could transmit it to offspring, but not sell it. Twelve recipients came from Portuguese gentry who become prominent in Africa and India and senior officials of the court, such as <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros" title="João de Barros">João de Barros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-deAbreu1998_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deAbreu1998-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the fifteen original captaincies, only two, <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a> and São Vicente, prospered.<sup id="cite_ref-DeOliveira255-56_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeOliveira255-56-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both were dedicated to the crop of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a>, and the settlers managed to maintain alliances with <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>. The rise of the sugar industry came about because the Crown took the easiest sources of profit (brazilwood, spices, etc.), leaving settlers to come up with new revenue sources.<sup id="cite_ref-DeOliveira255_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeOliveira255-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> industry demanded intensive labor that would be met with Native American and, later, African slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-BethencourtCurto111-119_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BethencourtCurto111-119-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deeming the <i>capitanias</i> system ineffective, João III decided to centralize the government of the colony in order to "give help and assistance" to grantees. In 1548 he created the first General Government, sending in <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_de_Sousa" title="Tomé de Sousa">Tomé de Sousa</a> as first governor and selecting a capital at the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_All_Saints" title="Bay of All Saints">Bay of All Saints</a>, making it at the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_of_Bahia" title="Captaincy of Bahia">Captaincy of Bahia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart190-191_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart190-191-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bakewell496_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakewell496-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tomé de Sousa built the capital of Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvador, Brazil">Salvador</a>, at the Bay of All Saints in 1549.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahoney246_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahoney246-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among de Sousa's 1000 man expedition were soldiers, workers, and six <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_da_N%C3%B3brega" title="Manuel da Nóbrega">Manuel da Nóbrega</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell-Wood1968p47_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-Wood1968p47-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jesuits would have an essential role in the colonization of Brazil, including São Vicente, and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, the latter which Nóbrega co-founded.<sup id="cite_ref-Ladle185_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ladle185-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the Jesuit missions later came disease among the natives, among them <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the French would resettle in Portuguese territory at <a href="/wiki/Guanabara_Bay" title="Guanabara Bay">Guanabara Bay</a>, which would be called <a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">France Antarctique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marley2008p86_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marley2008p86-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a Portuguese ambassador was sent to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> to report the French intrusion, Joao III appointed <a href="/wiki/Mem_de_S%C3%A1" title="Mem de Sá">Mem de Sá</a> as new Brazilian governor general, and Sá left for Brazil in 1557.<sup id="cite_ref-Marley2008p86_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marley2008p86-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1560, Sá and his forces had expelled the combined <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a>, Scottish <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a>, and slave forces from France Antarctique, but left survivors after burning their fortifications and villages. These survivors would settle <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%B3ria,_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Glória, Rio de Janeiro">Gloria Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flamengo,_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Flamengo, Rio de Janeiro">Flamengo Beach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Governador_Island" title="Governador Island">Parapapuã</a> with the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/Tup%C3%AD_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupí people">Tamoio</a> natives.<sup id="cite_ref-Marley2008p90_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marley2008p90-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tamoio had been allied with the French since the settlement of France Antarctique, and despite the French loss in 1560, the Tamoio were still a threat.<sup id="cite_ref-Treece31_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treece31-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They launched two attacks in 1561 and 1564 (the latter event was assisting the French), and were nearly successful with each.<sup id="cite_ref-Marley2008pp91-92_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marley2008pp91-92-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time period, Manuel de Nóbrega, along with fellow Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Anchieta" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Anchieta">José de Anchieta</a>, took part as members of attacks on the Tamoios and as spies for their resources.<sup id="cite_ref-Treece31_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treece31-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marley2008pp91-92_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marley2008pp91-92-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1565 through 1567 Mem de Sá and his forces eventually destroyed France Antarctique at Guanabara Bay. He and his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A1cio_de_S%C3%A1" title="Estácio de Sá">Estácio de Sá</a>, then established the city of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> in 1567, after Mem de Sá proclaimed the area "São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro" in 1565.<sup id="cite_ref-Marley2008p96_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marley2008p96-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1575, the Tamoios had been subdued and essentially were extinct,<sup id="cite_ref-Treece31_136-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treece31-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 1580 the government became more of an <i>ouvidor general</i> rather than the <i>ouvidores</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz1973p41_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz1973p41-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iberian_Union,_Protestant_rivalry,_and_colonial_stasis_(1580–1663)"><span id="Iberian_Union.2C_Protestant_rivalry.2C_and_colonial_stasis_.281580.E2.80.931663.29"></span>Iberian Union, Protestant rivalry, and colonial stasis (1580–1663)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Iberian Union, Protestant rivalry, and colonial stasis (1580–1663)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Portugal" title="Council of Portugal">Council of Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch-Portuguese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch-Portuguese War">Dutch-Portuguese War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession" title="War of the Portuguese Succession">War of the Portuguese Succession</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png/220px-Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png/330px-Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png/440px-Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1303" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> in 1598, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip I and II</a>, King of Portugal and Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1580, King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> invaded Portugal after a <a href="/wiki/1580_Portuguese_succession_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1580 Portuguese succession crisis">crisis of succession</a> brought about by King <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian of Portugal">Sebastian of Portugal</a>'s death during a disastrous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir" title="Battle of Alcácer Quibir">Portuguese attack on Alcácer Quibir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> in 1578. At the Cortes of Tomar in 1581, Philip was crowned Philip I of Portugal, uniting the two crowns and overseas empires under <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Habsburgs">Spanish Habsburg</a> rule in a <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">dynastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamen177_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamen177-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Tomar, Philip promised to keep the empires legally distinct, leaving the administration of the Portuguese Empire to Portuguese nationals, with a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Viceroys_of_Portugal_during_the_Iberian_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Viceroys of Portugal during the Iberian Union">Viceroy of Portugal</a> in Lisbon seeing to his interests.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyajian11_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyajian11-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip even had the capital moved to Lisbon for a two-year period (1581–83) due to it being the most important city in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallagher8_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher8-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the Portuguese colonies accepted the new state of affairs except for the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, which held out for <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prior_of_Crato" title="António, Prior of Crato">António</a>, a Portuguese rival claimant to the throne who had garnered the support of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine de Medici">Catherine de Medici</a> of France in exchange for the promise to cede Brazil. Spanish forces eventually captured the islands in 1583.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson104-105_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson104-105-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tordesillas boundary between Spanish and Portuguese control in South America was then increasingly ignored by the Portuguese, who pressed beyond it into the heart of Brazil,<sup id="cite_ref-Boyajian11_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyajian11-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing them to expand the territory to the west. Exploratory missions were carried out both ordered by the government, the "entradas" (entries), and by private initiative, the "bandeiras" (flags), by the "<a href="/wiki/Bandeirantes" title="Bandeirantes">bandeirantes</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Boxer386_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boxer386-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These expeditions lasted for years venturing into unmapped regions, initially to capture natives and force them into slavery, and later focusing on finding gold, silver and diamond mines.<sup id="cite_ref-BethencourtCurto111,117_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BethencourtCurto111,117-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_recuperaci%C3%B3n_de_Bah%C3%ADa,_Ma%C3%ADno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/La_recuperaci%C3%B3n_de_Bah%C3%ADa%2C_Ma%C3%ADno.jpg/220px-La_recuperaci%C3%B3n_de_Bah%C3%ADa%2C_Ma%C3%ADno.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/La_recuperaci%C3%B3n_de_Bah%C3%ADa%2C_Ma%C3%ADno.jpg/330px-La_recuperaci%C3%B3n_de_Bah%C3%ADa%2C_Ma%C3%ADno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/La_recuperaci%C3%B3n_de_Bah%C3%ADa%2C_Ma%C3%ADno.jpg/440px-La_recuperaci%C3%B3n_de_Bah%C3%ADa%2C_Ma%C3%ADno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2909" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Recovery_of_Bah%C3%ADa_de_Todos_los_Santos" title="The Recovery of Bahía de Todos los Santos">The Recovery of São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip III of Portugal">Philip III of Portugal</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></figcaption></figure> <p>However, the union meant that Spain dragged Portugal into its conflicts with England, France and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, countries which were beginning to establish their own overseas empires.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson105_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson105-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary threat came from the Dutch, who had been engaged in a <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty Years War">struggle for independence</a> against Spain since 1568. In 1581, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Seven Provinces</a> gained independence from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg rule</a>, leading Philip II to prohibit commerce with Dutch ships, including in Brazil where Dutch had invested large sums in financing sugar production.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas159_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas159-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aert_Anthonisz._The_battle_of_Cadix_1608.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aert_Anthonisz._The_battle_of_Cadix_1608.jpg/220px-Aert_Anthonisz._The_battle_of_Cadix_1608.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aert_Anthonisz._The_battle_of_Cadix_1608.jpg/330px-Aert_Anthonisz._The_battle_of_Cadix_1608.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aert_Anthonisz._The_battle_of_Cadix_1608.jpg/440px-Aert_Anthonisz._The_battle_of_Cadix_1608.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2486" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption>Dutch and English warships engaging a Portuguese galleon at the Battle of Cadis, 1608.</figcaption></figure> <p>Spanish imperial trade networks now were opened to Portuguese merchants, which was particularly lucrative for Portuguese slave traders who could now sell slaves in Spanish America at a higher price than could be fetched in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart250_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart250-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to this newly acquired access to the Spanish <i><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">asientos</a></i>, the Portuguese were able to solve their bullion shortage issues with access to the production of the silver mining in Peru and Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-Newitt163_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newitt163-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> was also incorporated into the Macau-Nagasaki trading network, allowing Macanese of Portuguese descent to act as trading agents for Philippine Spaniards and use Spanish silver from the Americas in trade with China, and they later drew competition with the Dutch East India Company.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney2009b186_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b186-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1592, during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">war with Spain</a>, an English fleet <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flores_(1592)" title="Battle of Flores (1592)">captured</a> a large Portuguese carrack off the Azores, the <a href="/wiki/Madre_de_Deus" title="Madre de Deus">Madre de Deus</a>, which was loaded with 900 tons of merchandise from India and China estimated at half a million <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pounds</a> (nearly half the size of English Treasury at the time).<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This foretaste of the riches of the East galvanized English interest in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Houtman" title="Cornelis de Houtman">Cornelis de Houtman</a> was sent by Dutch merchants to Lisbon, to gather as much information as he could about the Spice Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney2009b186_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b186-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lach200_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lach200-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg/220px-Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg/330px-Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg/440px-Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5011" data-file-height="1961" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joannes_van_Doetecum_the_Elder" title="Joannes van Doetecum the Elder">Joannes van Doetecum</a>'s 1596 print of "<a href="/wiki/Market_of_Goa_(Van_Doetecum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Market of Goa (Van Doetecum)">The Market of Goa</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Jan_Huygen_van_Linschoten" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Huygen van Linschoten">Linschoten</a>'s <i>Itinerario</i>, showing the main street of Portuguese Goa in the 1580s.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Dutch eventually realized the importance of Goa in breaking up the Portuguese empire in Asia. In 1583, merchant and explorer <a href="/wiki/Jan_Huyghen_van_Linschoten" title="Jan Huyghen van Linschoten">Jan Huyghen van Linschoten</a> (1563<span class="nowrap"> </span>– 8 February 1611), formerly the Dutch secretary of the Archbishop of Goa, had acquired information while serving in that position that contained the location of secret Portuguese trade routes throughout Asia, including those to the East Indies and Japan. It was published in 1595 and then greatly expanded the next year as his <i>Itinerario</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dutch and English interests used this new information, leading to their commercial expansion, including the foundation of the English <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in 1600, and the Dutch East India Company in 1602. These developments allowed the entry of <a href="/wiki/Chartered_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartered companies">chartered companies</a> into the East Indies.<sup id="cite_ref-Crow1992_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crow1992-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BowenLincoln2002_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BowenLincoln2002-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27,_1879,_oil_on_canvas,_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes,_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG/220px-Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG/330px-Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG/440px-Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="1668" /></a><figcaption>The Portuguese victory at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="Second Battle of Guararapes">Second Battle of Guararapes</a> ended Dutch presence in <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Dutch took their fight overseas, attacking Spanish and Portuguese colonies and beginning the <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a>, which would last for over sixty years (1602–1663). Other European nations, such as Protestant England, assisted the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch Empire</a> in the war. The Dutch attained victories in Asia and Africa with assistance of various indigenous allies, eventually wrenching control of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Malacca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Ceylon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jorge_da_Mina" class="mw-redirect" title="São Jorge da Mina">São Jorge da Mina</a>. The Dutch also had regional control of the lucrative sugar-producing region of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">northeast Brazil</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Luanda</a>, but the Portuguese regained these territories after considerable struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney2009b73-74,168-171,226-231_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b73-74,168-171,226-231-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, in the Persian Gulf region, the Portuguese also lost control of <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Ormuz_(1622)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Ormuz (1622)">Ormuz</a> by a joint alliance of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavids</a> and the English in 1622, and <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Yaruba_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaruba dynasty">Al-Ya'arubs</a> would capture <a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a> in 1650.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney2009b169_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b169-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Hormuz_(1625)" title="Battle off Hormuz (1625)">1625 Battle off Hormuz</a>, one of the most important of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese%E2%80%93Safavid_wars" title="Portuguese–Safavid wars">Portuguese–Safavid wars</a>, would result in a draw.<sup id="cite_ref-WF_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WF-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They would continue to use Muscat as a base for repetitive incursions within the Indian Ocean, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Jesus">including capturing Fort Jesus in 1698</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney2009b350_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b350-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ethiopia and Japan in the 1630s, the ousting of missionaries by local leaders severed influence in the respective regions.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_empire_(1663–1822)"><span id="Second_empire_.281663.E2.80.931822.29"></span>Second empire (1663–1822)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Second empire (1663–1822)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1640%E2%80%931777)" title="History of Portugal (1640–1777)">History of Portugal (1640–1777)</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)" title="History of Portugal (1777–1834)">History of Portugal (1777–1834)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal_(1667).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Portugal_%281667%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281667%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Portugal_%281667%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281667%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Portugal_%281667%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281667%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Portugal (1667–1706). From the 15th–19th centuries the Portuguese flags all looked similar to this.</figcaption></figure> <p>The loss of colonies was one of the reasons that contributed to the end of the personal union with Spain. In 1640 John IV was proclaimed King of Portugal and the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a> began. Even before the war's final resolution, the crown established the Overseas Council, conceived in 1642 on the short-lived model of the Council of India (1604–1614), and established in 1643, it was the governing body for most of the Portuguese overseas empire. The exceptions were North Africa, Madeira, and the Azores. All correspondence concerning overseas possessions were funneled through the council. When the Portuguese court fled to Brazil in 1807, following the Napoleonic invasion of Iberia, Brazil was removed from the jurisdiction of the council. It made recommendations concerning personnel for the administrative, fiscal, and military, as well as bishops of overseas dioceses.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A distinguished seventeenth-century member was <a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_S%C3%A1" title="Salvador de Sá">Salvador de Sá</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nau_Rainha_de_Portugal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nau_Rainha_de_Portugal.jpg/220px-Nau_Rainha_de_Portugal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nau_Rainha_de_Portugal.jpg/330px-Nau_Rainha_de_Portugal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nau_Rainha_de_Portugal.jpg/440px-Nau_Rainha_de_Portugal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1454" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese warship <i>Rainha de Portugal</i> saluting the squadron of Admiral Ball at Malta in 1798. In the 18th century the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Navy" title="Portuguese Navy">Portuguese Navy</a> was among the most powerful in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1661 the Portuguese offered <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Tangier" title="Portuguese Tangier">Tangier</a> to England as part of a dowry, and over the next hundred years the English gradually became the dominant trader in India, gradually excluding the trade of other powers. In 1668 Spain recognized the end of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> and in exchange Portugal ceded <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> to the Spanish crown.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowans2003_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowans2003-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Portuguese were defeated by the Indian rulers <a href="/wiki/Chimnaji_Appa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimnaji Appa">Chimnaji Appa</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed330_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed330-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/wiki/Shivappa_Nayaka" title="Shivappa Nayaka">Shivappa Nayaka</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Keladi_Nayaka_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Keladi Nayaka Kingdom">Keladi Nayaka Kingdom</a><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the end of confrontations with the Dutch, Portugal was only able to cling onto <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> and several minor bases in India, and managed to regain territories in Brazil and Africa, but lost forever to prominence in Asia as trade was diverted through increasing numbers of English, Dutch and French trading posts. In 1787, in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> the <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Pintos" title="Conspiracy of the Pintos">Conspiracy of the Pintos</a>, also known as the Pinto Revolt, known in Portuguese as A Conjuração dos Pintos occurred, this was a rebellion against <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> rule.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The leaders of the plot were three prominent priests from the village of <a href="/wiki/Candolim" title="Candolim">Candolim</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Concelho" title="Concelho">concelho</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Bardez" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardez">Bardez</a>, Goa. They belonged to the noble Pinto clan, hence the name of the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was fought due to the Portuguese refusing to create bishops and other officials from the colonies and demanded equality. The family was one of the first <a href="/wiki/People_from_India" class="mw-redirect" title="People from India">Indian</a> families to be considered as a <a href="/wiki/Fidalgo" title="Fidalgo">Fidalgo</a> by the Portuguese crown and two brothers were granted a coat of arms in 1770, and included in the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nobility" title="Portuguese nobility">Portuguese nobility</a> </p><p>This was the first anti-colonial revolt in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and one of the first by <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> subjects in all European colonies. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Pintos_April_1770.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Pintos_April_1770.jpg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Pintos_April_1770.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Pintos_April_1770.jpg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Pintos_April_1770.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Pintos_April_1770.jpg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Pintos_April_1770.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption>Coat of Arms of the Pintos, awarded by the King of Portugal in 1770</figcaption></figure> <p>Thus, throughout the century, Brazil gained increasing importance to the empire, which exported <a href="/wiki/Brazilwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilwood">brazilwood</a> and sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-BethencourtCurto111,117_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BethencourtCurto111,117-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Minas_Gerais_and_the_gold_industry">Minas Gerais and the gold industry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Minas Gerais and the gold industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1693, gold was discovered at <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a> in Brazil. Major discoveries of gold and, later, diamonds in Minas Gerais, <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a> and Goiás led to a "<a href="/wiki/Brazil_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazil Gold Rush">gold rush</a>", with a large influx of migrants.<sup id="cite_ref-Boxer168_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boxer168-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The village became the new economic center of the empire, with rapid settlement and some conflicts. This gold cycle led to the creation of an internal market and attracted a large number of immigrants. By 1739, at the apex of the mining boom, the population of Minas Gerais was somewhere between 200,000 and 250,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney2009b268-69_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b268-69-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_in_1817.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Brazil_in_1817.svg/220px-Brazil_in_1817.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Brazil_in_1817.svg/330px-Brazil_in_1817.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Brazil_in_1817.svg/440px-Brazil_in_1817.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1985" /></a><figcaption>Provinces of the Portuguese Empire in the Americas by 1817</figcaption></figure> <p>The gold rush considerably increased the revenue of the Portuguese crown, who charged a fifth of all the ore mined, or the "fifth". Diversion and smuggling were frequent, along with altercations between <i>Paulistas</i> (residents of São Paulo) and <i>Emboabas</i> (immigrants from Portugal and other regions in Brazil), so a whole set of bureaucratic controls began in 1710 with the captaincy of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. By 1718, São Paulo and Minas Gerais became two captaincies, with eight <i>vilas</i> created in the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-Bethell203_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bethell203-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Disney2009b267-68_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b267-68-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crown also restricted the diamond mining within its jurisdiction and to private contractors.