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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novels_and_fictional_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels_and_fictional_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Novels and fictional works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels_and_fictional_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_appraisal_by_other_authors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_appraisal_by_other_authors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Critical appraisal by other authors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_appraisal_by_other_authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethical,_political_and_religious_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_anarchism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_anarchism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Christian anarchism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_anarchism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacificism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacificism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Pacificism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacificism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Georgism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Hunting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Vegetarianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Soviet_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Soviet_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 In Soviet Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Soviet_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 In film and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Leo Tolstoy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 182 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-182" aria-hidden="true" > 182 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Лев Толстой – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Лев Толстой" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoi" title="Leo Tolstoi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Leo Tolstoi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Nikolajewitsch_Tolstoi" title="Lew Nikolajewitsch Tolstoi – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lew Nikolajewitsch Tolstoi" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Толстой, Лев Николаевич – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Толстой, Лев Николаевич" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8A%E1%8B%AE_%E1%89%B6%E1%88%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B6%E1%8B%AD" title="ሊዮ ቶልስቶይ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሊዮ ቶልስቶይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8-%D0%B8%D4%A5%D0%B0" title="Толстои, Лев Николаи-иԥа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Толстои, Лев Николаи-иԥа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A" title="ليو تولستوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليو تولستوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A7%D6%85_%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B5" title="Լէօ Թոլսթոյ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լէօ Թոլսթոյ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoi" title="Lev Tolstoi – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Lev Tolstoi" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%85%27_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="লীঅ' টলষ্টয় – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লীঅ' টলষ্টয়" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolst%C3%B3i" title="Lev Tolstói – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lev Tolstói" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B5_Tolst%C3%B3i" title="Leõ Tolstói – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Leõ Tolstói" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Толстой, Лев Николаевич – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Толстой, Лев Николаевич" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liyun_Tolstoy" title="Liyun Tolstoy – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Liyun Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoy" title="Lev Tolstoy – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lev Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%8C" title="لئو تولستوی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لئو تولستوی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="ল্যেভ তল্‌স্তোয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ল্যেভ তল্‌স্তোয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Толстой Лев Николаевич – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Толстой Лев Николаевич" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Леў Мікалаевіч Талстой – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Леў Мікалаевіч Талстой" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%9E_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Леў Талстой – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Леў Талстой" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="लियो टालस्टाय – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लियो टालस्टाय" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Лев Толстой – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лев Толстой" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Nikolajewitsch_Tolstoi" title="Lew Nikolajewitsch Tolstoi – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Lew Nikolajewitsch Tolstoi" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="ཐོར་སི་ཐའེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཐོར་སི་ཐའེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav_Tolstoj" title="Lav Tolstoj – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lav Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyev_Tolstoy" title="Lyev Tolstoy – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lyev Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Лев Толстой – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Лев Толстой" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoi" title="Lev Tolstoi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lev Tolstoi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Толстой Лев Николаевич – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Толстой Лев Николаевич" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Nikolajevi%C4%8D_Tolstoj" title="Lev Nikolajevič Tolstoj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lev Nikolajevič Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoy" title="Lev Tolstoy – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lev Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoj" title="Lev Tolstoj – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lev Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Nikolajewitsch_Tolstoi" title="Lew Nikolajewitsch Tolstoi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lew Nikolajewitsch Tolstoi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoi" title="Lev Tolstoi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lev Tolstoi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A4%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%B9" title="Λέων Τολστόι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λέων Τολστόι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Толстой, Лев Николаевич – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Толстой, Лев Николаевич" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Tolst%C3%B3i" title="León Tolstói – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="León Tolstói" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoj" title="Lev Tolstoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lev Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoi" title="Lev Tolstoi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lev Tolstoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%8C" title="لئو تولستوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لئو تولستوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoj" title="Leo Tolstoj – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Leo Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Tolsto%C3%AF" title="Léon Tolstoï – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Léon Tolstoï" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoj" title="Lev Tolstoj – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lev Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoj" title="Leo Tolstoj – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Leo Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoi" title="Lev Tolstoi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lev Tolstoi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0" title="托爾斯泰 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="托爾斯泰" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D8%A4_%D8%AA%D8%A4%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A4%DB%8C" title="لئؤ تؤلستؤی – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="لئؤ تؤلستؤی" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0_%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BE" title="𐌻𐌹𐍅𐌰 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌻𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌻𐌹𐍅𐌰 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌻𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoy" title="Lev Tolstoy – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lev Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%ED%94%84_%ED%86%A8%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%EC%9D%B4" title="레프 톨스토이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레프 톨스토이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolstoi" title="Tolstoi – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Tolstoi" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D6%87_%D5%8F%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B5" title="Լև Տոլստոյ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լև Տոլստոյ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AF" title="लेव तोलस्तोय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लेव तोलस्तोय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Nikolajewi%C4%8D_Tolstoj" title="Lew Nikolajewič Tolstoj – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Lew Nikolajewič Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav_Nikolajevi%C4%8D_Tolstoj" title="Lav Nikolajevič Tolstoj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lav Nikolajevič Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Nikolayevich_Tolstoi" title="Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Nikolaevi%C4%8D_Tolstoj" title="Lev Nikolaevič Tolstoj – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lev Nikolaevič Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D1%84%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82" title="Толстой, Лев Николайы фырт – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Толстой, Лев Николайы фырт" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoj" title="Lev Tolstoj – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lev Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoj" title="Lev Tolstoj – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lev Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%91_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%99" title="לב טולסטוי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לב טולסטוי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Tolsto%C3%AF" title="Léon Tolstoï – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Léon Tolstoï" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8A_%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲಿಯೊ ಟಾಲ್‍ಸ್ಟಾಯ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಿಯೊ ಟಾಲ್‍ಸ್ಟಾಯ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98" title="ლევ ტოლსტოი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლევ ტოლსტოი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Лев Николаевич Толстой – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лев Николаевич Толстой" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoy" title="Lev Tolstoy – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Lev Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Tolstoi" title="Leon Tolstoi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Leon Tolstoi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Tolsto%C3%AF" title="Léon Tolstoï – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Léon Tolstoï" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoy" title="Lev Tolstoy – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lev Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Толстой Лев Николаевич – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Толстой Лев Николаевич" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoj" title="Lev Tolstoj – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lev Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoj" title="Leo Tolstoj – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leo Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BBevs_Tolstojs" title="Ļevs Tolstojs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ļevs Tolstojs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoi" title="Leo Tolstoi – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Leo Tolstoi" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Лев Николаевич Толстой – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Лев Николаевич Толстой" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levas_Tolstojus" title="Levas Tolstojus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Levas Tolstojus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoj" title="Lev Tolstoj – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lev Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoj" title="Lev Tolstoj – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Lev Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoi" title="Leo Tolstoi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Leo Tolstoi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoj" title="Lev Tolstoj – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lev Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Nyikolajevics_Tolsztoj" title="Lev Nyikolajevics Tolsztoj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lev Nyikolajevics Tolsztoj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98" title="Лав Николаевич Толстој – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лав Николаевич Толстој" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D" title="ലിയോ ടോൾസ്റ്റോയ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലിയോ ടോൾസ്റ്റോയ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AF" title="ल्येव तल्स्तोय – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ल्येव तल्स्तोय" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98" title="ლევ ტოლსტოი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლევ ტოლსტოი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%89" title="ليو تولستوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليو تولستوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%8C" title="لئو تولستوی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لئو تولستوی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoy" title="Lev Tolstoy – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lev Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liev_Tolst%C3%B3i" title="Liev Tolstói – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Liev Tolstói" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Лев Толстой – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Лев Толстой" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="လီယိုတော်စတွိုင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လီယိုတော်စတွိုင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoj" title="Lev Tolstoj – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lev Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AF" title="लेभ तल्सतोय – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लेभ तल्सतोय" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%A4" title="レフ・トルストイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レフ・トルストイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Толстой, Лев Николаевич – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Толстой, Лев Николаевич" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoj" title="Lev Tolstoj – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lev Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoj" title="Lev Tolstoj – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lev Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Tolstoi" title="Leon Tolstoi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Leon Tolstoi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Толстой, Лев Николаевич – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Толстой, Лев Николаевич" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%93_%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%9F" title="ଲିଓ ଟଲଷ୍ଟୟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲିଓ ଟଲଷ୍ଟୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoy" title="Lev Tolstoy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lev Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%89_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%8F" title="ਲਿਉ ਤਾਲਸਤਾਏ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿਉ ਤਾਲਸਤਾਏ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="ٹالسٹائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹالسٹائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%90%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%89" title="لېو نيكولايوويچ تولستوى – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لېو نيكولايوويچ تولستوى" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liyo_Talstai" title="Liyo Talstai – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Liyo Talstai" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Tolsto%C3%AF" title="Léon Tolstoï – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Léon Tolstoï" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Nicolaevic_Tolstoj" title="Lev Nicolaevic Tolstoj – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lev Nicolaevic Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Nikolajewitsch_Tolstoi" title="Lew Nikolajewitsch Tolstoi – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Lew Nikolajewitsch Tolstoi" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_To%C5%82stoj" title="Lew Tołstoj – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lew Tołstoj" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liev_Tolst%C3%B3i" title="Liev Tolstói – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Liev Tolstói" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoy" title="Lev Tolstoy – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Lev Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoy" title="Lev Tolstoy – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Lev Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoi" title="Lev Tolstoi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lev Tolstoi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoy" title="Lev Tolstoy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Lev Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Лев Толстой – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лев Толстой" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Толстой, Лев Николаевич – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Толстой, Лев Николаевич" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Лев Толстой – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Лев Толстой" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9A_%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AD" title="ᱞᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱞᱥᱴᱚᱭ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱞᱥᱴᱚᱭ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Nikolajewitsch_Tolstoi" title="Lew Nikolajewitsch Tolstoi – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Lew Nikolajewitsch Tolstoi" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Tolstoi" title="Leon Tolstoi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Leon Tolstoi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuni_Tolstoi" title="Liuni Tolstoi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Liuni Tolstoi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92" title="ලියෝ ටෝල්ස්ටෝයි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලියෝ ටෝල්ස්ටෝයි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%BD%D8%A7%D8%A1%D9%90" title="ٽالسٽاءِ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽالسٽاءِ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Nikolajevi%C4%8D_Tolstoj" title="Lev Nikolajevič Tolstoj – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lev Nikolajevič Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Nikolajevi%C4%8D_Tolstoj" title="Lev Nikolajevič Tolstoj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lev Nikolajevič Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%86_%D8%AA%DB%86%DA%B5%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%86%DB%8C" title="لیۆ تۆڵستۆی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لیۆ تۆڵستۆی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98" title="Лав Толстој – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лав Толстој" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav_Tolstoj" title="Lav Tolstoj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lav Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoi" title="Leo Tolstoi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leo Tolstoi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoj" title="Lev Tolstoj – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lev Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="லியோ டால்ஸ்டாய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லியோ டால்ஸ்டாய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyyu_Tulstuy" title="Lyyu Tulstuy – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Lyyu Tulstuy" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Лев Толстой – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Лев Толстой" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8D" title="లియో టాల్‌స్టాయ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లియో టాల్‌స్టాయ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD_%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2" title="เลโอ ตอลสตอย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เลโอ ตอลสตอย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Лев Толстой – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лев Толстой" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoy" title="Lev Tolstoy – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lev Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Толстой, Лев Николаевич – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Толстой, Лев Николаевич" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Толстой, Лев Николаевич – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Толстой, Лев Николаевич" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Толстой Лев Миколайович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Толстой Лев Миколайович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="لیو ٹالسٹائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لیو ٹالسٹائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoj" title="Lev Tolstoj – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Lev Tolstoj" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolstoi_Lev" title="Tolstoi Lev – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Tolstoi Lev" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy" title="Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tolstoy" title="Lev Tolstoy – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lev Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Leo Tolstoy" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a 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data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Russian writer (1828–1910)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tolstoy" and "Lev Tolstoy" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tolstoy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tolstoy (disambiguation)">Tolstoy (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lev_Tolstoy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lev Tolstoy (disambiguation)">Lev Tolstoy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Leo Tolstoy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:L._N._Tolstoy,_by_Prokudin-Gorsky_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tolstoy in 1908"><img alt="Man with long white, whispy beard wearing a blue button-down shirt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/L._N._Tolstoy%2C_by_Prokudin-Gorsky_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-L._N._Tolstoy%2C_by_Prokudin-Gorsky_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/L._N._Tolstoy%2C_by_Prokudin-Gorsky_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-L._N._Tolstoy%2C_by_Prokudin-Gorsky_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/L._N._Tolstoy%2C_by_Prokudin-Gorsky_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-L._N._Tolstoy%2C_by_Prokudin-Gorsky_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="745" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Tolstoy in 1908</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><div class="nickname" lang="ru">Лев Толстой</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">(1828-09-09)9 September 1828 <a href="/wiki/Yasnaya_Polyana" title="Yasnaya Polyana">Yasnaya Polyana</a>, Russia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">20 November 1910(1910-11-20) (aged 82) <a href="/wiki/Lev_Tolstoy_(rural_locality)" title="Lev Tolstoy (rural locality)">Astapovo</a>, Russia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1280115419">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlistoxford{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li,.mw-parser-output .andlist li,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .andlist li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:" and "}.