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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vikings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vikings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Vikings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vikings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Kingdom of Sweden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swedish_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swedish_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Swedish Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swedish_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Modern history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 World War I and World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Post-war era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Recent history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Vegetation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitutional_framework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_framework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Constitutional framework </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Judicial system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Public policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waste_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waste_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Waste management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waste_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Taxes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Pensions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Holidays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sweden</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 286 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-286" aria-hidden="true" > 286 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C3%A8dia" title="Swèdia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Swèdia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8D" title="Шуецэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Шуецэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Шуецие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Шуецие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swede" title="Swede – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swede" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweden" title="Schweden – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schweden" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%8A%E1%8B%B5%E1%8A%95" title="ስዊድን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስዊድን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruot%C3%A2" title="Ruotâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ruotâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="स्वीडन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="स्वीडन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C4%93oland" title="Swēoland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Swēoland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Швециа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Швециа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="السويد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السويد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suecia" title="Suecia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Suecia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A3%DC%98%DC%9D%DC%95" title="ܣܘܝܕ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܣܘܝܕ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A7%D5%BF" title="Շուէտ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Շուէտ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suidii" title="Suidii – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Suidii" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A8da" title="Suèda – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Suèda" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suecia" title="Suecia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Suecia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="स्वीडन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="स्वीडन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A9sia" title="Suésia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Suésia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швеция – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Швеция" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swisya" title="Swisya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Swisya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sve%C3%A7" title="İsveç – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsveç" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%AF" title="سوئد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوئد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C3%A9dia" title="Swédia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Swédia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedi" title="Swedi – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Swedi" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="সুইডেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুইডেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABi-ti%C3%A1n" title="Sūi-tián – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sūi-tián" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Swedia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швеция – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Швеция" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Швецыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Швецыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Швэцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Швэцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="स्वीडन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="स्वीडन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suesya" title="Suesya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Suesya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiden" title="Swiden – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Swiden" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швеция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Швеция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwedn" title="Schwedn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schwedn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="སི་ཝེ་དེན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སི་ཝེ་དེན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vedska" title="Švedska – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Švedska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveden" title="Sveden – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sveden" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Швеци – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Швеци" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A8cia" title="Suècia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Suècia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Швеци – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Швеци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwesya" title="Suwesya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Suwesya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsko" title="Švédsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Švédsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swesia" title="Swesia – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Swesia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suecia" title="Suecia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Suecia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swidheni" title="Swidheni – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Swidheni" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Sweden" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svezia" title="Svezia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Svezia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sweden" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Sweden" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverige" title="Sverige – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sverige" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="السويد – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="السويد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruo%C5%A7%C5%A7a" title="Ruoŧŧa – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ruoŧŧa" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweden" title="Schweden – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Schweden" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweden" title="Schweden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schweden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%AA%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%91%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ސުވިޑަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސުވިޑަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BCah_Bidee%CA%BC%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Chʼah Bideeʼí Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼah Bideeʼí Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0wedska" title="Šwedska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Šwedska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="स्वीडेन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="स्वीडेन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B" title="སུའི་ཌན་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="སུའི་ཌན་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootsi" title="Rootsi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rootsi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B7%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Σουηδία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουηδία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Av%C3%A8sia" title="Śvèsia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Śvèsia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Швеция Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Швеция Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suecia" title="Suecia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Suecia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svedio" title="Svedio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Svedio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suecia" title="Suecia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Suecia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suedia" title="Suedia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Suedia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Sweden" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%AF" title="سوئد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوئد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sweden" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%B8r%C3%ADki" title="Svøríki – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Svøríki" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A8de" title="Suède – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Suède" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sweden" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwed" title="Suwed – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Suwed" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svezie" title="Svezie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Svezie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSualainn" title="An tSualainn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSualainn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Toolynn" title="Yn Toolynn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Toolynn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eve%C8%9Biya" title="Şvețiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Şvețiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_t-Suain" title="An t-Suain – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An t-Suain" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suecia" title="Suecia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Suecia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="瑞典" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuindeni" title="Cuindeni – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Cuindeni" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8A%D8%A6%D8%AF" title="سۊئد – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="سۊئد" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%A8" title="સ્વિડન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સ્વિડન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="स्विडन – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="स्विडन" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui-ti%C3%AAn" title="Sui-tiên – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sui-tiên" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%A8%EB%8D%B4" title="스웨덴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스웨덴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sweden" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuekene" title="Kuekene – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kuekene" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Շվեդիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շվեդիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="स्वीडन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्वीडन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0wedska" title="Šwedska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Šwedska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vedska" title="Švedska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Švedska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suedia" title="Suedia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Suedia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Sweden" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suesia" title="Suesia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Suesia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="সুইডেন – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="সুইডেন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Swedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svedia" title="Svedia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Svedia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svedia" title="Svedia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Svedia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%94%85%E1%95%97%E1%95%86%E1%91%AD" title="ᔅᕗᕆᑭ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᔅᕗᕆᑭ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Швеци – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Швеци" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISwidi" title="ISwidi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ISwidi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%AD%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Svíþjóð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Svíþjóð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svezia" title="Svezia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Svezia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="שוודיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שוודיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C3%A8dhen" title="Swèdhen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Swèdhen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%CA%8Ay%C9%9Bd%C9%A9" title="Sʊyɛdɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sʊyɛdɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸ್ವೀಡನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ವೀಡನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suesia" title="Suesia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Suesia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швеция – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Швеция" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="შვედეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შვედეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%96%DA%88%D9%86" title="سویٖڈن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سویٖڈن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szwedzk%C3%B4" title="Szwedzkô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Szwedzkô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швеция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Швеция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedherwyk" title="Swedherwyk – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Swedherwyk" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwede" title="Suwede – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Suwede" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uswidi" title="Uswidi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uswidi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швеция – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Швеция" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suedi" title="Suedi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Suedi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriga" title="Sveriga – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Sveriga" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sy%C3%A8d" title="Syèd – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Syèd" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C3%A8d" title="Swèd – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Swèd" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C3%AAd" title="Swêd – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Swêd" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svezia" title="Svezia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Svezia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suesia" title="Suesia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Suesia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B9%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%94" title="ປະເທດຊູແອດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຊູແອດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vedeja" title="Švedeja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Švedeja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suecia" title="Suecia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Suecia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zviedrija" title="Zviedrija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zviedrija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweden" title="Schweden – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schweden" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швеция – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Швеция" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vedija" title="Švedija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Švedija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A9%C3%A7ia" title="Svéçia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Svéçia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwede" title="Zwede – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zwede" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C3%A9di" title="Swédi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Swédi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveria" title="Sveria – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sveria" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruo%C4%8D%C4%8Di" title="Ruočči – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Ruočči" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sueriges" title="sueriges – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sueriges" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiiden" title="Swiiden – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Swiiden" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svezia" title="Svezia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Svezia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A9dorsz%C3%A1g" title="Svédország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Svédország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Swedia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="स्वीडेन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="स्वीडेन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шведска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шведска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soeda" title="Soeda – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Soeda" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%BB" title="സ്വീഡൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്വീഡൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBvezja" title="Żvezja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Żvezja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huitene" title="Huitene – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Huitene" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="स्वीडन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्वीडन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="შვედეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შვედეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="السويد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="السويد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%AF" title="سوئد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سوئد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sweden" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯁ꯭ꯋꯤꯗꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁ꯭ꯋꯤꯗꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Swedia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4i-di%C4%93ng" title="Sôi-diēng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sôi-diēng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A9cia" title="Suécia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Suécia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Шведмастор – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Шведмастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Швед – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Швед" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AE%E1%80%92%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဆွီဒင်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆွီဒင်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwiteni" title="Suwiteni – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Suwiteni" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweden" title="Zweden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zweden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveden" title="Sveden – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Sveden" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="स्विडेन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्विडेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="स्विदेन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="स्विदेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3" title="スウェーデン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スウェーデン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sguezia" title="Sguezia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Sguezia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Швеци – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Швеци" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeden/fe" title="Sweeden/fe – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sweeden/fe" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiiden" title="Swiiden – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Swiiden" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverige" title="Sverige – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sverige" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverige" title="Sverige – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sverige" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A8de" title="Suède – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Suède" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suedia" title="Suedia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Suedia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A8cia" title="Suècia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Suècia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Швеций – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Швеций" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8" title="ସ୍ୱିଡେନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସ୍ୱିଡେନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iswiidin" title="Iswiidin – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Iswiidin" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shvetsiya" title="Shvetsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shvetsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸਵੀਡਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਵੀਡਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="स्वीडन – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="स्वीडन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suesia" title="Suesia – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Suesia" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Sweden" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%86" title="سویڈن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سویڈن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suesia" title="Suesia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Suesia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%89%D9%86" title="سویډن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سویډن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiidn" title="Swiidn – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Swiidn" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Шведму – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Шведму" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%8F" title="ស៊ុយអែត – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ស៊ុយអែត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A8de" title="Suède – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Suède" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svessia" title="Svessia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Svessia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwidan" title="Suwidan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Suwidan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sweden" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szwecja" title="Szwecja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szwecja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B7%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Σουηδία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Σουηδία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A9cia" title="Suécia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Suécia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shveciya" title="Shveciya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Shveciya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sve%C3%A7iya" title="İsveçiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İsveçiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuete" title="Tuete – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Tuete" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suedia" title="Suedia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Suedia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svezia" title="Svezia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Svezia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwikusuyu" title="Suwikusuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Suwikusuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Швеція – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Швеція" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швеция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Швеция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="Сибиэссийэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сибиэссийэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Sweden" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suetena" title="Suetena – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Suetena" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="स्वीडन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="स्वीडन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱥᱣᱤᱰᱮᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱣᱤᱰᱮᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%86" title="سویڈن – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سویڈن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isv%C3%A8tzia" title="Isvètzia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Isvètzia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaden" title="Swaden – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Swaden" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Sweden" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeden" title="Sweeden – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sweeden" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Sweden" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suedia" title="Suedia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Suedia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svezzia" title="Svezzia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Svezzia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ස්වීඩනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්වීඩනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sweden" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%86" title="سويڊن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سويڊن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISwideni" title="ISwideni – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="ISwideni" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsko" title="Švédsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Švédsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vedska" title="Švedska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Švedska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%94%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Свєньско – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Свєньско" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szwecyj%C5%8F" title="Szwecyjŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Szwecyjŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iswiidhan" title="Iswiidhan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Iswiidhan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8E%D8%AF" title="سوێد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سوێد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swerigekondre" title="Swerigekondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Swerigekondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шведска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шведска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vedska" title="Švedska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Švedska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C3%A9dia" title="Swédia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Swédia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruotsi" title="Ruotsi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruotsi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverige" title="Sverige – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sverige" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sweden" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சுவீடன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுவீடன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sswid" title="Sswid – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Sswid" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sswid" title="Sswid – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Sswid" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svezzie" title="Svezzie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Svezzie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швеция – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Швеция" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%81%BA%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းသုၺ်ႇတိၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းသုၺ်ႇတိၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Sweden" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="స్వీడన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్వీడన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A9sia" title="Suésia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Suésia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศสวีเดน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศสวีเดน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%BD%E1%8B%88%E1%8B%B0%E1%8A%95" title="ሽወደን – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሽወደን" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%B4" title="Суэд – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Суэд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C4%93teni" title="Suēteni – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Suēteni" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%95%E1%8F%82" title="ᏍᏫᏕᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏍᏫᏕᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sve%C3%A7" title="İsveç – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İsveç" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iswi%C3%A7" title="Iswiç – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Iswiç" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Sweden" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швеция – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Швеция" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швеция – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Швеция" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Швеція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Швеція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%86" title="سویڈن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سویڈن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8B%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="شۋېتسىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شۋېتسىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyeiqdenj" title="Nyeiqdenj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Nyeiqdenj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A8sia" title="Svèsia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Svèsia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C4%8Dinma" title="Ročinma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ročinma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A5y_%C4%90i%E1%BB%83n" title="Thụy Điển – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thụy Điển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sved%C3%A4n" title="Svedän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Svedän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roodsi" title="Roodsi – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Roodsi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwede" title="Suwede – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Suwede" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="瑞典" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweedn" title="Zweedn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zweedn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwesya" title="Suwesya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Suwesya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suweed" title="Suweed – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Suweed" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="瑞典" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Sweden" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%9F" title="שוועדן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שוועדן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C3%ADd%C3%ACn" title="Swídìn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Swídìn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="瑞典" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0swec" title="İswec – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İswec" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweden" title="Zweden – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Zweden" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ved%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Švedėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Švedėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瑞典" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwiden" title="Siwiden – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Siwiden" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C3%A8den" title="Swèden – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Swèden" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Sweden" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Swedia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isvec" title="Isvec – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Isvec" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B7" title="ⵙⵡⵉⴷ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵙⵡⵉⴷ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Sweden</div><div class="ib-country-names">Konungariket Sverige (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sweden"><img alt="Flag of Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/125px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/188px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/250px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sweden" title="Flag of Sweden">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Sweden"><img alt="Coat of arms of Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Great_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg/85px-Great_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Great_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg/128px-Great_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Great_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg/170px-Great_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="985" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sweden" title="Coat of arms of Sweden">Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem:  "<a href="/wiki/Du_gamla,_du_fria" title="Du gamla, du fria">Du gamla, du fria</a>"<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> (English: "Thou ancient, Thou free") <div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="88" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_Sweden.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Sweden.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Sweden.ogg/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Sweden.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Sweden.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Sweden.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Sweden.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Sweden.ogg&lang=fy&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fy" label="Frysk ‪(fy)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Sweden.ogg&lang=hu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hu" label="magyar ‪(hu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Sweden.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Sweden.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Sweden.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Sweden.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Sweden.ogg&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Sweden.ogg&lang=sv&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sv" label="svenska ‪(sv)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Sweden.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Sweden.ogg&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Sweden.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Sweden.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></div><div class="ib-country-anthem"><a href="/wiki/Royal_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal anthem">Royal anthem</a>:  "<a href="/wiki/Kungss%C3%A5ngen" title="Kungssången">Kungssången</a>" (English: "Song of the King")<div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Sweden_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/EU-Sweden_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-EU-Sweden_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/EU-Sweden_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-EU-Sweden_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/EU-Sweden_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-EU-Sweden_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Sweden.