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney2009b267-68_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b267-68-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of gold galvanizing global trade, the plantation industry became the leading export for Brazil during this period; sugar constituted at 50% of the exports (with gold at 46%) in 1760.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney2009b268-69_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b268-69-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Africans became the largest group of people in Minas Gerais. Slaves labeled as 'Minas' and 'Angolas' rose in high demand during the boom. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akan_peoples&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akan peoples (page does not exist)">Akan</a> within the 'Minas' group had a reputation to have been experts in extrapolating gold in their native regions, and became the preferred group. In spite of the high death rate associated with the slaves involved in the mining industry, the owners that allowed slaves that extracted above the minimum amount of gold to keep the excesses, which in turn led to the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a>. Those that became free partook in artisan jobs such as cobblers, tailors, and blacksmiths. In spite of free blacks and <a href="/wiki/Mulattoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulattoes">mulattoes</a> playing a large role in Minas Gerais, the number of them that received marginalization was greater there than in any other region in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney2009b273-275_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b273-275-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gold discovered in Mato Grosso and Goiás sparked an interest to solidify the western borders of the colony. In the 1730s contact with Spanish outposts occurred more frequently, and the Spanish threatened to launch a military expedition in order to remove them. This failed to happen and by the 1750s the Portuguese were able to implant a political stronghold in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney2009b288_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b288-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1755 Lisbon suffered a catastrophic <a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">earthquake</a>, which together with a subsequent <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> killed between 40,000 and 60,000 people out of a population of 275,000.<sup id="cite_ref-KozakCermak131_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KozakCermak131-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sharply checked Portuguese colonial ambitions in the late 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramasamy2006_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramasamy2006-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to economic historians, Portugal's colonial trade had a substantial positive impact on Portuguese economic growth, 1500–1800. Leonor Costa et al. conclude: </p> <blockquote><p>intercontinental trade had a substantial and increasingly positive impact on economic growth. In the heyday of colonial expansion, eliminating the economic links to empire would have reduced Portugal's per capita income by roughly a fifth. While the empire helped the domestic economy it was not sufficient to annul the tendency towards decline in relation to Europe's advanced core which set in from the 17th century onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pombaline_and_post-Pombaline_Brazil">Pombaline and post-Pombaline Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pombaline and post-Pombaline Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_da_cidade_do_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mapa_da_cidade_do_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg/220px-Mapa_da_cidade_do_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mapa_da_cidade_do_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg/330px-Mapa_da_cidade_do_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mapa_da_cidade_do_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg/440px-Mapa_da_cidade_do_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1937" data-file-height="1406" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the city of S. Sebastião (Rio de Janeiro) in 1820.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike Spain, Portugal did not divide its <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">colonial territory in America</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Capitania" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitania">captaincies</a> created there functioned under a centralized administration in <a href="/wiki/Salvador_da_Bahia" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvador da Bahia">Salvador</a>, which reported directly to the Crown in Lisbon. The 18th century was marked by increasing centralization of royal power throughout the Portuguese empire. The <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, who protected the natives against slavery, were brutally suppressed by the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Pombal" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis of Pombal">Marquis of Pombal</a>, which led to the dissolution of the order in the region by 1759.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney2009a298-302_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009a298-302-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pombal wished to improve the status of the natives by declaring them free and increasing the <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> population by encouraging intermarriage between them and the white population. Indigenous freedom decreased in contrast to its period under the Jesuits, and the response to intermarriage was lukewarm at best.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney2009b288-89_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b288-89-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crown's revenue from gold declined and plantation revenue increased by the time of Pombal, and he made provisions to improve each. Although he failed to spike the gold revenue, two short-term companies he established for the plantation economy drove a significant increase in production of cotton, rice, cacao, tobacco, and sugar. Slave labor increased as well as involvement from the textile economy. The economic development as a whole was inspired by elements of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> in mainland Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney2009b277-79,_283-84_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b277-79,_283-84-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the diminished influence from states such as the United Kingdom increased the Kingdom's dependence upon Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Encouraged by the example of the United States of America, which had won its independence from Britain, the colonial province of <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a> attempted to achieve the same objective in 1789. However, the <a href="/wiki/Inconfid%C3%AAncia_Mineira" title="Inconfidência Mineira">Inconfidência Mineira</a> failed, its leaders were arrested, and of the participants in the insurrections, the one of lowest social position, <a href="/wiki/Tiradentes" title="Tiradentes">Tiradentes</a>, was hanged.<sup id="cite_ref-Bethell163-164_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bethell163-164-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the conspiracies led by the African population was the Bahian revolt in 1798, led primarily by João de Deus do Nascimento. Inspired by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, leaders proposed a society without slavery, food prices would be lowered, and trade restriction abolished. Impoverished social conditions and a high cost of living were among reasons of the revolt. Authorities diffused the plot before major action began; they executed four of the conspirators and exiled several others to the Atlantic Coast of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney2009b296-297_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b296-297-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several more smaller-scale slave rebellions and revolts would occur from 1801 and 1816 and fears within Brazil were that these events would lead to a <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">"second Haiti"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of the conspiracies, the rule of Portugal in Brazil was not under serious threat. Historian A. R. Disney states that the colonists did not until the transferring of the Kingdom in 1808 assert influence of policy changing due to direct contact,<sup id="cite_ref-Disney2009b298_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b298-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and historian Gabriel Paquette mentions that the threats in Brazil were largely unrealized in Portugal until 1808 because of effective policing and espionage.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More revolts would occur after the arrival of the court.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazilian_Independence">Brazilian Independence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Brazilian Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence of Brazil</a>; <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_Court_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil">Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil</a>; and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Sess%C3%A3o_das_Cortes_De_Lisboa,_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Sess%C3%A3o_das_Cortes_De_Lisboa%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_2.jpg/220px-Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Sess%C3%A3o_das_Cortes_De_Lisboa%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Sess%C3%A3o_das_Cortes_De_Lisboa%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_2.jpg/330px-Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Sess%C3%A3o_das_Cortes_De_Lisboa%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Sess%C3%A3o_das_Cortes_De_Lisboa%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_2.jpg/440px-Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Sess%C3%A3o_das_Cortes_De_Lisboa%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3093" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cortes" title="Portuguese Cortes">Portuguese Cortes</a> sought the disbandment of the United Kingdom.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="34130" data-file-height="18254" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Brazilian independence</a> crippled the Portuguese Empire, both economically and politically, for a long time.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1808, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> invaded Portugal, and <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">Dom João</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_regent" title="Prince regent">prince regent</a> in place of his mother, <a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Queen Maria I</a>, ordered the transfer of the royal court to Brazil. In 1815 Brazil was elevated to the status of Kingdom, the Portuguese state officially becoming the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a> (<i>Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves</i>), and the capital was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, the only instance of a European country being ruled from one of its colonies. There was also the election of Brazilian representatives to the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cortes" title="Portuguese Cortes">Cortes Constitucionais Portuguesas</a> (Portuguese Constitutional Courts), the Parliament that assembled in Lisbon in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">Liberal Revolution of 1820</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bethell177-178_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bethell177-178-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the royal family returned to Portugal in 1821, the interlude led to a growing desire for independence amongst Brazilians. In 1822, the son of Dom João VI, then prince-regent <a href="/wiki/Dom_Pedro_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom Pedro I">Dom Pedro I</a>, proclaimed the independence of Brazil on September 7, 1822, and was crowned Emperor of the new <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>. Unlike the Spanish colonies of South America, Brazil's independence was achieved without significant bloodshed.<sup id="cite_ref-Angus1837_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angus1837-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levine2003_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine2003-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_empire_(1822–1999)"><span id="Third_empire_.281822.E2.80.931999.29"></span>Third empire (1822–1999)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Third empire (1822–1999)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834%E2%80%931910)" title="History of Portugal (1834–1910)">History of Portugal (1834–1910)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_Pacification_and_Occupation" title="Campaigns of Pacification and Occupation">Campaigns of Pacification and Occupation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesuit_Convent,_Macao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jesuit_Convent%2C_Macao.jpg/220px-Jesuit_Convent%2C_Macao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jesuit_Convent%2C_Macao.jpg/330px-Jesuit_Convent%2C_Macao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jesuit_Convent%2C_Macao.jpg/440px-Jesuit_Convent%2C_Macao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The façade of <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_College,_Macau" title="St. Paul's College, Macau">St. Paul's College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, 1854</figcaption></figure> <p>At the height of <a href="/wiki/European_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonialism">European colonialism</a> in the 19th century, Portugal had lost its territory in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and all but a few bases in Asia. During this phase, Portuguese colonialism focused on expanding its outposts in Africa into nation-sized territories to compete with other European powers there. Portugal pressed into the hinterland of Angola and Mozambique, and explorers <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Serpa_Pinto" title="Alexandre de Serpa Pinto">Serpa Pinto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermenegildo_Capelo" title="Hermenegildo Capelo">Hermenegildo Capelo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Ivens" title="Roberto Ivens">Roberto Ivens</a> were among the first Europeans to cross Africa west to east.<sup id="cite_ref-Newitt1995pp335-336_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newitt1995pp335-336-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Corrado18_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corrado18-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_Ultimatum_and_end_of_Portuguese_monarchy_(1890–1910)"><span id="British_Ultimatum_and_end_of_Portuguese_monarchy_.281890.E2.80.931910.29"></span>British Ultimatum and end of Portuguese monarchy (1890–1910)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: British Ultimatum and end of Portuguese monarchy (1890–1910)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaimite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Chaimite.jpg/220px-Chaimite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Chaimite.jpg/330px-Chaimite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Chaimite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>In the 19th century, Portugal launched campaigns to solidify Portuguese Africa.</figcaption></figure> <p>The project to connect the two colonies, the <a href="/wiki/Pink_Map" title="Pink Map">Pink Map</a>, was the main objective of Portuguese policy in the 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-Lisboa134_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lisboa134-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the idea was unacceptable to the British, who had their own aspirations of contiguous British territory running from <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1890_British_Ultimatum" title="1890 British Ultimatum">1890 British Ultimatum</a> was reluctantly accepted by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_I_of_Portugal" title="Carlos I of Portugal">Carlos I of Portugal</a> and the Pink Map came to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-Lisboa134_198-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lisboa134-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The King's reaction to the ultimatum was exploited by republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-Lisboa134_198-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lisboa134-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 1, 1908, King Carlos and Prince <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Filipe,_Prince_Royal_of_Portugal" title="Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal">Luís Filipe</a> were <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Regicide" title="Lisbon Regicide">assassinated</a> in Lisbon by two Portuguese republican activist revolutionaries, <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Lu%C3%ADs_da_Costa" title="Alfredo Luís da Costa">Alfredo Luís da Costa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Bu%C3%AD%C3%A7a" title="Manuel Buíça">Manuel Buíça</a>. Luís Filipe's brother, Manuel, became King <a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Portugal" title="Manuel II of Portugal">Manuel II of Portugal</a>. Two years later, on October 5, 1910, he was overthrown and fled into exile in England in Fulwell Park, Twickenham near London and Portugal became a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler48-61_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler48-61-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I">World War I</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/German_campaign_in_Angola" title="German campaign in Angola">German campaign in Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War I)">East African Campaign (World War I)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portugal during World War I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1918)" title="Battle of the Lys (1918)">Battle of the Lys (1918)</a></div> <p>In 1914, the German Empire formulated plans to usurp Angola from Portuguese control.<sup id="cite_ref-Vincent-Smith1974_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vincent-Smith1974-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skirmishes between Portuguese and German soldiers ensued, resulting in reinforcements being sent from the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main objective of these soldiers was to recapture the <a href="/wiki/Kionga_Triangle" title="Kionga Triangle">Kionga Triangle</a>, in northern Mozambique, the territory having been subjugated by Germany. In 1916, after Portugal interned German ships in Lisbon, Germany declared war on Portugal. Portugal followed suit, thus entering World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler128_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler128-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in the war, Portugal was involved mainly in supplying the Allies positioned in France. In 1916, there was only one attack on the Portuguese territory, in <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1917, one of the actions taken by Portugal was to assist Britain in its timber industry, imperative to the war effort. Along with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forestry_Corps" title="Canadian Forestry Corps">Canadian Forestry Corps</a>, Portuguese personnel established logging infrastructure in an area now referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Fireplace" title="Portuguese Fireplace">Portuguese Fireplace</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout 1917 Portugal dispatched contingents of troops to the Allied front in France. Midway in the year, Portugal suffered its first World War I casualty. In Portuguese Africa, Portugal and the British fought numerous battles against the Germans in both Mozambique and Angola. Later in the year, <a href="/wiki/U-boats" class="mw-redirect" title="U-boats">U-boats</a> entered Portuguese waters again and once more attacked Madeira, sinking multiple Portuguese ships. Through the beginning of 1918, Portugal continued to fight along the Allied front against Germany, including participation in the infamous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Lys" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of La Lys">Battle of La Lys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As autumn approached, Germany found success in both Portuguese Africa and against Portuguese vessels, sinking multiple ships. After nearly three years of fighting (from a Portuguese perspective), World War I ended, with an armistice being signed by Germany. At the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Versailles Conference</a>, Portugal regained control of all its lost territory, but did not retain possession (by the principle of <a href="/wiki/Uti_possidetis" title="Uti possidetis">uti possidetis</a>) of territories gained during the war, except for <a href="/wiki/Kionga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kionga">Kionga</a>, a port city in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Portuguese territories in Africa eventually included the modern nations of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koffi2012_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koffi2012-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decolonization_(1954–1999)"><span id="Decolonization_.281954.E2.80.931999.29"></span>Decolonization (1954–1999)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Decolonization (1954–1999)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Macau">Transfer of sovereignty over Macau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png/220px-Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png/330px-Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png/440px-Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>In the 20th century, Portugal no longer called itself an empire, but a <a href="/wiki/Pluricontinental" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluricontinental">pluricontinental</a> nation with overseas provinces.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg/220px-Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg/330px-Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg/440px-Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="1593" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a> sought the preservation of a pluricontinental Portugal.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the wake of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, decolonization movements began to gain momentum in the empires of the European powers. The ensuing <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> also created instabilities among Portuguese overseas populations, as the United States and Soviet Union vied to increase their spheres of influence. Following the granting of independence to India by Britain in 1947, and the decision by France to allow its <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">enclaves in India</a> to be incorporated into the newly independent nation, pressure was placed on Portugal to do the same.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was resisted by <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a>, who had taken power in 1933. Salazar rebuffed a request in 1950 by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Indian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> to return the enclaves, viewing them as integral parts of Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, the Portuguese constitution was amended to change the status of the colonies to overseas provinces. In 1954, a local uprising resulted in the overthrow of the Portuguese authorities in the Indian enclave of <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a>. The existence of the remaining Portuguese colonies in India became increasingly untenable and Nehru enjoyed the support of almost all the Indian domestic political parties as well as the Soviet Union and its allies. In 1961, shortly after an uprising against the Portuguese in Angola, Nehru ordered the Indian Army into <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a>, which were quickly <a href="/wiki/1961_Indian_Annexation_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="1961 Indian Annexation of Goa">captured</a> and formally annexed the following year. Salazar refused to recognize the transfer of sovereignty, believing the territories to be merely occupied. The Province of Goa continued to be represented in the Portuguese National Assembly until 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson153_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson153-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The outbreak of violence in February 1961 in Angola was the beginning of the end of Portugal's empire in Africa. Portuguese army officers in Angola held the view that it would be incapable of dealing militarily with an outbreak of guerilla warfare and therefore that negotiations should begin with the independence movements. However, Salazar publicly stated his determination to keep the empire intact, and by the end of the year, 50,000 troops had been stationed there. The same year, the tiny Portuguese fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá in <a href="/wiki/Ouidah" title="Ouidah">Ouidah</a>, a remnant of the West African slave trade, was annexed by the new government of Dahomey (now <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>) that had gained its independence from France. Unrest spread from Angola to Guinea, which rebelled in 1963, and Mozambique in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson153_210-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson153-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to one historian, Portuguese rulers were unwilling to meet the demands of their colonial subjects (unlike other European powers) in part because Portuguese elites believed that "Portugal lacked the means to conduct a successful "exit strategy" (akin to the "neocolonial" approach followed by the British, the French, or the Belgians)" and in part due to the lack of "a free and open debate [in Salazar's dictatorial state] on the costs of upholding an empire against the anti-colonial consensus that had prevailed in the United Nations since the early 1960s".<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rise of Soviet influence among the <a href="/wiki/Movimento_das_For%C3%A7as_Armadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Movimento das Forças Armadas">Movimento das Forças Armadas</a>'s military (MFA) and working class, and the cost and unpopularity of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> (1961–1974), in which Portugal resisted to the emerging nationalist guerrilla movements in some of its African territories, eventually led to the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a> regime in 1974. Known as the "<a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a>", one of the first acts of the MFA-led government which then came into power – the <a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Junta" title="National Salvation Junta">National Salvation Junta</a> (<i>Junta de Salvação Nacional</i>) – was to end the wars and negotiate Portuguese withdrawal from its African colonies. These events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Province_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Province of Angola">Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Province_of_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Province of Mozambique">Mozambique</a>), creating over a million Portuguese refugees – the <i>retornados</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portugal's new ruling authorities also recognized Goa and other Portuguese India's territories <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Goa">invaded by India's military forces</a>, as Indian territories. Benin's claims over <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="São João Baptista de Ajudá">São João Baptista de Ajudá</a> were accepted by Portugal in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Civil wars in <a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambique</a> promptly broke out, with incoming communist governments formed by the former rebels (and backed by the Soviet Union, Cuba, and other communist countries) fighting against insurgent groups supported by nations like <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a>, South Africa, and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-ArnoldWiener11-12_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArnoldWiener11-12-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> also declared independence in 1975 by making an exodus of many Portuguese refugees to Portugal, which was also known as <i>retornados</i>. However, East Timor was almost immediately <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">invaded by Indonesia</a>, which later <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">occupied</a> it until 1999. A <a href="/wiki/East_Timor_Special_Autonomy_Referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor Special Autonomy Referendum">United Nations-sponsored referendum</a> resulted in a majority of East Timorese choosing independence, which was finally achieved in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1987, Portugal signed the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_on_the_Question_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau">Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration</a> with the People's Republic of China to establish the process and conditions for the transfer of sovereignty of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a>, its last remaining overseas possession. While this process was similar to <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">the agreement between the United Kingdom and China</a> two years earlier regarding <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, the Portuguese transfer to China was met with less resistance than that of Britain regarding Hong Kong, as Portugal had already recognized Macau as Chinese territory under Portuguese administration in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the transfer agreement, Macau is to be governed under a <a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">one country, two systems</a> policy, in which it will retain a high degree of autonomy and maintain its capitalist way of life for at least 50 years after the handover, until 2049. The <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Macau">handover of Macau</a> on December 20, 1999, officially marked the end of the Portuguese Empire and the end of colonialism in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belem_-_Padrao_dos_Descobrimentos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Belem_-_Padrao_dos_Descobrimentos.jpg/220px-Belem_-_Padrao_dos_Descobrimentos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Belem_-_Padrao_dos_Descobrimentos.jpg/330px-Belem_-_Padrao_dos_Descobrimentos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Belem_-_Padrao_dos_Descobrimentos.jpg/440px-Belem_-_Padrao_dos_Descobrimentos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3802" data-file-height="4314" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monument_of_the_Discoveries" title="Monument of the Discoveries">Monument of the Discoveries</a> in Lisbon</figcaption></figure> <p>Presently, the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a> (CPLP) serves as the cultural and <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">intergovernmental</a> successor of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-CPLP_NewsID46_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPLP_NewsID46-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Macau was returned to China on 20 December 1999, under the terms of an agreement negotiated between People's Republic of China and Portugal twelve years earlier. Nevertheless, the Portuguese language remains co-official with <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Chinese">Cantonese Chinese</a> in Macau.