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:", and "}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Writer</li><li>religious thinker</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Kazan_Federal_University" title="Kazan Federal University">Imperial Kazan University</a> (dropped out)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Modern</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genres</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_story" title="Sketch story">sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(theater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Play (theater)">play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">children's literature</a></li> <li>song</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">epistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_criticism" title="Art criticism">art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diary" title="Diary">diary</a></li> <li>translation</li> <li>correspondence</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Subjects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1280115419" /><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">Realism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1847–1910</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy_bibliography" title="Leo Tolstoy bibliography">List</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Griboyedov_Prize" title="Griboyedov Prize">Griboyedov Prize</a> (1892)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Tolstaya" title="Sophia Tolstaya">Sophia Behrs</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1862)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">14</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo_Tolstoy_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Leo_Tolstoy_signature.svg/150px-Leo_Tolstoy_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Leo_Tolstoy_signature.svg/225px-Leo_Tolstoy_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Leo_Tolstoy_signature.svg/300px-Leo_Tolstoy_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="119" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Tolstoy_Vremya_prishlo.ogg" title="File:Tolstoy Vremya prishlo.ogg">Leo Tolstoy's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="160" data-mwtitle="Tolstoy_Vremya_prishlo.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/Tolstoy_Vremya_prishlo.ogg/Tolstoy_Vremya_prishlo.ogg.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/Tolstoy_Vremya_prishlo.ogg/Tolstoy_Vremya_prishlo.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Tolstoy_Vremya_prishlo.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="flac"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">recorded 1908</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a> Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy<a href="#cite_note-1">[note 1]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtoʊlstɔɪ, ˈtɒl-/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> Russian: Лев Николаевич Толстой,<a href="#cite_note-3">[note 2]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈlʲef nʲɪkɐˈla(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ tɐlˈstoj]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9e\/Ru-Lev_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy.ogg\/Ru-Lev_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Ru-Lev_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy.ogg/Ru-Lev_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-Lev_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy.ogg" title="File:Ru-Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy.ogg">ⓘ</a>; 9 September [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 28 August] 1828 – 20 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 7 November] 1910),<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-4">[2]</a> usually referred to in English as Leo Tolstoy, was a Russian writer. He is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential authors of all time.<a href="#cite_note-:8-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[4]</a> He received nominations for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> every year from 1902 to 1906 and for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in 1901, 1902, and 1909. Tolstoy never being awarded a Nobel Prize remains a major <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_controversies#1902–1910" title="Nobel Prize controversies">Nobel Prize controversy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> Born to an aristocratic family, Tolstoy achieved acclaim in his twenties with his semi-autobiographical trilogy, <a href="/wiki/Childhood_(Tolstoy_novel)" title="Childhood (Tolstoy novel)">Childhood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boyhood_(novel)" title="Boyhood (novel)">Boyhood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Youth_(Tolstoy_novel)" title="Youth (Tolstoy novel)">Youth</a> (1852–1856), and with <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol_Sketches" title="Sevastopol Sketches">Sevastopol Sketches</a> (1855), based on his experiences in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>. His <a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a> (1869), <a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina" title="Anna Karenina">Anna Karenina</a> (1878), and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_(Tolstoy_novel)" title="Resurrection (Tolstoy novel)">Resurrection</a> (1899), which is based on his youthful sins, <a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a>are often cited as pinnacles of <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">realist</a> fiction<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-4">[2]</a> and three of the greatest novels ever written.<a href="#cite_note-:8-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[4]</a> His oeuvre includes short stories such as "<a href="/wiki/Alyosha_the_Pot" title="Alyosha the Pot">Alyosha the Pot</a>" (1911) and "<a href="/wiki/After_the_Ball_(short_story)" title="After the Ball (short story)">After the Ball</a>" (1911) and <a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">novellas</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Family_Happiness" title="Family Happiness">Family Happiness</a> (1859), <a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Ivan_Ilyich" title="The Death of Ivan Ilyich">The Death of Ivan Ilyich</a> (1886), <a href="/wiki/The_Kreutzer_Sonata" title="The Kreutzer Sonata">The Kreutzer Sonata</a> (1889), <a href="/wiki/The_Devil_(novella)" title="The Devil (novella)">The Devil</a> (1911), and <a href="/wiki/Hadji_Murat_(novella)" title="Hadji Murat (novella)">Hadji Murat</a> (1912). He also wrote <a href="/wiki/Play_(theater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Play (theater)">plays</a> and essays concerning philosophical, moral and religious themes. In the 1870s, Tolstoy experienced a profound moral crisis, followed by what he regarded as an equally profound spiritual awakening, as outlined in his non-fiction work <a href="/wiki/Confession_(Leo_Tolstoy)" title="Confession (Leo Tolstoy)">Confession</a> (1882). His literal interpretation of the ethical teachings of Jesus, centering on the <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>, caused him to become a fervent <a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian anarchist">Christian anarchist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifist">pacifist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-4">[2]</a> His ideas on <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">nonviolent resistance</a>, expressed in such works as <a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a> (1894), had a profound impact on such pivotal 20th-century figures as <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ResistNotEvil-10">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> He also became a dedicated advocate of <a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a>, the economic philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a>, which he incorporated into his writing, particularly in his novel <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_(Tolstoy_novel)" title="Resurrection (Tolstoy novel)">Resurrection</a> (1899). Tolstoy received praise from countless authors and critics, both during his lifetime and after. <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a> called Tolstoy "the greatest of all novelists",<a href="#cite_note-:5-14">[12]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Saul_Morson" title="Gary Saul Morson">Gary Saul Morson</a> referred to War and Peace as the greatest of all novels.<a href="#cite_note-:6-15">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tolstoy_family" title="Tolstoy family">Tolstoy family</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Tolstoy_family" title="Tolstoy family">Tolstoys</a> were a well-known family of old <a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Russian nobility</a> who traced their ancestry to a mythical<a href="#cite_note-Barlett_2011_14-16">[14]</a> nobleman named Indris described by <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Andreyevich_Tolstoy" title="Pyotr Andreyevich Tolstoy">Pyotr Tolstoy</a> as arriving "from Nemec, from the lands of Caesar" to <a href="/wiki/Chernigov" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernigov">Chernigov</a> in 1353 along with his two sons Litvinos (or Litvonis) and Zimonten (or Zigmont) and a <a href="/wiki/Druzhina" title="Druzhina">druzhina</a> of 3000 people.<a href="#cite_note-rummel-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-bunin-18">[16]</a> Indris was then converted to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, under the name of Leonty, and his sons as Konstantin and Feodor. Konstantin's grandson Andrei Kharitonovich was nicknamed Tolstiy (translated as fat) by <a href="/wiki/Vasily_II_of_Moscow" title="Vasily II of Moscow">Vasily II of Moscow</a> after he moved from Chernigov to Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-rummel-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-bunin-18">[16]</a> Because of the pagan names and the fact that Chernigov at the time was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Starshy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius I Starshy">Demetrius I Starshy</a>, some researchers concluded that they were <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a> who arrived from the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rummel-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> At the same time, no mention of Indris was ever found in the 14th-to-16th-century documents, while the <a href="/wiki/Old_Russian_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Russian Chronicles">Chernigov Chronicles</a> used by Pyotr Tolstoy as a reference were lost.<a href="#cite_note-rummel-17">[15]</a> The first documented members of the Tolstoy family also lived during the 17th century, thus Pyotr Tolstoy himself is generally considered the founder of the noble house, being granted the title of <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">count</a> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lev_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy_1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Lev_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy_1848.jpg/220px-Lev_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy_1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Lev_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy_1848.jpg/330px-Lev_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy_1848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Lev_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy_1848.jpg/440px-Lev_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy_1848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>Leo Tolstoy at age 20, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1848</figcaption></figure> Tolstoy was born at <a href="/wiki/Yasnaya_Polyana" title="Yasnaya Polyana">Yasnaya Polyana</a>, a family estate 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a>, and 200 kilometres (120 mi) south of Moscow. He was the fourth of five children of <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a> Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy (1794–1837), a veteran of the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">Patriotic War of 1812</a>, and Princess Mariya Tolstaya (née <a href="/wiki/Volkonsky" title="Volkonsky">Volkonskaya</a>; 1790–1830). His mother died when he was two and his father when he was nine.<a href="#cite_note-AuthorDataSheet-23">[21]</a> Tolstoy and his siblings were brought up by relatives.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-4">[2]</a> In 1844, he began studying law and oriental languages at <a href="/wiki/Kazan_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazan University">Kazan University</a>, where teachers described him as "both unable and unwilling to learn".<a href="#cite_note-AuthorDataSheet-23">[21]</a> Tolstoy left the university in the middle of his studies,<a href="#cite_note-AuthorDataSheet-23">[21]</a> returned to Yasnaya Polyana and then spent much time in Moscow, Tula and Saint Petersburg, leading a lax and leisurely lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-4">[2]</a> He began writing during this period,<a href="#cite_note-AuthorDataSheet-23">[21]</a> including his first novel <a href="/wiki/Childhood_(Tolstoy_novel)" title="Childhood (Tolstoy novel)">Childhood</a>, a fictitious account of his own youth, which was published in 1852.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-4">[2]</a> In 1851, after running up heavy gambling debts, he went with his older brother to the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_(geographic_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasus (geographic region)">Caucasus</a> and joined the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">army</a>. Tolstoy served as a young artillery officer during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> and was in Sevastopol during the 11-month-long <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%9355)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)">siege of Sevastopol</a> in 1854–55,<a href="#cite_note-BBCTen-24">[22]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chernaya" title="Battle of the Chernaya">Battle of the Chernaya</a>. During the war he was recognised for his courage and promoted to lieutenant.<a href="#cite_note-BBCTen-24">[22]</a> He was appalled by the number of deaths involved in warfare,<a href="#cite_note-AuthorDataSheet-23">[21]</a> and left the army after the end of the Crimean War.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-4">[2]</a> His experience in the army, and two trips around Europe in 1857 and 1860–61 converted Tolstoy from a dissolute and privileged society author to a non-violent and spiritual <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a>. Others who followed the same path were <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>. During his 1857 visit, Tolstoy witnessed a public execution in Paris, a traumatic experience that marked the rest of his life. In a letter to his friend <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Botkin" title="Vasily Botkin">Vasily Botkin</a>, Tolstoy wrote: "The truth is that the State is a conspiracy designed not only to exploit, but above all to corrupt its citizens ... Henceforth, I shall never serve any government anywhere."<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> Tolstoy's concept of <a href="/wiki/Non-violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-violence">non-violence</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a> was bolstered when he read a <a href="/wiki/Tirukkural_translations_into_German" title="Tirukkural translations into German">German version</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkural">Tirukkural</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PearlsOfInsp_Rajaram-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walsh2018-27">[25]</a> He later instilled the concept in <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> through his "<a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Hindu" title="A Letter to a Hindu">A Letter to a Hindu</a>" when young Gandhi corresponded with him seeking his advice.<a href="#cite_note-Walsh2018-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-gandhi-29">[27]</a> His European trip in 1860–61 shaped both his political and literary development when he met <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>. Tolstoy read Hugo's newly finished <a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a>. The similar evocation of battle scenes in Hugo's novel and Tolstoy's <a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a> indicates this influence. Tolstoy's political philosophy was also influenced by a March 1861 visit to French anarchist <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a>, then living in exile under an assumed name in Brussels. Tolstoy reviewed Proudhon's forthcoming publication, La Guerre et la Paix ("War and Peace" in French), and later used the title for his masterpiece. The two men also discussed education, as Tolstoy wrote in his educational notebooks: "If I recount this conversation with Proudhon, it is to show that, in my personal experience, he was the only man who understood the significance of education and of the printing press in our time." Fired by enthusiasm, Tolstoy returned to Yasnaya Polyana and founded 13 schools for the children of Russia's peasants, who had just been <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">emancipated from serfdom in 1861</a>. Tolstoy described the schools' principles in his 1862 essay "The School at Yasnaya Polyana".<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> His educational experiments were short-lived, partly due to harassment by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Tsarist</a> secret police. However, as a direct forerunner to <a href="/wiki/A.S._Neill" class="mw-redirect" title="A.S. Neill">A.S. Neill</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Summerhill_School" title="Summerhill School">Summerhill School</a>, the school at Yasnaya Polyana<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> can justifiably be claimed the first example of a coherent theory of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">democratic education</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> The death of his brother Nikolay in 1860 had an impact on Tolstoy, and led him to a desire to marry.<a href="#cite_note-AuthorDataSheet-23">[21]</a> On 23 September 1862, Tolstoy married <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Tolstaya" title="Sophia Tolstaya">Sophia Andreevna Behrs</a>, who was sixteen years his junior and the daughter of a court physician. She was called Sonya, the Russian diminutive of Sofia, by her family and friends.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-32">[30]</a> They had 13 children, eight of whom survived childhood:<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ge_Sophia_Tolstaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ge_Sophia_Tolstaya.jpg/250px-Ge_Sophia_Tolstaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ge_Sophia_Tolstaya.jpg/330px-Ge_Sophia_Tolstaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ge_Sophia_Tolstaya.jpg/500px-Ge_Sophia_Tolstaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="884" /></a><figcaption>Tolstoy's wife <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Tolstaya" title="Sophia Tolstaya">Sophia</a> and their daughter <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Tolstaya" title="Alexandra Tolstaya">Alexandra</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Tolstoy" title="Sergei Tolstoy">Count Sergei Lvovich Tolstoy</a> (1863–1947), composer and ethnomusicologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatyana_Sukhotina-Tolstaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatyana Sukhotina-Tolstaya">Countess Tatyana Lvovna Tolstaya</a> (1864–1950), wife of Mikhail Sergeevich Sukhotin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Tolstoy" title="Ilya Tolstoy">Count Ilya Lvovich Tolstoy</a> (1866–1933), writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Lvovich_Tolstoy" title="Lev Lvovich Tolstoy">Count Lev Lvovich Tolstoy</a> (1869–1945), writer and sculptor</li> <li>Countess Maria Lvovna Tolstaya (1871–1906), wife of <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Leonidovich_Obolensky" title="Nikolai Leonidovich Obolensky">Nikolai Leonidovich Obolensky</a></li> <li>Count Peter Lvovich Tolstoy (1872–1873), died in infancy</li> <li>Count Nikolai Lvovich Tolstoy (1874–1875), died in infancy</li> <li>Countess Varvara Lvovna Tolstaya (1875–1875), died in infancy</li> <li>Count Andrei Lvovich Tolstoy (1877–1916), served in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li>Count Michael Lvovich Tolstoy (1879–1944)</li> <li>Count Alexei Lvovich Tolstoy (1881–1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Tolstaya" title="Alexandra Tolstaya">Countess Alexandra Lvovna Tolstaya</a> (1884–1979)</li> <li>Count Ivan Lvovich Tolstoy (1888–1895)</li></ul> The marriage was marked from the outset by sexual passion and emotional insensitivity when Tolstoy, on the eve of their marriage, gave her his diaries detailing his extensive sexual past and the fact that one of the serfs on his estate had borne him a son.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-32">[30]</a> Even so, their early married life was happy and allowed Tolstoy much freedom and the support system to compose War and Peace and Anna Karenina, with Sonya acting as his secretary, editor, and financial manager. Sonya was copying and hand-writing his epic works time after time. Tolstoy would continue editing War and Peace and had to have clean final drafts to be delivered to the publisher.