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/EU-Sweden.svg/250px-EU-Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/EU-Sweden.svg/375px-EU-Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/EU-Sweden.svg/500px-EU-Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a>Show map of Europe</div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Sweden (dark green)– in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (green & dark grey) – in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (green)  –  [<a href="/wiki/File:EU-Sweden.svg" title="File:EU-Sweden.svg">Legend</a>]</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sweden&params=59_21_N_18_4_E_type:city">59°21′N 18°4′E / 59.350°N 18.067°E / 59.350; 18.067</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National minority languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[c]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swede</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sweden" title="Politics of Sweden">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf" title="Carl XVI Gustaf">Carl XVI Gustaf</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Riksdag" title="Speaker of the Riksdag">Riksdag Speaker</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Norl%C3%A9n" title="Andreas Norlén">Andreas Norlén</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden" title="Prime Minister of Sweden">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ulf_Kristersson" title="Ulf Kristersson">Ulf Kristersson</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Riksdag</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">History</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• A unified Swedish kingdom established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">By the late 10th century</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Part of the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 June 1397 – 6 June 1523</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1611–1721</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sweden" title="Geography of Sweden">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">450,295<a href="#cite_note-auto-7">[4]</a> km2 (173,860 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">55th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">8.97 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sweden" title="Demographics of Sweden">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 7 July 2021 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 10,540,886<a href="#cite_note-population-9">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">87th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">25/km2 (64.7/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">198th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $715.995 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.SE-10">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">40th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $66,209<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.SE-10">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">17th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $597.110 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.SE-10">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">25th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $55,215<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.SE-10">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">12th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 27.6<a href="#cite_note-eurogini-11">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.952<a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">5th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish krona</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">SEK</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right<a href="#cite_note-13">[d]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:SE" title="ISO 3166-2:SE">SE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.se" title=".se">.se</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[e]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-website">Website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sweden.se/">sweden.se</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Sweden,<a href="#cite_note-15">[f]</a> formally the Kingdom of Sweden,<a href="#cite_note-16">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[h]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic country</a> located on the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>. It borders <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> to the west and north, and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> to the east. At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-auto-7">[4]</a> Sweden is the largest Nordic country and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">fifth-largest country</a> in Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>. Sweden has a population of 10.6 million,<a href="#cite_note-18">[10]</a> and a low population density of 25.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (66/sq mi); 88% of <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a> reside in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-SCBdensity2020-19">[11]</a> They are mostly in the central and southern half of the country. Sweden's urban areas together cover 1.5% of its land area. Sweden has a diverse <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Sweden" title="Climate of Sweden">climate</a> owing to the length of the country, which ranges from <a href="/wiki/55th_parallel_north" title="55th parallel north">55°N</a> to <a href="/wiki/69th_parallel_north" title="69th parallel north">69°N</a>. Sweden has been inhabited since <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Sweden" title="Prehistoric Sweden">prehistoric times</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 12,000 BC. The inhabitants emerged as the <a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a> (Swedish: Götar) and <a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a> (Svear), which together constituted the sea-faring peoples known as the <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>. A unified Swedish state was established during the late 10th century. In 1397, Sweden joined Norway and Denmark to form the Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[12]</a> which Sweden left in 1523. When Sweden became involved in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> on the Protestant side, an expansion of its territories began, forming the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a>, which remained one of the <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great powers</a> of Europe until the early 18th century. During this era Sweden <a href="/wiki/Dominium_maris_baltici" title="Dominium maris baltici">controlled much of the Baltic Sea</a>. Most of the conquered territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost during the 18th and 19th centuries. The eastern half of Sweden, present-day Finland, was lost to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a> in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>, a union which lasted until 1905. Sweden is a highly developed country ranked fifth in the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[13]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> democracy, with <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative power</a> vested in the 349-member <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Riksdag</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>, divided into <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Sweden" title="Counties of Sweden">21 counties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Sweden" title="Municipalities of Sweden">290 municipalities</a>. Sweden maintains a <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic social welfare system</a> that provides <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a> for its citizens. It has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">world's 14th highest GDP per capita</a> and ranks very highly in <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Sweden" title="Health in Sweden">health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education_Index" title="Education Index">education</a>, protection of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">civil liberties</a>, economic competitiveness, <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">income equality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legatum_Prosperity_Index" title="Legatum Prosperity Index">prosperity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OECD_Better_Life_Index-22">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-wefcomp-23">[15]</a> Sweden joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> on 1 January 1995 and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> on 7 March 2024. It is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Sweden" title="Name of Sweden">Name of Sweden</a></div> The name for Sweden is generally agreed to derive from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> root *<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sw%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swé">s(w)e</a>, meaning "one's own", referring to one's own tribe from the tribal period.<a href="#cite_note-24">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[18]</a> The native Swedish name, Sverige (a compound of the words Svea and rike, first recorded in the cognate Swēorice in <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a>),<a href="#cite_note-27">[19]</a> translates as "realm of the <a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a>", which excluded the <a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a> in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6taland" title="Götaland">Götaland</a>. The contemporary English variation was derived in the 17th century from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a>. As early as 1287, references are found in Middle Dutch referring to a lande van sweden ("land of [the] Swedes"), with swede as the singular form.<a href="#cite_note-28">[20]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> the country was known as Swéoland or Swíoríce, and in <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> as Swedeland.<a href="#cite_note-29">[21]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, use the terms Ruotsi and Rootsi; these variations refer to the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a> who inhabited the coastal areas of <a href="/wiki/Roslagen" title="Roslagen">Roslagen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uppland" title="Uppland">Uppland</a> and who gave their name to Russia.<a href="#cite_note-30">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">History of Sweden</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Sweden" title="Prehistoric Sweden">Prehistoric Sweden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vendel_I_helmet_456057.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Vendel_I_helmet_456057.jpg/220px-Vendel_I_helmet_456057.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Vendel_I_helmet_456057.jpg/330px-Vendel_I_helmet_456057.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Vendel_I_helmet_456057.jpg/440px-Vendel_I_helmet_456057.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Vendel_Period" title="Vendel Period">Vendel-era</a> helmet, at the Swedish Museum of National Antiquities</figcaption></figure> Sweden's prehistory begins in the <a href="/wiki/Aller%C3%B8d_oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Allerød oscillation">Allerød oscillation</a>, a warm period around 12,000 BC,<a href="#cite_note-DelsonTattersall2004-31">[23]</a> with Late <a href="/wiki/Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeolithic">Palaeolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a>-hunting camps of the <a href="/wiki/Bromme_culture" title="Bromme culture">Bromme culture</a> at the edge of the ice in what is now the country's southernmost province, <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a>. This period was characterised by small clans of <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> who relied on <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> technology.<a href="#cite_note-Price2015-32">[24]</a> Sweden and its people were first described by <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Tacitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Cornelius Tacitus">Publius Cornelius Tacitus</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a> (98 AD).<a href="#cite_note-ElgánScobbie2015-33">[25]</a> In <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Germania#XLIV" class="extiw" title="s:Germania">Germania 44 and 45</a> he mentions the Swedes (Suiones) as a powerful tribe with ships that had a <a href="/wiki/Prow" class="mw-redirect" title="Prow">prow</a> at each end (<a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">longships</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Brunsdale2016-34">[26]</a> Which kings (*kuningaz) ruled these Suiones is unknown, but <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a> presents a long line of legendary and semi-legendary kings going back to the last centuries BC. The <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runic script</a> was in use among the south Scandinavian elite by at least the second century AD, but all that has survived from the Roman Period is curt inscriptions demonstrating that the people of south Scandinavia spoke <a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Norse">Proto-Norse</a> at the time, a language ancestral to Swedish and other <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McIntosh2019-35">[27]</a> In the sixth century, <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> names two tribes living in <a href="/wiki/Scandza" title="Scandza">Scandza</a>, both of which are now considered to be synonymous with the Swedes: the Suetidi and Suehans.<a href="#cite_note-Berend2007-36">[28]</a> The Suehans were known to the Roman world as suppliers of black fox skins and, according to Jordanes, had very fine horses, similar to those of the <a href="/wiki/Thuringians" class="mw-redirect" title="Thuringians">Thyringi</a> of Germania (alia vero gens ibi moratur Suehans, quae velud Thyringi equis utuntur eximiis). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vikings">Vikings</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_Swedish_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Swedish history">Early Swedish history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foundation_of_Modern_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation of Modern Sweden">Foundation of Modern Sweden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vikings-Voyages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vikings-Voyages.png/290px-Vikings-Voyages.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vikings-Voyages.png/435px-Vikings-Voyages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vikings-Voyages.png/580px-Vikings-Voyages.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> expeditions (blue lines)</figcaption></figure> The Swedish <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> lasted roughly from the eighth century to the 11th century. It is believed that Swedish Vikings and <a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutar</a> mainly travelled east and south, going to Finland, Estonia, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic countries">Baltic countries</a>, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and even as far as <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. Their routes passed <a href="/wiki/The_Trade_Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks">through the Dnieper</a> south to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, on which they carried out numerous raids. The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> noticed their great skills in war, and invited them to serve as his personal bodyguard, known as the <a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a>. The Swedish Vikings, called <a href="/wiki/Rus_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus (people)">Rus</a> are believed to be the founders of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MartinMartin1995-37">[29]</a> The Arab traveller <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Fadlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Fadlan">Ibn Fadlan</a> described these Vikings saying: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I have seen the Rus as they came on their merchant journeys and encamped by the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Itil</a>. I have never seen more perfect physical specimens, tall as date palms, blond and ruddy; they wear neither tunics nor caftans, but the men wear a garment which covers one side of the body and leaves a hand free. Each man has an axe, a sword, and a knife, and keeps each by him at all times. The swords are broad and grooved, of Frankish sort.<a href="#cite_note-38">[30]</a></blockquote> The actions of these <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Swedish Vikings</a> are commemorated on many <a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">runestones</a> in Sweden, such as the <a href="/wiki/Greece_runestones" title="Greece runestones">Greece runestones</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Varangian_runestones" title="Varangian runestones">Varangian runestones</a>. There was also considerable participation in expeditions westwards, which are commemorated on stones such as the <a href="/wiki/England_runestones" title="England runestones">England runestones</a>. The last major Swedish Viking expedition appears to have been the ill-fated expedition of <a href="/wiki/Ingvar_the_Far-Travelled" title="Ingvar the Far-Travelled">Ingvar the Far-Travelled</a> to <a href="/wiki/Serkland" title="Serkland">Serkland</a>, the region south-east of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. Its members are commemorated on the <a href="/wiki/Ingvar_runestones" title="Ingvar runestones">Ingvar runestones</a>, none of which mentions any survivor.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bildsten_med_skepp_800-1099_Tj%C3%A4ngvide,_Gotland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bildsten_med_skepp_800-1099_Tj%C3%A4ngvide%2C_Gotland.jpg/220px-Bildsten_med_skepp_800-1099_Tj%C3%A4ngvide%2C_Gotland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bildsten_med_skepp_800-1099_Tj%C3%A4ngvide%2C_Gotland.jpg/330px-Bildsten_med_skepp_800-1099_Tj%C3%A4ngvide%2C_Gotland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bildsten_med_skepp_800-1099_Tj%C3%A4ngvide%2C_Gotland.jpg/440px-Bildsten_med_skepp_800-1099_Tj%C3%A4ngvide%2C_Gotland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3025" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tj%C3%A4ngvide_image_stone" title="Tjängvide image stone">Tjängvide image stone</a> dating from 800 to 1099, example of Viking art</figcaption></figure> During the early stages of the Viking Age, a centre of trade in northern Europe developed at <a href="/wiki/Birka" title="Birka">Birka</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6,_Eker%C3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Björkö, Ekerö">Björkö</a>, not far from where Stockholm was later constructed, in mid-latitude Sweden. Birka was founded around 750 AD as a trading port by a king or merchants trying to control trade.<a href="#cite_note-:birka-39">[31]</a> Birka was the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> link in the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_trade_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper trade route">Dnieper Trade Route</a> through <a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Ladoga</a> (Aldeigja) and <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Land" title="Novgorod Land">Novgorod</a> (Holmsgard) to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[32]</a> It was abandoned <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 975, around the same time <a href="/wiki/Sigtuna" title="Sigtuna">Sigtuna</a> was founded as a <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> town some 35 km to the northeast. It has been estimated that the population in Viking Age Birka was between 500 and 1000 people.<a href="#cite_note-:birka-39">[31]</a> Archaeological finds indicate that Birka still was wealthy in the 9th and 10th centuries. Thousands of graves, coins, jewelry and other luxury items have been found there.<a href="#cite_note-41">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Sweden">Kingdom of Sweden</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Sweden_ca_1280.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Map_of_Sweden_ca_1280.png/220px-Map_of_Sweden_ca_1280.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Map_of_Sweden_ca_1280.png/330px-Map_of_Sweden_ca_1280.