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> (the latter administering the uninhabited <a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a>) are the only <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Regions_of_Portugal" title="Autonomous Regions of Portugal">overseas territories</a> that remain politically linked to Portugal. Although Portugal began the process of decolonizing <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">East Timor</a> in 1975, during 1999–2002 was sometimes considered Portugal's last remaining colony, as the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">Indonesian invasion of East Timor</a> was not justified by Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eight of the former colonies of Portugal have <a href="/wiki/Geographic_distribution_of_Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic distribution of Portuguese">Portuguese as their official language</a>. Together with Portugal, they are now members of the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a>, which when combined total 10,742,000 km<sup>2</sup>, or 7.2% of the Earth's landmass (148 939 063 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As at 2023, there are 32 associate observers of the CPLP, reflecting the global reach and influence of Portugal's former empire. Moreover, twelve candidate countries or regions have applied for membership to the CPLP and are awaiting approval.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, Portuguese is one of the world's major languages, ranked sixth overall with approximately 240 million speakers around the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-língua_portuguesa_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-língua_portuguesa-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the third most spoken language in the Americas, mainly due to Brazil, although there are also significant communities of Lusophones in nations such as Canada, the US and Venezuela. In addition, there are numerous <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Portuguese-based creole languages</a>, including the one utilized by the <a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang</a> people in <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For instance, as Portuguese merchants were presumably the first to introduce the <a href="/wiki/Sweet_orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet orange">sweet orange</a> in Europe, in several modern <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> the fruit has been named after them. Some examples are Albanian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/portokall#Albanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:portokall">portokall</a>, Bulgarian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB#Bulgarian" class="extiw" title="wikt:портокал">портокал</a> (<i>portokal</i>), Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:πορτοκάλι">πορτοκάλι</a> (<i>portokali</i>), Macedonian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB#Macedonian" class="extiw" title="wikt:портокал">портокал</a> (<i>portokal</i>), Persian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:پرتقال">پرتقال</a> (<i>porteghal</i>), and Romanian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/portocal%C4%83#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:portocală">portocală</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-plantname_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plantname-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OstergrenBosse2011_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OstergrenBosse2011-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Related names can be found in other languages, such as Arabic <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84#Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikt:البرتقال">البرتقال</a> (<i>bourtouqal</i>), <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ფორთოხალი">ფორთოხალი</a> (<i>p'ort'oxali</i>), Turkish <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/portakal#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:portakal">portakal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> <i>birtukan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-plantname_225-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plantname-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, in <a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">southern Italian dialects</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a>), an orange is <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/portogallo" class="extiw" title="wikt:portogallo">portogallo</a></i> or <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/it:purtuallo" class="extiw" title="wikt:it:purtuallo">purtuallo</a></i>, literally "(the) Portuguese (one)", in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Standard_Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Italian">standard Italian</a> <i>arancia</i>. </p><p>In light of its international importance, Portugal and Brazil are leading a movement to include Portuguese as one of the <a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_the_United_Nations" title="Official languages of the United Nations">official languages of the United Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 238.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 236.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CPLP_-_Mapa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries; member states (blue), associate observers (green), and officially-interested countries & territories (gold)"><img alt="Map of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries; member states (blue), associate observers (green), and officially-interested countries & territories (gold)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CPLP_-_Mapa.svg/355px-CPLP_-_Mapa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="237" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CPLP_-_Mapa.svg/532px-CPLP_-_Mapa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CPLP_-_Mapa.svg/710px-CPLP_-_Mapa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a>; member states (blue), associate observers (green), and officially-interested countries & territories (gold)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 276px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 274px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" class="mw-file-description" title="  Actual possessions   Explorations   Areas of influence and trade   Claims of sovereignty   Trading posts   Main sea explorations, routes and areas of influence"><img alt="Actual possessions  Explorations  Areas of influence and trade  Claims of sovereignty  Trading posts  Main sea explorations, routes and areas of influence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/411px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" decoding="async" width="274" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/616px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/821px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> Actual possessions<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Olive; color:black;"> </span> Explorations<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> Areas of influence and trade<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Pink; color:black;"> </span> Claims of sovereignty<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> Trading posts<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:SkyBlue; color:black;"> </span> Main sea explorations, routes and areas of influence</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A9_de_Santa_Catarina.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Se Cathedral in Goa, India, an example of Portuguese architecture and one of Asia's largest churches."><img alt="The Se Cathedral in Goa, India, an example of Portuguese architecture and one of Asia's largest churches." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/S%C3%A9_de_Santa_Catarina.jpg/240px-S%C3%A9_de_Santa_Catarina.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/S%C3%A9_de_Santa_Catarina.jpg/360px-S%C3%A9_de_Santa_Catarina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/S%C3%A9_de_Santa_Catarina.jpg/480px-S%C3%A9_de_Santa_Catarina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Se_Cathedral" title="Se Cathedral">Se Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, India, an example of Portuguese architecture and one of Asia's largest churches.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Macau_street_sign.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Portuguese remains an official language in Macau, alongside Chinese."><img alt="Portuguese remains an official language in Macau, alongside Chinese." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Macau_street_sign.JPG/240px-Macau_street_sign.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Macau_street_sign.JPG/360px-Macau_street_sign.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Macau_street_sign.JPG/480px-Macau_street_sign.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> remains an official language in <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pillar_of_Vasco_da_Gama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pillar of Vasco da Gama at Malindi, Kenya."><img alt="Pillar of Vasco da Gama at Malindi, Kenya." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pillar_of_Vasco_da_Gama.jpg/240px-Pillar_of_Vasco_da_Gama.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pillar_of_Vasco_da_Gama.jpg/360px-Pillar_of_Vasco_da_Gama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pillar_of_Vasco_da_Gama.jpg/480px-Pillar_of_Vasco_da_Gama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama_Pillar,_Malindi" title="Vasco da Gama Pillar, Malindi">Pillar of Vasco da Gama</a> at <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a>, Kenya.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese colonial architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion" title="Edict of Expulsion">Edict of Expulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Portuguese_Empire" title="Evolution of the Portuguese Empire">Evolution of the Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Inquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Goan Inquisition">Goan Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusotropicalism" title="Lusotropicalism">Lusotropicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_and_Muslims_by_Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal">Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Armadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Armadas">Portuguese Armadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese in Africa">Portuguese in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_inventions" title="Portuguese inventions">Portuguese inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Surinamese" title="Portuguese Surinamese">Portuguese Surinamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PageSonnenburg481-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PageSonnenburg481_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPageSonnenburg2003">Page & Sonnenburg 2003</a>, p. 481</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brockeyxv-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brockeyxv_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrockey2008">Brockey 2008</a>, p. xv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JuangMorrissette894-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JuangMorrissette894_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuangMorrissette2008">Juang & Morrissette 2008</a>, p. 894</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiffieWinius301-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiffieWinius301_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius 1977</a>, p. 301</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newitt2005p15-17-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newitt2005p15-17_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewitt2005">Newitt 2005</a>, pp. 15–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newitt19-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newitt19_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newitt19_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewitt2005">Newitt 2005</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boxer19-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boxer19_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boxer19_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoxer1969">Boxer 1969</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refAbernethy">Abernethy</a>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newitt21-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newitt21_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewitt2005">Newitt 2005</a>, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiffieWinius55-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DiffieWinius55_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiffieWinius55_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius 1977</a>, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiffieWinius56-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiffieWinius56_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius 1977</a>, p. 56: Henry, a product of 15th-century Portugal, was inspired by both religious and economic factors.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson50-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson50_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2000">Anderson 2000</a>, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coates60-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coates60_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoates2002">Coates 2002</a>, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L.S. Stavrianos, <i>The World since 1500: a Global history</i> (1966) pp. 92–93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiffieWinius68-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiffieWinius68_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius 1977</a>, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daus33-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daus33_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaus1983">Daus 1983</a>, p. 33<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDaus1983 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boxer29-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boxer29_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoxer1969">Boxer 1969</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell-Wood1998p9-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Russell-Wood1998p9_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell-Wood1998">Russell-Wood 1998</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodriguez79-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rodriguez79_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodriguez2007">Rodriguez 2007</a>, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiffieWinius469-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiffieWinius469_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius 1977</a>, p. 469</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Godinho, V. M. <i>Os Descobrimentos e a Economia Mundial</i>, Arcádia, 1965, Vol 1 and 2, Lisboa</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ponting482-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ponting482_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPonting2000">Ponting 2000</a>, p. 482</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis84-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis84_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2006">Davis 2006</a>, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BethencourtCurto232-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BethencourtCurto232_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBethencourtCurto2007">Bethencourt & Curto 2007</a>, p. 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White138-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-White138_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2005">White 2005</a>, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GannDuignan273-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GannDuignan273_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGannDuignan1972">Gann & Duignan 1972</a>, p. 273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiffieWinius156-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiffieWinius156_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius 1977</a>, p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiffieWinius1977161-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiffieWinius1977161_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius 1977</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson59-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson59_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2000">Anderson 2000</a>, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newitt47-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newitt47_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewitt2005">Newitt 2005</a>, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson55-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson55_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2000">Anderson 2000</a>, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McAlister73-75-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McAlister73-75_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcAlister1984">McAlister 1984</a>, pp. 73–75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BethencourtCurto165-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BethencourtCurto165_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBethencourtCurto2007">Bethencourt & Curto 2007</a>, p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiffieWinius174-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiffieWinius174_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius 1977</a>, p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiffieWinius176-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiffieWinius176_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius 1977</a>, p. 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boxer36-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boxer36_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoxer1969">Boxer 1969</a>, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiffieWinius176-185-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiffieWinius176-185_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius 1977</a>, pp. 176–185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refScammell">Scammell</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McAlister75-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McAlister75_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcAlister1984">McAlister 1984</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McAlister76-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McAlister76_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcAlister1984">McAlister 1984</a>, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiffieWinius274,320-323-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiffieWinius274,320-323_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius 1977</a>, pp. 274, 320–323</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/thangasseri-kollam/296">"Thangasseri, Kollam, Dutch Quilon, Kerala"</a>. <i>Kerala Tourism</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140514011139/https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/thangasseri-kollam/296">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kerala+Tourism&rft.atitle=Thangasseri%2C+Kollam%2C+Dutch+Quilon%2C+Kerala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keralatourism.org%2Fdestination%2Fthangasseri-kollam%2F296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BethencourtCurto207-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BethencourtCurto207_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBethencourtCurto2007">Bethencourt & Curto 2007</a>, p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abeyasinghe2-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abeyasinghe2_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbeyasinghe1986">Abeyasinghe 1986</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney2009b128-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Disney2009b128_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009b">Disney 2009b</a>, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiffieWinius233,235-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiffieWinius233,235_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius 1977</a>, pp. 233, 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macmillan11-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Macmillan11_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacmillan2000">Macmillan 2000</a>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiffieWinius237-239-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiffieWinius237-239_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius 1977</a>, pp. 237–239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney2009b128-29-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Disney2009b128-29_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Disney2009b128-29_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009b">Disney 2009b</a>, pp. 128–129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiffieWinius245-247-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiffieWinius245-247_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius 1977</a>, pp. 245–247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Subrahmanyam67-83-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Subrahmanyam67-83_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSubrahmanyam2012">Subrahmanyam 2012</a>, pp. 67–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney2009b129-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Disney2009b129_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009b">Disney 2009b</a>, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiffieWinius238-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiffieWinius238_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius 1977</a>, p. 238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shastry34-45-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shastry34-45_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShastry2000">Shastry 2000</a>, pp. 34–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney2009b130-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Disney2009b130_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Disney2009b130_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009b">Disney 2009b</a>, p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deSouza220-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deSouza220_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Souza1990">de Souza 1990</a>, p. 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mehta291-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mehta291_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta1980">Mehta 1980</a>, p. 291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricklefs23-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs23_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicklefs1991">Ricklefs 1991</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kratoska2004p98-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kratoska2004p98_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kratoska2004p98_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKratoska2004">Kratoska 2004</a>, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gipouloux2011p301-302-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gipouloux2011p301-302_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGipouloux2011">Gipouloux 2011</a>, pp. 301–302</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newitt2005p78-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newitt2005p78_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewitt2005">Newitt 2005</a>, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ooi2009p202-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ooi2009p202_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOoi2009">Ooi 2009</a>, p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lach520-521-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lach520-521_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLach1994">Lach 1994</a>, pp. 520–521</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania by Barbara A. West. Infobase Publishing, 2009. p. 800</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QuanchiRobson2005-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-QuanchiRobson2005_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuanchiRobson2005" class="citation book cs1">Quanchi, Max; Robson, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FUwDzM94jGUC"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. xliii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6528-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6528-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-6528-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Discovery+and+Exploration+of+the+Pacific+Islands&rft.pages=xliii&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6528-0&rft.aulast=Quanchi&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Robson%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFUwDzM94jGUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Silva Jayasuriya, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris225-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris225_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2015" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Jonathan Gil (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4i7BwAAQBAJ&pg=PT225"><i>The First Firangis</i></a>. Aleph Book Company. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-83064-91-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-83064-91-5"><bdi>978-93-83064-91-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Firangis&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Aleph+Book+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-93-83064-91-5&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Gil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY4i7BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Silva Jayasuriya, p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwitchettFairbank1978" class="citation book cs1">Twitchett, Denis Crispin; Fairbank, John King (1978). <i>The Cambridge History of China</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24333-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24333-9"><bdi>978-0-521-24333-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24333-9&rft.aulast=Twitchett&rft.aufirst=Denis+Crispin&rft.au=Fairbank%2C+John+King&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edmonds2002-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edmonds2002_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonds2002" class="citation book cs1">Edmonds, Richard L., ed. (September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXoFscQ2QwsC"><i>China and Europe Since 1978: A European Perspective</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52403-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52403-2"><bdi>978-0-521-52403-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+Europe+Since+1978%3A+A+European+Perspective&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002-09&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52403-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXoFscQ2QwsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward2008-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ward2008_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2008" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Gerald W.R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mkJfbdTS--UC"><i>The Grove Encyclopedia of Materials and Techniques in Art</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531391-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531391-8"><bdi>978-0-19-531391-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Materials+and+Techniques+in+Art&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531391-8&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Gerald+W.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmkJfbdTS--UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gleason2007-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gleason2007_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleason2007" class="citation book cs1">Gleason, Carrie (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o-54TjlhrfIC"><i>The Biography of Tea</i></a>. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7787-2493-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7787-2493-3"><bdi>978-0-7787-2493-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biography+of+Tea&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Crabtree+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7787-2493-3&rft.aulast=Gleason&rft.aufirst=Carrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do-54TjlhrfIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hong Kong & Macau 14 By Andrew Stone, Piera Chen, Chung Wah Chow Lonely Planet, 2010. pp. 20–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hong Kong & Macau by Jules Brown Rough Guides, 2002. p. 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130144843/http://algarvedailynews.com/features/history/4372-tne-portuguese-in-the-far-east">"Tne Portuguese in the Far East"</a>. Algarvedailynews.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://algarvedailynews.com/features/history/4372-tne-portuguese-in-the-far-east">the original</a> on 2013-01-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tne+Portuguese+in+the+Far+East&rft.pub=Algarvedailynews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falgarvedailynews.com%2Ffeatures%2Fhistory%2F4372-tne-portuguese-in-the-far-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/119676.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Portugal's Discovery in China' on Display"</a>. <i>www.china.org.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220515055412/http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/119676.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.china.org.cn&rft.atitle=%27Portugal%27s+Discovery+in+China%27+on+Display&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Fculture%2F119676.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 343–344, Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&dq=Leonel+de+Sousa+Macau&pg=PA344">The Cambridge history of China, Volume 2; Volume 8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221213141214/https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&lpg=PA344&dq=Leonel%20de%20Sousa%20Macau&pg=PA344#v=onepage&q=Leonel%20de%20Sousa%20Macau&f=false">Archived</a> 2022-12-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Cambridge University Press, 1978, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24333-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24333-5">0-521-24333-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smithsonianmag.com-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smithsonianmag.com_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121225010332/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/portugal_exhibit.html">"When Portugal Ruled the Seas | History & Archaeology | Smithsonian Magazine"</a>. Smithsonianmag.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/portugal_exhibit.html">the original</a> on 2012-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Portugal+Ruled+the+Seas+%26%23124%3B+History+%26+Archaeology+%26%23124%3B+Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.pub=Smithsonianmag.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory-archaeology%2Fportugal_exhibit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jesus5-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jesus5_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJesus1902">Jesus 1902</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dodge226-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dodge226_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dodge226_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dodge226_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodge1976">Dodge 1976</a>, p. 