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> However, their later life together has been described by <a href="/wiki/A.N._Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="A.N. Wilson">A.N. Wilson</a> as one of the unhappiest in literary history. Tolstoy's relationship with his wife deteriorated as his beliefs became increasingly radical. This saw him seeking to reject his inherited and earned wealth, including the renunciation of the copyrights on his earlier works. When he was finishing up the last installments of Anna Karenina Tolstoy was in an anguished state of mind and he began putting away guns and ropes out of fear that he would kill himself.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> Some members of the Tolstoy family left Russia in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">1905 Russian Revolution</a>, or after the establishment of the Soviet Union following the 1917 <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, and many of Leo Tolstoy's relatives and descendants today live in Sweden, Germany, the United Kingdom, France and the United States. Tolstoy's son, Count <a href="/wiki/Lev_Lvovich_Tolstoy" title="Lev Lvovich Tolstoy">Lev Lvovich Tolstoy</a>, settled in Sweden and married a Swedish woman, and their descendants with family names including Tolstoy, <a href="/wiki/Paus_family" title="Paus family">Paus</a> and Ceder still live in Sweden. The Paus branch of the family is also closely related to <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Leo Tolstoy's last surviving grandchild, Countess <a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Tolstoy-Paus" title="Tatiana Tolstoy-Paus">Tatiana Tolstoy-Paus</a>, died in 2007 at <a href="/wiki/Herresta" title="Herresta">Herresta</a> manor in Sweden, which is owned by Tolstoy's descendants.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> Swedish writer Daria Paus and jazz singer <a href="/wiki/Viktoria_Tolstoy" title="Viktoria Tolstoy">Viktoria Tolstoy</a> are among Leo Tolstoy's Swedish descendants.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> One of his great-great-grandsons, Vladimir Tolstoy (born 1962), has been a director of the <a href="/wiki/Yasnaya_Polyana" title="Yasnaya Polyana">Yasnaya Polyana</a> museum since 1994 and an adviser to the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a> on cultural affairs since 2012.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Tolstoy" title="Ilya Tolstoy">Ilya Tolstoy</a>'s great-grandson, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Olegovich_Tolstoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Olegovich Tolstoy">Pyotr Tolstoy</a>, is a well-known Russian journalist and TV presenter as well as a <a href="/wiki/7th_State_Duma" title="7th State Duma">State Duma</a> deputy since 2016. His cousin <a href="/wiki/Fyokla_Tolstaya" title="Fyokla Tolstaya">Fyokla Tolstaya</a> (born Anna Tolstaya in 1971), daughter of the acclaimed Soviet <a href="/wiki/Slavist" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavist">Slavist</a> Nikita Tolstoy (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Толстой, Никита Ильич">ru</a>) (1923–1996), is also a Russian journalist, TV and radio host.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Novels_and_fictional_works">Novels and fictional works</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_tolstoi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Leon_tolstoi.jpg/250px-Leon_tolstoi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Leon_tolstoi.jpg/330px-Leon_tolstoi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Leon_tolstoi.jpg/500px-Leon_tolstoi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Leo Tolstoy by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kramskoi" title="Ivan Kramskoi">Ivan Kramskoi</a>, 1873</figcaption></figure> Tolstoy is considered one of the giants of Russian literature; his works include the novels <a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina" title="Anna Karenina">Anna Karenina</a> and novellas such as <a href="/wiki/Hadji_Murat_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadji Murat (novel)">Hadji Murad</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Ivan_Ilyich" title="The Death of Ivan Ilyich">The Death of Ivan Ilyich</a>. Tolstoy's earliest works, the autobiographical novels <a href="/wiki/Childhood_(Tolstoy_novel)" title="Childhood (Tolstoy novel)">Childhood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boyhood_(novel)" title="Boyhood (novel)">Boyhood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Youth_(Tolstoy_novel)" title="Youth (Tolstoy novel)">Youth</a> (1852–1856), tell of a rich landowner's son and his slow realization of the chasm between himself and his peasants. Though he later rejected them as sentimental, a great deal of Tolstoy's own life is revealed. They retain their relevance as accounts of the universal story of growing up. Tolstoy served as a <a href="/wiki/Podporuchik" title="Podporuchik">second lieutenant</a> in an artillery regiment during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, recounted in his <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol_Sketches" title="Sevastopol Sketches">Sevastopol Sketches</a>. His experiences in battle helped stir his subsequent pacifism and gave him material for realistic depiction of the horrors of war in his later work.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> His fiction consistently attempts to convey realistically the Russian society in which he lived.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Cossacks_(novel)" title="The Cossacks (novel)">The Cossacks</a> (1863) describes the <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossack</a> life and people through a story of a Russian aristocrat in love with a Cossack girl. Anna Karenina (1877) tells parallel stories of an adulterous woman trapped by the conventions and falsities of society and of a philosophical landowner (much like Tolstoy), who works alongside the peasants in the fields and seeks to reform their lives. Tolstoy not only drew from his own life experiences but also created characters in his own image, such as Pierre Bezukhov and Prince Andrei in War and Peace, Levin in Anna Karenina and to some extent, Prince Nekhlyudov in Resurrection. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pevear_and_Larissa_Volokhonsky" title="Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky">Richard Pevear</a>, who translated many of Tolstoy's works, said of Tolstoy's signature style, "His works are full of provocation and irony, and written with broad and elaborately developed rhetorical devices."<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Darkness" title="The Power of Darkness">The Power of Darkness</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Macht_der_Finsternis_2354-Peralta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Die_Macht_der_Finsternis_2354-Peralta.jpg/200px-Die_Macht_der_Finsternis_2354-Peralta.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Die_Macht_der_Finsternis_2354-Peralta.jpg/300px-Die_Macht_der_Finsternis_2354-Peralta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Die_Macht_der_Finsternis_2354-Peralta.jpg/400px-Die_Macht_der_Finsternis_2354-Peralta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4336" data-file-height="2894" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Macht_der_Finsternis_2417-Peralta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Die_Macht_der_Finsternis_2417-Peralta.jpg/250px-Die_Macht_der_Finsternis_2417-Peralta.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Die_Macht_der_Finsternis_2417-Peralta.jpg/330px-Die_Macht_der_Finsternis_2417-Peralta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Die_Macht_der_Finsternis_2417-Peralta.jpg/500px-Die_Macht_der_Finsternis_2417-Peralta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4349" data-file-height="2894" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Macht_der_Finsternis_2465-Peralta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Die_Macht_der_Finsternis_2465-Peralta.jpg/200px-Die_Macht_der_Finsternis_2465-Peralta.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Die_Macht_der_Finsternis_2465-Peralta.jpg/300px-Die_Macht_der_Finsternis_2465-Peralta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Die_Macht_der_Finsternis_2465-Peralta.jpg/400px-Die_Macht_der_Finsternis_2465-Peralta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4336" data-file-height="2894" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">2015 at Vienna's <a href="/wiki/Akademietheater" title="Akademietheater">Akademietheater</a></div></div></div></div> War and Peace is generally thought to be one of the greatest novels ever written, remarkable for its dramatic breadth and unity. Its vast canvas includes 580 characters, many historical with others fictional. The story moves from family life to the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a>, from the court of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a> to the battlefields of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Borodino</a>. Tolstoy's original idea for the novel was to investigate the causes of the <a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a>, to which it refers only in the last chapters, from which can be deduced that <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Nikolayevich_Bolkonsky" title="Andrei Nikolayevich Bolkonsky">Andrei Bolkonsky</a>'s son will become one of the Decembrists. The novel explores Tolstoy's theory of history, and in particular the insignificance of individuals such as Napoleon and Alexander. Somewhat surprisingly, Tolstoy did not consider War and Peace to be a novel (nor did he consider many of the great Russian fictions written at that time to be novels). This view becomes less surprising if one considers that Tolstoy was a novelist of the <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realist</a> school who considered the novel to be a framework for the examination of social and political issues in nineteenth-century life.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> War and Peace (which is to Tolstoy really an <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> in prose) therefore did not qualify. Tolstoy called Anna Karenina his first novel.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> After Anna Karenina, Tolstoy concentrated on Christian themes, and his later novels such as The Death of Ivan Ilyich (1886) and <a href="/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F_(Tolstoy)" class="mw-redirect" title="What Is to Be Done? (Tolstoy)">What Is to Be Done?</a> develop a radical <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-pacifist">anarcho-pacifist</a> Christian philosophy which led to his <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> After his religious conversion, Tolstoy came to reject most modern Western culture, including his novels War and Peace and Anna Karenina, as elitist "counterfeit art" with different aims from the Christian art of universal brotherly love he sought to express.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett2011369-48">[46]</a> In his novel <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_(Tolstoy_novel)" title="Resurrection (Tolstoy novel)">Resurrection</a>, Tolstoy attempts to expose the injustice of man-made laws and the hypocrisy of an institutionalized church. Tolstoy also explores and explains the economic philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a>, of which he had become a very strong advocate towards the end of his life. Tolstoy also tried writing poetry, with several soldier songs written during his military service, and fairy tales in verse such as Volga-bogatyr and Oaf stylized as national folk songs. They were written between 1871 and 1874 for his Russian Book for Reading, a collection of short stories in four volumes (total of 629 stories in various genres) published along with the New Azbuka textbook and addressed to schoolchildren. Nevertheless, he was skeptical about poetry as a genre. As he famously said, "Writing poetry is like ploughing and dancing at the same time." According to <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Bulgakov" title="Valentin Bulgakov">Valentin Bulgakov</a>, he criticised poets, including <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a>, for their "false" epithets used "simply to make it rhyme."<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_appraisal_by_other_authors">Critical appraisal by other authors</h2></div> Tolstoy's contemporaries paid him lofty tributes. <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Fyodor Dostoyevsky</a>, who died thirty years before Tolstoy, admired and was delighted by Tolstoy's novels (and, conversely, Tolstoy also admired Dostoyevsky's work).<a href="#cite_note-Dosteoevsky-51">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a>, on reading a translation of War and Peace, exclaimed, "What an artist and what a psychologist!" <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Anton Chekhov</a>, who often visited Tolstoy at his country estate, wrote, "When literature possesses a Tolstoy, it is easy and pleasant to be a writer; even when you know you have achieved nothing yourself and are still achieving nothing, this is not as terrible as it might otherwise be, because Tolstoy achieves for everyone. What he does serves to justify all the hopes and aspirations invested in literature." The 19th-century British poet and critic <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a> wrote that "A novel by Tolstoy is not a work of art but a piece of life."<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-4">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Babel" title="Isaac Babel">Isaac Babel</a> said that "if the world could write by itself, it would write like Tolstoy."<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-4">[2]</a> Later novelists continued to appreciate Tolstoy's art, but sometimes also expressed criticism. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a> wrote, "I am attracted by his earnestness and by his power of detail, but I am repelled by his looseness of construction and by his unreasonable and impracticable mysticism."<a href="#cite_note-ACD-52">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a> declared him "the greatest of all novelists."<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-4">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> noted that, "He is never dull, never stupid, never tired, never pedantic, never theatrical!" <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a> wrote of Tolstoy's seemingly guileless artistry: "Seldom did art work so much like nature." <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a> heaped superlatives upon <a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Ivan_Ilyich" title="The Death of Ivan Ilyich">The Death of Ivan Ilyich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina" title="Anna Karenina">Anna Karenina</a>; he questioned, however, the reputation of <a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a> and sharply criticized <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_(Tolstoy_novel)" title="Resurrection (Tolstoy novel)">Resurrection</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Kreutzer_Sonata" title="The Kreutzer Sonata">The Kreutzer Sonata</a>. However, Nabokov called Tolstoy the "greatest Russian writer of prose fiction".<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> Critic <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a> called <a href="/wiki/Hadji_Murat_(novella)" title="Hadji Murat (novella)">Hadji Murat</a> "my personal touchstone for the sublime in prose fiction, to me the best story in the world."<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> When <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> was asked to list what he thought were the three greatest novels, he replied: "Anna Karenina, Anna Karenina, and Anna Karenina".<a href="#cite_note-:5-14">[12]</a> Critic <a href="/wiki/Gary_Saul_Morson" title="Gary Saul Morson">Gary Saul Morson</a> referred to War and Peace as the greatest of all novels.<a href="#cite_note-:6-15">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethical,_political_and_religious_beliefs">Ethical, political and religious beliefs</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg/250px-L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg/330px-L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg/500px-L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2167" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Tolstoy on 23 May 1908 at <a href="/wiki/Yasnaya_Polyana" title="Yasnaya Polyana">Yasnaya Polyana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lithograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithograph">Lithograph</a> print by <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky" title="Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky">Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</h3></div> After reading <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a>, Tolstoy gradually became converted to the ascetic morality upheld in that work as the proper spiritual path for the upper classes. In 1869 he writes: "Do you know what this summer has meant for me? Constant raptures over Schopenhauer and a whole series of spiritual delights which I've never experienced before....no student has ever studied so much on his course, and learned so much, as I have this summer."<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> In Chapter VI of <a href="/wiki/Confession_(Leo_Tolstoy)" title="Confession (Leo Tolstoy)">Confession</a>, Tolstoy quoted the final paragraph of Schopenhauer's work. It explains how a complete <a href="/wiki/Self-denial" title="Self-denial">denial of self</a> causes only a relative nothingness which is not to be feared. Tolstoy was struck by the description of Christian, Buddhist, and Hindu ascetic renunciation as being the path to holiness. After reading passages such as the following, which abound in Schopenhauer's ethical chapters, the Russian nobleman chose poverty and formal denial of the will: <blockquote> But this very necessity of involuntary suffering (by poor people) for <a href="/wiki/Eternal_salvation" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal salvation">eternal salvation</a> is also expressed by that utterance of the Savior (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_19:24" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew 19:24">Matthew 19:24</a>): "It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God." Therefore, those who were greatly in earnest about their eternal salvation, chose <a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">voluntary poverty</a> when fate had denied this to them and they had been born in wealth. Thus Buddha <a href="/wiki/Sakyamuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakyamuni">Sakyamuni</a> was born a prince, but voluntarily took to the mendicant's staff; and <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">mendicant orders</a> who, as a youngster at a ball, where the daughters of all the notabilities were sitting together, was asked: "Now Francis, will you not soon make your choice from these beauties?" and who replied: "I have made a far more beautiful choice!" "Whom?" "La povertà (poverty)": whereupon he abandoned every thing shortly afterwards and wandered through the land as a mendicant.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3></div> In 1884, Tolstoy wrote a book called What I Believe, in which he openly confessed his Christian beliefs. He affirmed his belief in Jesus Christ's teachings and was particularly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>, and the injunction to <a href="/wiki/Turn_the_other_cheek" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn the other cheek">turn the other cheek</a>, which he understood as a "commandment of non-resistance to evil by force" and a doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a>. In his work The Kingdom of God Is Within You, he explains that he considered mistaken the Church's doctrine because they had made a "perversion" of Christ's teachings. Tolstoy also received letters from American <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> who introduced him to the non-violence writings of Quaker Christians such as <a href="/wiki/George_Fox" title="George Fox">George Fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dymond" title="Jonathan Dymond">Jonathan Dymond</a>. Later, various versions of "Tolstoy's Bible" were published, indicating the passages Tolstoy most relied on, specifically, the reported words of Jesus himself.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_Tolstoy_Farm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gandhi_Tolstoy_Farm.jpg/220px-Gandhi_Tolstoy_Farm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gandhi_Tolstoy_Farm.jpg/330px-Gandhi_Tolstoy_Farm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gandhi_Tolstoy_Farm.jpg/440px-Gandhi_Tolstoy_Farm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi">Mohandas K. Gandhi</a> and other residents of <a href="/wiki/Tolstoy_Farm" title="Tolstoy Farm">Tolstoy Farm</a>, South Africa, 1910</figcaption></figure> Tolstoy believed that a true Christian could find lasting happiness by striving for inner perfection through following the <a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a> of loving one's neighbor and God, rather than guidance from the Church or state. Another distinct attribute of his philosophy based on Christ's teachings is <a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">nonresistance</a> during conflict. This idea in Tolstoy's book <a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a> directly influenced <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> and therefore also nonviolent resistance movements to this day. Tolstoy believed that the aristocracy was a burden on the poor.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> He opposed <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private</a> land ownership and the institution of marriage, and valued chastity and sexual abstinence (discussed in <a href="/wiki/Father_Sergius" title="Father Sergius">Father Sergius</a> and his preface to The Kreutzer Sonata), ideals also held by the young Gandhi. Tolstoy's passion from the depth of his austere moral views is reflected in his later work.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> One example is the sequence of the temptation of Sergius in Father Sergius. <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a> relates how Tolstoy once read this passage before him and Chekhov, and Tolstoy was moved to tears by the end of the reading. Later passages of rare power include the personal crises faced by the protagonists of The Death of Ivan Ilyich, and of <a href="/wiki/Master_and_Man_(short_story)" title="Master and Man (short story)">Master and Man</a>, where the main character in the former and the reader in the latter are made aware of the foolishness of the protagonists' lives. In 1886, Tolstoy wrote to the Russian <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_explorers" title="List of Russian explorers">explorer</a> and anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Miklouho-Maclay" title="Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay">Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay</a>, who was one of the first anthropologists to refute <a href="/wiki/Polygenism" title="Polygenism">polygenism</a>, the view that the different <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">races of mankind</a> belonged to different species: "You were the first to demonstrate beyond question by your experience that man is man everywhere, that is, a kind, sociable being with whom communication can and should be established through kindness and truth, not guns and spirits."