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Map_of_Sweden_ca_1280.png/440px-Map_of_Sweden_ca_1280.png 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A rough map of the extent of Swedish rule, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1280</figcaption></figure> The actual age of the kingdom of Sweden is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-sh-42">[34]</a> Determining its age depends mostly on whether Sweden is considered a nation when the <a href="/wiki/Svear" class="mw-redirect" title="Svear">Svear</a> (Swedes) ruled Svealand or when the Svear and the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Götar">Götar</a> (Geats) of Götaland were united under a single ruler. In the former case, Svealand was first mentioned as having one single ruler in the year 98 by Tacitus, but it is almost impossible to know for how long it had been this way. The epic poem Beowulf describes semi-legendary <a href="/wiki/Swedish-Geatish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish-Geatish wars">Swedish-Geatish wars</a> in the sixth century. However, historians typically start the line of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish monarchs">Swedish monarchs</a> from when Svealand and Götaland were ruled under the same king, namely <a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Victorious" class="mw-redirect" title="Erik the Victorious">Erik the Victorious</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Olof_Sk%C3%B6tkonung" title="Olof Skötkonung">Olof Skötkonung</a> in the tenth century. These events are often described as the <a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_Sweden" title="Consolidation of Sweden">consolidation of Sweden</a>, although substantial areas were conquered and incorporated later. In this context, "Götaland" primarily refers to the provinces of <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Östergötland">Östergötland</a> and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Västergötland">Västergötland</a>. The island of <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> was contested by various groups, including the Danes, the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>, and the local <a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land" title="Småland">Småland</a> was of little interest at the time due to its deep pine forests, with only the city of <a href="/wiki/Kalmar" title="Kalmar">Kalmar</a> and its castle holding any significant importance. There were also Swedish settlements along the southern coastline of <a href="/wiki/Norrland" title="Norrland">Norrland</a>, one of the four <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_Sweden" title="Lands of Sweden">lands of Sweden</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Ansgar" title="Ansgar">Saint Ansgar</a> is traditionally credited with introducing Christianity to Sweden in 829, but the new religion did not begin to fully replace <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a> until the 12th century. During that century, Sweden was undergoing dynastic struggles between the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Eric" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Eric">Erik</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sverker" title="House of Sverker">Sverker</a> clans. The conflict ended when a third clan married into the Erik clan, founding the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bj%C3%A4lbo" title="House of Bjälbo">Bjälbo</a> dynasty, which gradually consolidated Sweden into a stronger state. According to the Legend of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Erik" title="Saint Erik">Saint Erik</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Erik%27s_Chronicle" title="Erik's Chronicle">Erik's Chronicle</a>, Swedish kings conducted <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Crusades_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Swedish Crusades (disambiguation)">a series of Crusades</a> to pagan Finland and started conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Rus'</a>, who by then had no further connections with Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-43">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_colonisation_of_Finland" title="Swedish colonisation of Finland">Swedish colonisation</a> of the coastal areas of Finland began in the 12th and 13th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-44">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[37]</a> By the 14th century, this colonisation became more organised, and by the end of the century, several of the coastal areas of Finland were inhabited mostly by Swedes.<a href="#cite_note-46">[38]</a> Except for the provinces of Scania, Blekinge, and Halland in the southwest of the Scandinavian peninsula, which were part of the Kingdom of Denmark during this period, <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> never developed in Sweden as it did in much of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-47">[39]</a> As a result, the peasantry remained largely a class of free farmers throughout most of Swedish history. <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">thralldom</a>, was not common in Sweden,<a href="#cite_note-48">[40]</a> and the institution gradually diminished due to the spread of Christianity, the difficulty of obtaining slaves from lands east of the Baltic Sea, and by the development of cities before the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-49">[41]</a> Indeed, both slavery and <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> were abolished altogether by a decree of King <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Eriksson" title="Magnus Eriksson">Magnus Eriksson</a> in 1335. Sweden remained a poor and economically underdeveloped country, where barter was the primary means of exchange.<a href="#cite_note-50">[42]</a> In 1319, Sweden and Norway were united in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> under King Magnus Eriksson, the grandson of King <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Ladul%C3%A5s" title="Magnus Ladulås">Magnus Ladulås</a> of Sweden and of King <a href="/wiki/Haakon_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon V of Norway">Haakon V</a> of Norway. Magnus Eriksson also ruled Scania from 1332 to 1360. In the mid-14th century, Sweden was struck by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[43]</a> The population of Sweden and most of Europe was decimated. The population did not reach its pre-1348 levels until the beginning of the 19th century, with one third of the population dying between 1349 and 1351. During this period, the cities began to acquire greater rights and were heavily influenced by German merchants of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>, active especially at <a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a>. In 1397, Queen <a href="/wiki/Margaret_I_of_Denmark" title="Margaret I of Denmark">Margaret I of Denmark</a> (the former daughter-in-law of Magnus Eriksson) established the personal union of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark through the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a>. However, Margaret's successors, whose rule was centred in Denmark, were unable to control the Swedish nobility. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_Vasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gustav_Vasa.jpg/170px-Gustav_Vasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gustav_Vasa.jpg/255px-Gustav_Vasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Gustav_Vasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav I of Sweden">Gustav I</a> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_War_of_Liberation" title="Swedish War of Liberation">liberated</a> Sweden from <a href="/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark" title="Christian II of Denmark">Christian II of Denmark</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a>. He established the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">House of Vasa</a> which ruled Sweden and Poland until the 17th century.</figcaption></figure> In 1520, King <a href="/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark" title="Christian II of Denmark">Christian II of Denmark</a>, who attempted to restore the Union of Kalmar through military force, ordered the massacre of Swedish nobles in Stockholm, an event known as the "<a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Bloodbath" title="Stockholm Bloodbath">Stockholm Bloodbath</a>." This atrocity incited the Swedish nobility to renew their resistance, and on 6 June 1523 (now celebrated as <a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Sweden" title="National Day of Sweden">Sweden's National Day</a>), they made <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa" title="Gustav Vasa">Gustav Vasa</a> their king.<a href="#cite_note-Scott,_p._121-52">[44]</a> This is sometimes considered as the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_of_modern_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation of modern Sweden">foundation of modern Sweden</a>. Shortly afterwards the new king rejected Catholicism and led Sweden into the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scott,_p._121-52">[44]</a> The term riksdag was used for the first time in the 1540s, although the first meeting where representatives of different social groups were called to discuss and determine affairs affecting the country as a whole took place as early as 1435, in the town of <a href="/wiki/Arboga" title="Arboga">Arboga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Riksdagen-53">[45]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag_of_the_Estates" title="Riksdag of the Estates">Riksdag assemblies</a> of 1527 and 1544, under King Gustav Vasa, representatives of all four <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">estates of the realm</a> (clergy, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_nobility" title="Swedish nobility">nobility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">townsmen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a>) were called on to participate for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-Riksdagen-53">[45]</a> The monarchy became hereditary in 1544.<a href="#cite_note-v348-54">[46]</a> When Gustav Vasa broke the monopoly power of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>, he was regarded as a hero by the Swedish people.<a href="#cite_note-55">[47]</a> Furthermore, when Sweden did develop, freed itself from the Hanseatic League, and entered its golden era, the fact that the peasantry had traditionally been free meant that more of the economic benefits flowed back to them rather than going to a feudal landowning class.<a href="#cite_note-56">[48]</a> The end of the 16th century was marked by a final phase of rivalry between the remaining Catholics and the new Protestant communities. In 1592, Gustav Vasa's Catholic grandson and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">king of Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund</a>, ascended the Swedish throne.<a href="#cite_note-57">[49]</a> He pursued to strengthen <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome's</a> influence by initiating <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> and created a dual monarchy that temporarily became known as the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Swedish_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Swedish Union">Polish-Swedish Union</a>. His despotic rule, strongly characterised by intolerance towards the Protestants, sparked a <a href="/wiki/War_against_Sigismund" title="War against Sigismund">civil war</a> that plunged Sweden into poverty.<a href="#cite_note-58">[50]</a> In opposition, Sigismund's uncle and successor, <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles Vasa</a>, summoned the <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Synod" title="Uppsala Synod">Uppsala Synod</a> in 1593 which officially confirmed the modern <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden" title="Church of Sweden">Church of Sweden</a> as <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a>. Following his <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition (politics)">deposition</a> in 1599, Sigismund attempted to reclaim the throne sparing no expense, and hostilities between <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland</a> and Sweden continued for the next hundred years.<a href="#cite_note-59">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swedish_Empire">Swedish Empire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1611%E2%80%931648)" title="History of Sweden (1611–1648)">History of Sweden (1611–1648)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish overseas colonies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Liberty" title="Age of Liberty">Age of Liberty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustavian_era" title="Gustavian era">Gustavian era</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Union between Sweden and Norway</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_Adolphe_at_Breitenfeld-Johann_Walter-f3706497.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gustave_Adolphe_at_Breitenfeld-Johann_Walter-f3706497.jpg/220px-Gustave_Adolphe_at_Breitenfeld-Johann_Walter-f3706497.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gustave_Adolphe_at_Breitenfeld-Johann_Walter-f3706497.jpg/330px-Gustave_Adolphe_at_Breitenfeld-Johann_Walter-f3706497.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gustave_Adolphe_at_Breitenfeld-Johann_Walter-f3706497.jpg/440px-Gustave_Adolphe_at_Breitenfeld-Johann_Walter-f3706497.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3378" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustavus Adolphus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1631)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)">Battle of Breitenfeld</a> in 1631</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swedish_Empire.svg/220px-Swedish_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swedish_Empire.svg/330px-Swedish_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swedish_Empire.svg/440px-Swedish_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> between 1560 and 1815; its peak was between 1658 and 1660</figcaption></figure> Sweden rose to prominence on a continental scale during the reign of king <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustavus Adolphus</a>, seizing territories from Russia and the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> in multiple conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000102-60">[52]</a> During the Thirty Years' War, Sweden conquered approximately half of the Holy Roman states and defeated the Imperial army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1631)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)">Battle of Breitenfeld</a> in 1631.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000103-61">[53]</a> Gustavus Adolphus planned to become the new <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, ruling over a united Scandinavia and the Holy Roman states, but he was killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632)" title="Battle of Lützen (1632)">Battle of Lützen</a> in 1632. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Battle of Nördlingen</a> in 1634, Sweden's only significant military defeat of the war, pro-Swedish sentiment among the German states faded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000103-61">[53]</a> These German provinces broke away from Swedish power one by one, leaving Sweden with only a few northern German territories: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen-Verden" title="Bremen-Verden">Bremen-Verden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a>. From 1643 to 1645, during the last years of the war, Sweden and <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Denmark-Norway</a> fought the <a href="/wiki/Torstenson_War" title="Torstenson War">Torstenson War</a>. The result of that conflict and the conclusion of the Thirty Years' War helped establish postwar Sweden as a major force in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000103-61">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> in 1648 granted Sweden territories in northern Germany. In the middle of the 17th century, Sweden was the third-largest country in Europe by land area. Sweden reached its largest territorial extent under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X of Sweden">Charles X</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Roskilde" title="Treaty of Roskilde">treaty of Roskilde</a> in 1658, following Charles X's <a href="/wiki/March_Across_the_Belts" title="March Across the Belts">crossing of the Danish Belts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HayesPSH-62">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[55]</a> The foundation of Sweden's success during this period is credited to Gustav I's major changes to the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sweden" title="Economy of Sweden">Swedish economy</a> in the 16th century, and his introduction of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GusEB-64">[56]</a> One-third of the Finnish population died in the devastating <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1695%E2%80%931697" title="Great Famine of 1695–1697">Great Famine of 1695–1697</a> that struck the country.<a href="#cite_note-65">[57]</a> Famine also hit Sweden, killing roughly 10% of Sweden's population.<a href="#cite_note-66">[58]</a> In the 17th century, Sweden was engaged in many wars, for example with Poland–Lithuania, with both sides competing for territories of today's <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>. The Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629) ended with a ceasefire in <a href="/wiki/Stary_Targ" title="Stary Targ">Stary Targ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Altmark" title="Truce of Altmark">Truce of Altmark</a>) on 26 September 1629 that was in favour of the Swedes, to whom Poland ceded the larger part of <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a> together with its important port of <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>. The Swedes also got the right to tax Poland's trade on the Baltic (3.5% on the value of goods), and kept control of many of the cities in Royal and <a href="/wiki/Ducal_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducal Prussia">Ducal Prussia</a> (including Piława (<a href="/wiki/Pillau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillau">Pillau</a>), <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Memel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbląg</a> (Elbing). The Swedes later conducted a series of invasions into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, known as the <a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000156-67">[59]</a> After more than half a century of almost constant warfare, the Swedish economy had deteriorated. It became the lifetime task of Charles X's son, <a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI</a>, to rebuild the economy and refit the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000216-68">[60]</a> His legacy to his son, the coming ruler of Sweden, <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII</a>, was one of the finest arsenals in the world, a large standing army and a great fleet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000222-69">[61]</a> Russia, the most serious threat to Sweden at this time, had a larger army but lagged far behind in both equipment and training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000232-70">[62]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1700)" title="Battle of Narva (1700)">Battle of Narva</a> in 1700, one of the first battles of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>, the Russian army was so severely devastated that Sweden had an open chance to invade Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000230-71">[63]</a> However, Charles XII did not pursue the Russian army, instead <a href="/wiki/Swedish_invasion_of_Poland_(1701%E2%80%931706)" title="Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706)">turning against Poland</a> and defeating the Polish king, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II the Strong</a>, and his Saxon allies at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klisz%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Kliszów">Battle of Kliszów</a> in 1702.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000272-72">[64]</a> This gave Russia time to rebuild and modernise its army. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg/220px-Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg/330px-Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg/440px-Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2293" data-file-height="1441" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Battle of Poltava</a> in 1709. In the following years, Russia and her allies occupied all <a href="/wiki/Dominions_of_Sweden" title="Dominions of Sweden">Swedish dominions</a> on the Baltic coast and even Finland.</figcaption></figure> After the success of invading Poland, Charles XII decided to make an attempt at <a href="/wiki/Swedish_invasion_of_Russia" title="Swedish invasion of Russia">invading Russia</a>, but this ended in a decisive Russian victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Battle of Poltava</a> in 1709.