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whiteway339-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whiteway339_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhiteway1899">Whiteway 1899</a>, p. 339</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney2009b175,184-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Disney2009b175,184_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009b">Disney 2009b</a>, pp. 175, 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeupp2003" class="citation book cs1">Leupp, Gary P. (2003). <i>Interracial Intimacy in Japan</i>. <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International Publishing Group</a>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6074-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6074-5"><bdi>978-0-8264-6074-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interracial+Intimacy+in+Japan&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-6074-5&rft.aulast=Leupp&rft.aufirst=Gary+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ooi2004p1340-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ooi2004p1340_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOoi2004">Ooi 2004</a>, p. 1340</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juan Cole, Sacred Space and Holy War, IB Tauris, 2007 p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Flanagan125-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-O'Flanagan125_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Flanagan2008">O'Flanagan 2008</a>, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearson1976pp74-82-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson1976pp74-82_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson1976pp74-82_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPearson1976">Pearson 1976</a>, pp. 74–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malekandathil116-118-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malekandathil116-118_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalekandathil2010">Malekandathil 2010</a>, pp. 116–118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mathew138-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mathew138_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMathew1988">Mathew 1988</a>, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUyarJ._Erickson2003" class="citation book cs1">Uyar, Mesut; J. Erickson, Edward (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JgfNBKHG7S8C&pg=PA76"><i>A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0275988767" title="Special:BookSources/0275988767"><bdi>0275988767</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+the+Ottomans%3A+From+Osman+to+Atat%C3%BCrk&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0275988767&rft.aulast=Uyar&rft.aufirst=Mesut&rft.au=J.+Erickson%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJgfNBKHG7S8C%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. João de Castro <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/kerr/vol06chap03sect01to05.html"><i>The Voyage of Don Stefano de Gama from Goa to Suez, in 1540, with the intention of Burning the Turkish Galleys at that port</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061014142159/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/kerr/vol06chap03sect01to05.html">Archived</a> 2006-10-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Volume 6, Chapter 3, eText)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abir86-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abir86_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abir86_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abir, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appiah; Gates, p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chesworth; Thomas p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newitt (2004), p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Black, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stapleton2013p121-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stapleton2013p121_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStapleton2013">Stapleton 2013</a>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen, pp. 17–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mancall2007p207-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mancall2007p207_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mancall2007p207_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMancall2007">Mancall 2007</a>, p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thornton2000pp100-101-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thornton2000pp100-101_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThornton2000">Thornton 2000</a>, pp. 100–101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeywoodThornton2007p83-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HeywoodThornton2007p83_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeywoodThornton2007">Heywood & Thornton 2007</a>, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stapleton2013p175-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stapleton2013p175_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stapleton2013p175_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStapleton2013">Stapleton 2013</a>, p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodwin, p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeywoodThornton2007p86-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HeywoodThornton2007p86_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeywoodThornton2007">Heywood & Thornton 2007</a>, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mancall2007pp208-211-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mancall2007pp208-211_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMancall2007">Mancall 2007</a>, pp. 208–211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pacey1991-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pacey1991_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacey1991" class="citation book cs1">Pacey, Arnold (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/technologyinworl0000pace"><i>Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-year History</i></a></span>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-66072-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-66072-3"><bdi>978-0-262-66072-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology+in+World+Civilization%3A+A+Thousand-year+History&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-262-66072-3&rft.aulast=Pacey&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftechnologyinworl0000pace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yosaburō Takekoshi, "The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32379-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32379-7">0-415-32379-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney2009b195-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Disney2009b195_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009b">Disney 2009b</a>, p. 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Bloomer2018" class="citation book cs1">C. Bloomer, Kristin (2018). <i>Possessed by the Virgin: Hinduism, Roman Catholicism, and Marian Possession in South India</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190615093" title="Special:BookSources/9780190615093"><bdi>9780190615093</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Possessed+by+the+Virgin%3A+Hinduism%2C+Roman+Catholicism%2C+and+Marian+Possession+in+South+India&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780190615093&rft.aulast=C.+Bloomer&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Russo2000" class="citation book cs1">J. Russo, David (2000). <i>American History from a Global Perspective: An Interpretation</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275968960" title="Special:BookSources/9780275968960"><bdi>9780275968960</bdi></a>. <q>the Church of England was a " state church " in the colonies the way it indisputably was in England, and as the Roman Catholic Church was in the neighboring Spanish and Portuguese empires.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+History+from+a+Global+Perspective%3A+An+Interpretation&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780275968960&rft.aulast=J.+Russo&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BethencourtCurto262-265-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BethencourtCurto262-265_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBethencourtCurto2007">Bethencourt & Curto 2007</a>, pp. 262–265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiffieWinius464-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiffieWinius464_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius 1977</a>, p. 464</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney2009a116-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Disney2009a116_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009a">Disney 2009a</a>, p. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HerringHerring214-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HerringHerring214_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerringHerring1968">Herring & Herring 1968</a>, p. 214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metcalf (2006), p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PickettPickett14-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PickettPickett14_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PickettPickett14_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PickettPickett14_116-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPickettPickett2011">Pickett & Pickett 2011</a>, p. 14<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPickettPickett2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marley2008p76-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marley2008p76_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarley2008">Marley 2008</a>, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marley2008pp76-78-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marley2008pp76-78_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarley2008">Marley 2008</a>, pp. 76–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeOliveira254-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeOliveira254_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeOliveira254_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Oliveira_Marques1972">de Oliveira Marques 1972</a>, p. 254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marley2008p78-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marley2008p78_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarley2008">Marley 2008</a>, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marley2005pp694-696-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marley2005pp694-696_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarley2005">Marley 2005</a>, pp. 694–696</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marley2005p694-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marley2005p694_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarley2008">Marley 2008</a>, p. 694</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiffieWinius310-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiffieWinius310_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius 1977</a>, p. 310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deAbreu1998-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deAbreu1998_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Abreu1998" class="citation book cs1">de Abreu, João Capistrano (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=73CsasKb1CgC"><i>Chapters of Brazil's Colonial History 1500–1800</i></a>. trans. by Arthur Irakel. Oxford University Press. pp. 35, 38–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-802631-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-802631-0"><bdi>978-0-19-802631-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chapters+of+Brazil%27s+Colonial+History+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=35%2C+38-40&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-802631-0&rft.aulast=de+Abreu&rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%A3o+Capistrano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D73CsasKb1CgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeOliveira255-56-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeOliveira255-56_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Oliveira_Marques1972">de Oliveira Marques 1972</a>, pp. 255–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeOliveira255-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeOliveira255_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Oliveira_Marques1972">de Oliveira Marques 1972</a>, p. 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BethencourtCurto111-119-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BethencourtCurto111-119_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBethencourtCurto2007">Bethencourt & Curto 2007</a>, pp. 111–119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lockhart190-191-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lockhart190-191_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockhart1983">Lockhart 1983</a>, pp. 190–191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bakewell496-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bakewell496_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakewell2009">Bakewell 2009</a>, p. 496</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahoney246-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mahoney246_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMahoney2010">Mahoney 2010</a>, p. 246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell-Wood1968p47-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Russell-Wood1968p47_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell-Wood1968">Russell-Wood 1968</a>, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ladle185-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ladle185_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLadle2000">Ladle 2000</a>, p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metcalf (2005), pp. 36–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marley2008p86-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marley2008p86_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marley2008p86_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarley2008">Marley 2008</a>, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marley2008p90-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marley2008p90_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarley2008">Marley 2008</a>, p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treece31-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Treece31_136-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treece31_136-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treece31_136-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreece2000">Treece 2000</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marley2008pp91-92-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marley2008pp91-92_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marley2008pp91-92_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarley2008">Marley 2008</a>, pp. 91–92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metcalf (2005), p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marley2008p96-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marley2008p96_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarley2008">Marley 2008</a>, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz1973p41-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz1973p41_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz1973">Schwartz 1973</a>, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamen177-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kamen177_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamen1999">Kamen 1999</a>, p. 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyajian11-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyajian11_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyajian11_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyajian2008">Boyajian 2008</a>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallagher8-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gallagher8_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallagher1982">Gallagher 1982</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson104-105-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson104-105_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2000">Anderson 2000</a>, pp. 104–105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boxer386-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boxer386_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoxer1969">Boxer 1969</a>, p. 386</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BethencourtCurto111,117-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BethencourtCurto111,117_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BethencourtCurto111,117_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBethencourtCurto2007">Bethencourt & Curto 2007</a>, pp. 111, 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson105-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson105_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2000">Anderson 2000</a>, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas159-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas159_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1997">Thomas 1997</a>, p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lockhart250-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lockhart250_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockhart1983">Lockhart 1983</a>, p. 250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newitt163-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newitt163_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewitt2005">Newitt 2005</a>, p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney2009b186-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Disney2009b186_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Disney2009b186_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009b">Disney 2009b</a>, p. 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1986" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Roger (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720094650/http://www.newberry.org/smith/slidesets/ss06.html">"Early Modern Ship-types, 1450–1650"</a>. The Newberry Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newberry.org/smith/slidesets/ss06.html">the original</a> on 2008-07-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Modern+Ship-types%2C+1450%E2%80%931650&rft.pub=The+Newberry+Library&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newberry.org%2Fsmith%2Fslidesets%2Fss06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuga2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rogerio_Miguel_Puga" title="Rogerio Miguel Puga">Puga, Rogério Miguel</a> (December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=36100506">"The Presence of the "Portugals" in Macau and Japan in Richard Hakluyt's <i>Navigations</i>"</a>. <i>Bulletin of Portuguese/Japanese Studies</i>. <b>5</b>: 81–116. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0874-8438">0874-8438</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330201013/http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=36100506">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Redalyc" title="Redalyc">Redalyc</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Portuguese%2FJapanese+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Presence+of+the+%22Portugals%22+in+Macau+and+Japan+in+Richard+Hakluyt%27s+Navigations&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=81-116&rft.date=2002-12&rft.issn=0874-8438&rft.aulast=Puga&rft.aufirst=Rog%C3%A9rio+Miguel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fredalyc.org%2Farticulo.oa%3Fid%3D36100506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lach200-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lach200_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLach1994">Lach 1994</a>, p. 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Linschoten1596" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Van Linschoten, Jan Huygen (1596), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/itinerariovoyage00lins/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Itinerario, Voyage ofte Schipvaert</i></a> (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Cornelis Claesz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Itinerario%2C+Voyage+ofte+Schipvaert&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Cornelis+Claesz.&rft.date=1596&rft.aulast=Van+Linschoten&rft.aufirst=Jan+Huygen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fitinerariovoyage00lins%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Huygen_van_Linschoten1885" class="citation cs2">Burnell, Arthur Coke; et al., eds. (1885), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voyagejohnhuygh02tielgoog/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>The Voyage of John Huyghen van Linschoten to the East Indies...</i></a>, London: Hakluyt Society</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voyage+of+John+Huyghen+van+Linschoten+to+the+East+Indies...&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1885&rft.au=Jan+Huygen+van+Linschoten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoyagejohnhuygh02tielgoog%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crow1992-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crow1992_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrow1992" class="citation book cs1">Crow, John A. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epicoflatinameri00crow"><i>The Epic of Latin America</i></a></span> (4th ed.). Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epicoflatinameri00crow/page/241">241</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07723-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07723-2"><bdi>978-0-520-07723-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epic+of+Latin+America&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles%2C+California&rft.pages=241&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07723-2&rft.aulast=Crow&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fepicoflatinameri00crow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BowenLincoln2002-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BowenLincoln2002_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowenLincolnRigby2002" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, H. V.; Lincoln, Margarette; Rigby, Nigel, eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UmN4ZOgCbsIC&pg=PA2"><i>The Worlds of the East India Company</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-073-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-073-3"><bdi>978-1-84383-073-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Worlds+of+the+East+India+Company&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-073-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUmN4ZOgCbsIC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney2009b73-74,168-171,226-231-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Disney2009b73-74,168-171,226-231_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009b">Disney 2009b</a>, pp. 73–74, 168–171, 226–231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles R. Boxer, <i>The Dutch in Brazil, 1624–1654</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1957.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney2009b169-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Disney2009b169_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009b">Disney 2009b</a>, p. 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WF-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WF_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willem Floor, "Dutch Relations with the Persian Gulf", in Lawrence G. Potter (ed.), <i>The Persian Gulf in History</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney2009b350-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Disney2009b350_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009b">Disney 2009b</a>, p. 350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1991" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James Stuart, ed. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&q=Ethiopia+Portuguese+1630s&pg=PA204"><i>Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism</i></a>. Greenwood Press. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313262579" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313262579"><bdi>978-0313262579</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+European+Imperialism&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0313262579&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuyqepNdgUWkC%26q%3DEthiopia%2BPortuguese%2B1630s%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman1991" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, Grant K., ed. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SzPs4rb2TN0C&q=Portuguese+Japan+1639&pg=PA13"><i>Japan and the Dutch 1600-1853</i></a>. Routledge. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700712205" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700712205"><bdi>978-0700712205</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+and+the+Dutch+1600-1853&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0700712205&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSzPs4rb2TN0C%26q%3DPortuguese%2BJapan%2B1639%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis A. Dutra. "Overseas Council (Portugal)" in <i>Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture</i>, vol. 4, pp. 254–255. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis A. Dutra, "Salvador Correia de Sá e Benavides" in <i>Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture</i>, vol. 5, p. 2. New York: Charles A. Scribner's Sons 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cowans2003-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cowans2003_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowans2003" class="citation book cs1">Cowans, Jon, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ksf_tz5x5FwC&pg=PA180"><i>Early Modern Spain: A Documentary History</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1845-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1845-0"><bdi>0-8122-1845-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Modern+Spain%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8122-1845-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKsf_tz5x5FwC%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">History of the Konkan by Alexander Kyd Nairne pp. 84–85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed330-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed330_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2011">Ahmed 2011</a>, p. 330</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Portuguese Studies Review <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1057-1515">1057-1515</a> (Baywolf Press) p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goemkarponn.com/cm-places-wreath-at-pintos-revolt-memorial/">"Cm Places Wreath at Pinto's Revolt Memorial"</a>. 13 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cm+Places+Wreath+at+Pinto%27s+Revolt+Memorial&rft.date=2022-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoemkarponn.com%2Fcm-places-wreath-at-pintos-revolt-memorial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/pinto-revolt-murals-to-adorn-candolim-road/articleshow/56129402.cms">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Pinto Revolt' murals to adorn Candolim road"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 23 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=%27Pinto+Revolt%27+murals+to+adorn+Candolim+road&rft.date=2016-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fgoa%2Fpinto-revolt-murals-to-adorn-candolim-road%2Farticleshow%2F56129402.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boxer168-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boxer168_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoxer1969">Boxer 1969</a>, p. 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney2009b268-69-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Disney2009b268-69_175-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Disney2009b268-69_175-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009b">Disney 2009b</a>, pp. 268–269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bethell203-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bethell203_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBethell1985">Bethell 1985</a>, p. 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney2009b267-68-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Disney2009b267-68_177-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Disney2009b267-68_177-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009b">Disney 2009b</a>, pp. 267–268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney2009b273-275-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Disney2009b273-275_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009b">Disney 2009b</a>, pp. 273–275</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney2009b288-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Disney2009b288_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009b">Disney 2009b</a>, p. 288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KozakCermak131-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KozakCermak131_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKozákCermák2007">Kozák & Cermák 2007</a>, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramasamy2006-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramasamy2006_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamasamyKumananSivakumarSingh2006" class="citation book cs1">Ramasamy, SM.; Kumanan, C.J.; Sivakumar, R.; et al., eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5gEBfvCBclUC&pg=PA8"><i>Geomatics in Tsunami</i></a>. New India Publishing. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89422-31-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89422-31-8"><bdi>978-81-89422-31-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geomatics+in+Tsunami&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=New+India+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-89422-31-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5gEBfvCBclUC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostaPalmaReis2015" class="citation journal cs1">Costa, Leonor Freire; Palma, Nuno; Reis, Jaime (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fereh%2Fheu019">"The great escape? The contribution of the empire to Portugal's economic growth, 1500–1800"</a>. <i>European Review of Economic History</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fereh%2Fheu019">10.1093/ereh/heu019</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10400.5%2F26870">10400.5/26870</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Review+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=The+great+escape%3F+The+contribution+of+the+empire+to+Portugal%27s+economic+growth%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10400.5%2F26870&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fereh%2Fheu019&rft.aulast=Costa&rft.aufirst=Leonor+Freire&rft.au=Palma%2C+Nuno&rft.au=Reis%2C+Jaime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fereh%252Fheu019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney2009a298-302-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Disney2009a298-302_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009a">Disney 2009a</a>, pp. 298–302</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney2009b288-89-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Disney2009b288-89_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009b">Disney 2009b</a>, pp. 288–289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney2009b277-79,_283-84-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Disney2009b277-79,_283-84_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009b">Disney 2009b</a>, pp. 277–279, 283–284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paquette, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bethell163-164-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bethell163-164_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBethell1985">Bethell 1985</a>, pp. 163–164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney2009b296-297-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Disney2009b296-297_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009b">Disney 2009b</a>, pp. 296–297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paquette, p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney2009b298-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Disney2009b298_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009b">Disney 2009b</a>, p. 298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pequette, p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pequette, pp. 106–114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bethell177-178-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bethell177-178_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBethell1985">Bethell 1985</a>, pp. 177–178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Angus1837-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Angus1837_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngus1837" class="citation book cs1">Angus, William, ed. (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyenglandf00angugoog"><i>History of England: From the Roman Invasion to the Accession of Queen Victoria I</i></a>. Glasgow. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyenglandf00angugoog/page/n264">254</a>–255<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+England%3A+From+the+Roman+Invasion+to+the+Accession+of+Queen+Victoria+I&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pages=254-255&rft.date=1837&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryenglandf00angugoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levine2003-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levine2003_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2003" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Robert M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pi56Cw3yGfcC&pg=PA59"><i>The History of Brazil</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 59–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6255-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6255-3"><bdi>978-1-4039-6255-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Brazil&rft.pages=59-61&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6255-3&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPi56Cw3yGfcC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newitt1995pp335-336-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newitt1995pp335-336_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewitt1995">Newitt 1995</a>, pp. 335–336</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corrado18-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Corrado18_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorrado2008">Corrado 2008</a>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lisboa134-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lisboa134_198-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lisboa134_198-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lisboa134_198-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLisboa2008">Lisboa 2008</a>, p. 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheeler48-61-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler48-61_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWheeler1998">Wheeler 1998</a>, pp. 48–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vincent-Smith1974-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vincent-Smith1974_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent-Smith1974" class="citation journal cs1">Vincent-Smith, J. D. (Sep 1974). "The Anglo-German Negotiations over the Portuguese Colonies in Africa, 1911–14". <i>The Historical Journal</i>. <b>17</b> (3). Cambridge University Press: 620–629. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0018246x0000532x">10.1017/s0018246x0000532x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-246X">0018-246X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638392">2638392</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162822016">162822016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Anglo-German+Negotiations+over+the+Portuguese+Colonies+in+Africa%2C+1911%E2%80%9314&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=620-629&rft.date=1974-09&rft.issn=0018-246X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162822016%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2638392%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0018246x0000532x&rft.aulast=Vincent-Smith&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/independen79v80newy#page/121/mode/1up">"Portugal enters the war"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. Oct 26, 1914<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Portugal+enters+the+war&rft.date=1914-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Findependen79v80newy%23page%2F121%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheeler128-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler128_202-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWheeler1998">Wheeler 1998</a>, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelgason" class="citation web cs1">Helgason, Guðmundur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/1531.html">"Ships hit during WWI: Dacia"</a>. <i>German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=German+and+Austrian+U-boats+of+World+War+I+-+Kaiserliche+Marine+-+Uboat.net&rft.atitle=Ships+hit+during+WWI%3A+Dacia&rft.aulast=Helgason&rft.aufirst=Gu%C3%B0mundur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuboat.net%2Fwwi%2Fships_hit%2F1531.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newforestexplorersguide.co.uk/sitefolders/faqs/portuguesefireplace/portuguesefireplacepage.html">"Portuguese Fireplace"</a>. Newforestexplorersguide.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230627155129/http://www.newforestexplorersguide.co.uk/sitefolders/faqs/portuguesefireplace/portuguesefireplacepage.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portuguese+Fireplace&rft.pub=Newforestexplorersguide.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newforestexplorersguide.co.uk%2Fsitefolders%2Ffaqs%2Fportuguesefireplace%2Fportuguesefireplacepage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070603044406/http://www.worldwar1.com/france/portugal.htm">"Battle of La Lys"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwar1.com/france/portugal.htm">the original</a> on June 3, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+La+Lys&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwar1.com%2Ffrance%2Fportugal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, H.B., "The Kionga Triangle", <i>Tanganyika Notes and Records</i> Volume 31 1951, pp. 47–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koffi2012-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koffi2012_207-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoffi2012" class="citation book cs1">Koffi, Ettien (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2C1TGbN5R84C&pg=PA98"><i>Paradigm Shift in Language Planning and Policy: Game-Theoretic Solutions</i></a>. Boston/Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, Inc. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934078-10-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934078-10-5"><bdi>978-1-934078-10-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradigm+Shift+in+Language+Planning+and+Policy%3A+Game-Theoretic+Solutions&rft.place=Boston%2FBerlin&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-934078-10-5&rft.aulast=Koffi&rft.aufirst=Ettien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2C1TGbN5R84C%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPearson">Pearson 1987, p. 158</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPearson">Pearson 1987, p. 160</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson153-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson153_210-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson153_210-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2000">Anderson 2000</a>, p. 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliveira2017" class="citation book cs1">Oliveira, Pedro Aires (2017-05-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-41">"Decolonization in Portuguese Africa"</a>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.013.41">10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190277734" title="Special:BookSources/9780190277734"><bdi>9780190277734</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513215825/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-41">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Decolonization+in+Portuguese+Africa&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+African+History&rft.date=2017-05-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.013.41&rft.isbn=9780190277734&rft.aulast=Oliveira&rft.aufirst=Pedro+Aires&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fafricanhistory%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190277734-e-41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113204408/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913229-1,00.html">Dismantling the Portuguese Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a> (July 7, 1975)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravels2012" class="citation web cs1">Travels, Geographic (July 8, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geographictravels.com/2012/07/the-geographical-oddity-of-fortaleza-de.html">"The Geographical Oddity of Fortaleza de Sao Joao Baptista de Ajuda"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529060932/https://geographictravels.com/2012/07/the-geographical-oddity-of-fortaleza-de.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Geographical+Oddity+of+Fortaleza+de+Sao+Joao+Baptista+de+Ajuda&rft.date=2012-07-08&rft.aulast=Travels&rft.aufirst=Geographic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographictravels.com%2F2012%2F07%2Fthe-geographical-oddity-of-fortaleza-de.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArnoldWiener11-12-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArnoldWiener11-12_214-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArnoldWiener2012">Arnold & Wiener 2012</a>, pp. 11–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1996673.stm">"East Timor: Birth of a nation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426192838/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1996673.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=East+Timor%3A+Birth+of+a+nation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F1996673.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/88/23/dc/en/">"Joint declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of China and The Government of the Republic of Portugal on the question of Macao"</a>. Government Printing Bureau (Macao SAR). 1987. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720014340/http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/88/23/dc/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+declaration+of+the+Government+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+and+The+Government+of+the+Republic+of+Portugal+on+the+question+of+Macao&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Bureau+%28Macao+SAR%29&rft.date=1987&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbo.io.gov.mo%2Fbo%2Fi%2F88%2F23%2Fdc%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/566301.stm">Macau and the end of empire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010255/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/566301.stm">Archived</a> 2015-10-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 18 December 1999. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CPLP_NewsID46-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CPLP_NewsID46_218-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cplp.org/id-2752.aspx">"CPLP Histórico – Como surgiu?"</a> (in Portuguese). CPLP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627025943/https://www.cplp.org/id-2752.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CPLP+Hist%C3%B3rico+%E2%80%93+Como+surgiu%3F&rft.pub=CPLP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cplp.org%2Fid-2752.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/macau.html">"Cataloging Policy and Support Office: Macau"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220628084516/https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/macau.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Cataloging+Policy+and+Support+Office%3A+Macau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcatdir%2Fcpso%2Fmacau.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Almeida, p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cplp.org/id-22.aspx">"CPLP"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091127143711/http://www.cplp.org/id-22.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CPLP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cplp.org%2Fid-22.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPLP" class="extiw" title="pt:CPLP">pt:CPLP</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-língua_portuguesa-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-língua_portuguesa_223-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101012031633/http://diario.iol.pt/sociedade/lingua-portuguesa-portugues-ensino-governo-alunos/972503-4071.html">"língua portuguesa"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diario.iol.pt/sociedade/lingua-portuguesa-portugues-ensino-governo-alunos/972503-4071.html">the original</a> on 2010-10-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=l%C3%ADngua+portuguesa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiario.iol.pt%2Fsociedade%2Flingua-portuguesa-portugues-ensino-governo-alunos%2F972503-4071.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Velupillai, p. 519</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plantname-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plantname_225-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plantname_225-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Citrus_2.html">"Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database: Sorting Citrus Names"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a> (www.search.unimelb.edu.au). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515001035/http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Citrus_2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multilingual+Multiscript+Plant+Name+Database%3A+Sorting+Citrus+Names&rft.pub=University+of+Melbourne+%28www.search.unimelb.edu.au%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au%2FSorting%2FCitrus_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OstergrenBosse2011-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OstergrenBosse2011_226-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstergrenLe_Bossé2011" class="citation book cs1">Ostergren, Robert C.; Le Bossé, Mathias (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y-1fwix23zMC&pg=PA129"><i>The Europeans: A Geography of People, Culture, and Environment</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Guilford_Press" title="Guilford Press">Guilford Press</a>. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60918-140-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60918-140-6"><bdi>978-1-60918-140-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Europeans%3A+A+Geography+of+People%2C+Culture%2C+and+Environment&rft.pages=129&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60918-140-6&rft.aulast=Ostergren&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft.au=Le+Boss%C3%A9%2C+Mathias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy-1fwix23zMC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109230440/http://diario.iol.pt/noticia.html?id=611263&div_id=4071">"ONU: Petição para tornar português língua oficial"</a>. Diario.iol.pt. 2005-11-17. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diario.iol.pt/noticia.html?id=611263&div_id=4071">the original</a> on 2009-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ONU%3A+Peti%C3%A7%C3%A3o+para+tornar+portugu%C3%AAs+l%C3%ADngua+oficial&rft.pub=Diario.iol.pt&rft.date=2005-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiario.iol.pt%2Fnoticia.html%3Fid%3D611263%26div_id%3D4071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbeyasinghe1986" class="citation book cs1">Abeyasinghe, Tikiri (1986). <i>Jaffna Under the Portuguese</i>. Lake House Investments. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9555520003" title="Special:BookSources/978-9555520003"><bdi>978-9555520003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaffna+Under+the+Portuguese&rft.pub=Lake+House+Investments&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-9555520003&rft.aulast=Abeyasinghe&rft.aufirst=Tikiri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbir1980" class="citation book cs1">Abir, Mordechai (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7fArBgAAQBAJ&q=Ethopian+Portuguese+alliance+1520&pg=PA86"><i>Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714631646" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714631646"><bdi>978-0714631646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia+and+the+Red+Sea%3A+The+Rise+and+Decline+of+the+Solomonic+Dynasty+and+Muslim+European+Rivalry+in+the+Region&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0714631646&rft.aulast=Abir&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7fArBgAAQBAJ%26q%3DEthopian%2BPortuguese%2Balliance%2B1520%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2011" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Farooqui Salma (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC"><i>A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century</i></a>. Pearson Education India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1"><bdi>978-81-317-3202-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+Medieval+India%3A+Twelfth+to+the+Mid-Eighteenth+Century&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-317-3202-1&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Farooqui+Salma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxhAtCflwOMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppiahGates2010" class="citation book cs1">Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&q=Ethopian+Portuguese+alliance+1520&pg=PA430"><i>Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 2</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195337709" title="Special:BookSources/9780195337709"><bdi>9780195337709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Africa%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780195337709&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0XNvklcqbwC%26q%3DEthopian%2BPortuguese%2Balliance%2B1520%26pg%3DPA430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnoldWiener2012" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, James R.; Wiener, Roberta, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRd6Y-oiFPAC"><i>Cold War: The Essential Reference Guide</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-003-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-003-4"><bdi>978-1-61069-003-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+War%3A+The+Essential+Reference+Guide&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-003-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRd6Y-oiFPAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockey2008" class="citation book cs1">Brockey, Liam Matthew (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gIlT0Uhaq_oC"><i>Portuguese Colonial Cities in the Early Modern World</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6313-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6313-3"><bdi>978-0-7546-6313-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portuguese+Colonial+Cities+in+the+Early+Modern+World&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6313-3&rft.aulast=Brockey&rft.aufirst=Liam+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgIlT0Uhaq_oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refAbernethy" class="citation book cs1">Abernethy, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ennqNS1EOuMC"><i>The Dynamics of Global Dominance, European Overseas Empires 1415–1980</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09314-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09314-4"><bdi>0-300-09314-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703204911/https://books.google.com/books?id=ennqNS1EOuMC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamics+of+Global+Dominance%2C+European+Overseas+Empires+1415%E2%80%931980&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-300-09314-4&rft.aulast=Abernethy&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DennqNS1EOuMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2000" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, James Maxwell (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UoryGn9o4x0C"><i>The History of Portugal</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31106-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-31106-4"><bdi>0-313-31106-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Portugal&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-313-31106-4&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James+Maxwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUoryGn9o4x0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakewell2009" class="citation book cs1">Bakewell, Peter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XBV1q4TGBJ4C&pg=PA406"><i>A History of Latin America to 1825</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405183680" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405183680"><bdi>978-1405183680</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Latin+America+to+1825&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1405183680&rft.aulast=Bakewell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXBV1q4TGBJ4C%26pg%3DPA406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethell1985" class="citation book cs1">Bethell, Leslie (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hj81XeoW4zMC"><i>The Independence of Latin America</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34927-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34927-7"><bdi>978-0-521-34927-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Independence+of+Latin+America&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-34927-7&rft.aulast=Bethell&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhj81XeoW4zMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethencourtCurto2007" class="citation book cs1">Bethencourt, Francisco; Curto, Diogo Ramada (2007). <i>Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400–1800</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84644-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84644-8"><bdi>978-0-521-84644-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portuguese+Overseas+Expansion%2C+1400%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84644-8&rft.aulast=Bethencourt&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft.au=Curto%2C+Diogo+Ramada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2011" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=daQcBQAAQBAJ&q=Portuguese+Ottoman+Adal+Ethiopia&pg=PA102"><i>War in the World: A Comparative History, 1450–1600</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230344266" title="Special:BookSources/9780230344266"><bdi>9780230344266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+the+World%3A+A+Comparative+History%2C+1450%E2%80%931600&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780230344266&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdaQcBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DPortuguese%2BOttoman%2BAdal%2BEthiopia%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxer1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._R._Boxer" title="C. R. Boxer">Boxer, Charles Ralph</a> (1969). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portugueseseabor0000boxe"><i>The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415–1825</i></a></span>. Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-131071-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-131071-7"><bdi>0-09-131071-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+Seaborne+Empire+1415%E2%80%931825&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-09-131071-7&rft.aulast=Boxer&rft.aufirst=Charles+Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fportugueseseabor0000boxe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyajian2008" class="citation book cs1">Boyajian, James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C0lrDYYzMyAC"><i>Portuguese Trade in Asia Under the Habsburgs, 1580–1640</i></a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8754-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8754-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-8754-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portuguese+Trade+in+Asia+Under+the+Habsburgs%2C+1580%E2%80%931640&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8754-3&rft.aulast=Boyajian&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC0lrDYYzMyAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesworthThomas2015" class="citation book cs1">Chesworth, John; Thomas, David, eds. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nohjCgAAQBAJ&q=Prester+John+Ethiopia+Portugal&pg=PA8"><i>Christian-Muslim Relations. a Bibliographical History.: Volume 7. Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and South America (1500–1600)</i></a>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004297203" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004297203"><bdi>978-9004297203</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian-Muslim+Relations.+a+Bibliographical+History.%3A+Volume+7.+Central+and+Eastern+Europe%2C+Asia%2C+Africa+and+South+America+%281500%E2%80%931600%29&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9004297203&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnohjCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DPrester%2BJohn%2BEthiopia%2BPortugal%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates2002" class="citation book cs1">Coates, Timothy Joel (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJ7ORZ5Gx5oC&pg=PA60"><i>Convicts and Orphans: Forced and State-Sponsored Colonization in the Portuguese Empire, 1550–1755</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804733595" title="Special:BookSources/9780804733595"><bdi>9780804733595</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Convicts+and+Orphans%3A+Forced+and+State-Sponsored+Colonization+in+the+Portuguese+Empire%2C+1550%E2%80%931755&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780804733595&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=Timothy+Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJ7ORZ5Gx5oC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2009" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Leonardo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Zs3CcC2eLoC&q=Ethopian+Portuguese+alliance+1520&pg=PA16"><i>The Missionary Strategies of the Jesuits in Ethiopia (1555–1632)</i></a>. Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05892-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05892-6"><bdi>978-3-447-05892-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Missionary+Strategies+of+the+Jesuits+in+Ethiopia+%281555%E2%80%931632%29&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05892-6&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Zs3CcC2eLoC%26q%3DEthopian%2BPortuguese%2Balliance%2B1520%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrado2008" class="citation book cs1">Corrado, Jacopo (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BKKf4PYI-IIC&pg=PA18"><i>The Creole Elite and the Rise of Angolan Protonationalism: 1870–1920</i></a>. Cambria Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604975291" title="Special:BookSources/9781604975291"><bdi>9781604975291</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creole+Elite+and+the+Rise+of+Angolan+Protonationalism%3A+1870%E2%80%931920&rft.pub=Cambria+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781604975291&rft.aulast=Corrado&rft.aufirst=Jacopo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBKKf4PYI-IIC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2015" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Roger (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P1oDBwAAQBAJ"><i>Conquerors: how Portugal forged the first global empire</i></a>. New York (N.Y.): <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9400-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9400-1"><bdi>978-0-8129-9400-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquerors%3A+how+Portugal+forged+the+first+global+empire&rft.place=New+York+%28N.Y.%29&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-9400-1&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP1oDBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurto2020" class="citation book cs1">Curto, Diogo Ramada (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0BDMDwAAQBAJ"><i>Imperial culture and colonial projects: the Portuguese-speaking world from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-706-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-706-4"><bdi>978-1-78920-706-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+culture+and+colonial+projects%3A+the+Portuguese-speaking+world+from+the+fifteenth+to+the+eighteenth+centuries&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78920-706-4&rft.aulast=Curto&rft.aufirst=Diogo+Ramada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0BDMDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Almeida2004" class="citation book cs1">de Almeida, Miguel Vale (2004). <i>An Earth-colored Sea: Race, Culture And The Politics Of Identity In The Post-colonial Portuguese-speaking World</i>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-854-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-854-8"><bdi>978-1-78238-854-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Earth-colored+Sea%3A+Race%2C+Culture+And+The+Politics+Of+Identity+In+The+Post-colonial+Portuguese-speaking+World&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-78238-854-8&rft.aulast=de+Almeida&rft.aufirst=Miguel+Vale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refDavies" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Kenneth Gordon (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northatlanticwor04kgda"><i>The North Atlantic World in the Seventeenth Century</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-0713-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-0713-3"><bdi>0-8166-0713-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North+Atlantic+World+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-8166-0713-3&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnorthatlanticwor04kgda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Brion_Davis" title="David Brion Davis">Davis, David Brion</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cPn3N0CvKyAC&pg=PA84"><i>Inhuman Bondage: The Rise And Fall of Slavery in the New World</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195140736" title="Special:BookSources/9780195140736"><bdi>9780195140736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inhuman+Bondage%3A+The+Rise+And+Fall+of+Slavery+in+the+New+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780195140736&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=David+Brion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcPn3N0CvKyAC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiffieWinius1977" class="citation book cs1">Diffie, Bailey W.; Winius, George D. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hBTqPX4G9Y4C"><i>Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580</i></a>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0782-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0782-2"><bdi>978-0-8166-0782-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+the+Portuguese+Empire%2C+1415%E2%80%931580&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-0782-2&rft.aulast=Diffie&rft.aufirst=Bailey+W.&rft.au=Winius%2C+George+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhBTqPX4G9Y4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDisney2009a" class="citation book cs1">Disney, A.R. (2009a). <i>History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire Volume 1, Portugal: From Beginnings to 1807</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521843188" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521843188"><bdi>978-0521843188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Portugal+and+the+Portuguese+Empire+Volume+1%2C+Portugal%3A+From+Beginnings+to+1807&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0521843188&rft.aulast=Disney&rft.aufirst=A.