<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_anarchism">Christian anarchism</h3></div> Tolstoy had a profound influence on the development of <a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian anarchist">Christian anarchist</a> thought.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Tolstoy believed being a Christian required him to be a pacifist; the apparently inevitable waging of war by governments is why he is considered a philosophical anarchist. The <a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolstoyan">Tolstoyans</a> were a small Christian anarchist group formed by Tolstoy's companion, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Chertkov" title="Vladimir Chertkov">Vladimir Chertkov</a> (1854–1936), to spread Tolstoy's religious teachings. From 1892, he regularly met with the student-activist <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Maklakov" title="Vasily Maklakov">Vasily Maklakov</a> who would defend several Tolstoyans; they discussed the fate of the <a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a>. Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a> wrote of Tolstoy in the article on anarchism in the <a href="/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a>: <blockquote>Without naming himself an anarchist, Leo Tolstoy, like his predecessors in the popular religious movements of the 15th and 16th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Petr_Chel%C4%8Dick%C3%BD" title="Petr Chelčický">Chojecki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Denck" title="Hans Denck">Denk</a> and many others, took the anarchist position as regards the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Property_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Property right">property rights</a>, deducing his conclusions from the general spirit of the teachings of Jesus and from the necessary dictates of reason. With all the might of his talent, Tolstoy made (especially in The Kingdom of God Is Within You) a powerful criticism of the church, the state and law altogether, and especially of the present <a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">property laws</a>. He describes the state as the domination of the wicked ones, supported by brutal force. Robbers, he says, are far less dangerous than a well-organized government. He makes a searching criticism of the prejudices which are current now concerning the benefits conferred upon men by the church, the state, and the existing distribution of property, and from the teachings of Jesus he deduces the rule of non-resistance and the absolute condemnation of all wars. His religious arguments are, however, so well combined with arguments borrowed from a dispassionate observation of the present evils, that the anarchist portions of his works appeal to the religious and the non-religious reader alike.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tolstoy_organising_famine_relief_in_Samara,_1891.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Tolstoy_organising_famine_relief_in_Samara%2C_1891.jpg/250px-Tolstoy_organising_famine_relief_in_Samara%2C_1891.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Tolstoy_organising_famine_relief_in_Samara%2C_1891.jpg/330px-Tolstoy_organising_famine_relief_in_Samara%2C_1891.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Tolstoy_organising_famine_relief_in_Samara%2C_1891.jpg/440px-Tolstoy_organising_famine_relief_in_Samara%2C_1891.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>Tolstoy organising <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1891%E2%80%9392" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian famine of 1891–92">famine relief</a> in Samara, 1891</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Leo_Tolstoy-1908.webm/220px--Leo_Tolstoy-1908.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="265" data-mwtitle="Leo_Tolstoy-1908.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Leo_Tolstoy-1908.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/Leo_Tolstoy-1908.webm/Leo_Tolstoy-1908.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/Leo_Tolstoy-1908.webm/Leo_Tolstoy-1908.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Leo_Tolstoy-1908.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/Leo_Tolstoy-1908.webm/Leo_Tolstoy-1908.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/Leo_Tolstoy-1908.webm/Leo_Tolstoy-1908.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALeo_Tolstoy-1908.webm&lang=en-gb&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en-GB" label="British English ‪(en-gb)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALeo_Tolstoy-1908.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Film by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Drankov" title="Alexander Drankov">Aleksandr Osipovich Drankov</a> of Tolstoy's 80th birthday (1908) at Yasnaya Polyana, showing his wife Sofya (picking flowers in the garden) daughter Aleksandra (sitting in the carriage in the white blouse); his aide and confidante V. Chertkov (bald man with the beard and mustache); and students.</figcaption></figure> In hundreds of essays over the last 20 years of his life, Tolstoy reiterated the anarchist critique of the state and recommended books by <a href="/wiki/Kropotkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proudhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Proudhon">Proudhon</a> to his readers, while rejecting anarchism's espousal of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">violent revolutionary means</a>. In the 1900 essay, "On Anarchy," he wrote: "The Anarchists are right in everything; in the negation of the existing order, and in the assertion that, without Authority, there could not be worse violence than that of Authority under existing conditions. They are mistaken only in thinking that Anarchy can be instituted by a revolution. But it will be instituted only by there being more and more people who do not require the protection of governmental power ... There can be only one permanent revolution – a moral one: the regeneration of the inner man." Despite his misgivings about <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist violence">anarchist violence</a>, Tolstoy took risks to circulate the prohibited publications of <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">anarchist thinkers in Russia</a>, and corrected the proofs of Kropotkin's "Words of a Rebel", illegally published in St Petersburg in 1906.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo_Tolstoi_v_kabinetie.05.1908.ws.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Leo_Tolstoi_v_kabinetie.05.1908.ws.jpg/220px-Leo_Tolstoi_v_kabinetie.05.1908.ws.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Leo_Tolstoi_v_kabinetie.05.1908.ws.jpg/330px-Leo_Tolstoi_v_kabinetie.05.1908.ws.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Leo_Tolstoi_v_kabinetie.05.1908.ws.jpg/440px-Leo_Tolstoi_v_kabinetie.05.1908.ws.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2709" /></a><figcaption>Tolstoy in his study in 1908 (age 80)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacificism">Pacificism</h3></div> In 1908, Tolstoy wrote <a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Hindu" title="A Letter to a Hindu">A Letter to a Hindu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> outlining his belief in non-violence as a means for India to gain <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">independence</a> from <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">colonial rule</a>. In 1909, Gandhi read a copy of the letter when he was becoming an activist in South Africa. He wrote to Tolstoy seeking proof that he was the author, which led to further correspondence.<a href="#cite_note-PearlsOfInsp_Rajaram-26">[24]</a> Tolstoy's The Kingdom of God Is Within You also helped to convince Gandhi of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">nonviolent resistance</a>, a debt Gandhi acknowledged in his autobiography, calling Tolstoy "the greatest apostle of non-violence that the present age has produced". Their correspondence lasted only a year, from October 1909 until Tolstoy's death in November 1910, but led Gandhi to give the name Tolstoy Colony to his second <a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">ashram</a> in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Both men also believed in the merits of <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a>, the subject of several of Tolstoy's essays.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> stirred Tolstoy's interest in Chinese philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-Bodde1967-68">[66]</a> He was a famous <a href="/wiki/Sinophile" title="Sinophile">sinophile</a>, and read the works of <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a>. Tolstoy wrote Chinese Wisdom and other texts about China. Tolstoy corresponded with the Chinese intellectual <a href="/wiki/Gu_Hongming" title="Gu Hongming">Gu Hongming</a> and recommended that China remain an agrarian nation, and not reform as Japan had done. Tolstoy and Gu opposed the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform" title="Hundred Days' Reform">Hundred Days' Reform</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang Youwei</a> and believed that the reform movement was perilous.<a href="#cite_note-Lee2005-72">[70]</a> Tolstoy's ideology of non-violence shaped the thought of the Chinese anarchist group Society for the Study of Socialism.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell2009-73">[71]</a> Tolstoy denounced the intervention by the <a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a> (which included Russia) in the Boxer Rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">China</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Orwin2002-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tolstoy(graf)1978-75">[73]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Filipino-American War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> Tolstoy praised the Boxer Rebellion and harshly criticized the atrocities of the Russian, German, American, Japanese, and other troops of the Eight-Nation alliance. He heard about the looting, rapes, and murders, and accused the troops of slaughter and "Christian brutality." He named the monarchs most responsible for the atrocities as <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Tsar Nicholas II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II of Germany">Kaiser Wilhelm II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> He described the intervention as "terrible for its injustice and cruelty".<a href="#cite_note-CohenStachel1974-79">[77]</a> The war was also criticized by other intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Andreyev" title="Leonid Andreyev">Leonid Andreyev</a> and Gorky. As part of the criticism, Tolstoy wrote an epistle called To the Chinese people.<a href="#cite_note-Gamsa2008-80">[78]</a> In 1902, he wrote an open letter describing and denouncing Nicholas II's activities in China.<a href="#cite_note-FlathSmith2011-81">[79]</a> Tolstoy also became a major supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> movement. He was impressed by the pacifist beliefs of the <a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a> and brought their persecution to the attention of the international community, after they burned their weapons in peaceful protest in 1895.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> He aided the Doukhobors to migrate to Canada.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> He also provided inspiration to the <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a>, another religious group with anti-government and anti-war sentiments.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> In 1904, Tolstoy condemned the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> and wrote to the Japanese Buddhist priest <a href="/wiki/Soyen_Shaku" title="Soyen Shaku">Soyen Shaku</a> in a failed attempt to make a joint pacifist statement. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgism">Georgism</h3></div> Towards the end of his life, Tolstoy became occupied with the economic theory and social philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> He incorporated it approvingly into works such as <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_(Tolstoy_novel)" title="Resurrection (Tolstoy novel)">Resurrection</a> (1899), the book that was a major cause for his excommunication.<a href="#cite_note-Wenzer_1997_pp._639–667-89">[87]</a> He spoke with great admiration of <a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a>, stating once that "People do not argue with the teaching of George; they simply do not know it. And it is impossible to do otherwise with his teaching, for he who becomes acquainted with it cannot but agree."<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> He also wrote a preface to George's journal <a href="/wiki/Social_Problems" title="Social Problems">Social Problems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Tolstoy and George both rejected private property in land (the most important source of income for Russian aristocracy that Tolstoy heavily criticized). They also rejected a <a href="/wiki/Centrally_planned_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrally planned economy">centrally planned economy</a>. Because Georgism requires an administration to collect <a href="/wiki/Land_rent" class="mw-redirect" title="Land rent">land rent</a> and spend it on infrastructure, some assume that this embrace moved Tolstoy away from his <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> views; however, anarchist versions of Georgism have been proposed since then.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Resurrection, in which the nobleman Dmitri Ivanovich Nekhlyudov realizes that the earth cannot really be owned and that everyone should have equal access to its resources and advantages, hints that Tolstoy had such a view. Other works, such as Tolstoy's unfinished play The Light that Shines in the Darkness and the short story "How Much Land Does a Man Need?”, suggest Tolstoy's approval of small communities with local governance to manage the collective land rents for common goods, and heavily criticize <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Justice_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice system">justice system</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunting">Hunting</h3></div> Tolstoy was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> by his father, who was an avid huntsman.<a href="#cite_note-Barlett_2011-93">[91]</a> He was trained to hunt from a young age and became a passionate huntsman himself. He was known to shoot <a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">duck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quail" title="Quail">quail</a>, snipe, <a href="/wiki/Woodcock" title="Woodcock">woodcock</a> and otters.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> For example, Tolstoy wrote in his diary on 23 March 1852, "the weather was marvellous; went out hunting, rode up and down the undulating country till one. Killed two ducks."<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> His novel War and Peace includes hunting scenes.<a href="#cite_note-Barlett_2011-93">[91]</a> Tolstoy spent decades hunting, but stopped sometime in the 1880s and became a staunch opponent of hunting due to ethical concerns about killing.<a href="#cite_note-LeBlanc_85-97">[95]</a> In 1890 Tolstoy wrote a preface for <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Chertkov" title="Vladimir Chertkov">Vladimir Chertkov</a>'s anti-hunting pamphlet Zlaia zabava: Mysli ob okhote (An Evil Pastime: Thoughts about Hunting).<a href="#cite_note-LeBlanc_98-98">[96]</a> Although Tolstoy in his later life opposed hunting, he never abandoned his love for <a href="/wiki/Horse-riding" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse-riding">horse-riding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barlett_2011-93">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</h3></div> Tolstoy first became interested in <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a> in 1882; however, his conversion to a vegetarian diet was a long and gradual process.<a href="#cite_note-LeBlanc_85-97">[95]</a> William Fay (Vladimir Konstantinovich Geins), who visited Tolstoy in Autumn 1885, influenced Tolstoy to become vegetarian.<a href="#cite_note-LeBlanc_85-97">[95]</a> In 1887, Tolstoy was lapsing from a vegetarian diet by occasionally eating <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LeBlanc_85-97">[95]</a> It was only from 1890 that Tolstoy adopted a strict vegetarian diet which he was alleged to have never consciously betrayed.<a href="#cite_note-LeBlanc_85-97">[95]</a> Tolstoy's wife Sophia argued that his vegetarian diet did not provide him enough nourishment and contributed to his digestive ailments, however, Tolstoy stated that his health was not deprived on the diet but had improved.<a href="#cite_note-LeBlanc_85-97">[95]</a> Critics of Tolstoy such as I. S. Listovsky suggested that Tolstoy's writing talent went into decline after he adopted a meatless diet.<a href="#cite_note-LeBlanc_85-97">[95]</a> Tolstoy became a vegetarian for ethical and spiritual reasons, associating a meatless diet with "high moral views on life".<a href="#cite_note-LeBlanc_85-97">[95]</a> He viewed both hunting and eating meat as a moral evil as they involve unnecessary cruelty to animals and regretted his former habits.<a href="#cite_note-LeBlanc_85-97">[95]</a> In 1891, Tolstoy obtained a copy of <a href="/wiki/Howard_Williams_(humanitarian)" title="Howard Williams (humanitarian)">Howard Williams</a>'s book The Ethics of Diet from Chertkov. His daughters translated the book into Russian and Tolstoy wrote an introductory essay titled "<a href="/wiki/The_First_Step_(essay)" title="The First Step (essay)">The First Step</a>", published in 1893.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> In his introductory essay, he described a cruel experience he had witnessed at a visit to a <a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">slaughterhouse</a> in Tula. The cruelty he had witnessed confirmed his belief that meat should be removed from the diet.<a href="#cite_note-LeBlanc_85-97">[95]</a> In the essay he wrote that meat eating is "simply immoral, as it involves the performance of an act which is contrary to moral feeling – killing".<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> Whilst on his vegetarian diet, Tolstoy was eating <a href="/wiki/Egg_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg as food">eggs</a> daily but was questioned by one of his friends if eating eggs amounts to taking life. He commented that "Yes, I ought to have stopped taking eggs. At least from now I shall stop it".<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> By 1903, Tolstoy had removed eggs from his diet. <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Rozanov" title="Vasily Rozanov">Vasily Rozanov</a> who had visited Tolstoy noted that vegetarianism was a way of living for Tolstoy and at the dinner table surrounded by family and guests who were eating meat and scrambled eggs, Tolstoy was eating <a href="/wiki/Kasha" title="Kasha">kasha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> In a letter to A. D. Zutphen (a Dutch medical student), Tolstoy wrote that "My health not only has not suffered; it has in fact improved significantly since I have given up milk, butter and eggs, as well as sugar, tea, and coffee."<a href="#cite_note-LeBlanc_98-98">[96]</a> Tolstoy described his vegetarian diet consisting of <a href="/wiki/Oatmeal" title="Oatmeal">oatmeal</a> porridge, <a href="/wiki/Whole_wheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole wheat">whole wheat</a> bread, cabbage or potato soup, <a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a>, a boiled or fried potato and an apple prune <a href="/wiki/Compote" title="Compote">compote</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tula_YasnayaPolyana_asv2019-09_img12_LNTolstoy_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tula_YasnayaPolyana_asv2019-09_img12_LNTolstoy_grave.jpg/250px-Tula_YasnayaPolyana_asv2019-09_img12_LNTolstoy_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tula_YasnayaPolyana_asv2019-09_img12_LNTolstoy_grave.jpg/330px-Tula_YasnayaPolyana_asv2019-09_img12_LNTolstoy_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tula_YasnayaPolyana_asv2019-09_img12_LNTolstoy_grave.jpg/500px-Tula_YasnayaPolyana_asv2019-09_img12_LNTolstoy_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7596" data-file-height="4273" /></a><figcaption>Tolstoy's grave with flowers at <a href="/wiki/Yasnaya_Polyana" title="Yasnaya Polyana">Yasnaya Polyana</a></figcaption></figure> Tolstoy died on 20 November 1910 at the age of 82. Just before his death, his health was of concern to his family, who cared for him daily. In his last days, he spoke and wrote about dying. Renouncing his aristocratic lifestyle, he left home one winter night.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> His secretive departure was an apparent attempt to escape from his wife's tirades. She spoke out against many of his teachings, and in recent years had grown envious of his attention to <a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolstoyan">Tolstoyan</a> followers. Tolstoy died of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lev_Tolstoy_(rural_locality)" title="Lev Tolstoy (rural locality)">Astapovo</a> railway station, after a day's train journey south.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> The stationmaster took Tolstoy to his apartment, and his personal doctors arrived and gave him injections of <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a>. The police took extra precautions to minimize dissent during the funeral ceremonies. They were inconspicuous but looming during the funeral itself, which two thousand people attended without incident. Three choirs sang. There were no eulogies, per the family's request, although 100 students had asked to speak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENickell2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRtnamU-MJ0ECpgPA125_125]-107">[105]</a> According to some sources, Tolstoy spent the last hours of his life preaching love, non-violence, and <a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a> to fellow passengers on the train.<a href="#cite_note-Wenzer_1997_pp._639–667-89">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leotolstoy_castlegar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Leotolstoy_castlegar.jpg/250px-Leotolstoy_castlegar.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Leotolstoy_castlegar.jpg/330px-Leotolstoy_castlegar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Leotolstoy_castlegar.jpg/500px-Leotolstoy_castlegar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Tolstoy in <a href="/wiki/Castlegar,_British_Columbia" title="Castlegar, British Columbia">Castlegar, British Columbia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_.%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%9B.%D0%9C,_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_.%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%9B.%D0%9C%2C_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96.JPG/220px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_.%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%9B.%D0%9C%2C_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_.%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%9B.%D0%9C%2C_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96.JPG/330px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_.%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%9B.%D0%9C%2C_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_.%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%9B.