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000290-73">[65]</a> After a long march exposed to <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossack</a> raids, the Russian Tsar <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Scorched-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorched-earth">scorched-earth</a> techniques and <a href="/wiki/Great_Frost_of_1709" title="Great Frost of 1709">the extremely cold winter of 1709</a>, the Swedes stood weakened with a shattered morale and were enormously outnumbered against the Russian army at Poltava.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000286-74">[66]</a> The defeat meant the beginning of the end for the Swedish Empire. In addition, <a href="/wiki/The_plague_during_the_Great_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The plague during the Great Northern War">the plague raging in East Central Europe</a> devastated the Swedish dominions and reached Central Sweden in 1710.<a href="#cite_note-75">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[68]</a> Returning to Sweden in 1715, Charles XII launched <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War_and_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Northern War and Norway">two campaigns against Norway</a> in 1716 and 1718, respectively. During the second attempt, he was shot to death during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fredriksten" title="Siege of Fredriksten">siege of Fredriksten</a> fortress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000295-77">[69]</a> The Swedes were not militarily defeated at Fredriksten, but the whole structure and organisation of the campaign fell apart with the king's death. Forced to cede large areas of land in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nystad" title="Treaty of Nystad">Treaty of Nystad</a> in 1721, Sweden also lost its place as an empire and as the dominant state on the Baltic Sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000296-78">[70]</a> With Sweden's lost influence, Russia emerged as an empire and became one of <a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">Europe's dominant nations</a>. As the war finally ended in 1721, Sweden had lost an estimated 200,000 men, 150,000 of those from the area of present-day Sweden and 50,000 from the <a href="/wiki/Finland_under_Swedish_rule" title="Finland under Swedish rule">Finnish part of Sweden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[71]</a> Executive power was historically shared between the King and an aristocratic <a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">Privy council</a> until 1680, followed by the King's <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocratic rule</a> initiated by the commoner estates of the Riksdag. As a reaction to the failed Great Northern War, a parliamentary system was introduced in 1719, followed by three different flavours of constitutional monarchy in 1772, 1789 and 1809, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_constitution_of_1809" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish constitution of 1809">the latter</a> granting several civil liberties. Already during the first of those three periods, the 'Era of Liberty' (1719–72) the Swedish Rikstag had developed into a very active Parliament, and this tradition continued into the nineteenth century, laying the basis for the transition towards modern democracy at the end of that century.<a href="#cite_note-80">[72]</a> In the 18th century, Sweden did not have enough resources to maintain its territories outside Scandinavia, and most of them were lost, culminating with <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">the loss in 1809</a> of eastern Sweden to Russia, which became the highly autonomous <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Principality of Finland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[73]</a> In interest of re-establishing Swedish dominance in the Baltic Sea, Sweden allied itself against its traditional ally and benefactor, France, in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. However, in 1810, a French Marshal, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bernadotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte">Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte</a>, was chosen as heir presumptive to <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII" title="Charles XIII">Charles XIII</a>; in 1818, he established the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bernadotte" title="House of Bernadotte">House of Bernadotte</a>, taking the <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal name</a> of Charles XIV. Sweden's role in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a> gave it the authority to force Denmark–Norway, an ally of France, to cede Norway to the King of Sweden on 14 January 1814 in exchange for the northern German provinces, at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Treaty of Kiel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[74]</a> The Norwegian attempts to keep their status as a sovereign state were rejected by the Swedish king, <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII" title="Charles XIII">Charles XIII</a>. He launched a <a href="/wiki/Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)">military campaign against Norway</a> on 27 July 1814, ending in the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Moss" title="Convention of Moss">Convention of Moss</a>, which forced Norway into a <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">personal union</a> with Sweden under the Swedish crown, which lasted until 1905.<a href="#cite_note-NEsvno-83">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[76]</a> The 1814 campaign was the last time Sweden was at war.<a href="#cite_note-85">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Modernization_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernization of Sweden">Modernization of Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_emigration_to_the_United_States" title="Swedish emigration to the United States">Swedish emigration to the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starvation_image_from_F%C3%A4derneslandet_1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Starvation_image_from_F%C3%A4derneslandet_1867.jpg/220px-Starvation_image_from_F%C3%A4derneslandet_1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Starvation_image_from_F%C3%A4derneslandet_1867.jpg/330px-Starvation_image_from_F%C3%A4derneslandet_1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Starvation_image_from_F%C3%A4derneslandet_1867.jpg/440px-Starvation_image_from_F%C3%A4derneslandet_1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Starvation in northern Sweden depicted in an illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_famine_of_1867%E2%80%931869" title="Swedish famine of 1867–1869">Famine of 1867–1869</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farewell_to_home,_G%C3%B6teborg,_1905_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Farewell_to_home%2C_G%C3%B6teborg%2C_1905_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Farewell_to_home%2C_G%C3%B6teborg%2C_1905_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Farewell_to_home%2C_G%C3%B6teborg%2C_1905_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Farewell_to_home%2C_G%C3%B6teborg%2C_1905_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Farewell_to_home%2C_G%C3%B6teborg%2C_1905_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Farewell_to_home%2C_G%C3%B6teborg%2C_1905_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>Swedish emigrants boarding a ship in <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a> in 1905</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_East_India_Company" title="Swedish East India Company">Swedish East India Company</a> began in 1731. The obvious choice of home port was <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a> at Sweden's west coast, the mouth of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ta_%C3%A4lv" title="Göta älv">Göta älv river</a> is very wide and has the county's largest and best harbour for high-seas journeys. The trade continued into the 19th century, and caused the little town to become Sweden's second city.<a href="#cite_note-86">[78]</a> Between 1750 and 1850, the population in Sweden doubled. According to some scholars, mass emigration to America became the only way to prevent famine and rebellion; over 1% of the population emigrated annually during the 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-Einhorn-87">[79]</a> It is thought that between 1850 and 1910 more than one million <a href="/wiki/Swedish_emigration_to_the_United_States" title="Swedish emigration to the United States">Swedes moved to the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[80]</a> Nevertheless, Sweden remained poor, retaining a nearly entirely agricultural economy even as Western European countries began to industrialise.<a href="#cite_note-Einhorn-87">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[81]</a> Despite the slow rate of industrialisation into the 19th century, many important changes were taking place in the agrarian economy due to constant innovations and a rapid population growth.<a href="#cite_note-Koblik9-10-90">[82]</a> These innovations included government-sponsored programmes of <a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a>, aggressive exploitation of agricultural lands, and the introduction of new crops such as the potato.<a href="#cite_note-Koblik9-10-90">[82]</a> The Swedish farming culture began to take on a critical role in Swedish politics, which has continued through modern times with modern Agrarian party (now called the Centre Party).<a href="#cite_note-91">[83]</a> Between 1870 and 1914, Sweden began developing the industrialised economy that exists today.<a href="#cite_note-92">[84]</a> Strong grassroots movements sprang up in Sweden during the latter half of the 19th century (trade unions, <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance</a> groups, and independent religious groups), creating a strong foundation of democratic principles. These movements precipitated Sweden's migration into a modern parliamentary democracy, achieved by the time of World War I. As the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> progressed during the 20th century, people gradually moved into cities to work in factories and became involved in socialist unions. A communist revolution was avoided in 1917, following the re-introduction of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentarism">parliamentarism</a>, and the country was <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratised</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_World_War_II">World War I and World War II</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_I" title="Sweden during World War I">Sweden during World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden during World War II</a></div> Sweden was officially neutral during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. However, under pressure from the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, they did take steps which were detrimental to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied powers</a> – most notably, mining the <a href="/wiki/%C3%98resund" title="Øresund">Øresund</a> channel, thus closing it to Allied shipping, and allowing the Germans to use Swedish facilities and the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Cipher" title="Cipher">cipher</a> to transmit secret messages to their overseas embassies.<a href="#cite_note-93">[85]</a> Sweden also allowed volunteers to fight alongside the Germans for the <a href="/wiki/White_Guard_(Finland)" title="White Guard (Finland)">White Guards</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Finland)" title="Red Guards (Finland)">Red Guards</a> and Russians in the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a>, and briefly occupied <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> in cooperation with the German Empire. As in the First World War, Sweden remained officially neutral during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, although its neutrality has been disputed.<a href="#cite_note-Koblik303-313-94">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[87]</a> Sweden was under German influence for much of the war, as ties to the rest of the world were cut off through blockades.<a href="#cite_note-Koblik303-313-94">[86]</a> The Swedish government unofficially supported Finland in the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a> by allowing volunteers and <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a> to be shipped to Finland. However, Sweden supported Norwegian resistance against Germany, and in 1943 helped <a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">rescue Danish Jews</a> from deportation to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>. During the last year of the war, Sweden began to play a role in humanitarian efforts, and many refugees, among them several thousand Jews from Nazi-occupied Europe, were rescued thanks to the <a href="/wiki/White_Buses" title="White Buses">Swedish rescue missions to internment camps</a> and partly because Sweden served as a haven for refugees.<a href="#cite_note-NB313-319-96">[88]</a> The Swedish diplomat <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Wallenberg" title="Raoul Wallenberg">Raoul Wallenberg</a> and his colleagues ensured the safety of tens of thousands of Hungarian Jews.<a href="#cite_note-97">[89]</a> Nevertheless, both Swedes and others have argued that Sweden could have done more to oppose the Nazis' war efforts.<a href="#cite_note-NB313-319-96">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_era">Post-war era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olivecrona_erlander_380.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Olivecrona_erlander_380.jpg/220px-Olivecrona_erlander_380.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Olivecrona_erlander_380.jpg/330px-Olivecrona_erlander_380.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Olivecrona_erlander_380.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tage_Erlander" title="Tage Erlander">Tage Erlander</a> (left), Prime Minister under the ruling <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">Swedish Social Democratic Party</a> from 1946 to 1969</figcaption></figure> Sweden was officially a neutral country and remained outside <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> membership during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, but privately Sweden's leadership had strong ties with the United States and other western governments. Following the war, Sweden took advantage of an intact industrial base, social stability and its natural resources to expand its industry to supply the rebuilding of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-NB335-339-98">[90]</a> Sweden received aid under the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> and participated in the OECD. During most of the post-war era, the country was governed by the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">Swedish Social Democratic Party</a> largely in co-operation with <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="Swedish Trade Union Confederation">trade unions</a> and industry. The government actively pursued an internationally competitive manufacturing sector of primarily large corporations.<a href="#cite_note-svensteinmo-99">[91]</a> Sweden was one of the founding states of the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="European Free Trade Area">European Free Trade Area</a> (EFTA). During the 1960s the EFTA countries were often referred to as the Outer Seven, as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Six" title="Inner Six">Inner Six</a> of the then-<a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (EEC).<a href="#cite_note-100">[92]</a> Like many industrialised countries, Sweden entered a period of economic decline and upheaval following the oil embargoes of 1973–74 and 1978–79.<a href="#cite_note-101">[93]</a> In the 1980s several key Swedish industries were significantly restructured. Shipbuilding was discontinued, wood pulp was integrated into modernised paper production, the steel industry was concentrated and specialised, and mechanical engineering was robotised.<a href="#cite_note-102">[94]</a> Swedish GDP per capita ranking declined during this time.<a href="#cite_note-svensteinmo-99">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1991%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sweden (1991–present)">History of Sweden (1991–present)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_(081).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/220px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/330px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/440px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>Sweden joined the European Union in 1995, and signed the <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisbon Treaty">Lisbon Treaty</a> in 2007.</figcaption></figure> A bursting real estate bubble caused by inadequate controls on lending combined with an international recession and a policy switch from anti-unemployment policies to anti-inflationary policies resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Sweden_financial_crisis_1990-1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden financial crisis 1990-1994">fiscal crisis</a> in the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-103">[95]</a> Sweden's GDP declined by around 5%. In 1992, a run on the currency caused the central bank to briefly increase interest rates to 500%.<a href="#cite_note-104">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[97]</a> The response of the government was to cut spending and institute a multitude of reforms to improve Sweden's competitiveness, among them reducing the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation">privatising</a> public services and goods. <a href="/wiki/1994_Swedish_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="1994 Swedish European Union membership referendum">A referendum</a> passed with 52.3% in favour of joining the EU on 13 November 1994. Sweden joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> on 1 January 1995. In a 2003 referendum the Swedish electorate <a href="/wiki/2003_Swedish_euro_referendum" title="2003 Swedish euro referendum">voted against</a> joining the <a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="European Monetary Union">Euro</a> currency. Sweden held the chair of the European Union from 1 July to 31 December 2009. On 28 September 1994, the <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_MS_Estonia" title="Sinking of the MS Estonia">MS Estonia sank</a> as the ship was crossing the Baltic Sea, en route from Tallinn, Estonia, to Stockholm, Sweden. The disaster claimed the lives of 852 people (501 of them were Swedes<a href="#cite_note-106">[98]</a>), being one of the worst maritime disasters of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-107">[99]</a> Until 2022, Sweden generally remained non-aligned militarily, although it participated in some joint military exercises with the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO) and some other countries, stationed its troops under NATO command in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, took part in EU-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> operations in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">helped enforce</a> a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">UN-mandated no-fly zone</a> over Libya during the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>. In addition, there was extensive cooperation with other European countries in the area of defence technology and defence industry; some Swedish-made weaponry was used by <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">Coalition</a> militaries in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-108">[100]</a> In response to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Sweden moved to formally join NATO, alongside Finland.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-109">[101]</a> After many months of delays caused by the objections of Turkey and Hungary, Sweden became a NATO member on 7 March 2024.<a href="#cite_note-110">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krisztina_Than_2024_j792-111">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-NATO_Sweden_Accession_Protocol-112">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_day_of_Husby_riots,_three_burning_cars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Second_day_of_Husby_riots%2C_three_burning_cars.jpg/220px-Second_day_of_Husby_riots%2C_three_burning_cars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Second_day_of_Husby_riots%2C_three_burning_cars.jpg/330px-Second_day_of_Husby_riots%2C_three_burning_cars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Second_day_of_Husby_riots%2C_three_burning_cars.jpg/440px-Second_day_of_Husby_riots%2C_three_burning_cars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Second day of the <a href="/wiki/May_2013_Stockholm_riots" title="May 2013 Stockholm riots">Stockholm Husby riots</a>. The picture shows three cars on fire in the Stockholm suburb of Husby, 20 May 2013.