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDisney2009b" class="citation book cs1">Disney, A.R. (2009b). <i>History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire Volume 2, Portugal: From Beginnings to 1807</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521738224" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521738224"><bdi>978-0521738224</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Portugal+and+the+Portuguese+Empire+Volume+2%2C+Portugal%3A+From+Beginnings+to+1807&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0521738224&rft.aulast=Disney&rft.aufirst=A.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodge1976" class="citation book cs1">Dodge, Ernest Stanley (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islandsempireswe0000dodg"><i>Islands and Empires: Western Impact on the Pacific and East Asia</i></a></span>. University of Minnesota Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islandsempireswe0000dodg/page/226">226</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816607884" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816607884"><bdi>978-0816607884</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islands+and+Empires%3A+Western+Impact+on+the+Pacific+and+East+Asia&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0816607884&rft.aulast=Dodge&rft.aufirst=Ernest+Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislandsempireswe0000dodg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher1982" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Tom (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-xu8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA8"><i>Portugal: A Twentieth Century Interpretation</i></a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719008764" title="Special:BookSources/9780719008764"><bdi>9780719008764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portugal%3A+A+Twentieth+Century+Interpretation&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780719008764&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-xu8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannDuignan1972" class="citation book cs1">Gann, Louis Henry; Duignan, Peter (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IWFOBb9rOgEC&pg=PA273"><i>Africa and the World: An Introduction to the History of Sub-Saharan Africa from Antiquity to 1840</i></a>. University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-1520-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-1520-4"><bdi>978-0-7618-1520-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+and+the+World%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+Sub-Saharan+Africa+from+Antiquity+to+1840&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-1520-4&rft.aulast=Gann&rft.aufirst=Louis+Henry&rft.au=Duignan%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIWFOBb9rOgEC%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGipouloux2011" class="citation book cs1">Gipouloux, François (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jIAKkMlFFQAC&pg=PA301"><i>The Asian Mediterranean: Port Cities and Trading Networks in China, Japan and Southeast Asia, 13th–21st Century</i></a>. Edward Elger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857934260" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857934260"><bdi>978-0857934260</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Asian+Mediterranean%3A+Port+Cities+and+Trading+Networks+in+China%2C+Japan+and+Southeast+Asia%2C+13th%E2%80%9321st+Century&rft.pub=Edward+Elger&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0857934260&rft.aulast=Gipouloux&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjIAKkMlFFQAC%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2000" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, Grant K. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SzPs4rb2TN0C&q=Portuguese+Japan+1639&pg=PA13"><i>Japan and the Dutch 1600-1835</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700712205" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700712205"><bdi>978-0700712205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+and+the+Dutch+1600-1835&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0700712205&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Grant+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSzPs4rb2TN0C%26q%3DPortuguese%2BJapan%2B1639%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2008" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, Stefan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wqidll-BE-wC&pg=PA184"><i>Africa's Legacies Of Urbanization: Unfolding Saga of a Continent</i></a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-5176-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-5176-1"><bdi>978-0-7391-5176-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa%27s+Legacies+Of+Urbanization%3A+Unfolding+Saga+of+a+Continent&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-5176-1&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWqidll-BE-wC%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2018" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Pamila (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ekttDwAAQBAJ"><i>Portuguese decolonization in the Indian Ocean world: history and ethnography</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-04364-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-04364-0"><bdi>978-1-350-04364-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portuguese+decolonization+in+the+Indian+Ocean+world%3A+history+and+ethnography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-350-04364-0&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Pamila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DekttDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerringHerring1968" class="citation book cs1">Herring, Hubert Clinton; Herring, Helen Baldwin (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoflatinam00herr"><i>A History of Latin America: From the Beginnings to the Present</i></a></span>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-60284-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-60284-5"><bdi>0-224-60284-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Latin+America%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-224-60284-5&rft.aulast=Herring&rft.aufirst=Hubert+Clinton&rft.au=Herring%2C+Helen+Baldwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoflatinam00herr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeywoodThornton2007" class="citation book cs1">Heywood, Linda M.; Thornton, John K., eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S42CypbRTlQC&pg=PA82"><i>Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585–1660</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521770651" title="Special:BookSources/9780521770651"><bdi>9780521770651</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216185412/https://books.google.com/books?id=S42CypbRTlQC&pg=PA82">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Africans%2C+Atlantic+Creoles%2C+and+the+Foundation+of+the+Americas%2C+1585%E2%80%931660&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780521770651&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS42CypbRTlQC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesus1902" class="citation book cs1">Jesus, Carlos Augusto Montalto (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicmacao00jesugoog"><i>Historic Macao</i></a>. Kelly & Walsh, ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781143225352" title="Special:BookSources/9781143225352"><bdi>9781143225352</bdi></a>. <q>Carlos Augusto Montalto Jesus Macao.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Macao&rft.pub=Kelly+%26+Walsh%2C+ltd.&rft.date=1902&rft.isbn=9781143225352&rft.aulast=Jesus&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Augusto+Montalto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricmacao00jesugoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuangMorrissette2008" class="citation book cs1">Juang, Richard M.; Morrissette, Noelle Anne, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC"><i>Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: A Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia, Volume 2</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-441-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-441-7"><bdi>978-1-85109-441-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+and+the+Americas%3A+Culture%2C+Politics%2C+and+History%3A+A+Multidisciplinary+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-441-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwFrAOqfhuGYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamen1999" class="citation book cs1">Kamen, Henry (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wyWourPR5S8C&pg=PA177"><i>Philip of Spain</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300078008" title="Special:BookSources/9780300078008"><bdi>9780300078008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+of+Spain&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780300078008&rft.aulast=Kamen&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwyWourPR5S8C%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozákCermák2007" class="citation book cs1">Kozák, Jan; Cermák, Vladimir (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JUcX4-WFxOYC&pg=PA131"><i>The Illustrated History of Natural Disasters</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789048133246" title="Special:BookSources/9789048133246"><bdi>9789048133246</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+History+of+Natural+Disasters&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789048133246&rft.aulast=Koz%C3%A1k&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Cerm%C3%A1k%2C+Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJUcX4-WFxOYC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKratoska2004" class="citation book cs1">Kratoska, Paul H. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9U-FUPS3DkC&pg=PA98"><i>South East Asia, Colonial History: Imperialism before 1800</i></a>. Taylor and Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415215404" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415215404"><bdi>978-0415215404</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+East+Asia%2C+Colonial+History%3A+Imperialism+before+1800&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0415215404&rft.aulast=Kratoska&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ9U-FUPS3DkC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLach1994" class="citation book cs1">Lach, Donald F. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xD52ge5a8vYC&pg=PA200"><i>Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226467085" title="Special:BookSources/9780226467085"><bdi>9780226467085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+in+the+Making+of+Europe%2C+Volume+I%3A+The+Century+of+Discovery&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780226467085&rft.aulast=Lach&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxD52ge5a8vYC%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadle2000" class="citation book cs1">Ladle, Jane (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BxzxIDoa5CIC&pg=PA185"><i>Brazil</i></a>. American Map. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780887291302" title="Special:BookSources/9780887291302"><bdi>9780887291302</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brazil&rft.pub=American+Map&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780887291302&rft.aulast=Ladle&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBxzxIDoa5CIC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisboa2008" class="citation book cs1">Lisboa, Maria Manuel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pI1BY9zACgQC&pg=PA13"><i>Paula Rego's Map of Memory: National and Sexual Politics</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0720-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0720-5"><bdi>978-0-7546-0720-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paula+Rego%27s+Map+of+Memory%3A+National+and+Sexual+Politics&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-0720-5&rft.aulast=Lisboa&rft.aufirst=Maria+Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpI1BY9zACgQC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockhart1983" class="citation book cs1">Lockhart, James (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlylatinameric00lock"><i>Early Latin America: A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29929-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29929-2"><bdi>0-521-29929-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Latin+America%3A+A+History+of+Colonial+Spanish+America+and+Brazil&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-521-29929-2&rft.aulast=Lockhart&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlylatinameric00lock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacqueen1997" class="citation book cs1">Macqueen, Norrie (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portugueseafrica"><i>The decolonization of Portuguese Africa: metropolitan revolution and the dissolution of empire</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-25994-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-25994-2"><bdi>978-0-582-25994-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+decolonization+of+Portuguese+Africa%3A+metropolitan+revolution+and+the+dissolution+of+empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-582-25994-2&rft.aulast=Macqueen&rft.aufirst=Norrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fportugueseafrica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacmillan2000" class="citation book cs1">Macmillan, Allister (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_EusZwEdxpAC&pg=PA11"><i>Mauritius Illustrated</i></a>. Educa Books, Facsimile edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31106-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-31106-4"><bdi>0-313-31106-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mauritius+Illustrated&rft.pub=Educa+Books%2C+Facsimile+edition&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-313-31106-4&rft.aulast=Macmillan&rft.aufirst=Allister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_EusZwEdxpAC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahoney2010" class="citation book cs1">Mahoney, James (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p1_m-Y-5FJEC&pg=PA246"><i>Colonialism and Postcolonial Development Spanish America in Comparative Perspective</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521116343" title="Special:BookSources/9780521116343"><bdi>9780521116343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonialism+and+Postcolonial+Development+Spanish+America+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780521116343&rft.aulast=Mahoney&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp1_m-Y-5FJEC%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalekandathil2010" class="citation book cs1">Malekandathil, Pius (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rN69iFj1PJoC&pg=PA116"><i>Maritime India: Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean</i></a>. Primus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9380607016" title="Special:BookSources/978-9380607016"><bdi>978-9380607016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+India%3A+Trade%2C+Religion+and+Polity+in+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9380607016&rft.aulast=Malekandathil&rft.aufirst=Pius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrN69iFj1PJoC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMancall2007" class="citation book cs1">Mancall, Peter C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IqPqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA207"><i>The Atlantic World and Virginia, 1550–1624</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807838839" title="Special:BookSources/9780807838839"><bdi>9780807838839</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+World+and+Virginia%2C+1550%E2%80%931624&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780807838839&rft.aulast=Mancall&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIqPqCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarley2005" class="citation book cs1">Marley, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q1a4j2HNmjUC&pg=PA694"><i>Historic Cities of the Americas: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, Volume 1</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-574-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-574-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-574-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Cities+of+the+Americas%3A+An+Illustrated+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-574-6&rft.aulast=Marley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq1a4j2HNmjUC%26pg%3DPA694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarley2008" class="citation book cs1">Marley, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DkgGVTOr2EsC&pg=PA76"><i>Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere (2 Volumes)</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598841008" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598841008"><bdi>978-1598841008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+of+the+Americas%3A+A+Chronology+of+Armed+Conflict+in+the+Western+Hemisphere+%282+Volumes%29&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1598841008&rft.aulast=Marley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDkgGVTOr2EsC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAlister1984" class="citation book cs1">McAlister, Lyle (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spainportugalinn0000mcal"><i>Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700</i></a></span>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1216-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-1216-1"><bdi>0-8166-1216-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain+and+Portugal+in+the+New+World%2C+1492%E2%80%931700&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8166-1216-1&rft.aulast=McAlister&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspainportugalinn0000mcal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathew1988" class="citation book cs1">Mathew, Kuzhippalli Skaria (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl3IR3RJTIEC&pg=PA137"><i>History of the Portuguese Navigation in India, 1497–1600</i></a>. Mittal Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170990468" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170990468"><bdi>978-8170990468</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Portuguese+Navigation+in+India%2C+1497%E2%80%931600&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-8170990468&rft.aulast=Mathew&rft.aufirst=Kuzhippalli+Skaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKl3IR3RJTIEC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehta1980" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC"><i>Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India</i></a>. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-0617-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-0617-0"><bdi>978-81-207-0617-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-81-207-0617-0&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Jaswant+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUk5k5AN54sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf2006" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Alida C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lWuNIISvBqIC&pg=PA62"><i>Go-Betweens and the Colonization of Brazil: 1500–1600</i></a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71276-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71276-8"><bdi>978-0-292-71276-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Go-Betweens+and+the+Colonization+of+Brazil%3A+1500%E2%80%931600&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-292-71276-8&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Alida+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlWuNIISvBqIC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf2005" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Alida C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=INhcIzDccb8C&pg=PA37"><i>Family and Frontier in Colonial Brazil: Santana de Parnaíba, 1580–1822</i></a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70652-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70652-1"><bdi>978-0-292-70652-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+and+Frontier+in+Colonial+Brazil%3A+Santana+de+Parna%C3%ADba%2C+1580%E2%80%931822&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-292-70652-1&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Alida+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DINhcIzDccb8C%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewitt1995" class="citation book cs1">Newitt, Malyn D.D. (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmozambi00newi"><i>A History of Mozambique</i></a></span>. Indiana University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmozambi00newi/page/335">335</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34006-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34006-1"><bdi>978-0-253-34006-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mozambique&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34006-1&rft.aulast=Newitt&rft.aufirst=Malyn+D.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmozambi00newi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewitt2005" class="citation book cs1">Newitt, Malyn D.D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vpteLQcx6J4C"><i>A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400–1668</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23979-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-23979-6"><bdi>0-415-23979-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Portuguese+Overseas+Expansion%2C+1400%E2%80%931668&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-23979-6&rft.aulast=Newitt&rft.aufirst=Malyn+D.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvpteLQcx6J4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Flanagan2008" class="citation book cs1">O'Flanagan, Patrick (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fzJc8ii7OMsC&pg=PA125"><i>Port Cities of Atlantic Iberia, c. 1500–1900</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6109-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6109-2"><bdi>978-0-7546-6109-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Port+Cities+of+Atlantic+Iberia%2C+c.+1500%E2%80%931900&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6109-2&rft.aulast=O%27Flanagan&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfzJc8ii7OMsC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Oliveira_Marques1972" class="citation book cs1">de Oliveira Marques, A.H. (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofportuga01anto"><i>History of Portugal: From Lusitania to Empire; Vol. 1</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231031592" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231031592"><bdi>978-0231031592</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Portugal%3A+From+Lusitania+to+Empire%3B+Vol.+1&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0231031592&rft.aulast=de+Oliveira+Marques&rft.aufirst=A.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofportuga01anto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1991" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James Stuart (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&q=Ethiopia+Portuguese+1630s&pg=PA204"><i>Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism</i></a>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313262579" title="Special:BookSources/9780313262579"><bdi>9780313262579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+European+Imperialism&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780313262579&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuyqepNdgUWkC%26q%3DEthiopia%2BPortuguese%2B1630s%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi2004" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1340"><i>Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor: Volume 1</i></a>. ABC_CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-771-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-771-9"><bdi>978-1-57607-771-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+from+Angkor+Wat+to+East+Timor%3A+Volume+1&rft.pub=ABC_CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-771-9&rft.aulast=Ooi&rft.aufirst=Keat+Gin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKgraWbb7yoC%26pg%3DPA1340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi2009" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, Keat Gin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Uq_c2LARgAC&pg=PA202"><i>Historical Dictionary of Malaysia</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5955-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5955-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-5955-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Malaysia&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5955-5&rft.aulast=Ooi&rft.aufirst=Keat+Gin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Uq_c2LARgAC%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPageSonnenburg2003" class="citation book cs1">Page, Melvin E.; Sonnenburg, Penny M., eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC"><i>Colonialism: An International, Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia, Volume 2</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-335-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-335-1"><bdi>1-57607-335-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210202/https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonialism%3A+An+International%2C+Social%2C+Cultural%2C+and+Political+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-57607-335-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqFTHBoRvQbsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaquette2014" class="citation book cs1">Paquette, Gabriel (2014). <i>Imperial Portugal in the Age of Atlantic Revolutions: The Luso-Brazilian World, c. 1770–1850</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107640764" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107640764"><bdi>978-1107640764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Portugal+in+the+Age+of+Atlantic+Revolutions%3A+The+Luso-Brazilian+World%2C+c.+1770%E2%80%931850&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1107640764&rft.aulast=Paquette&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanikkar1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._M._Panikkar" title="K. M. Panikkar">Panikkar, K. M.</a> (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asiaandwesterndo0000unse"><i>Asia and Western dominance a survey of the Vasco da Gama epoch of Asian history, 1498-1945</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/G._Allen_%26_Unwin" class="mw-redirect" title="G. Allen & Unwin">G. Allen & Unwin</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/455156784">455156784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+and+Western+dominance+a+survey+of+the+Vasco+da+Gama+epoch+of+Asian+history%2C+1498-1945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=G.+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F455156784&rft.aulast=Panikkar&rft.aufirst=K.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasiaandwesterndo0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson1976" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Michael (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merchantsrulersi0000pear"><i>Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat: The Response to the Portuguese in the Sixteenth Century</i></a></span>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merchantsrulersi0000pear/page/76">76</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520028098" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520028098"><bdi>978-0520028098</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchants+and+Rulers+in+Gujarat%3A+The+Response+to+the+Portuguese+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0520028098&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmerchantsrulersi0000pear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refPearson" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Pearson_(historian)" title="Michael Pearson (historian)">Pearson, Michael Naylor</a>; Johnson, Gordon (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-portuguese-in-india-m.-n.-pearson"><i>The Portuguese in India</i></a>. The new Cambridge history of India / general ed. Gordon Johnson 1, The Mughals and their contemporaries. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25713-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25713-8"><bdi>978-0-521-25713-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+in+India&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=The+new+Cambridge+history+of+India+%2F+general+ed.+Gordon+Johnson+1%2C+The+Mughals+and+their+contemporaries&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25713-8&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Michael+Naylor&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-portuguese-in-india-m.-n.-pearson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonting2000" class="citation book cs1">Ponting, Clive (2000). <i>World History: A New Perspective</i>. Chatto & Windus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7011-6834-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7011-6834-X"><bdi>0-7011-6834-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History%3A+A+New+Perspective&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7011-6834-X&rft.aulast=Ponting&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriolkar1998" class="citation book cs1">Priolkar, Anant Kakba (1998) [1961]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goa-inquisition"><i>The Goa Inquisition: being a quatercentenary commemoration study of the inquisition in India</i></a> (Reprint ed.). New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_India" title="Voice of India">Voice of India</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-185-99056-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-185-99056-9"><bdi>978-8-185-99056-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goa+Inquisition%3A+being+a+quatercentenary+commemoration+study+of+the+inquisition+in+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Voice+of+India&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-8-185-99056-9&rft.aulast=Priolkar&rft.aufirst=Anant+Kakba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoa-inquisition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicklefs1991" class="citation book cs1">Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). <i>A History of Indonesia since c. 1300</i> (2nd ed.). London: MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-57689-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-57689-6"><bdi>0-333-57689-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indonesia+since+c.+1300&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-333-57689-6&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=M.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2007" class="citation book cs1">Rodriguez, Junius P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4X44KbDBl9gC&pg=PA79"><i>Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia: Volume 2</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-549-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-549-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-549-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+United+States%3A+A+Social%2C+Political%2C+and+Historical+Encyclopedia%3A+Volume+2&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-549-0&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Junius+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4X44KbDBl9gC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdo_Rosário_Pimente1995" class="citation book cs1">do Rosário Pimente, Maria (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DrlIAAAAYAAJ"><i>Viagem ao fundo das consciências: a escravatura na época moderna</i></a>. Edições Colibri. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/972-8047-75-4" title="Special:BookSources/972-8047-75-4"><bdi>972-8047-75-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viagem+ao+fundo+das+consci%C3%AAncias%3A+a+escravatura+na+%C3%A9poca+moderna&rft.pub=Edi%C3%A7%C3%B5es+Colibri&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=972-8047-75-4&rft.aulast=do+Ros%C3%A1rio+Pimente&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDrlIAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell-Wood1968" class="citation book cs1">Russell-Wood, A.J.R. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2bDaBpOgi_UC&pg=PA46"><i>Fidalgos and Philanthropists: The Santa Casa da Misericórdia of Bahia, 1550–1755</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006BWO3O">B0006BWO3O</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fidalgos+and+Philanthropists%3A+The+Santa+Casa+da+Miseric%C3%B3rdia+of+Bahia%2C+1550%E2%80%931755&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0006BWO3O%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Russell-Wood&rft.aufirst=A.J.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2bDaBpOgi_UC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell-Wood1998" class="citation book cs1">Russell-Wood, A.J.R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JTVH7PZU1hUC"><i>The Portuguese Empire 1415–1808</i></a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5955-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5955-7"><bdi>0-8018-5955-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+Empire+1415%E2%80%931808&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8018-5955-7&rft.aulast=Russell-Wood&rft.aufirst=A.J.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJTVH7PZU1hUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refScammell" class="citation book cs1">Scammell, Geoffrey Vaughn (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G5DGygQdNp0C"><i>The First Imperial Age, European Overseas Expansion c. 1400–1715</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-09085-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-09085-7"><bdi>0-415-09085-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Imperial+Age%2C+European+Overseas+Expansion+c.+1400%E2%80%931715&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-09085-7&rft.aulast=Scammell&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+Vaughn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG5DGygQdNp0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarano2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scarano, Julita (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130204093900/http://www.anpocs.org/portal/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=4795&Itemid=357"><i>Migração Sob Contrato: A Opinião de Eça de Queiroz</i></a> (in Brazilian Portuguese). <a href="/wiki/Unesp" class="mw-redirect" title="Unesp">Unesp</a> - Ceru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anpocs.org/portal/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=4795&Itemid=357">the original</a> on 2013-02-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migra%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Sob+Contrato%3A+A+Opini%C3%A3o+de+E%C3%A7a+de+Queiroz&rft.pub=Unesp+-+Ceru&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Scarano&rft.aufirst=Julita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anpocs.org%2Fportal%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_docman%26task%3Ddoc_view%26gid%3D4795%26Itemid%3D357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1973" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Stuart B. (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sovereigntysocie0000unse"><i>Sovereignty and Society in Colonial Brazil: The High Court of Bahia and Its Judges, 1609–1751</i></a></span>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520021952" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520021952"><bdi>978-0520021952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereignty+and+Society+in+Colonial+Brazil%3A+The+High+Court+of+Bahia+and+Its+Judges%2C+1609%E2%80%931751&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0520021952&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Stuart+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsovereigntysocie0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShastry2000" class="citation book cs1">Shastry, Bhagamandala Seetharama (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=raLL0A3Pb_0C&pg=PA41"><i>Goa-Kanara Portuguese Relations, 1498–1763</i></a>. Concept Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170228486" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170228486"><bdi>978-8170228486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goa-Kanara+Portuguese+Relations%2C+1498%E2%80%931763&rft.pub=Concept+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8170228486&rft.aulast=Shastry&rft.aufirst=Bhagamandala+Seetharama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DraLL0A3Pb_0C%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Silva_Jayasuriya2008" class="citation book cs1">de Silva Jayasuriya, Shihan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bkoBAwAAQBAJ&q=Portuguese+Chittagong+1517&pg=PA85"><i>The Portuguese in the East: A Cultural History of a Maritime Trading Empire</i></a>. I.B. Taurus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845115852" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845115852"><bdi>978-1845115852</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+in+the+East%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+a+Maritime+Trading+Empire&rft.pub=I.B.+Taurus&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1845115852&rft.aulast=de+Silva+Jayasuriya&rft.aufirst=Shihan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbkoBAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DPortuguese%2BChittagong%2B1517%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Souza1990" class="citation book cs1">de Souza, Teotonio R., ed. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dwYDPnEjTb4C&pg=PP1"><i>Goa Through the Ages: An Economic History, Issue 6 of Goa University publication series Volume 2</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7022-259-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-7022-259-1"><bdi>81-7022-259-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goa+Through+the+Ages%3A+An+Economic+History%2C+Issue+6+of+Goa+University+publication+series+Volume+2&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=81-7022-259-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdwYDPnEjTb4C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStapleton2013" class="citation book cs1">Stapleton, Timothy J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XvtDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA165"><i>A Military History of Africa</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39569-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39569-7"><bdi>978-0-313-39569-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Africa&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-313-39569-7&rft.aulast=Stapleton&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXvtDAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubrahmanyam2012" class="citation book cs1">Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K7RlmNEzqf4C"><i>The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History</i></a> (2 ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-27401-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-27401-9"><bdi>978-1-118-27401-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+Empire+in+Asia%2C+1500%E2%80%931700%3A+A+Political+and+Economic+History&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-118-27401-9&rft.aulast=Subrahmanyam&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK7RlmNEzqf4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1997" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Hugh (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/slavetradestoryo00thom"><i>The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440–1870</i></a></span>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83565-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83565-5"><bdi>978-0-684-83565-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slave+Trade%3A+The+Story+of+the+Atlantic+Slave+Trade%3A+1440%E2%80%931870&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-684-83565-5&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fslavetradestoryo00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornton2000" class="citation book cs1">Thornton, John K. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_qNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA101"><i>Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500–1800</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-36584-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-36584-4"><bdi>978-1-135-36584-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+Atlantic+Africa%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-135-36584-4&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7_qNAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreece2000" class="citation book cs1">Treece, Dave (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s50JnG7BzLAC&pg=PA31"><i>Exiles, Allies, Rebels: Brazil's Indianist Movement, Indigenist Politics, and the Imperial Nation-State</i></a>. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-549-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-549-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-549-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exiles%2C+Allies%2C+Rebels%3A+Brazil%27s+Indianist+Movement%2C+Indigenist+Politics%2C+and+the+Imperial+Nation-State&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-549-0&rft.aulast=Treece&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds50JnG7BzLAC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelupillai2015" class="citation book cs1">Velupillai, Viveka (2015). <i>Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages: An Introduction</i>. John Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-549-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-549-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-549-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pidgins%2C+Creoles+and+Mixed+Languages%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-549-0&rft.aulast=Velupillai&rft.aufirst=Viveka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1998" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Douglas L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PkH9wfKMqHwC"><i>Republican Portugal: A Political History, 1910–1926</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-07450-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-07450-1"><bdi>0-299-07450-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republican+Portugal%3A+A+Political+History%2C+1910%E2%80%931926&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-299-07450-1&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Douglas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPkH9wfKMqHwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2005" class="citation book cs1">White, Paula (2005). Bowman, John Stewart; Isserman, Maurice (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/explorationinwor0000whit"><i>Exploration in the World of the Middle Ages, 500–1500</i></a></span>. Facts on File, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/explorationinwor0000whit/page/138">138</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87294-202-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-87294-202-6"><bdi>3-87294-202-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploration+in+the+World+of+the+Middle+Ages%2C+500%E2%80%931500&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Facts+on+File%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-87294-202-6&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexplorationinwor0000whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteway1899" class="citation book cs1">Whiteway, Richard Stephen (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseportuguesep00whitgoog"><i>The Rise of Portuguese Power in India, 1497–1550</i></a>. Archibald Constable & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Portuguese+Power+in+India%2C+1497%E2%80%931550&rft.pub=Archibald+Constable+%26+Co.&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Whiteway&rft.aufirst=Richard+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseportuguesep00whitgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamashiro1989" class="citation book cs1">Yamashiro, José (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l2qSNQnlQGcC"><i>Choque Luso No Japão Dos Séculos XVI e XVII</i></a>. Ibrasa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74059-421-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-74059-421-5"><bdi>1-74059-421-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choque+Luso+No+Jap%C3%A3o+Dos+S%C3%A9culos+XVI+e+XVII&rft.pub=Ibrasa&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=1-74059-421-5&rft.aulast=Yamashiro&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl2qSNQnlQGcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Portuguese_Empire" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire#Q200464" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Portuguese Empire</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Portuguese+Empire&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Portuguese+Empire">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Portuguese+Empire&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timelines.info/history/empires_and_civilizations/portuguese_empire/">Portuguese Empire Timeline</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colonialvoyage.com/">Dutch Portuguese Colonial History</a>: history of the Portuguese and the Dutch in Ceylon, India, Malacca, Bengal, Formosa, Africa, Brazil. Language Heritage, lists of remains, maps.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4397/">"The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kitchin" title="Thomas Kitchin">Thomas Kitchin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217055451/http://www.spiceislandsforts.com/">Forts of the Spice Islands of Indonesia</a></li> <li>Senaka Weeraratna, 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vgweb.org/unethicalconversion/port_rep.htm">"Repression of Buddhism in Sri Lanka by the Portuguese (1505–1658)"</a>, Australian Centre for Sri Lankan Unity</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Portuguese_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portuguese_overseas_empire" title="Template:Portuguese overseas empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portuguese_overseas_empire" title="Template talk:Portuguese overseas empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese_overseas_empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese overseas empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portuguese_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portuguese Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="North_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1415–1640</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1458–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Alcácer Ceguer <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Qsar es Seghir)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Asilah" title="Portuguese Asilah">Arzila <span style="font-size:85%;">(Asilah)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Tangier" title="Portuguese Tangier">Tangier</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1485–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Mazagan <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Jadida)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1487–16th century</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ouadane" title="Ouadane">Ouadane</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1488–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Safi,_Morocco" title="Safi, Morocco">Safim <span style="font-size:85%;">(Safi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1489</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Graciosa_fortress" title="Graciosa fortress">Graciosa</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1505–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué <span style="font-size:85%;">(Agadir)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1525</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Mogador <span style="font-size:85%;">(Essaouira)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1525</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Souira_Guedima" title="Souira Guedima">Aguz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Souira Guedima)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1769</td><td> <a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Mazagan <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Jadida)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1513–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Azemmour" title="Azemmour">Azamor <span style="font-size:85%;">(Azemmour)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco" title="Mehdya, Morocco">São João da Mamora <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mehdya)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1577–1589</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Asilah" title="Asilah">Arzila <span style="font-size:85%;">(Asilah)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999)"><img alt="Anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/300px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/450px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/600px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="Sub-Saharan_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sub-Saharan Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1455–1633</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguim</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1462–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cape_Verde" title="Portuguese Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1470–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_Island" title="São Tomé Island">São Tomé</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Príncipe">Príncipe</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1474–1778</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Annob%C3%B3n" title="Annobón">Annobón</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1478–1778</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bioko" title="Bioko">Fernando Poo <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bioko)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1482–1637</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina">Elmina <span style="font-size:85%;">(São Jorge da Mina)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1482–1642</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Gold_Coast" title="Portuguese Gold Coast">Portuguese Gold Coast</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1498–1540</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mascarene_Islands" title="Mascarene Islands">Mascarene Islands</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1630</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1501–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1502–1659</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1503–1698</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1505–1512</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani">Quíloa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kilwa)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1511</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1508–1547<sup><small>2</small></sup></td><td> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1557–1578</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1575–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1588–1974</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Cacheu" title="Cacheu">Cacheu</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1593–1698</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombassa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mombasa)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1645–1888</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor">Ziguinchor</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1680–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud%C3%A1" title="Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá">São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1687–1974</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1728–1729</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombassa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mombasa)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1753–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1879–1974</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1885–1974</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Cabinda_Province" title="Cabinda Province">Portuguese Congo</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="plainlist" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.75em 0.25em;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2em;"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> from 1753.</li><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Or 1600.</li><li><sup><small>3</small></sup> A factory (<a href="/wiki/Anosy" title="Anosy">Anosy Region</a>) and small temporary coastal bases.</li><li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a> from 1879.</li><li><sup><small>5</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a> from the 1920s.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="Middle_East_&#91;Persian_Gulf&#93;" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Middle East [Persian Gulf]</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1615</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Gamru <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bandar Abbas)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1507–1643</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Sohar" title="Sohar">Sohar</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1622</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Hormuz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ormus)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qurayyat,_Oman" title="Qurayyat, Oman">Quriyat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qalhat" title="Qalhat">Qalhat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1650</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Barka,_Oman" title="Barka, Oman">Barka</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1633?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Ras Al Khaimah">Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521–1602</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Muharraq" title="Muharraq">Muharraq</a> • <a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521–1529?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521?–1551?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Tarout_Island" title="Tarout Island">Tarut Island</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1550–1551</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1588–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Muttrah" title="Muttrah">Matrah</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1620–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Khor_Fakkan" title="Khor Fakkan">Khor Fakkan</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Seeb" title="Seeb">As Sib</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621–1622</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qeshm_Island" title="Qeshm Island">Qeshm</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1623–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Khasab" title="Khasab">Khasab</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1623–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Al_Badiyah" title="Al Badiyah">Libedia</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kalba" title="Kalba">Kalba</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Madha" title="Madha">Madha</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dibba_Al-Hisn" title="Dibba Al-Hisn">Dibba Al-Hisn</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kong,_Iran" title="Kong, Iran">Bandar-e Kong</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="South_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1498–1545</td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Laccadive Islands<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Lakshadweep)</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1500–1663</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Cochim <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kochi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1501–1663</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Cannanore <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kannur)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> • 1502–1658<br /><span style="padding-left:0.65em;"> </span>1659–1661</div></td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Coulão / Kollam)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1502–1661</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Pallippuram,_Ernakulam" title="Pallippuram, Ernakulam">Pallipuram <span style="font-size:85%;">(Cochin de Cima)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1507–1657</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Negapatam" title="Portuguese Negapatam">Negapatam <span style="font-size:85%;">(Nagapatnam)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1510–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> • 1512–1525<br /><span style="padding-left:0.65em;"> </span>1750</div></td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Kozhikode)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1518–1619</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Pulicat" title="Pulicat">Portuguese Paliacate outpost <span style="font-size:85%;">(Pulicat)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1521–1740</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  </td><td> (Portuguese India)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1523–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1528–1666</td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Chittagong<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Porto Grande De Bengala)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1531–1571</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1531–1571</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chalé</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1601</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Salsette_Island" title="Salsette Island">Salsette Island</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1661</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mumbai)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1535</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1535–1739</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Vasai-Virar" title="Vasai-Virar">Baçaím <span style="font-size:85%;">(Vasai-Virar)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1536–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Cranganore <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kodungallur)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1540–1612</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1548–1658</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi" title="Thoothukudi">Tuticorin <span style="font-size:85%;">(Thoothukudi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1559–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1568–1659</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  </td><td> (Portuguese India)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1579–1632</td><td><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1598–1610</td><td><a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Masulipatnam <span style="font-size:85%;">(Machilipatnam)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1518–1521</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1518–1658</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sri Lanka)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1558–1573</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese India </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1687–1749</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese India </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1779–1954</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="East_Asia_and_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">East Asia and Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1511–1641</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a> [Malaysia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1512–1621</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1522–1575</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1576–1605</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1578–1650</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1512–1665</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1859</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Larantuka</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1557–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a> [China]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1580–1586</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Nagasaki" title="Portuguese Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> [Japan]</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1642–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>)</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Portuguese Macau</a> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1864–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Coloane" title="Coloane">Coloane</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1851–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Taipa" title="Taipa">Taipa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1890–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ilha_Verde" title="Ilha Verde">Ilha Verde</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>20th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese Macau </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1938–1941</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Hengqin" title="Hengqin">Lapa and Montanha <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hengqin)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="plainlist" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.75em 0.25em;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2em;"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">invasion by Indonesia</a>. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="North_America_and_North_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America and North Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b> [Atlantic islands]</span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1420</td><td> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></b></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1432</td><td> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a></b></i></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b> [Canada]</span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Terra Nova <span style="font-size:85%;">(Newfoundland)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1516–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="South_America_and_Caribbean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America and Caribbean</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1549</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_Colonies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy Colonies of Brazil">Captaincy Colonies of Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1549–1572</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1572–1578</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Bahia" title="Governorate General of Bahia">Bahia</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1572–1578</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1578–1607</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1621–1815</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/State_of_Brazil" title="State of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1536–1620</td><td> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621–1751</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Maranh%C3%A3o_(colonial)" title="State of Maranhão (colonial)">Maranhão</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1680–1777</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Colonia del Sacramento">Nova Colónia do Sacramento</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1751–1772</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_and_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão">Grão-Pará and Maranhão</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1772–1775</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_and_Rio_Negro" title="State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro">Grão-Pará and Rio Negro</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1772–1775</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Maranh%C3%A3o_and_Piau%C3%AD" title="State of Maranhão and Piauí">Maranhão and Piauí</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1808–1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Cisplatina" title="Cisplatina">Cisplatina <span style="font-size:85%;">(Uruguay)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1809–1817</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Amap%C3%A1" title="Amapá">Portuguese Guiana <span style="font-size:85%;">(Amapá)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peru" title="Upper Peru">Upper Peru <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bolivia)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Portuguese_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Armorial of Portuguese colonies">Armorial of Portuguese colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Portuguese_Empire" title="Evolution of the Portuguese Empire">Evolution of the Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese colonial architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_Portuguese_discovery_of_Australia" title="Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia">Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_and_topics_related_to_the_Portuguese_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_and_topics_related_to_the_Portuguese_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles and topics related to the <a href="/wiki/Category:Portuguese_Empire" title="Category:Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topics_related_to_the_Portuguese_monarchy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portuguese_Monarchy_Topics" title="Template:Portuguese Monarchy Topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portuguese_Monarchy_Topics" title="Template talk:Portuguese Monarchy Topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese_Monarchy_Topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese Monarchy Topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Topics_related_to_the_Portuguese_monarchy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics related to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portuguese monarchy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C3%A3o_Mamede" title="Battle of São Mamede">Battle of São Mamede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ourique" title="Battle of Ourique">Battle of Ourique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zamora" title="Treaty of Zamora">Treaty of Zamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifestis_Probatum" title="Manifestis Probatum">Manifestis Probatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1383%E2%80%931385_Portuguese_interregnum" title="1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum">1383–85 Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aljubarrota" title="Battle of Aljubarrota">Battle of Aljubarrota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alfarrobeira" title="Battle of Alfarrobeira">Battle of Alfarrobeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir" title="Battle of Alcácer Quibir">Battle of Alcácer Quibir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_succession_crisis_of_1580" title="Portuguese succession crisis of 1580">Portuguese succession crisis of 1580</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession" title="War of the Portuguese Succession">War of the Portuguese Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Conspirators" title="Forty Conspirators">Forty Conspirators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_court_to_Brazil" title="Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil">Transfer of the Portuguese court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">Liberal Revolution of 1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilafrancada" title="Vilafrancada">Vilafrancada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Revolt" title="April Revolt">April Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Portuguese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_January_1891_revolt" title="31 January 1891 revolt">31 January 1891 revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Library_Elevator_Coup" title="Municipal Library Elevator Coup">Municipal Library Elevator Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Regicide" title="Lisbon Regicide">Lisbon Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">5 October 1910 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_attack_on_Chaves" title="Royalist attack on Chaves">Royalist attack on Chaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_North" title="Monarchy of the North">Monarchy of the North</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_(1834_to_1910)_-_Lesser.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png/150px-Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png/225px-Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png/300px-Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="1115" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Royal houses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_House_of_Burgundy" title="Portuguese House of Burgundy">Portuguese House of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">House of Aviz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_dynasty" title="Philippine dynasty">House of Habsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza-Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></i> <small>(disputed)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Royal<br />residences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Ajuda" title="Palace of Ajuda">Ajuda Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_Palace" title="Belém Palace">Belém Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemposta_Palace" title="Bemposta Palace">Bemposta Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%A7aco_Palace" title="Buçaco Palace">Buçaco Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Cascais" title="Citadel of Cascais">Citadel of Cascais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_%C3%89vora" title="Royal Palace of Évora">Évora Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Mafra" title="Palace of Mafra">Mafra Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessidades_Palace" title="Necessidades Palace">Necessidades Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pena_Palace" title="Pena Palace">Pena Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Queluz" title="Palace of Queluz">Queluz Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinta_da_Boa_Vista" title="Quinta da Boa Vista">Quinta da Boa Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%A7o_Imperial" title="Paço Imperial">Rio de Janeiro Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramalh%C3%A3o_Palace" title="Ramalhão Palace">Ramalhão Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribeira_Palace" title="Ribeira Palace">Ribeira Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%A7o_de_S%C3%A3o_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o" title="Paço de São Cristóvão">São Cristóvão Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jorge_Castle" title="São Jorge Castle">São Jorge Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Estate" title="Santa Cruz Estate">Santa Cruz Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintra_National_Palace" title="Sintra National Palace">Sintra National Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducal_Palace_of_Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa" title="Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa">Vila Viçosa Palace</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Project_of_Filippo_Juvarra_for_the_Royal_Palace_of_Lisbon" title="Project of Filippo Juvarra for the Royal Palace of Lisbon">Juvarra's Project for the Royal Palace in Lisbon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_Royal_Palace_in_Campo_de_Ourique" title="Project for the Royal Palace in Campo de Ourique">Project for the Royal Palace in Campo de Ourique</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Algarve" title="Kingdom of the Algarve">Kingdom of the Algarve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brazil" title="Kingdom of Brazil">Kingdom of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Portuguese Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastianism" title="Sebastianism">Sebastianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cortes" title="Portuguese Cortes">Portuguese Cortes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nobility" title="Portuguese nobility">Portuguese nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_the_Portuguese_Crown" title="List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown">List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Portugal" title="Council of Portugal">Council of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon_of_the_House_of_Braganza" title="Pantheon of the House of Braganza">Pantheon of the House of Braganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_Faithful_Majesty" title="Most Faithful Majesty">Most Faithful Majesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pio,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza">Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza (current pretender)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="Family tree of Portuguese monarchs">Family tree of Portuguese monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Crown_Jewels" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Crown Jewels">Portuguese Crown Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Portuguese_sovereign" title="Style of the Portuguese sovereign">Style of the Portuguese sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Most_Faithful_Majesty%27s_Council" title="His Most Faithful Majesty's Council">His Most Faithful Majesty's Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Portugal_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portugal_topics" title="Template:Portugal topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portugal_topics" title="Template talk:Portugal topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portugal_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portugal topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portugal_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Portugal-related_articles" title="Index of Portugal-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Portuguese_history" title="Timeline of Portuguese history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oestriminis" title="Oestriminis">Oestriminis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophiussa" title="Ophiussa">Ophiussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zamora" title="Treaty of Zamora">Treaty of Zamora</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifestis_Probatum" title="Manifestis Probatum">Manifestis Probatum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1383%E2%80%931385_Portuguese_interregnum" title="1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum">1383–1385 interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Windsor_(1386)" title="Treaty of Windsor (1386)">Treaty of Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Portugal in the Middle Ages">Consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931578)" title="History of Portugal (1415–1578)">Portuguese golden age</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">1755 Lisbon earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1761_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1761 Lisbon earthquake">1761 Lisbon earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)" title="History of Portugal (1777–1834)">History of Portugal (1777–1834)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">Liberal Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834%E2%80%931910)" title="History of Portugal (1834–1910)">Constitutional monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">28 de Maio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Overseas War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Portuguese_Republic" title="Third Portuguese Republic">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Portugal" title="Military history of Portugal">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal" title="Music history of Portugal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese" title="History of Portuguese">Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/80px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/120px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/160px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="342" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Portugal" title="Geography of Portugal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Portugal" title="List of cities in Portugal">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Portugal" title="List of mountains in Portugal">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Portugal" title="List of islands of Portugal">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Portugal" title="List of lakes of Portugal">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Portugal" title="Administrative divisions of Portugal">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Portugal" title="List of rivers of Portugal">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Portugal" title="List of earthquakes in Portugal">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Portugal" title="List of volcanoes in Portugal">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Portugal" title="Politics of Portugal">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Portugal" title="Administrative divisions of Portugal">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Portugal" title="Constitution of Portugal">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Portugal" title="Elections in Portugal">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Portugal" title="Foreign relations of Portugal">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Portugal" title="Government of Portugal">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Portugal" title="Judiciary of Portugal">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Portugal" title="Law of Portugal">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Portugal" title="Law enforcement in Portugal">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Portugal" title="Human rights in Portugal">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Portugal">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Armed_Forces" title="Portuguese Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Portugal" title="List of political parties in Portugal">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Portugal" title="President of Portugal">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Portugal" title="Agriculture in Portugal">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Portugal" title="Banco de Portugal">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Portugal" title="Energy in Portugal">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Portugal" title="Exclusive economic zone of Portugal">Exclusive Economic Zone <span style="font-size:85%;">(EEZ)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Portugal">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Portugal" title="Mining in Portugal">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Portugal" title="Science and technology in Portugal">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Lisbon" title="Euronext Lisbon">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Portugal" title="Telecommunications in Portugal">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Portugal" title="Tourism in Portugal">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Portugal" title="Transport in Portugal">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Portugal" title="Category:Society of Portugal">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Portugal" title="Crime in Portugal">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Portugal" title="Demographics of Portugal">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Portugal" title="Education in Portugal">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Portugal" title="Health in Portugal">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Portugal" title="Homelessness in Portugal">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Portugal" title="Housing in Portugal">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Portugal" title="Immigration to Portugal">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Portugal" title="Languages of Portugal">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Portugal" title="Naturism in Portugal">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Portugal">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Portugal" title="Prostitution in Portugal">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Portugal" title="Time in Portugal">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Portugal" title="Women in Portugal">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Portugal" title="Culture of Portugal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_architecture" title="Portuguese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Portugal" title="Cinema of Portugal">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_wine" title="Portuguese wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_literature" title="Portuguese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Portugal" title="Mass media in Portugal">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_monuments_of_Portugal" title="List of national monuments of Portugal">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Portugal" title="Public holidays in Portugal">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Portugal" title="Sport in Portugal">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Portugal" title="National symbols of Portugal">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Portugal" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Portugal">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Portugal" title="Outline of Portugal">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Portugal-related_articles" title="Index of Portugal-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portugal" title="Category:Portugal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Portugal" title="Portal:Portugal">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhan_Empire" title="Magadhan Empire">Magadha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Muscovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Perm" title="Great Perm">Permian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Kyivan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200464#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh89004110">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553607605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&oldid=1258986085">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&oldid=1258986085</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_states" title="Category:Christian states">Christian states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portuguese_Empire" title="Category:Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_empires" title="Category:Former empires">Former empires</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Category:Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_European_colonialism" title="Category:History of European colonialism">History of European colonialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portuguese_colonisation_in_Africa" title="Category:Portuguese colonisation in Africa">Portuguese colonisation in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portuguese_colonisation_in_Asia" title="Category:Portuguese colonisation in Asia">Portuguese colonisation in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese colonization of the Americas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Overseas_empires" title="Category:Overseas empires">Overseas empires</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Category:Portuguese Renaissance">Portuguese Renaissance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Early_modern_history_of_Portugal" title="Category:Early modern history of Portugal">Early modern history of Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_history_of_Portugal" title="Category:Modern history of Portugal">Modern history of Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1415_establishments_in_Portugal" title="Category:1415 establishments in Portugal">1415 establishments in Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1999_disestablishments_in_Portugal" title="Category:1999 disestablishments in Portugal">1999 disestablishments in Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1415_establishments_in_the_Portuguese_Empire" title="Category:1415 establishments in the Portuguese Empire">1415 establishments in the Portuguese Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1999_disestablishments_in_the_Portuguese_Empire" title="Category:1999 disestablishments in the Portuguese Empire">1999 disestablishments in the Portuguese Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1415" title="Category:States and territories established in 1415">States and territories established in 1415</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_1999" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in 1999">States and territories disestablished in 1999</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1415_establishments_in_Europe" title="Category:1415 establishments in Europe">1415 establishments in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1999_disestablishments_in_Europe" title="Category:1999 disestablishments in Europe">1999 disestablishments in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2nd_millennium_in_Portugal" title="Category:2nd millennium in Portugal">2nd millennium in Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_transcontinental_empires" title="Category:Historical transcontinental empires">Historical transcontinental empires</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2023">Articles with dead external links from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)" title="Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)">CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_shortened_footnotes_from_April_2023" title="Category:Use shortened footnotes from April 2023">Use shortened footnotes from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text">Articles containing Portuguese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_European_Portuguese_IPA" title="Category:Pages with European Portuguese IPA">Pages with European Portuguese IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Brazilian_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt-br)" title="Category:CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)">CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 19:10<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-2c6ql","wgBackendResponseTime":208,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.596","walltime":"3.259","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18358,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":687478,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":96656,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":86,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":564768,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2645.263 1 -total"," 21.98% 581.399 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.79% 470.666 114 Template:Cite_book"," 14.03% 371.173 1 Template:Infobox_former_country"," 6.98% 184.613 3 Template:Side_box"," 6.89% 182.256 2 Template:Sister_project"," 6.45% 170.577 17 Template:Cite_web"," 5.91% 156.351 1 Template:Commons_category"," 5.88% 155.613 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.83% 127.765 2 Template:If_then_show"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.491","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22402289,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbeyasinghe1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbir1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAngus1837\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAppiahGates2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnoldWiener2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakewell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBethell1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBethencourtCurto2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowenLincolnRigby2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoxer1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyajian2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrockey2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._Bloomer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChesworthThomas2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoates2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorrado2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCostaPalmaReis2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowans2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrow1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurto2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiffieWinius1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDisney2009a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDisney2009b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodge1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmonds2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallagher1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGannDuignan1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGipouloux2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGleason2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodwin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerringHerring1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeywoodThornton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Russo2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJan_Huygen_van_Linschoten1885\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJesus1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuangMorrissette2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoffi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKozákCermák2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKratoska2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLach1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLadle2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeupp2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLisboa2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLockhart1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacmillan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacqueen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahoney2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalekandathil2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMancall2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarley2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathew1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAlister1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehta1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalf2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalf2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewitt1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewitt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Flanagan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliveira2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson1991\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOoi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOoi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstergrenLe_Bossé2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPacey1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPageSonnenburg2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanikkar1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaquette2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearson1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPonting2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPriolkar1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuga2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuanchiRobson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamasamyKumananSivakumarSingh2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicklefs1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguez2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell-Wood1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell-Wood1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScarano2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShastry2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStapleton2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubrahmanyam2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThornton2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTravels2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreece2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwitchettFairbank1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUyarJ._Erickson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Linschoten1596\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVelupillai2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVincent-Smith1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiteway1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYamashiro1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Abreu1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Almeida2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Oliveira_Marques1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Silva_Jayasuriya2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Souza1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFdo_Rosário_Pimente1995\"] = 1,\n [\"refAbernethy\"] = 1,\n [\"refDavies\"] = 1,\n [\"refPearson\"] = 1,\n [\"refScammell\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"As written\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"C\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Uboat.net\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 114,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 16,\n [\"Colonialism\"] = 1,\n [\"Color box\"] = 6,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 3,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 137,\n [\"History of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Portugal\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox former country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend-line\"] = 4,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 11,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Portugal topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Portuguese Monarchy Topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Portuguese colonial campaigns\"] = 1,\n [\"Portuguese overseas empire\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use shortened footnotes\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","260","16.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","200","12.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","9.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","9.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","7.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","2.5"],["(for generator) \u003Cmw.lua:684\u003E","40","2.5"],["newFrame \u003Cmw.lua:153\u003E","40","2.5"],["[others]","440","27.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-l8zbv","timestamp":"20241123151356","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Portuguese Empire","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portuguese_Empire","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q200464","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q200464","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-05-20T15:56:25Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T19:10:14Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f4\/PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png","headline":"global empire centered in Portugal (1415\u20131999)"}</script> </body> </html>