%D0%9C%2C_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96.JPG/440px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_.%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%9B.%D0%9C%2C_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Tolstoy in <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a>, Ukraine, 2011</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Munomento_Le%C3%B3n_Tolstoi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Munomento_Le%C3%B3n_Tolstoi.jpg/250px-Munomento_Le%C3%B3n_Tolstoi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Munomento_Le%C3%B3n_Tolstoi.jpg/330px-Munomento_Le%C3%B3n_Tolstoi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Munomento_Le%C3%B3n_Tolstoi.jpg/500px-Munomento_Le%C3%B3n_Tolstoi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Tolstoy in <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>, Uruguay</figcaption></figure> Although Tolstoy was primarily regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian anarchist">Christian anarchist</a>, his ideas and works still influenced other <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> thinkers throughout history. He held an unromantic view of governments as being essentially violent forces held together by intimidation from state authority, corruption on behalf of officials, and the indoctrination of people from a young age.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> In regard to his view of economics, he advocated for a return to <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-109">[107]</a> In his view, a simplified economy would afford a lesser need for the exchange of goods, and as such, factories and cities – the centers of industry – would become obsolete.<a href="#cite_note-:0-109">[107]</a> In 1944, literary historian and Soviet medievalist Nikolai Gudzii wrote a biography of Tolstoy that spanned 80 pages. It was designed to show readers that Tolstoy would have revised his pacifistic and anti-patriotic sentiments if he were alive amid World War II.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> At around the same time, literary scholar and historian <a href="/wiki/Boris_Eikhenbaum" title="Boris Eikhenbaum">Boris Eikhenbaum</a> – in a stark contrast from his earlier works on Tolstoy – portrayed the Russian novelist as someone whose ideas aligned with those of early <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian socialists">utopian socialists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Saint-Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Saint-Simon">Henri Saint-Simon</a>. Eikenbaum suggested that these influences can be seen in Tolstoy's emphases on individual happiness and peasant welfare.<a href="#cite_note-:4-111">[109]</a> The discrepancies in Eikenbaum's portrayals of Tolstoy can be attributed to the political pressure in Soviet Russia at the time, when public officials pressured literary scholars to conform with party doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-:4-111">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Soviet_Russia">In Soviet Russia</h3></div> From Tolstoy's writings the <a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan movement</a> was birthed, and its members used his works to promote non-violence, anti-urbanism and opposition to the state.<a href="#cite_note-:1-112">[110]</a> While Tolstoy himself never associated with the movement, as he was opposed to joining any organization or group, he named his thirteenth child <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Tolstaya" title="Alexandra Tolstaya">Alexandra (Sasha) L'vovna Tolstaya</a> the heir to his works with the intention that she would publish them for the Russian people.<a href="#cite_note-:1-112">[110]</a> Meanwhile, Tolstoy designated <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Chertkov" title="Vladimir Chertkov">Vladimir Chertkov</a> – who kept many of Tolstoy's manuscripts – as the editor of his works. Originally, Tolstoy wanted to make the Russian people the heirs to his writings; however, Russian law at the time decreed that property could only be inherited by one individual.<a href="#cite_note-:1-112">[110]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> in 1917, writings that were formerly censored could now be published, since all literary works were nationalized in November 1918.<a href="#cite_note-:1-112">[110]</a> Alexandra worked during these years to publish sets of Tolstoy's works, and she worked with Zadruga Publishing House from 1917 to 1919 to publish thirteen booklets on Tolstoy's writings, which had previously been censored under Russia's imperial rule; however, publishing a complete collection of Tolstoy's works proved to be more difficult. In December 1918, the Commissariat of Education granted Chertkov a 10 million rouble subsidy to publish a complete edition of his works, which never materialized due to government control of publication rights.<a href="#cite_note-:1-112">[110]</a> Cooperatives were additionally made illegal in Russia in 1921, creating another obstacle for Alexandra and Chertkov.<a href="#cite_note-:1-112">[110]</a> In the 1920s, Tolstoy's estate, <a href="/wiki/Yasnaya_Polyana" title="Yasnaya Polyana">Yasnaya Polyana</a>, was sanctioned by the Soviet state to exist as a commune for Tolstoyans. The government permitted this Christian-oriented community because they felt that religious sects like the Tolstoyans were models for the Russian peasantry.<a href="#cite_note-:1-112">[110]</a> The Soviet government owned the estate, which was deemed a memorial for the late Russian writer, but Alexandra had jurisdiction over the education offered at Yasnaya Polyana. Unlike most Soviet schools, the schooling at Yasnaya Polyana did not offer militaristic training and did not teach atheism. Over time, though, local communists – as opposed to the state government, which financially supported the institution – often denounced the estate and called for frequent inspections. After 1928, a change in cultural policy in the Soviet regime led to a takeover of local institutions, including Tolstoy's estate. When Alexandra stepped down from her role as head of Yasnaya Poliana in 1929, the Commissariat of Education and Health took control.<a href="#cite_note-:1-112">[110]</a> In 1925, the Soviet government created its first Jubilee Committee to celebrate the centennial of Tolstoy's birth, which originally consisted of 13 members but grew to 38 members after a second committee formed in 1927.<a href="#cite_note-:1-112">[110]</a> Alexandra was not content with the funds provided by the government and met with Stalin in June 1928. During the meeting, Stalin said the government could not provide the one million roubles requested by the committee;<a href="#cite_note-:1-112">[110]</a> however, an agreement was reached with the State Publishing House in April 1928 for the publishing of a 92-volume collection of Tolstoy's works.<a href="#cite_note-:1-112">[110]</a> During the Jubilee Celebration, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lunacharsky" title="Anatoly Lunacharsky">Anatoly Luncharsky</a> – the head of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_Education" title="People's Commissariat for Education">People's Commissariat for Education</a> – gave a speech in which he denied reports that claimed the Soviet government was hostile towards Tolstoy and his legacy. Instead of focusing on the aspects of Tolstoy's works that pitted him against the Soviet regime, he instead focused on the unifying aspects, such as Tolstoy's love for equality and labor as well as his disdain for the state and private property.<a href="#cite_note-:1-112">[110]</a> More than 400 million copies of Tolstoy's works were printed in the Soviet Union, making him the best-selling author in Soviet Russia.<a href="#cite_note-NYTIMES1987-113">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> wrote several essays about Tolstoy, suggesting that a contradiction exists within his critique of Russian society. According to Lenin, Tolstoy – who adored the peasantry and voiced their discontent with imperial Russian society – may have been revolutionary in his critiques but his political consciousness was not fully developed for a revolution.<a href="#cite_note-:2-114">[112]</a> Lenin uses this line of thinking to suggest that the <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">1905 Russian Revolution</a>, which he called a "peasant bourgeois revolution", failed because of its backwardness; the revolutionaries wanted to dismantle the existing medieval forms of oppression and replace them with an old and patriarchal village-commune.<a href="#cite_note-:2-114">[112]</a> Additionally, Lenin thought Tolstoy's concept of non-resistance to evil hindered the 1905 revolution's success because the movement was not militant and had thus allowed the autocracy to crush them.<a href="#cite_note-:2-114">[112]</a> Nevertheless, Lenin concludes in his writings that despite the many contradictions in Tolstoy's critiques, his hatred for feudalism and capitalism mark the prelude to proletarian socialism.<a href="#cite_note-:2-114">[112]</a> Tolstoy's philosophy of non-resistance to evil made an impact on <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>'s political thinking. Gandhi was deeply moved by Tolstoy's concept of truth, which, in his view, constitutes any doctrine that reduces suffering.<a href="#cite_note-:3-115">[113]</a> For both Gandhi and Tolstoy, truth is God, and since God is universal love, truth must therefore also be universal love. The Gujarati word for Gandhi's non-violent movement is satyagraha, derived from the word sadagraha – the sat portion translating to "truth", and the agraha translating to "firmness".<a href="#cite_note-:3-115">[113]</a> Gandhi's conception of satyagraha was birthed from Tolstoy's understanding of Christianity rather than from Hindu tradition.<a href="#cite_note-:3-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_film_and_television">In film and television</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Ivan_Ilyich" title="The Death of Ivan Ilyich">The Death of Ivan Ilyich</a> was adapted by <a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Akira Kurosawa</a> as <a href="/wiki/Ikiru" title="Ikiru">Ikiru</a> (1952).<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> It was also the basis for <a href="/wiki/Living_(2022_film)" title="Living (2022 film)">Living</a> (2022), with a screenplay by <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro" title="Kazuo Ishiguro">Kazuo Ishiguro</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a> television show <a href="/wiki/The_Young_Indiana_Jones_Chronicles" title="The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles">The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles</a>, later retitled The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones, a fictional Tolstoy appears as a mentor figure and friend of <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_(character)" title="Indiana Jones (character)">Indiana Jones</a>. In the made-for-TV movie Travels with Father (1996), he is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gough" title="Michael Gough">Michael Gough</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> A 2009 film about Tolstoy's final year, <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Station" title="The Last Station">The Last Station</a>, based on the 1990 novel by <a href="/wiki/Jay_Parini" title="Jay Parini">Jay Parini</a>, was made by director <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hoffman_(American_director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Hoffman (American director)">Michael Hoffman</a> with <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Plummer" title="Christopher Plummer">Christopher Plummer</a> as Tolstoy and <a href="/wiki/Helen_Mirren" title="Helen Mirren">Helen Mirren</a> as Sofya Tolstoya. Both performers were nominated for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Oscars</a> for their roles. There have been other films about the writer, including <a href="/wiki/Departure_of_a_Grand_Old_Man" title="Departure of a Grand Old Man">Departure of a Grand Old Man</a>, made in 1912 just two years after his death, How Fine, How Fresh the Roses Were (1913), and <a href="/wiki/Lev_Tolstoy_(film)" title="Lev Tolstoy (film)">Lev Tolstoy</a>, directed by and starring <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Gerasimov_(film_director)" title="Sergei Gerasimov (film director)">Sergei Gerasimov</a> in 1984. There is also a famous <a href="/wiki/Lost_film" title="Lost film">lost film</a> of Tolstoy made a decade before he died. In 1901, the American travel lecturer <a href="/wiki/Burton_Holmes" title="Burton Holmes">Burton Holmes</a> visited Yasnaya Polyana with <a href="/wiki/Albert_J._Beveridge" title="Albert J. Beveridge">Albert J. Beveridge</a>, the U.S. senator and historian. As the three men conversed, Holmes filmed Tolstoy with his 60-mm movie camera. Afterwards, Beveridge's advisers succeeded in having the film destroyed, fearing that the meeting with the Russian author might hurt Beveridge's chances of running for the U.S. presidency.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy_bibliography" title="Leo Tolstoy bibliography">Leo Tolstoy bibliography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, 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class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_naming_customs" title="East Slavic naming customs">East Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is Nikolayevich and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is Tolstoy. Tolstoy pronounced his first name as <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[lʲɵf]</a>, which corresponds to the romanization Lyov. (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNabokov" class="citation book cs1">Nabokov, Vladimir. Lectures on Russian literature. p. 216.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+Russian+literature&rft.pages=216&rft.aulast=Nabokov&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988">) </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Throughout Tolstoy's whole life, his name was written as Левъ Николаевичъ Толстой using <a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography#The_post-revolution_reform" title="Reforms of Russian orthography">pre-reform Russian orthography</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Tolstoy">"Tolstoy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tolstoy&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2FTolstoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/Tolstoy">"Tolstoy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tolstoy&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2FTolstoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_4-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-Tolstoy">"Leo Tolstoy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928115028/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-Tolstoy">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leo+Tolstoy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FLeo-Tolstoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurt2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Burt_(author)" title="Daniel Burt (author)">Burt, Daniel S.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/literary100ranki0000burt_v6e1/mode/2up">The Literary 100, Revised Edition: A Ranking of the Most Influential Novelists, Playwrights, and Poets of All Time</a>. Facts On File. pp. 13–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literary+100%2C+Revised+Edition%3A+A+Ranking+of+the+Most+Influential+Novelists%2C+Playwrights%2C+and+Poets+of+All+Time&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=Daniel+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fliterary100ranki0000burt_v6e1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPopova2012" class="citation web cs1">Popova, Maria (30 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/01/the-greatest-books-of-all-time-as-voted-by-125-famous-authors/252209/">"The Greatest Books of All Time, as Voted by 125 Famous Authors"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200505193840/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/01/the-greatest-books-of-all-time-as-voted-by-125-famous-authors/252209/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Greatest+Books+of+All+Time%2C+as+Voted+by+125+Famous+Authors&rft.date=2012-01-30&rft.aulast=Popova&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fentertainment%2Farchive%2F2012%2F01%2Fthe-greatest-books-of-all-time-as-voted-by-125-famous-authors%2F252209%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHedin1950" class="citation news cs1">Hedin, Naboth (1 October 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1950/10/winning-the-nobel-prize/305480/">"Winning the Nobel Prize"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031102310/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1950/10/winning-the-nobel-prize/305480/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Winning+the+Nobel+Prize&rft.date=1950-10-01&rft.aulast=Hedin&rft.aufirst=Naboth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F1950%2F10%2Fwinning-the-nobel-prize%2F305480%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLichtman2022" class="citation journal cs1">Lichtman, Marshall A. (31 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9345763">"Controversies in Selecting Nobel Laureates: An Historical Commentary"</a>. Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal. 13 (3): e0022. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5041%2FRMMJ.10479">10.5041/RMMJ.10479</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2076-9172">2076-9172</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9345763">9345763</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35921488">35921488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rambam+Maimonides+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Controversies+in+Selecting+Nobel+Laureates%3A+An+Historical+Commentary&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e0022&rft.date=2022-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9345763%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2076-9172&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35921488&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5041%2FRMMJ.10479&rft.aulast=Lichtman&rft.aufirst=Marshall+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9345763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeard2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Beard, Mary (5 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/facing-death-with-tolstoy">"Facing death with Tolstoy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516135025/http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/facing-death-with-tolstoy">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Facing+death+with+Tolstoy&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fbooks%2Fpage-turner%2Ffacing-death-with-tolstoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ResistNotEvil-10"><a href="#cite_ref-ResistNotEvil_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHellman" class="citation web cs1">Hellman, Martin E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-ee.stanford.edu/~hellman/opinion/Resist_Not.html">"Resist Not Evil"</a>. Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120182926/http://www-ee.stanford.edu/~hellman/opinion/Resist_Not.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resist+Not+Evil&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.aulast=Hellman&rft.aufirst=Martin+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-ee.stanford.edu%2F~hellman%2Fopinion%2FResist_Not.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> Originally published in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arun_Manilal_Gandhi" title="Arun Manilal Gandhi">Gandhi, Arun</a>, ed. (1994). World Without Violence. M. K. 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University of California Press. pp. 149, 269, 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24239-5"><bdi>978-0-520-24239-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.&rft.pages=149%2C+269%2C+248&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24239-5&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther+Jr.&rft.au=Carson%2C+Clayborne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTU_HozbJSC8C%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rv-8E76FZWkC&dq=%22James+Bevel%22+Tolstoy+%22The+Children%22+Halberstam&pg=PT806">The Children, 1999, David Halberstam</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMonk1991" class="citation book cs1">Monk, Ray (1991). 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New York: Penguin Books. p. 115 et passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-015995-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-015995-0"><bdi>978-0-14-015995-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ludwig+Wittgenstein%3A+the+duty+of+genius&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=115+et+passim&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-14-015995-0&rft.aulast=Monk&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTolstoy2023" class="citation journal cs1">Tolstoy, Leo (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/154/article/901453">"First Recollections"</a>. New England Review. 44 (2): 180–182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fner.2023.a901453">10.1353/ner.2023.a901453</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2161-9131">2161-9131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Review&rft.atitle=First+Recollections&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E180-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fner.2023.a901453&rft.issn=2161-9131&rft.aulast=Tolstoy&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F154%2Farticle%2F901453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorson2019" class="citation web cs1">Morson, Gary Saul (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newcriterion.com/issues/2019/3/the-greatest-of-all-novels">"The greatest of all novels"</a>. 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Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0547545875" title="Special:BookSources/978-0547545875"><bdi>978-0547545875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolstoy%3A+A+Russian+Life&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0547545875&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Rosamund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rummel-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rummel_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rummel_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rummel_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rummel_17-3">d</a> Vitold Rummel, Vladimir Golubtsov (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.runivers.ru/lib/book3148/10056/">Genealogical Collection of Russian Noble Families in 2 Volumes. Volume 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171212084437/http://www.runivers.ru/lib/book3148/10056/">Archived</a> 12 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – The Tolstoys, Counts and Noblemen. Saint Petersburg: A.S. Suvorin Publishing House, p. 487 </li> <li id="cite_note-bunin-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bunin_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bunin_18-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bunin" title="Ivan Bunin">Ivan Bunin</a>, The Liberation of Tolstoy: A Tale of Two Writers, p. 100 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTroyat2001" class="citation book cs1">Troyat, Henri (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7kDJ3s1mcZcC&q=tolstoy+lithuanian&pg=PA8">Tolstoy</a>. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3768-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3768-5"><bdi>978-0-8021-3768-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240322204938/https://books.google.com/books?id=7kDJ3s1mcZcC&q=tolstoy+lithuanian&pg=PA8#v=snippet&q=tolstoy%20lithuanian&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2024. 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Retrieved 8 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Peace+and+Sonya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.uchicago.edu%2Fucp%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2Fdistributed%2FW%2Fbo20274891.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacFarquhar2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larissa_MacFarquhar" title="Larissa MacFarquhar">MacFarquhar, Larissa</a> (2015). Strangers Drowning : Impossible Idealism, Drastic Choices, and the Urge to Help. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143109785" title="Special:BookSources/9780143109785"><bdi>9780143109785</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strangers+Drowning+%3A+Impossible+Idealism%2C+Drastic+Choices%2C+and+the+Urge+to+Help&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780143109785&rft.aulast=MacFarquhar&rft.aufirst=Larissa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Haave" title="Jørgen Haave">Jørgen Haave</a>, Familien Ibsen, Museumsforlaget, 2017, ISBN 9788283050455 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> "Tanja Paus och Sonja Ceder till minne," <a href="/wiki/Svenska_Dagbladet" title="Svenska Dagbladet">Svenska Dagbladet</a>, 11 March 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Nikolaj Pavlovič Puzin, The Lev Tolstoy House-Museum In Yasnaya Polyana (with a list of Leo Tolstoy's descendants), 1998 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ypmuseum.ru/en/2011-04-13-17-30-44/mhistory/65-2011-08-19-09-30-03.html">Vladimir Ilyich Tolstoy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190223225741/http://ypmuseum.ru/en/2011-04-13-17-30-44/mhistory/65-2011-08-19-09-30-03.html">Archived</a> 23 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the official <a href="/wiki/Yasnaya_Polyana" title="Yasnaya Polyana">Yasnaya Polyana</a> website </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.kremlin.ru/catalog/persons/311/biography">"Persons ∙ Directory ∙ President of Russia"</a>. President of Russia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611164029/http://en.kremlin.ru/catalog/persons/311/biography">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=President+of+Russia&rft.atitle=Persons+%E2%88%99+Directory+%E2%88%99+President+of+Russia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.kremlin.ru%2Fcatalog%2Fpersons%2F311%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130809072325/http://tvkultura.ru/brand/show/brand_id/45825/">"Толстые / Телеканал "Россия – Культура""</a>. tvkultura.ru. 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United Kingdom: Random House. p. xviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1446484166" title="Special:BookSources/978-1446484166"><bdi>978-1446484166</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Peace+%28Vintage+Classic+Russians+Series%29&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=xviii&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1446484166&rft.aulast=Tolstoy&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> G. Lukacs. "Tolstoy and the Development of Realism". 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Tolstoy, Church and State. – On Life and Essays on Religion, 1934. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett2011369-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett2011369_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartlett2011">Bartlett 2011</a>, p. 369. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Leo Tolstoy (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xr0kDAAAQBAJ">Russian Book for Reading in 4 Volumes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240322205108/https://books.google.com/books?id=xr0kDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> 22 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Moscow: Aegitas, 381 pages. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Bulgakov" title="Valentin Bulgakov">Valentin Bulgakov</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v9InDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA3-PA28">Diary of Leo Tolstoy's Secretary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240322204910/https://books.google.com/books?id=v9InDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA3-PA28">Archived</a> 22 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221210223056/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1981/11/15/vladimir-nabokov-reads-the-russian-masters/7f30bba2-b61f-40a4-892d-0ad82ee34e2e/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022. 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Harbourtrust.gov.au. 29 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220628025609/https://www.harbourtrust.gov.au/en/our-story/harbour-history/digitales/nicholas-maclay/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harbourtrust.gov.au&rft.atitle=Nicholas+Maclay%3A+Russian+Polymath&rft.date=2020-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harbourtrust.gov.au%2Fen%2Four-story%2Fharbour-history%2Fdigitales%2Fnicholas-maclay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristoyannopoulos2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Christoyannopoulos" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Christoyannopoulos">Christoyannopoulos, Alexandre</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheContemporaryRelevanceOfLeoTolstoy">The Contemporary Relevance of Leo Tolstoy's Late Political Thought</a>. International Political Science Association. <q>Tolstoy articulated his Christian anarchist political thought between 1880 and 1910, yet its continuing relevance should have become fairly self-evident already.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Contemporary+Relevance+of+Leo+Tolstoy%27s+Late+Political+Thought&rft.pub=International+Political+Science+Association&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Christoyannopoulos&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheContemporaryRelevanceOfLeoTolstoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKropotkin1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Anarchism">"Anarchism" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 914–919, see page 918.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E914-%3C%2Fspan%3E919%2C+see+page+918&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexeivitch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoodcockAvakumović1990" class="citation book cs1">Woodcock, G.; Avakumović, I. (1990). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin:_From_Prince_to_Rebel" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Kropotkin: From Prince to Rebel">Peter Kropotkin: From Prince to Rebel</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+Kropotkin%3A+From+Prince+to+Rebel&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Woodcock&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Avakumovi%C4%87%2C+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParel2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Parel" title="Anthony Parel">Parel, Anthony J.</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kcpDOVk5Gp8C&pg=PA96">"Gandhi and Tolstoy"</a>, in Mathai, M. P.; John, M.S.; Joseph, Siby K. (eds.), Meditations on Gandhi: a Ravindra Varma festschrift, New Delhi: Concept, pp. 96–112</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gandhi+and+Tolstoy&rft.btitle=Meditations+on+Gandhi%3A+a+Ravindra+Varma+festschrift&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.pub=Concept&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Parel&rft.aufirst=Anthony+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkcpDOVk5Gp8C%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreen1983" class="citation book cs1">Green, M. B. (1983). Tolstoy and Gandhi, men of peace: a biography. Basic Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolstoy+and+Gandhi%2C+men+of+peace%3A+a+biography&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=M.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTolstoy1892" class="citation web cs1">Tolstoy, Leo (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ivu.org/history/tolstoy/the_%20first_step.html">"The First Step"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828031414/https://ivu.org/history/tolstoy/the_%20first_step.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2016. <q>... if [a man] be really and seriously seeking to live a good life, the first thing from which he will abstain will always be the use of animal food, because ... its use is simply immoral, as it involves the performance of an act which is contrary to the moral feeling – killing</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+Step&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Tolstoy&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ivu.org%2Fhistory%2Ftolstoy%2Fthe_%2520first_step.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988">. Preface to the Russian translation of <a href="/wiki/Howard_Williams_(humanitarian)" title="Howard Williams (humanitarian)">Howard William's</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ivu.org/history/williams/index.html">The Ethics of Diet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124121214/http://ivu.org/history/williams/index.html">Archived</a> 24 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bodde1967-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Bodde1967_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBodde1967" class="citation book cs1">Bodde, Derk (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=STFaAAAAYAAJ&q=Boxer">Tolstoy and China</a>. Johnson Reprint Corporation. pp. 25, 44, 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780384048959" title="Special:BookSources/9780384048959"><bdi>9780384048959</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240322205558/https://books.google.com/books?id=STFaAAAAYAAJ&q=Boxer">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 23 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolstoy+and+China&rft.pages=25%2C+44%2C+107&rft.pub=Johnson+Reprint+Corporation&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9780384048959&rft.aulast=Bodde&rft.aufirst=Derk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSTFaAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DBoxer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLukin2003" class="citation book cs1">Lukin, Alexander (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3YPAaFfUp9oC&q=lev+tolstoy+sinophile&pg=PA314">The Bear Watches the Dragon</a>. M. E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1026-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1026-3"><bdi>978-0-7656-1026-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240322205605/https://books.google.com/books?id=3YPAaFfUp9oC&q=lev+tolstoy+sinophile&pg=PA314#v=snippet&q=lev%20tolstoy%20sinophile&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 23 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bear+Watches+the+Dragon&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1026-3&rft.aulast=Lukin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3YPAaFfUp9oC%26q%3Dlev%2Btolstoy%2Bsinophile%26pg%3DPA314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTussing_Orwin2002" class="citation book cs1">Tussing Orwin, Donna (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nU2lErM3VgwC&q=tolstoy+boxer+rebellion&pg=PA37">The Cambridge companion to Tolstoy</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52000-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52000-3"><bdi>978-0-521-52000-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240322205414/https://books.google.com/books?id=nU2lErM3VgwC&q=tolstoy+boxer+rebellion&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 23 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+companion+to+Tolstoy&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52000-3&rft.aulast=Tussing+Orwin&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnU2lErM3VgwC%26q%3Dtolstoy%2Bboxer%2Brebellion%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBodde1950" class="citation book cs1">Bodde, Derk (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UipgAAAAMAAJ&q=tolstoy+boxer+rebellion+confucianism">Tolstoy and China</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240322205415/https://books.google.com/books?id=UipgAAAAMAAJ&q=tolstoy+boxer+rebellion+confucianism">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 23 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolstoy+and+China&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Bodde&rft.aufirst=Derk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUipgAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dtolstoy%2Bboxer%2Brebellion%2Bconfucianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> (Original from the University of Michigan) </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee2005-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Lee2005_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee2005" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Khoon Choy (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1jlOQc8BumIC&q=Tolstoy+boxers&pg=PA10">Pioneers of Modern China: Understanding the Inscrutable Chinese</a>. World Scientific. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-256-618-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-256-618-8"><bdi>978-981-256-618-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240322205458/https://books.google.com/books?id=1jlOQc8BumIC&q=Tolstoy+boxers&pg=PA10#v=snippet&q=Tolstoy%20boxers&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 23 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneers+of+Modern+China%3A+Understanding+the+Inscrutable+Chinese&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-981-256-618-8&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Khoon+Choy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1jlOQc8BumIC%26q%3DTolstoy%2Bboxers%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell2009-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell2009_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2009" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Heather M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gWHrWq2Kd-UC&q=Tolstoy+boxers&pg=PA194">The Britannica Guide to Political and Social Movements That Changed the Modern World</a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-016-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-016-7"><bdi>978-1-61530-016-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240322205416/https://books.google.com/books?id=gWHrWq2Kd-UC&q=Tolstoy+boxers&pg=PA194#v=snippet&q=Tolstoy%20boxers&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 23 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Britannica+Guide+to+Political+and+Social+Movements+That+Changed+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-016-7&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Heather+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgWHrWq2Kd-UC%26q%3DTolstoy%2Bboxers%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orwin2002-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Orwin2002_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTussing_Orwin2002" class="citation book cs1">Tussing Orwin, Donna (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SC9suBt-Vm4C&q=Tolstoy+boxers&pg=PA37">The Cambridge Companion to Tolstoy</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52000-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52000-3"><bdi>978-0-521-52000-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Tolstoy&rft.pages=37-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52000-3&rft.aulast=Tussing+Orwin&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSC9suBt-Vm4C%26q%3DTolstoy%2Bboxers%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tolstoy(graf)1978-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Tolstoy(graf)1978_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTolstoyChristian1978" class="citation book cs1">Tolstoy, Leo; Christian, Reginald Frank (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2TVgAAAAMAAJ&q=Boxer">Tolstoy's Letters: 1880–1910</a>. Continuum International Publishing Group, Limited. p. 580. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-485-71172-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-485-71172-1"><bdi>978-0-485-71172-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolstoy%27s+Letters%3A+1880%E2%80%931910&rft.pages=580&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group%2C+Limited&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-485-71172-1&rft.aulast=Tolstoy&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft.au=Christian%2C+Reginald+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2TVgAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DBoxer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Apollon Davidson, Irina Filatova. The Russians and the Anglo Boer War. Cape Town: Human & Rousseau, 1998. p. 181 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChamberlinVon_Mohrenschildt1960" class="citation book cs1">Chamberlin, William Henry; Von Mohrenschildt, Dimitri Sergius (1960). Karpovich, Michael (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k1_iAAAAMAAJ&q=he+praised+the+Chinese+for+their+heroic+patience.+When+he+learned+about+the+%22orgy+of+murder,+raping,+and+looting%22+committed+by+the+Western+powers+in+quelling+the+Boxer+rebellion,+he+raged+against+the+brutality+of+the+Christians">The Russian review</a>. Vol. 19. Blackwell. p. 115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+review&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Chamberlin&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft.au=Von+Mohrenschildt%2C+Dimitri+Sergius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk1_iAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dhe%2Bpraised%2Bthe%2BChinese%2Bfor%2Btheir%2Bheroic%2Bpatience.%2BWhen%2Bhe%2Blearned%2Babout%2Bthe%2B%2522orgy%2Bof%2Bmurder%2C%2Braping%2C%2Band%2Blooting%2522%2Bcommitted%2Bby%2Bthe%2BWestern%2Bpowers%2Bin%2Bquelling%2Bthe%2BBoxer%2Brebellion%2C%2Bhe%2Braged%2Bagainst%2Bthe%2Bbrutality%2Bof%2Bthe%2BChristians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> (Original from the University of Michigan) </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoss2008" class="citation book cs1">Moss, Walter G. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MFtDxmZVB7gC&q=tolstoy+boxer+rebellion&pg=PA3">An age of progress?: clashing twentieth-century global forces</a>. Anthem Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-301-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-301-4"><bdi>978-1-84331-301-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240322210106/https://books.google.com/books?id=MFtDxmZVB7gC&q=tolstoy+boxer+rebellion&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 23 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+age+of+progress%3F%3A+clashing+twentieth-century+global+forces&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-301-4&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Walter+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMFtDxmZVB7gC%26q%3Dtolstoy%2Bboxer%2Brebellion%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CohenStachel1974-79"><a href="#cite_ref-CohenStachel1974_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohenStachelWartofsky1974" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Robert S.; Stachel, J.J.; Wartofsky, Marx W. 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Brill. pp. 14–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16844-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16844-2"><bdi>978-90-04-16844-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240322205942/https://books.google.com/books?id=ffkU0KocpEYC&q=Tolstoy+boxers&pg=PA14#v=snippet&q=Tolstoy%20boxers&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2024. 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Heinemann </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Leo Tolstoy. EJ Simmons – 1946 – Little, Brown and Company </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeek2010" class="citation news cs1">Meek, James (22 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v32/n14/james-meek/some-wild-creature">"James Meek reviews 'The Death of Tolstoy' by William Nickell, 'The Diaries of Sofia Tolstoy' translated by Cathy Porter, 'A Confession' by Leo Tolstoy, translated by Anthony Briggs and 'Anniversary Essays on Tolstoy' by Donna Tussing Orwin · LRB 22 July 2010"</a>. London Review of Books. pp. 3–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130328032450/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v32/n14/james-meek/some-wild-creature">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=James+Meek+reviews+%27The+Death+of+Tolstoy%27+by+William+Nickell%2C+%27The+Diaries+of+Sofia+Tolstoy%27+translated+by+Cathy+Porter%2C+%27A+Confession%27+by+Leo+Tolstoy%2C+translated+by+Anthony+Briggs+and+%27Anniversary+Essays+on+Tolstoy%27+by+Donna+Tussing+Orwin+%C2%B7+LRB+22+July+2010&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2010-07-22&rft.aulast=Meek&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv32%2Fn14%2Fjames-meek%2Fsome-wild-creature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENickell2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRtnamU-MJ0ECpgPA125_125]-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENickell2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRtnamU-MJ0ECpgPA125_125]_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNickell2011">Nickell 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RtnamU-MJ0EC&pg=PA125">125</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHiggs2015" class="citation journal cs1">Higgs, Robert (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24564569">"Tolstoy's Manifesto on the State, Christian Anarchy, and Pacifism"</a>. The Independent Review. 19 (3): 471–479. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-1653">1086-1653</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24564569">24564569</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815171933/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24564569">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021. 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The Slavic and East European Journal. 60 (2): 252–271. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30851%2F60.2.007">10.30851/60.2.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6752">0037-6752</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26633177">26633177</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420044301/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26633177">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021. 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PMLA. 105 (2): 233–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F462559">10.2307/462559</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-8129">0030-8129</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/462559">462559</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163911913">163911913</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420044300/https://www.jstor.org/stable/462559">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PMLA&rft.atitle=Boris+Eikhenbaum%27s+Unfinished+Work+on+Tolstoy%3A+A+Dialogue+with+Soviet+History&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0030-8129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163911913%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F462559%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F462559&rft.aulast=Any&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F462559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_112-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_112-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_112-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_112-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_112-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_112-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_112-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_112-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_112-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_112-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCroskeyc._2008" class="citation book cs1">Croskey, Robert M. 