</figcaption></figure> In recent decades Sweden has become a more culturally diverse nation due to significant immigration; in 2013, it was estimated that 15% of the population was foreign-born, and an additional 5% of the population were born to two immigrant parents. The influx of immigrants has brought new social challenges. Violent incidents have <a href="/wiki/Roseng%C3%A5rd#Violence" title="Rosengård">periodically occurred</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[106]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/May_2013_Stockholm_riots" title="May 2013 Stockholm riots">2013 Stockholm riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[107]</a> In response to these violent events, the <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">anti-immigration</a> opposition party, the <a href="/wiki/Sweden_Democrats" title="Sweden Democrats">Sweden Democrats</a>, promoted their anti-immigration policies, while the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> opposition blamed growing inequality caused by the <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">centre-right</a> government's socioeconomic policies.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-116">[108]</a> Sweden was heavily affected by the <a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a>, eventually forcing the government to tighten regulations of entry to the country.<a href="#cite_note-117">[109]</a> Some of the asylum restrictions were relaxed again later.<a href="#cite_note-118">[110]</a> On 30 November 2021, <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Andersson" title="Magdalena Andersson">Magdalena Andersson</a> became Sweden's first female prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-reuters1-119">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-120">[112]</a> The September 2022 general <a href="/wiki/2022_Swedish_general_election" title="2022 Swedish general election">election</a> ended in a narrow win to a bloc of right-wing parties.<a href="#cite_note-121">[113]</a> On 18 October 2022, <a href="/wiki/Ulf_Kristersson" title="Ulf Kristersson">Ulf Kristersson</a> of the Moderate Party became the new Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-122">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sweden" title="Geography of Sweden">Geography of Sweden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vy_mot_Stora_Sj%C3%B6fallet_fr%C3%A5n_Saltoluokta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Vy_mot_Stora_Sj%C3%B6fallet_fr%C3%A5n_Saltoluokta.jpg/220px-Vy_mot_Stora_Sj%C3%B6fallet_fr%C3%A5n_Saltoluokta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Vy_mot_Stora_Sj%C3%B6fallet_fr%C3%A5n_Saltoluokta.jpg/330px-Vy_mot_Stora_Sj%C3%B6fallet_fr%C3%A5n_Saltoluokta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Vy_mot_Stora_Sj%C3%B6fallet_fr%C3%A5n_Saltoluokta.jpg/440px-Vy_mot_Stora_Sj%C3%B6fallet_fr%C3%A5n_Saltoluokta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Stora_Sj%C3%B6fallet_National_Park" title="Stora Sjöfallet National Park">Stora Sjöfallet National Park</a></figcaption></figure> Situated in Northern Europe, Sweden lies west of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a>, providing a long coastline, and forms the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a>. To the west is the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_mountain_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian mountain chain">Scandinavian mountain chain</a> (Skanderna), a range that separates Sweden from Norway. Finland is located to its north-east. It has maritime borders with Denmark, Germany, Poland, Russia, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, and it is also linked to Denmark (south-west) by the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96resund_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Öresund Bridge">Öresund Bridge</a>. Its border with Norway (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_land_borders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories by land borders">1,619 km</a> long) is the longest uninterrupted border within Europe. Sweden lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/55th_parallel_north" title="55th parallel north">55°</a> and <a href="/wiki/70th_parallel_north" title="70th parallel north">70° N</a>, and mostly between longitudes <a href="/wiki/11th_meridian_east" title="11th meridian east">11°</a> and <a href="/wiki/25th_meridian_east" title="25th meridian east">25° E</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/Stora_Drammen" title="Stora Drammen">Stora Drammen</a> island is just west of 11°). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sand%C3%B6n_-_KMB_-_16001000454384.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sand%C3%B6n_-_KMB_-_16001000454384.jpg/220px-Sand%C3%B6n_-_KMB_-_16001000454384.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sand%C3%B6n_-_KMB_-_16001000454384.jpg/330px-Sand%C3%B6n_-_KMB_-_16001000454384.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sand%C3%B6n_-_KMB_-_16001000454384.jpg/440px-Sand%C3%B6n_-_KMB_-_16001000454384.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sandhamn" title="Sandhamn">Sandhamn</a> island, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm archipelago">Stockholm archipelago</a></figcaption></figure> At 449,964 km2 (173,732 sq mi), Sweden is the 55th-largest country in the world,<a href="#cite_note-123">[115]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Area_and_population_of_European_countries" title="Area and population of European countries">fifth-largest country</a> in Europe, and the largest country in Northern Europe. The lowest elevation in Sweden is in the bay of Lake Hammarsjön, near <a href="/wiki/Kristianstad" title="Kristianstad">Kristianstad</a>, at −2.41 m (−7.91 ft) below sea level. The highest point is <a href="/wiki/Kebnekaise" title="Kebnekaise">Kebnekaise</a> at 2,111 m (6,926 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>. Sweden has 25 <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sweden" title="Provinces of Sweden">provinces</a> or landskap. While these provinces serve no political or administrative purpose, they play an important role in people's <a href="/wiki/Self-concept" title="Self-concept">self-identity</a>. The provinces are usually grouped together in three large <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_Sweden" title="Lands of Sweden">lands</a>, parts, the northern Norrland, the central Svealand and southern Götaland. The sparsely populated Norrland encompasses almost 60% of the country. Sweden also has the <a href="/wiki/Vindelfj%C3%A4llens_Nature_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindelfjällens Nature Reserve">Vindelfjällen Nature Reserve</a>, one of the largest protected areas in Europe, totaling 562,772 ha (approx. 5,628 km2). About 15% of Sweden lies north of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>. Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, with increasing forest coverage northward. Around 65% of Sweden's total land area is covered with forests. The highest population density is in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%98resund_Region" title="Øresund Region">Öresund Region</a> in southern Sweden, along the western coast up to central Bohuslän, and in the valley of lake <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4laren" title="Mälaren">Mälaren</a> and Stockholm. Gotland and <a href="/wiki/%C3%96land" title="Öland">Öland</a> are Sweden's largest <a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Islands of Sweden">islands</a>; <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4nern" title="Vänern">Vänern</a> and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4ttern" title="Vättern">Vättern</a> are its largest lakes. Vänern is the third largest in Europe, after <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ladoga" title="Lake Ladoga">Lake Ladoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Onega" title="Lake Onega">Lake Onega</a> in Russia. Combined with the third- and fourth-largest lakes Mälaren and <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lmaren" title="Hjälmaren">Hjälmaren</a>, these lakes take up a significant part of southern Sweden's area. Sweden's extensive waterway availability throughout the south was exploited with the building of the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ta_Canal" title="Göta Canal">Göta Canal</a> in the 19th century, shortening the potential distance between the Baltic Sea south of <a href="/wiki/Norrk%C3%B6ping" title="Norrköping">Norrköping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a> by using the lake and river network to facilitate the canal.<a href="#cite_note-124">[116]</a> Sweden also has <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Sweden" title="List of rivers of Sweden">plenty of long rivers</a> draining the lakes. Northern and central Sweden have several wide rivers known as älvar, commonly sourced within the Scandinavian Mountains. The longest river is <a href="/wiki/Klar%C3%A4lven" title="Klarälven">Klarälven</a>-<a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ta_%C3%A4lv" title="Göta älv">Göta älv</a>, which originates in <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trøndelag</a> in central Norway, running 1,160 kilometres (720 mi) before it enters the sea at <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>. In southern Sweden, narrower rivers known as åar are also common. The vast majority of municipal seats are set either on the sea, a river or a lake and the majority of the country's population live in coastal municipalities. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sweden_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sweden_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-Sweden_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="505" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sweden_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Sweden_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sweden_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-Sweden_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="1755" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen-Geiger climate classification</a> map of Sweden</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Sweden" title="Climate of Sweden">Climate of Sweden</a></div> Most of Sweden has a <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climate</a>, despite its northern <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>, with largely four distinct seasons and mild temperatures throughout the year. The winter in the far south is usually weak and is manifested only through some shorter periods with snow and sub-zero temperatures; autumn may well turn into spring there, without a distinct period of winter. The northern parts of the country have a <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic climate</a> while the central parts have a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a>. The coastal south can be defined as having either a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> using the 0 °C isotherm, or an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> using the -3 °C isotherm. Due to the increased maritime moderation in the peninsular south, summer differences between the coastlines of the southernmost and northernmost regions are about 2 °C (4 °F) in summer and 10 °C (18 °F) in winter. This grows further when comparing areas in the northern interior where the winter difference in the far north is about 15 °C (27 °F) throughout the country. The warmest summers usually happen in the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4laren_Valley" title="Mälaren Valley">Mälaren Valley</a> around <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[117]</a> due to the vast landmass shielding the middle east coast from Atlantic low-pressure systems in July. Daytime highs in Sweden's municipal seats vary from 19 °C (66 °F) to 24 °C (75 °F) in July and −9 °C (16 °F) to 3 °C (37 °F) in January. The colder temperatures are influenced by the higher elevation in the northern interior. At sea level, the coldest average highs range from 21 °C (70 °F) to −6 °C (21 °F). As a result of the mild summers, the arctic region of <a href="/wiki/Norrbotten_County" title="Norrbotten County">Norrbotten</a> has some of the northernmost <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-126">[118]</a> Sweden is much warmer and drier than other places at a similar latitude, and even somewhat farther south, mainly because of the combination of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[120]</a> and the general west wind drift, caused by the direction of Earth's rotation.<a href="#cite_note-129">[121]</a> Because of Sweden's high latitude, the length of daylight varies greatly. North of the Arctic Circle, the <a href="/wiki/Midnight_sun" title="Midnight sun">sun never sets</a> for part of each summer, and <a href="/wiki/Polar_night" title="Polar night">it never rises</a> for part of each winter. In the capital, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, daylight lasts for more than 18 hours in late June but only around 6 hours in late December. Sweden receives between 1,100 and 1,900 hours of sunshine annually.<a href="#cite_note-130">[122]</a> The highest temperature ever recorded in Sweden was 38 °C (100 °F) in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A5lilla" title="Målilla">Målilla</a> in 1947,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] while the coldest temperature ever recorded was −52.6 °C (−62.7 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Vuoggatj%C3%A5lme" title="Vuoggatjålme">Vuoggatjålme</a> on 2 February 1966.<a href="#cite_note-131">[123]</a> On average, most of Sweden receives between 500 and 800 mm (20 and 31 in) of precipitation each year, making it considerably drier than the <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">global average</a>. The south-western part of the country receives more precipitation, between 1,000 and 1,200 mm (39 and 47 in), and some mountain areas in the north are estimated to receive up to 2,000 mm (79 in). Despite northerly locations, southern and central Sweden may have almost no snow in some winters. Most of Sweden is located in the <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> of the Scandinavian Mountains through Norway and north-west Sweden. It is predicted that as the <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a> gets less frozen in the coming winters, becoming thus "Atlantified", additional evaporation will increase future snowfalls in Sweden and much of continental Europe.<a href="#cite_note-132">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetation">Vegetation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Sweden" title="Wildlife of Sweden">Wildlife of Sweden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sweden_Vegetation_Zones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sweden_Vegetation_Zones.jpg/300px-Sweden_Vegetation_Zones.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="435" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sweden_Vegetation_Zones.jpg/450px-Sweden_Vegetation_Zones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Sweden_Vegetation_Zones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption>Map of Sweden's five major vegetation zones</figcaption></figure> Sweden has a considerable south to north distance which causes large climatic difference, especially during the winter. The related matter of the length and strength of the four seasons plays a role in which plants that naturally can grow at various places. Sweden is divided into five major vegetation zones. These are: <ul><li>The southern deciduous forest zone</li> <li>The southern coniferous forest zone</li> <li>The northern coniferous forest zone, or the <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga</a></li> <li>The alpine-birch zone</li> <li>The bare mountain zone</li></ul> Southern deciduous forest zone, also known as the nemoral region, the southern deciduous forest zone is a part of a larger vegetation zone which also includes Denmark and large parts of Central Europe. It has to a rather large degree become agricultural areas, but larger and smaller forests still exist. The region is characterised by a large wealth of trees and shrubs. The <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a> is the most dominant tree, but <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> can also form smaller forests. <a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">Elm</a> at one time formed forests, but have been heavily reduced due to <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Elm_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Elm disease">Dutch Elm disease</a>. Other important trees and shrubs in this zone include <a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">hornbeam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambucus_nigra" title="Sambucus nigra">elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corylus_avellana" title="Corylus avellana">hazel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lonicera_xylosteum" title="Lonicera xylosteum">fly honeysuckle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">linden (lime)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euonymus_europaeus" title="Euonymus europaeus">spindle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata">yew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alder_buckthorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Alder buckthorn">alder buckthorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackthorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackthorn">blackthorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Populus_tremula" title="Populus tremula">aspen</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_rowan" class="mw-redirect" title="European rowan">European rowan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_whitebeam" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish whitebeam">Swedish whitebeam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juniperus_communis" title="Juniperus communis">juniper</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_holly" class="mw-redirect" title="European holly">European holly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hedera_helix" title="Hedera helix">ivy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornus_sanguinea" title="Cornus sanguinea">dogwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat_willow" class="mw-redirect" title="Goat willow">goat willow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larix_decidua" title="Larix decidua">larch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prunus_padus" title="Prunus padus">bird cherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prunus_avium" title="Prunus avium">wild cherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">alder</a> along creeks, and in sandy soil <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> compete with <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a> is not native but between approximately 1870 and 1980, large areas were planted with it.<a href="#cite_note-134">[126]</a> During the last 40–50 years large areas of former spruce plantings have been replanted with deciduous forest.<a href="#cite_note-135">[127]</a> Southern coniferous forest zone, also known as the boreo-nemoral region, is delimited by the <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>'s northern natural limit (limes norrlandicus) and the <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a>'s southern natural limit,<a href="#cite_note-136">[128]</a> between the southern deciduous zone and the <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga</a> farther north. In the southern parts of this zone the coniferous species are found, mainly <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>, mixed with various deciduous trees. <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a> grows largely everywhere. The <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>'s northern boundary crosses this zone. Although in its natural area, also planted Spruce are common, and such woods are very dense, as the spruces can grow very tight, especially in this vegetation zone's southern areas. The northern coniferous forest zone or the <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga</a> begins north of the natural boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>. Of deciduous species the <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> is the only one of significance. <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> are dominant, but the forests are slowly but surely more sparsely grown the farther towards the north it gets. In the extreme north is it difficult to state the trees forms true forests at all, due to the large distances between the trees.