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Retrieved 20 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Lenin+on+Tolstoy%3A+Between+Imaginary+Resolution+and+Revolutionary+Christian+Communism&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0036-8237&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24583606%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1521%2Fsiso.2014.78.1.41&rft.aulast=Boer&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24583606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_115-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrayHughes2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, Stuart; Hughes, Thomas M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43830813">"Gandhi's Devotional Political Thought"</a>. Philosophy East and West. 65 (2): 375–400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpew.2015.0051">10.1353/pew.2015.0051</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8221">0031-8221</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43830813">43830813</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142595907">142595907</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420044302/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43830813">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Gandhi%27s+Devotional+Political+Thought&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E375-%3C%2Fspan%3E400&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=0031-8221&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142595907%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43830813%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fpew.2015.0051&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Thomas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43830813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimone1975" class="citation journal cs1">Simone, R. Thomas (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43795380">"The Mythos of "The Sickness Unto Death" Kurosawa's "Ikiru" and Tolstoy's "The Death of Ivan Ilyich""</a>. Literature/Film Quarterly. 3 (1): 2–12. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43795380">43795380</a>. Retrieved 27 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Literature%2FFilm+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Mythos+of+%22The+Sickness+Unto+Death%22+Kurosawa%27s+%22Ikiru%22+and+Tolstoy%27s+%22The+Death+of+Ivan+Ilyich%22&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43795380%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Simone&rft.aufirst=R.+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43795380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/the-adventures-of-young-indiana-jones-travels-with-father-1996">"The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones: Travels with Father (1996)"</a>. The A.V. Club. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230828223043/https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/the-adventures-of-young-indiana-jones-travels-with-father-1996">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+A.V.+Club&rft.atitle=The+Adventures+of+Young+Indiana+Jones%3A+Travels+with+Father+%281996%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avclub.com%2Ffilm%2Freviews%2Fthe-adventures-of-young-indiana-jones-travels-with-father-1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Wallace, Irving, 'Everybody's Rover Boy', in The Sunday Gentleman. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1965. p. 117. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBayley1997" class="citation book cs1">Bayley, John (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_UVvDwAAQBAJ">Leo Tolstoy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-07463-0744-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-07463-0744-1"><bdi>978-07463-0744-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leo+Tolstoy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-07463-0744-1&rft.aulast=Bayley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_UVvDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBloom2009" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Harold, ed. (2009) [2003]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jhw9Bg42pSMC">Leo Tolstoy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-14381-1328-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-14381-1328-9"><bdi>978-14381-1328-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leo+Tolstoy&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-14381-1328-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJhw9Bg42pSMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDillon1934" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, Emile Joseph (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmgVAAAAQAAJ">Count Leo Tolstoy: A New Portrait</a>. Hutchinson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Count+Leo+Tolstoy%3A+A+New+Portrait&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Emile+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLmgVAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoulin2014" class="citation book cs1">Moulin, Daniel (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d1WCBAAAQBAJ">Leo Tolstoy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-14725-0484-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-14725-0484-5"><bdi>978-14725-0484-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leo+Tolstoy&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-14725-0484-5&rft.aulast=Moulin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd1WCBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRowe1986" class="citation book cs1">Rowe, William W. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HBp8AAAAIAAJ">Leo Tolstoy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Twayne_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Twayne Publishers">Twayne Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-08057-6623-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-08057-6623-3"><bdi>978-08057-6623-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leo+Tolstoy&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-08057-6623-3&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHBp8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimmons1946" class="citation book cs1">Simmons, Ernest Joseph (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LxR8AAAAIAAJ">Leo Tolstoy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Little, Brown and Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leo+Tolstoy&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Ernest+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLxR8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZorin2020" class="citation book cs1">Zorin, Andrei (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc3ADwAAQBAJ">Leo Tolstoy</a>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-17891-4256-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-17891-4256-3"><bdi>978-17891-4256-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leo+Tolstoy&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-17891-4256-3&rft.aulast=Zorin&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKc3ADwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Craraft, James. Two Shining Souls: Jane Addams, Leo Tolstoy, and the Quest for Global Peace (Lanham: Lexington, 2012). 179 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLednicki1947" class="citation journal cs1">Lednicki, Waclaw (April 1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.185585/2015.185585.The-Slavonic-Reviewvol64#page/n455/mode/2up">"Tolstoy through American eyes"</a>. The Slavonic and East European Review. 25 (65).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=Tolstoy+through+American+eyes&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=65&rft.date=1947-04&rft.aulast=Lednicki&rft.aufirst=Waclaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.185585%2F2015.185585.The-Slavonic-Reviewvol64%23page%2Fn455%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeon1944" class="citation book cs1">Leon, Derrick (1944). Tolstoy His Life and Work. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolstoy+His+Life+and+Work&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Leon&rft.aufirst=Derrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2010/12/tols-d02.html">Trotsky's 1908 tribute to Leo Tolstoy</a> Published by the International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifetolstoy00maudgoog">The Life of Tolstoy: Later years</a> by <a href="/wiki/Aylmer_and_Louise_Maude" title="Aylmer and Louise Maude">Aylmer Maude</a>, Dodd, Mead and Company, 1911 at Internet Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whywefailaschri00huntgoog">Why We Fail As Christians</a> by Robert Hunter, The Macmillan Company, 1919 at Google Books</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNickell2011" class="citation book cs1">Nickell, William S. (2011). The Death of Tolstoy: Russia on the Eve, Astapovo Station, 1910. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-6254-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-6254-2"><bdi>978-0-8014-6254-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Tolstoy%3A+Russia+on+the+Eve%2C+Astapovo+Station%2C+1910&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-6254-2&rft.aulast=Nickell&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Leo Tolstoy at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Leo_Tolstoy" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Leo Tolstoy">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" class="extiw" title="q:Leo Tolstoy">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Leo_Tolstoy" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Leo Tolstoy">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7243" class="extiw" title="d:Q7243">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/@eddygra/lists/12/leo-tolstoy">The Complete Works of Count Tolstoy (28 volumes published by Dana Estes & Company</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/leo-tolstoy">Works by Leo Tolstoy in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/136">Works by Leo Tolstoy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Tolstoy%2C%20Leo%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Leo%20Tolstoy%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Tolstoy%2C%20Leo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Leo%20Tolstoy%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Tolstoy%2C%20L%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Leo%20Tolstoy%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Tolstoy%2C%20Leo%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Leo%20Tolstoy%22%29%20OR%20%28%221828-1910%22%20AND%20Tolstoy%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Leo Tolstoy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/217">Works by Leo Tolstoy</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.iblist.com/author160.htm">Leo Tolstoy</a> at the Internet Book List</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.readingtolstoy.ru/">Online project (readingtolstoy.ru) to create</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolstoy.ru/creativity/90-volume-collection-of-the-works/?page=1">open digital version of 90 volumes of Tolstoy works</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/035924">Newspaper clippings about Leo Tolstoy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Theodore_Hagberg_Wright" title="Charles Theodore Hagberg Wright">Wright, Charles Theodore Hagberg</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tolstoy,_Leo">"Tolstoy, Leo" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1053–1061.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tolstoy%2C+Leo&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1053-%3C%2Fspan%3E1061&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Charles+Theodore+Hagberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Tolstoy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFop7471uqs">Waltz in F major</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81_%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9)" class="extiw" title="ru:Вальс фа мажор (Лев Толстой)">Page on Russian Wikipedia</a>), Tolstoy's only known musical composition.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leo_Tolstoy" title="Template:Leo Tolstoy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leo_Tolstoy" title="Template talk:Leo Tolstoy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leo_Tolstoy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leo Tolstoy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leo_Tolstoy259" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leo Tolstoy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy_bibliography" title="Leo Tolstoy bibliography">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_(Tolstoy_novel)" title="Childhood (Tolstoy novel)">Childhood</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyhood_(novel)" title="Boyhood (novel)">Boyhood</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_(Leo_Tolstoy_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Youth (Leo Tolstoy novel)">Youth</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cossacks_(novel)" title="The Cossacks (novel)">The Cossacks</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina" title="Anna Karenina">Anna Karenina</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_(Tolstoy_novel)" title="Resurrection (Tolstoy novel)">Resurrection</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadji_Murat_(novella)" title="Hadji Murat (novella)">Hadji Murat</a> (1912)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novellas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Landowner%27s_Morning" title="A Landowner's Morning">A Landowner's Morning</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Hussars" title="Two Hussars">Two Hussars</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Happiness" title="Family Happiness">Family Happiness</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polik%C3%BAshka_(novella)" title="Polikúshka (novella)">Polikúshka</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Ivan_Ilyich" title="The Death of Ivan Ilyich">The Death of Ivan Ilyich</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_in_the_Light_While_There_is_Light" title="Walk in the Light While There is Light">Walk in the Light While There is Light</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kreutzer_Sonata" title="The Kreutzer Sonata">The Kreutzer Sonata</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Devil (novel)">The Devil</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_and_Man_(short_story)" title="Master and Man (short story)">Master and Man</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Sergius" title="Father Sergius">Father Sergius</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Forged_Coupon" title="The Forged Coupon">The Forged Coupon</a> (1904)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Raid_(Tolstoy_story)" title="The Raid (Tolstoy story)">The Raid</a>" (1852)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Cutting_of_the_Forest" title="The Cutting of the Forest">The Cutting of the Forest</a>" (1855)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sevastopol_Sketches" title="Sevastopol Sketches">Sevastopol Sketches</a>" (1855)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Recollections_of_a_Billiard-marker" title="Recollections of a Billiard-marker">Recollections of a Billiard-marker</a>" (1855)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Snowstorm" title="The Snowstorm">The Snowstorm</a>" (1856)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lucerne_(by_Tolstoy)" title="Lucerne (by Tolstoy)">Lucerne</a>" (1857)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Albert_(short_story)" title="Albert (short story)">Albert</a>" (1858)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Three_Deaths" title="Three Deaths">Three Deaths</a>" (1859)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Porcelain_Doll_(by_Tolstoy)" title="The Porcelain Doll (by Tolstoy)">The Porcelain Doll</a>" (1863)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/God_Sees_the_Truth,_But_Waits" title="God Sees the Truth, But Waits">God Sees the Truth, But Waits</a>" (1872)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Prisoner_of_the_Caucasus_(story)" title="The Prisoner of the Caucasus (story)">The Prisoner of the Caucasus</a>" (1872)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Bear_Hunt" title="The Bear Hunt">The Bear Hunt</a>" (1872)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Men_Live_By" title="What Men Live By">What Men Live By</a>" (1881)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Lunatic" title="Diary of a Lunatic">Diary of a Lunatic</a>" (1884)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Quench_the_Spark" title="Quench the Spark">Quench the Spark</a>" (1885)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/An_Old_Acquaintance" title="An Old Acquaintance">An Old Acquaintance</a>" (1885)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Where_Love_Is,_God_Is" title="Where Love Is, God Is">Where Love Is, God Is</a>" (1885)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Fool_(story)" title="Ivan the Fool (story)">Ivan the Fool</a>" (1885)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Evil_Allures,_But_Good_Endures" title="Evil Allures, But Good Endures">Evil Allures, But Good Endures</a>" (1885)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_Children" title="Wisdom of Children">Wisdom of Children</a>" (1885)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Three_Hermits" title="The Three Hermits">The Three Hermits</a>" (1886)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Promoting_a_Devil" title="Promoting a Devil">Promoting a Devil</a>" (1886)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/How_Much_Land_Does_a_Man_Need%3F" title="How Much Land Does a Man Need?">How Much Land Does a Man Need?</a>" (1886)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Grain" title="The Grain">The Grain</a>" (1886)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Repentance_(story)" title="Repentance (story)">Repentance</a>" (1886)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Croesus_and_Fate" title="Croesus and Fate">Croesus and Fate</a>" (1886)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kholstomer" title="Kholstomer">Kholstomer</a>" (1886)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Two_Brothers_and_the_Gold" title="The Two Brothers and the Gold">The Two Brothers and the Gold</a>" (1886)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Lost_Opportunity" title="A Lost Opportunity">A Lost Opportunity</a>" (1889)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Dialogue_Among_Clever_People" title="A Dialogue Among Clever People">A Dialogue Among Clever People</a>" (1892)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Coffee-House_of_Surat" title="The Coffee-House of Surat">The Coffee-House of Surat</a>" (1893)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Young_Tsar" title="The Young Tsar">The Young Tsar</a>" (1894)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Too_Dear!" title="Too Dear!">Too Dear!</a>" (1897)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Work,_Death,_and_Sickness" title="Work, Death, and Sickness">Work, Death, and Sickness</a>" (1903)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Three_Questions" title="The Three Questions">Three Questions</a>" (1903)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Alyosha_the_Pot" title="Alyosha the Pot">Alyosha the Pot</a>" (1905)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/After_the_Ball_(short_story)" title="After the Ball (short story)">After the Ball</a>" (1911)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Darkness" title="The Power of Darkness">The Power of Darkness</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Distiller" title="The First Distiller">The First Distiller</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_Shines_in_the_Darkness" title="The Light Shines in the Darkness">The Light Shines in the Darkness</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fruits_of_Enlightenment" title="The Fruits of Enlightenment">The Fruits of Enlightenment</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Living_Corpse" title="The Living Corpse">The Living Corpse</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cause_of_It_All" title="The Cause of It All">The Cause of It All</a> (1910)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Yesterday" title="A History of Yesterday">A History of Yesterday</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confession_(Leo_Tolstoy)" title="Confession (Leo Tolstoy)">Confession</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_in_Brief" title="The Gospel in Brief">The Gospel in Brief</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_I_Believe_(Tolstoy_book)" title="What I Believe (Tolstoy book)">What I Believe</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F_(Tolstoy)" class="mw-redirect" title="What Is to Be Done? (Tolstoy)">What Is to Be Done?</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Is_Art%3F" title="What Is Art?">What Is Art?</a> (1897)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Hindu" title="A Letter to a Hindu">A Letter to a Hindu</a>" (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inevitable_Revolution" title="The Inevitable Revolution">The Inevitable Revolution</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Calendar_of_Wisdom" title="A Calendar of Wisdom">A Calendar of Wisdom</a> (1910)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unfinished</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Decembrists" title="The Decembrists">The Decembrists</a> (1884)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Posthumous_Notes_of_the_Hermit_F%C3%ABdor_Kuzmich" title="Posthumous Notes of the Hermit Fëdor Kuzmich">Posthumous Notes of the Hermit Fëdor Kuzmich</a>" (1905)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Tolstoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophia Tolstoy">Sophia</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Tolstaya" title="Alexandra Tolstaya">Alexandra</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Tolstoy" title="Ilya Tolstoy">Ilya</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Lvovich_Tolstoy" title="Lev Lvovich Tolstoy">Lev Lvovich</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatyana_Sukhotina-Tolstaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatyana Sukhotina-Tolstaya">Tatyana</a> (daughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yasnaya_Polyana" title="Yasnaya Polyana">Yasnaya Polyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departure_of_a_Grand_Old_Man" title="Departure of a Grand Old Man">Departure of a Grand Old Man</a> (1912 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Tolstoy_and_the_Russia_of_Nicholas_II" title="Lev Tolstoy and the Russia of Nicholas II">Lev Tolstoy and the Russia of Nicholas II</a> (1928 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Tolstoy_(film)" title="Lev Tolstoy (film)">Lev Tolstoy</a> (1984 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Station_(novel)" title="The Last Station (novel)">The Last Station</a> (1990 novel, <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Station" title="The Last Station">2009 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_of_One_Appointment" title="Story of One Appointment">Story of One Appointment</a> (2018 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Couple" title="A Couple">A Couple</a> (2022 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoy_Farm" title="Tolstoy Farm">Tolstoy Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoj_quadrangle" title="Tolstoj quadrangle">Tolstoj quadrangle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoj_(crater)" title="Tolstoj (crater)">crater</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_the_Farmer_or_Industry_and_Parasitism" title="The Triumph of the Farmer or Industry and Parasitism">The Triumph of the Farmer or Industry and Parasitism</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Chertkov" title="Vladimir Chertkov">Vladimir Chertkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aylmer_and_Louise_Maude" title="Aylmer and Louise Maude">Aylmer and Louise Maude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translators_of_Leo_Tolstoy" title="Category:Translators of Leo Tolstoy">Translators of Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leo_Tolstoy_scholars" title="Category:Leo Tolstoy scholars">Tolstoy scholars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Leo_Tolstoy" title="Category:Leo Tolstoy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Associated_subjects86" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Associated_subjects86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Associated subjects</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leo_Tolstoy&#039;s_War_and_Peace_(1869)123" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_and_Peace" title="Template:War and Peace"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_and_Peace" title="Template talk:War and Peace"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_and_Peace" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War and Peace"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leo_Tolstoy&#039;s_War_and_Peace_(1869)123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leo Tolstoy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a> (1869)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bezukhov" title="Pierre Bezukhov">Pierre Bezukhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Nikolayevich_Bolkonsky" title="Andrei Nikolayevich Bolkonsky">Andrei Bolkonsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natasha_Rostova" title="Natasha Rostova">Natasha Rostova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Bolkonskaya" title="Maria Bolkonskaya">Marya Bolkonskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rostov" title="Nikolai Rostov">Nikolai Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Kuragina" title="Hélène Kuragina">Hélène Kuragina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonya_(War_and_Peace)" title="Sonya (War and Peace)">Sonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatole_Kuragin" title="Anatole Kuragin">Anatole Kuragin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petya_Rostov" title="Petya Rostov">Petya Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_War_and_Peace_characters" title="List of War and Peace characters">All characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Barclay de Tolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Rostopchin" title="Fyodor Rostopchin">Fyodor Rostopchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Yermolov" title="Aleksey Yermolov">Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Battle of Schöngrabern">Battle of Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Treaties of Tilsit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Battle of Borodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Moscow_(1812)" title="Fire of Moscow (1812)">Fire of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="Battle of Krasnoi">Battle of Krasnoi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1811" title="Great Comet of 1811">Great Comet of 1811</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(1915_film)" title="War and Peace (1915 film)">War and Peace</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(1956_film)" title="War and Peace (1956 film)">War and Peace</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(film_series)" title="War and Peace (film series)">War and Peace</a> (1966–67 series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(1972_TV_series)" title="War and Peace (1972 TV series)">War and Peace</a> (1972 series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(2007_miniseries)" title="War and Peace (2007 miniseries)">War and Peace</a> (2007 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_%26_Peace_(2016_TV_series)" title="War & Peace (2016 TV series)">War & Peace</a> (2016 series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(opera)" title="War and Peace (opera)">War and Peace</a> (1942 opera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natasha,_Pierre_%26_The_Great_Comet_of_1812" title="Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812">Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812</a> (2012 musical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(game)" title="War and Peace (game)">War and Peace</a> (1980 board game)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace:_1796%E2%80%931815" title="War and Peace: 1796–1815">War and Peace: 1796–1815</a> (2002 video game)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leo_Tolstoy&#039;s_Anna_Karenina_(1877)71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anna_Karenina" title="Template:Anna Karenina"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anna_Karenina" title="Template talk:Anna Karenina"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anna_Karenina" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anna Karenina"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leo_Tolstoy&#039;s_Anna_Karenina_(1877)71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leo Tolstoy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina" title="Anna Karenina">Anna Karenina</a> (1877)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(1911_film)" title="Anna Karenina (1911 film)">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(1914_film)" title="Anna Karenina (1914 film)">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(1915_film)" title="Anna Karenina (1915 film)">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(1918_film)" title="Anna Karenina (1918 film)">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(1920_film)" title="Anna Karenina (1920 film)">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_(1927_American_film)" title="Love (1927 American film)">Love</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(1935_film)" title="Anna Karenina (1935 film)">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(1948_film)" title="Anna Karenina (1948 film)">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(1953_film)" title="Anna Karenina (1953 film)">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panakkaari" title="Panakkaari">Panakkaari </a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_River_of_Love_(1960_film)" title="The River of Love (1960 film)">The River of Love</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(1961_film)" title="Anna Karenina (1961 film)">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(1967_film)" title="Anna Karenina (1967 film)">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(1975_film)" title="Anna Karenina (1975 film)">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(1985_film)" title="Anna Karenina (1985 film)">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(1997_film)" title="Anna Karenina (1997 film)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(2012_film)" title="Anna Karenina (2012 film)">2012</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(soundtrack)" title="Anna Karenina (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina:_Vronsky%27s_Story" title="Anna Karenina: Vronsky's Story">Vronsky's Story</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(1977_TV_serial)" title="Anna Karenina (1977 TV serial)">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(2000_TV_series)" title="Anna Karenina (2000 TV series)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beautiful_Lie_(TV_series)" title="The Beautiful Lie (TV series)">The Beautiful Lie</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volver_a_caer" title="Volver a caer">Volver a caer</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(Hamilton)" title="Anna Karenina (Hamilton)">1978 opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(musical)" title="Anna Karenina (musical)">1992 musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(Eifman_ballet)" title="Anna Karenina (Eifman ballet)">2005 ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(Carlson)" title="Anna Karenina (Carlson)">2007 opera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Karenina" title="Android Karenina">Android Karenina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_principle" title="Anna Karenina principle">Anna Karenina principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_Anna_Karenina" title="Adaptations of Anna Karenina">Adaptations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leo_Tolstoy&#039;s_The_Kreutzer_Sonata_(1889)62" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Kreutzer_Sonata" title="Template:The Kreutzer Sonata"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Kreutzer_Sonata" title="Template talk:The Kreutzer Sonata"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Kreutzer_Sonata" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Kreutzer Sonata"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leo_Tolstoy&#039;s_The_Kreutzer_Sonata_(1889)62" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leo Tolstoy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Kreutzer_Sonata" title="The Kreutzer Sonata">The Kreutzer Sonata</a> (1889)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Kreutzer_Sonata_(1911_film)" title="The Kreutzer Sonata (1911 film)">The Kreutzer Sonata</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kreutzer_Sonata_(1915_film)" title="The Kreutzer Sonata (1915 film)">The Kreutzer Sonata</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kreutzer_Sonata_(1920_film)" title="The Kreutzer Sonata (1920 film)">The Kreutzer Sonata</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kreutzer_Sonata_(1922_film)" title="The Kreutzer Sonata (1922 film)">The Kreutzer Sonata</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kreutzer_Sonata_(1927_film)" title="The Kreutzer Sonata (1927 film)">The Kreutzer Sonata</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kreutzer_Sonata_(1937_film)" title="The Kreutzer Sonata (1937 film)">The Kreutzer Sonata</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celos_(film)" title="Celos (film)">Celos</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_Madness" title="Prelude to Madness">Prelude to Madness</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kreutzer_Sonata_(1987_film)" title="The Kreutzer Sonata (1987 film)">The Kreutzer Sonata</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kreutzer_Sonata_(2008_film)" title="The Kreutzer Sonata (2008 film)">The Kreutzer Sonata</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Kreutzer_Sonata_(painting)" title="The Kreutzer Sonata (painting)">The Kreutzer Sonata</a> (painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._1_(Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek)" title="String Quartet No. 1 (Janáček)">String Quartet No. 1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leo_Tolstoy&#039;s_Resurrection_(1899)108" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Resurrection" title="Template:Resurrection"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Resurrection" title="Template talk:Resurrection"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Resurrection" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Resurrection"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leo_Tolstoy&#039;s_Resurrection_(1899)108" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leo Tolstoy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_(Tolstoy_novel)" title="Resurrection (Tolstoy novel)">Resurrection</a> (1899)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_(1909_film)" title="Resurrection (1909 film)">Resurrection</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_(1912_film)" title="Resurrection (1912 film)">Resurrection</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Woman%27s_Resurrection" title="A Woman's Resurrection">A Woman's Resurrection</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_(1918_film)" title="Resurrection (1918 film)">Resurrection</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_(1927_film)" title="Resurrection (1927 film)">Resurrection</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_(1931_Spanish-language_film)" title="Resurrection (1931 Spanish-language film)">Resurrection</a> (1931 Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_(1931_English-language_film)" title="Resurrection (1931 English-language film)">Resurrection</a> (1931 English)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Live_Again" title="We Live Again">We Live Again</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_(1943_film)" title="Resurrection (1943 film)">Resurrection</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_(1944_film)" title="Resurrection (1944 film)">Resurrection</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_(1958_film)" title="Resurrection (1958 film)">Resurrection</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_(1960_film)" title="Resurrection (1960 film)">Resurrection</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantha_Rathriya" title="Anantha Rathriya">Anantha Rathriya</a> (1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risurrezione" title="Risurrezione">Risurrezione</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vzkriesenie" title="Vzkriesenie">Vzkriesenie</a> (1960)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other performances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_(radio_play)" title="Redemption (radio play)">Redemption</a> (1947) (radio)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia_(opera)" title="Siberia (opera)">Siberia</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Katyusha%27s_Song" title="Katyusha's Song">Katyusha's Song</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leo_Tolstoy&#039;s_The_Living_Corpse63" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Living_Corpse" title="Template:The Living Corpse"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Living_Corpse" title="Template talk:The Living Corpse"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Living_Corpse" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Living Corpse"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leo_Tolstoy&#039;s_The_Living_Corpse63" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leo Tolstoy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Living_Corpse" title="The Living Corpse">The Living Corpse</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Weakness_of_Man" title="The Weakness of Man">The Weakness of Man</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy_(1922_film)" title="Bigamy (1922 film)">Bigamy</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Living_Corpse_(1929_film)" title="The Living Corpse (1929 film)">The Living Corpse</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_(1930_film)" title="Redemption (1930 film)">Redemption</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nights_of_Fire" title="Nights of Fire">Nights of Fire</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Living_Corpse_(1968_film)" title="The Living Corpse (1968 film)">The Living Corpse</a> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leo_Tolstoy&#039;s_&quot;Father_Sergius&quot;_(1911)65" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Father_Sergius" title="Template:Father Sergius"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Father_Sergius" title="Template talk:Father Sergius"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Father_Sergius" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Father Sergius"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leo_Tolstoy&#039;s_&quot;Father_Sergius&quot;_(1911)65" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leo Tolstoy</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Father_Sergius" title="Father Sergius">Father Sergius</a>" (1911)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father_Sergius_(1918_film)" title="Father Sergius (1918 film)">Father Sergius</a> (1918 Russian silent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Serge" title="Father Serge">Father Serge</a> (1945 French)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Sergius_(1978_film)" title="Father Sergius (1978 film)">Father Sergius</a> (1978 Soviet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Shines_at_Night" title="The Sun Also Shines at Night">The Sun Also Shines at Night</a> (1990 Italian)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leo_Tolstoy&#039;s_The_Death_of_Ivan_Ilyich_(1886)77" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Death_of_Ivan_Ilyich" title="Template:The Death of Ivan Ilyich"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Death_of_Ivan_Ilyich" title="Template talk:The Death of Ivan Ilyich"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Death_of_Ivan_Ilyich" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Death of Ivan Ilyich"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leo_Tolstoy&#039;s_The_Death_of_Ivan_Ilyich_(1886)77" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leo Tolstoy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Ivan_Ilyich" title="The Death of Ivan Ilyich">The Death of Ivan Ilyich</a> (1886)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikiru" title="Ikiru">Ikiru</a> (1952 Japanese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Simple_Death" title="A Simple Death">A Simple Death</a> (1985 Soviet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivans_Xtc" title="Ivans Xtc">Ivans Xtc</a> (2000 American)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Step" title="The Last Step">The Last Step</a> (2012 Iranian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_(2022_film)" title="Living (2022 film)">Living</a> (2022 British)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7243#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata5893" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7243#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata5893" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7243#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122424494">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/96987389">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/37938/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqfJDdwVCDCRFdqBjwXBP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11864291X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79068416">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11926775j">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11926775j">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00458898">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV010449">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36180076">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981002230&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000084026&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX933715">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.bibnat.ro:8991/F/?func=direct&local_base=NLR10&doc_number=000224079">Romania</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/56654">Portugal</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1562231">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068808658">Netherlands</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p142535982">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90952390">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000014055&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000001910&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000034690">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=257539">Greece</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=135607">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000024838">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199627672">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/qn241vb851hnskb">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810701769205606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/23352">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987010266262205171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000061138">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058509004106706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14147252">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00357770?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=_TYdt2QAAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500327036">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/8a2f71c8-ccbe-42de-a2fa-2490fc015374">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/c839883b-4743-4ed2-95e7-dea36a70a30f">KulturNav</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/67846">Musée d'Orsay</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102396">Discography of American Historical 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href="https://www.idref.fr/085948470">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/041481">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tn81br">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jh3kzp">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/141329">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-fb96cc848-6zklk","wgBackendResponseTime":233,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.317","walltime":"1.544","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11451,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":347833,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":43050,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":452332,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1313.230 1 -total"," 38.22% 501.923 3 Template:Reflist"," 17.00% 223.218 46 Template:Cite_book"," 13.90% 182.482 1 Template:Infobox_writer"," 13.63% 178.946 1 Template:Infobox"," 6.69% 87.916 1 Template:Langx"," 6.27% 82.338 8 Template:Navbox"," 5.10% 67.025 1 Template:Leo_Tolstoy"," 4.95% 64.993 16 Template:Cite_web"," 4.62% 60.711 3 Template:Br_separated_entries"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.808","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":32392083,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAimée_Dostoyevskaya1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAny1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartlett2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayley1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeard2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloom1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloom2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBodde1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBodde1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChamberlinVon_Mohrenschildt1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristian2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristoyannopoulos2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohenStachelWartofsky1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCroskeyc._2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillon1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoyle1898\"] = 1,\n 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