<a href="#cite_note-RydénMigula2003-137">[129]</a> The alpine-birch zone, in the Scandinavian mountains, depending on both latitude and altitude, is an area where only a smaller kind of <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> (Betula pubescens or B.tortuosa) can grow. Where this vegetation zone ends, no trees grow at all: the bare mountain zone.<a href="#cite_note-138">[130]</a> Sweden had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 5.35/10, ranking it 103rd globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-139">[131]</a> Sweden was ranked sixth in the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index" title="Environmental Performance Index">Environmental Performance Index</a> in 2024. The index combines various indicators around known issues around the world, and measures how good they fit in among each countries on a scale. Sweden scores good in parameters like air pollution, air quality, waste management, sanitation and drinking water etc.<a href="#cite_note-140">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:209px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Carl_XVI_Gustaf_at_National_Day_2009_Cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Monarch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/King_Carl_XVI_Gustaf_at_National_Day_2009_Cropped.png/157px-King_Carl_XVI_Gustaf_at_National_Day_2009_Cropped.png" decoding="async" width="157" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/King_Carl_XVI_Gustaf_at_National_Day_2009_Cropped.png/236px-King_Carl_XVI_Gustaf_at_National_Day_2009_Cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/King_Carl_XVI_Gustaf_at_National_Day_2009_Cropped.png/314px-King_Carl_XVI_Gustaf_at_National_Day_2009_Cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="792" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf" title="Carl XVI Gustaf">Carl XVI Gustaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Monarch</a> since 1973</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:209px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulf_Kristersson,_June_2023_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Prime Minister" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ulf_Kristersson%2C_June_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/147px-Ulf_Kristersson%2C_June_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ulf_Kristersson%2C_June_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/221px-Ulf_Kristersson%2C_June_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ulf_Kristersson%2C_June_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/294px-Ulf_Kristersson%2C_June_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="1173" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ulf_Kristersson" title="Ulf Kristersson">Ulf Kristersson</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden" title="Prime Minister of Sweden">Prime Minister</a> since 2022</div></div></div></div></div> Sweden has a history of strong political involvement by ordinary people through its "popular movements" (Folkrörelser), the most notable being trade unions, the independent Christian movement, the temperance movement, the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's movement">women's movement</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_(Sweden)" title="Pirate Party (Sweden)">intellectual property pirate</a> movements. Sweden was the first country in the world to outlaw <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a> of children by their parents (parents' right to spank their own children was first removed in 1966, and it was explicitly prohibited by law from July 1979<a href="#cite_note-Durrant_1996-141">[133]</a>). Sweden is currently leading the EU in statistics measuring <a href="/wiki/Equality_of_opportunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Equality of opportunity">equality</a> in the political system and equality in the education system.<a href="#cite_note-EUEqualityReport-142">[134]</a> The Global Gender Gap Report 2006 ranked Sweden as the number one country in terms of <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_framework">Constitutional framework</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sweden" title="Politics of Sweden">Politics of Sweden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosenbad_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Rosenbad_2006.jpg/250px-Rosenbad_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Rosenbad_2006.jpg/375px-Rosenbad_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Rosenbad_2006.jpg/500px-Rosenbad_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rosenbad" title="Rosenbad">Rosenbad</a>, in central <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, has been the seat of the Government since 1981.<a href="#cite_note-The_Swedish_Government_Offices_–_a_historical_perspective-144">[136]</a></figcaption></figure> Sweden has four <a href="/wiki/Basic_Laws_of_Sweden" title="Basic Laws of Sweden">fundamental laws</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: grundlagar) which together form the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Sweden">Constitution</a>: the Instrument of Government (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Regeringsformen), the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Act_of_Succession" title="Swedish Act of Succession">Act of Succession</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Successionsordningen), the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Freedom_of_the_Press_Act" title="Swedish Freedom of the Press Act">Freedom of the Press Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Tryckfrihetsförordningen), and the Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Yttrandefrihetsgrundlagen).<a href="#cite_note-The_Constitution-145">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Petersson:38-40-146">[138]</a> The public sector in Sweden is divided into two parts: the <a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">legal person</a> known as the State (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: staten)<a href="#cite_note-147">[i]</a> and local authorities:<a href="#cite_note-148">[j]</a> the latter include <a href="/wiki/Regional_councils_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional councils of Sweden">Regional Councils</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: regioner) (renamed from county councils (landsting) in 2020<a href="#cite_note-149">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[140]</a>) and local <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Sweden" title="Municipalities of Sweden">Municipalities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: kommuner).<a href="#cite_note-Larsson_&_Bäck:16-18-151">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Larsson_&_Bäck:212-215-152">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Petersson:92-153">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Petersson:174-154">[144]</a> The local authorities, rather than the State, make up the larger part of the public sector in Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-Petersson:79-155">[145]</a> Regional Councils and Municipalities are independent of one another, the former merely covers a larger geographical area than the latter.<a href="#cite_note-Petersson:79-155">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Larsson_&_Bäck:210-156">[146]</a> The local authorities have self-rule, as mandated by the Constitution, and their own tax base.<a href="#cite_note-Larsson_&_Bäck:212-215-152">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Petersson:79-82-157">[147]</a> Notwithstanding their self-rule, local authorities are nevertheless in practice dependent upon the State, as the parameters of their responsibilities and the extent of their jurisdiction are specified in the Local Government Act (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Kommunallagen) passed by the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Riksdag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Larsson_&_Bäck:212-215-152">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Petersson:80-82-158">[148]</a> Sweden is a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf" title="Carl XVI Gustaf">Carl XVI Gustaf</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, but the role of the monarch is limited to ceremonial and representative functions.<a href="#cite_note-159">[149]</a> Under the provisions of the 1974 Instrument of Government, the King lacks any formal political power.<a href="#cite_note-The_Instrument_of_Government-160">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Head_of_State-161">[151]</a> The King opens the annual Riksdag session, chairs the Special Council held during a change of Government, holds regular Information Councils with the Prime Minister and the Government, chairs the meetings of the Advisory Council on Foreign Affairs (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Utrikesnämnden), and receives <a href="/wiki/Letters_of_Credence" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters of Credence">Letters of Credence</a> of foreign ambassadors to Sweden and signs those of Swedish ambassadors sent abroad.<a href="#cite_note-Duties_of_the_Monarch-162">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-A_new_government_is_formed-163">[153]</a> In addition, the King pays <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_visits_made_by_King_Carl_XVI_Gustaf_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state visits made by King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden">State Visits abroad</a> and hosts those incoming.<a href="#cite_note-Duties_of_the_Monarch-162">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">Legislative power</a> is vested in the <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> Riksdag with 349 members. <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sweden" title="Elections in Sweden">General elections</a> are held every four years. Legislation may be initiated by the Government or by members of the Riksdag. Members are elected on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> to a four-year term. The internal workings of the Riksdag are, in addition to the Instrument of Government, regulated by the Riksdag Act (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Riksdagsordningen).<a href="#cite_note-The_Riksdag_Act_–_almost_a_fundamental_law-164">[154]</a> The fundamental laws can be altered by the Riksdag alone; only an absolute majority with two separate votes, separated by a general election in between, is required.<a href="#cite_note-The_Constitution-145">[137]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sweden" title="Government of Sweden">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Regeringen) operates as a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_collective_responsibility" title="Cabinet collective responsibility">collegial body with collective responsibility</a> and consists of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden" title="Prime Minister of Sweden">Prime Minister</a>—nominated by the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Riksdag" title="Speaker of the Riksdag">Speaker</a> and elected by a vote in the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Riksdag</a>—and other <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet minister">cabinet ministers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Statsråd), appointed and dismissed at the sole discretion of the Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-Forming_a_government-165">[155]</a> The Government is the supreme executive authority and is <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">responsible for its actions to the Riksdag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IG-166">[156]</a> Most of the State administrative authorities (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: statliga förvaltningsmyndigheter) report to the Government. A unique feature of Swedish State administration is that individual cabinet ministers do not bear any <a href="/wiki/Individual_ministerial_responsibility" title="Individual ministerial responsibility">individual ministerial responsibility</a> for the performance of the agencies within their portfolio; as the <a href="/wiki/Director-General#Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Director-General">director-generals</a> and other heads of government agencies reports directly to the Government as a whole; and individual ministers are prohibited to interfere; thus the origin of the pejorative in Swedish political parlance term <a href="/wiki/Ministerstyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministerstyre">ministerstyre</a> (English: "ministerial rule") in matters that are to be handled by the individual agencies, unless otherwise specifically provided for in law. The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Sweden" title="Judiciary of Sweden">Judiciary</a> is independent from the Riksdag, Government and other State administrative authorities.<a href="#cite_note-The_Swedish_courts-167">[157]</a> The role of <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a> of legislation is not practised by the courts; instead, the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Legislation_(Sweden)" title="Council on Legislation (Sweden)">Council on Legislation</a> gives non-binding opinions on legality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill2009243-168">[158]</a> There is no <a href="/wiki/Stare_decisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stare decisis">stare decisis</a> in that courts are not bound by <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">precedent</a>, although it is influential.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill2009246-169">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Sweden" title="List of political parties in Sweden">List of political parties in Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sweden" title="Elections in Sweden">Elections in Sweden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riksdag.ipred_b9dn510_4451.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Riksdag.ipred_b9dn510_4451.jpg/220px-Riksdag.ipred_b9dn510_4451.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Riksdag.ipred_b9dn510_4451.jpg/330px-Riksdag.ipred_b9dn510_4451.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Riksdag.ipred_b9dn510_4451.jpg/440px-Riksdag.ipred_b9dn510_4451.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3028" data-file-height="2002" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Riksdag</a> chamber, at the time of a vote, in 2009</figcaption></figure> For over 50 years, Sweden had had five parties who continually received enough votes to gain seats in the Riksdag—the Social Democrats, the <a href="/wiki/Moderate_Party" title="Moderate Party">Moderate Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Sweden)" title="Centre Party (Sweden)">Centre Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_People%27s_Party_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal People's Party (Sweden)">Liberal People's Party</a> and the Left Party—before the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Sweden)" title="Green Party (Sweden)">Green Party</a> became the sixth party in the <a href="/wiki/1988_Swedish_general_election" title="1988 Swedish general election">1988 election</a>. In the 1991 election, while the Greens lost their seats, two new parties gained seats for the first time: the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrats_(Sweden)" title="Christian Democrats (Sweden)">Christian Democrats</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Sweden)" title="New Democracy (Sweden)">New Democracy</a>. It was not until elections in 2010 that an eighth party, the <a href="/wiki/Sweden_Democrats" title="Sweden Democrats">Sweden Democrats</a>, gained Riksdag seats. In the elections to the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, parties who have failed to pass the Riksdag threshold have managed to gain representation at that venue: the <a href="/wiki/June_List" title="June List">June List</a> (<a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_Sweden" title="2004 European Parliament election in Sweden">2004–2009</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_(Sweden)" title="Pirate Party (Sweden)">Pirate Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Sweden" title="2009 European Parliament election in Sweden">2009–2014</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Feminist_Initiative_(Sweden)" title="Feminist Initiative (Sweden)">Feminist Initiative</a> (<a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Sweden" title="2014 European Parliament election in Sweden">2014–2019</a>). Election turnout in Sweden has always been high by international comparison. Although it declined in recent decades, the latest elections saw an increase in voter turnout (80.11% in <a href="/wiki/2002_Sweden_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Sweden general election">2002</a>, 81.99% in 2006, 84.63% in 2010, 85.81 in <a href="/wiki/2014_Swedish_general_election" title="2014 Swedish general election">2014</a>)<a href="#cite_note-170">[160]</a> and 87.18% in <a href="/wiki/2018_Swedish_general_election" title="2018 Swedish general election">2018</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[161]</a> Swedish politicians enjoyed a high degree of confidence from the citizens in the 1960s, However, that level of confidence has since declined steadily, and is now at a markedly lower level than in its Scandinavian neighbours.<a href="#cite_note-172">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Sweden" title="Regions of Sweden">Regions of Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Sweden" title="Municipalities of Sweden">Municipalities of Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Administrative_Boards_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="County Administrative Boards of Sweden">County Administrative Boards of Sweden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Sweden" title="Administrative divisions of Sweden">Administrative divisions of Sweden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SWE-Map_Kommuner2007.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SWE-Map_Kommuner2007.svg/170px-SWE-Map_Kommuner2007.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SWE-Map_Kommuner2007.svg/255px-SWE-Map_Kommuner2007.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SWE-Map_Kommuner2007.svg/340px-SWE-Map_Kommuner2007.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Municipal divisions of Sweden</figcaption></figure> Sweden is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> divided into 21 regions (regioner) and 290 municipalities (kommuner). Every region corresponds to a <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Sweden" title="Counties of Sweden">county</a> (län) with a number of municipalities per county. Regions and municipalities are both local governments but have different roles and separate responsibilities. Health care, public transport and certain cultural institutions are administered by regional councils. Preschools, primary and secondary schooling, public water utilities, garbage disposal, elderly care and rescue services are administered by the municipalities. <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> is a special case of being a region with only one municipality and the functions of region and municipality are performed by the same organisation.<a href="#cite_note-173">[163]</a> Municipal and region government in Sweden is similar to <a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">city commission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabinet-style_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet-style council">cabinet-style council</a> government. Both levels have legislative assemblies (<a href="/wiki/Municipal_council_(Sweden)" title="Municipal council (Sweden)">municipal councils</a> and region assemblies of between 31 and 101 members (always an uneven number) that are elected from <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list proportional representation</a> at the general election which are held every four years in conjunction with the national parliamentary elections. Municipalities are also divided into a total of 2,512 <a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Parishes of Sweden">parishes</a> (församlingar). These have no official political responsibilities but are traditional subdivisions of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden" title="Church of Sweden">Church of Sweden</a> and still have some importance as census districts. The Swedish central government has 21 <a href="/wiki/County_Administrative_Boards_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="County Administrative Boards of Sweden">County Administrative Boards</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: länsstyrelser), which are responsible for regional state administration not assigned to other government agencies or local government. Each county administrative board is led by a <a href="/wiki/County_governors_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="County governors of Sweden">County Governor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: landshövding) appointed for a term of six years. The list of previous officeholders for the counties stretches back, in most cases, to 1634 when the counties were created by <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Chancellor_of_Sweden" title="Lord High Chancellor of Sweden">Lord High Chancellor</a> Count <a href="/wiki/Axel_Oxenstierna" title="Axel Oxenstierna">Axel Oxenstierna</a>. The main responsibility of the County Administrative Board is to co-ordinate the development of the county in line with goals set by the Riksdag and Government. There are older historical divisions, primarily the twenty-five <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sweden" title="Provinces of Sweden">provinces</a> and three <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_Sweden" title="Lands of Sweden">lands</a>, which still retain cultural significance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_system">Judicial system</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Sweden" title="Judiciary of Sweden">Judiciary of Sweden</a></div> The courts are divided into two parallel and separate systems: The general courts (allmänna domstolar) for criminal and civil cases, and general administrative courts (allmänna förvaltningsdomstolar) for cases relating to disputes between private persons and the authorities.<a href="#cite_note-174">[164]</a> Each of these systems has three tiers, where the top tier court of the respective system typically only will hear cases that may become <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">precedent</a>. There are also a number of special courts, which will hear a narrower set of cases, as set down by legislation. While independent in their rulings, some of these courts are operated as divisions within courts of the general or general administrative courts. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hogsta_domstolen_Stockholm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hogsta_domstolen_Stockholm.jpg/220px-Hogsta_domstolen_Stockholm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hogsta_domstolen_Stockholm.jpg/330px-Hogsta_domstolen_Stockholm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hogsta_domstolen_Stockholm.jpg/440px-Hogsta_domstolen_Stockholm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1054" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bonde_Palace" title="Bonde Palace">Bonde Palace</a> in Stockholm, seat of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sweden" title="Supreme Court of Sweden">Supreme Court of Sweden</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sweden" title="Supreme Court of Sweden">Supreme Court of Sweden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Högsta domstolen) is the third and final instance in all civil and criminal cases in Sweden. The Supreme Court consists of 16 Justices (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: justitieråd), appointed by the Government, but the court as an institution is independent of the Riksdag, and the Government is not able to interfere with the decisions of the court. According to a victimisation survey of 1,201 residents in 2005, Sweden has above-average <a href="/wiki/Crime_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime rate">crime rates</a> compared to other EU countries. Sweden has high or above-average levels of assaults, sexual assaults, hate crimes, and consumer fraud. Sweden has low levels of burglary, car theft and drug problems. Bribe seeking is rare.<a href="#cite_note-burdenofcrime2005-175">[165]</a> A mid-November 2013 news report announced that four prisons in Sweden were closed during the year due to a significant drop in the number of inmates, with prison numbers in Sweden falling by around 1% a year since 2004.<a href="#cite_note-176">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sweden" title="Foreign relations of Sweden">Foreign relations of Sweden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P20230705AS-0417_(53233830047).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/P20230705AS-0417_%2853233830047%29.jpg/220px-P20230705AS-0417_%2853233830047%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/P20230705AS-0417_%2853233830047%29.jpg/330px-P20230705AS-0417_%2853233830047%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/P20230705AS-0417_%2853233830047%29.jpg/440px-P20230705AS-0417_%2853233830047%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, 2023</figcaption></figure> Throughout the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish foreign policy">Swedish foreign policy</a> was based on the principle of non-alignment in peacetime and <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutrality</a> in wartime. Sweden's government pursued an independent course of nonalignment in times of peace so that neutrality would be possible in the event of war.<a href="#cite_note-NB335-339-98">[90]</a> During the early Cold War era, Sweden combined its policy of non-alignment and a low profile in international affairs with a <a href="/wiki/Security_policy" title="Security policy">security policy</a> based on strong <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national defence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[167]</a> The function of the Swedish military was to deter attack.<a href="#cite_note-178">[168]</a> Beginning in the late 1960s, Sweden attempted to play a more significant and independent role in international relations. It involved itself significantly in international peace efforts, especially through the United Nations, and in support of the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Olof_Palme" title="Assassination of Olof Palme">1986 assassination of Olof Palme</a> and with the end of the Cold War, Sweden has adopted a more traditional foreign policy approach. Nevertheless, the country remains active in peacekeeping missions and maintains a considerable foreign aid budget. Since 1995 Sweden has been a member of the European Union, and as a consequence of a new world security situation the country's foreign policy doctrine has been partly modified, with Sweden playing a more active role in European security co-operation. In 2022, in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Sweden moved to formally join the NATO alliance.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-109">[101]</a> Sweden formally became a member of NATO in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-NATO_Sweden_Accession_Protocol-112">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Armed_Forces" title="Swedish Armed Forces">Swedish Armed Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sweden" title="Law enforcement in Sweden">Law enforcement in Sweden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saab_JAS_39_Gripen_at_Kaivopuisto_Air_Show,_June_2017_(altered)_copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen_at_Kaivopuisto_Air_Show%2C_June_2017_%28altered%29_copy.jpg/220px-Saab_JAS_39_Gripen_at_Kaivopuisto_Air_Show%2C_June_2017_%28altered%29_copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen_at_Kaivopuisto_Air_Show%2C_June_2017_%28altered%29_copy.jpg/330px-Saab_JAS_39_Gripen_at_Kaivopuisto_Air_Show%2C_June_2017_%28altered%29_copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen_at_Kaivopuisto_Air_Show%2C_June_2017_%28altered%29_copy.jpg/440px-Saab_JAS_39_Gripen_at_Kaivopuisto_Air_Show%2C_June_2017_%28altered%29_copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3362" data-file-height="2180" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Saab_AB" title="Saab AB">Saab</a> <a href="/wiki/JAS_39_Gripen" class="mw-redirect" title="JAS 39 Gripen">JAS 39 Gripen</a> is an advanced Swedish multi-role <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Air_Force" title="Swedish Air Force">Swedish Air Force</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sweden" title="Law enforcement in Sweden">law is enforced in Sweden</a> by several government entities. The Swedish police is a <a href="/wiki/Government_agencies_in_Sweden" title="Government agencies in Sweden">Government agency</a> concerned with police matters. The <a href="/wiki/National_Task_Force" title="National Task Force">National Task Force</a> is a national <a href="/wiki/SWAT" title="SWAT">SWAT</a> unit within the police force. The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Security_Service" title="Swedish Security Service">Swedish Security Service</a>'s responsibilities are <a href="/wiki/Counter-espionage" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-espionage">counter-espionage</a>, anti-terrorist activities, protection of the constitution and protection of sensitive objects and people. The Försvarsmakten (Swedish Armed Forces) are a government agency reporting to the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Sweden)" title="Ministry of Defence (Sweden)">Ministry of Defence</a> and responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Peacetime" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacetime">peacetime</a> operation of the armed forces of Sweden. The primary task of the agency is to train and deploy peacekeeping forces abroad, while maintaining the long-term ability to refocus on the defence of Sweden in the event of war. The armed forces are divided into <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Army" title="Swedish Army">Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Air_Force" title="Swedish Air Force">Air Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Navy" title="Swedish Navy">Navy</a>. The head of the armed forces is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Swedish_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces">Supreme Commander</a> (Överbefälhavaren, ÖB), the most senior commissioned officer in the country. Up to 1974, the King was pro forma <a href="/wiki/Commander_in_chief#Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander in chief">Commander-in-Chief</a>, but in reality it was clearly understood through the 20th century that the monarch would have no active role as a military leader. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stridsfordon_90_Revinge_2012-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Stridsfordon_90_Revinge_2012-2.jpg/220px-Stridsfordon_90_Revinge_2012-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Stridsfordon_90_Revinge_2012-2.jpg/330px-Stridsfordon_90_Revinge_2012-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Stridsfordon_90_Revinge_2012-2.jpg/440px-Stridsfordon_90_Revinge_2012-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3565" data-file-height="2406" /></a><figcaption>The Infantry fighting vehicle <a href="/wiki/Combat_Vehicle_90" title="Combat Vehicle 90">CV90</a>, which is produced and used by Sweden</figcaption></figure> Until the end of the Cold War, nearly all males reaching the age of <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a> were <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscripted</a>. In recent years, the number of conscripted males has shrunk dramatically, while the number of female volunteers has increased slightly. Recruitment has generally shifted towards finding the most motivated recruits. By law, all soldiers serving abroad must be volunteers. On 1 July 2010, Sweden ended routine conscription, switching to an all-volunteer force unless otherwise required for defence readiness.<a href="#cite_note-179">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[171]</a> The total forces gathered would consist of about 60,000 personnel. This in comparison with the 1980s, before the fall of the Soviet Union, when Sweden could gather up to 1,000,000 servicemembers. However, on 11 December 2014, due to tensions in the Baltic area, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Government">Swedish Government</a> reintroduced one part of the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Sweden" title="Conscription in Sweden">Swedish conscription system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refresher_training_(military)" title="Refresher training (military)">refresher training</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[172]</a> On 2 March 2017, the government decided to reintroduce the remaining part of the Swedish conscription system, basic military training. The first recruits began their training in 2018. As the law is now gender neutral, both men and women may have to serve.<a href="#cite_note-183">[173]</a> Sweden decided not to sign the UN treaty on the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[174]</a> Swedish units have taken part in peacekeeping operations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cyprus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Liberia, Lebanon, Afghanistan and Chad. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sweden" title="Economy of Sweden">Economy of Sweden</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Volvo_XC90_Inscription_D5_PowerPulse_AWD_2.0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/2018_Volvo_XC90_Inscription_D5_PowerPulse_AWD_2.0.jpg/210px-2018_Volvo_XC90_Inscription_D5_PowerPulse_AWD_2.0.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/2018_Volvo_XC90_Inscription_D5_PowerPulse_AWD_2.0.jpg/315px-2018_Volvo_XC90_Inscription_D5_PowerPulse_AWD_2.0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/2018_Volvo_XC90_Inscription_D5_PowerPulse_AWD_2.0.jpg/420px-2018_Volvo_XC90_Inscription_D5_PowerPulse_AWD_2.0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3656" data-file-height="1812" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sweden is home to <a href="/wiki/Volvo_Cars" title="Volvo Cars">Volvo Cars</a>, an automobile company with its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:IKEA_(8020223012).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/IKEA_%288020223012%29.jpg/210px-IKEA_%288020223012%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/IKEA_%288020223012%29.jpg/315px-IKEA_%288020223012%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/IKEA_%288020223012%29.jpg/420px-IKEA_%288020223012%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/IKEA" title="IKEA">IKEA</a>, a Swedish multinational conglomerate, is the world's largest furniture retailer.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:H%26M_Canal_City_Hakata_shop.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/H%26M_Canal_City_Hakata_shop.JPG/210px-H%26M_Canal_City_Hakata_shop.JPG" decoding="async" width="210" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/H%26M_Canal_City_Hakata_shop.JPG/315px-H%26M_Canal_City_Hakata_shop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/H%26M_Canal_City_Hakata_shop.JPG/420px-H%26M_Canal_City_Hakata_shop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/H%26M" title="H&M">H&M</a>, one of the world's largest fashion retailers</div></div></div></div></div> Sweden is the twelfth-richest country in the world in terms of GDP (gross domestic product) per capita and a high <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> is experienced by its citizens. Sweden is an export-oriented <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a>. Timber, <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy with a heavy emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign trade">foreign trade</a>. Sweden's engineering sector accounts for 50% of output and exports, while telecommunications, the automotive industry and the pharmaceutical industries are also of great importance. Sweden is the ninth-largest <a href="/wiki/Arms_industry#World's_largest_arms_exporters" title="Arms industry">arms exporter in the world</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Sweden" title="Agriculture in Sweden">Agriculture</a> accounts for 2% of GDP and employment. The country ranks among the highest for telephone and Internet access penetration.<a href="#cite_note-185">[175]</a> Trade unions, employers' associations and collective agreements cover a large share of the employees in Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-186">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[177]</a> The high coverage of collective agreements is achieved despite the absence of state mechanisms extending collective agreements to whole industries or sectors. Both the prominent role of collective bargaining and the way in which the high rate of coverage is achieved reflect the dominance of self-regulation (regulation by the labour market parties themselves).<a href="#cite_note-188">[178]</a> When the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Ghent_system" title="Ghent system">Ghent system</a> was changed in 2007, resulting in considerably raised fees to unemployment funds, a substantial decline in union density and density of unemployment funds occurred.<a href="#cite_note-189">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[180]</a> In 2010, Sweden's income <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a> was the third lowest among developed countries, at 0.25—slightly higher than Japan and Denmark—suggesting <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Sweden" title="Income inequality in Sweden">Sweden had low income inequality</a>. However, Sweden's wealth Gini coefficient at 0.853 was the second highest in developed countries, and above European and North American averages, suggesting high wealth inequality.<a href="#cite_note-hdr2010-191">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-cs2010-192">[182]</a> Even on a disposable income basis, the geographical distribution of Gini coefficient of income inequality varies within different regions and municipalities of Sweden. <a href="/wiki/Danderyd_Municipality" title="Danderyd Municipality">Danderyd</a>, outside Stockholm, has Sweden's highest Gini coefficient of income inequality, at 0.55, while <a href="/wiki/Hofors_Municipality" title="Hofors Municipality">Hofors</a> near Gävle has the lowest at 0.25. In and around Stockholm and Scania, two of the more densely populated regions of Sweden, the income Gini coefficient is between 0.35 and 0.55.<a href="#cite_note-193">[183]</a> In terms of structure, the Swedish economy is characterised by a large, knowledge-intensive and export-oriented manufacturing sector; an increasing, but comparatively small, business <a href="/wiki/Service_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Service sector">service sector</a>; and by international standards, a large public service sector. Large organisations, both in manufacturing and services, dominate the Swedish economy.<a href="#cite_note-194">[184]</a> High and medium-high technology manufacturing accounts for 9.9% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-195">[185]</a> The 20 largest (by turnover) registered Swedish companies in 2007 were <a href="/wiki/Volvo" title="Volvo">Volvo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vattenfall" title="Vattenfall">Vattenfall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skanska" title="Skanska">Skanska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Ericsson_Mobile_Communications_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB">Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svenska_Cellulosa_Aktiebolaget" class="mw-redirect" title="Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget">Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrolux" title="Electrolux">Electrolux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volvo_Personvagnar" class="mw-redirect" title="Volvo Personvagnar">Volvo Personvagnar</a>, <a href="/wiki/TeliaSonera" class="mw-redirect" title="TeliaSonera">TeliaSonera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandvik" title="Sandvik">Sandvik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scania_AB" title="Scania AB">Scania</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICA_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ICA AB">ICA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hennes_%26_Mauritz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hennes & Mauritz">Hennes & Mauritz</a>, <a href="/wiki/IKEA" title="IKEA">IKEA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordea" title="Nordea">Nordea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preem" title="Preem">Preem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Copco" title="Atlas Copco">Atlas Copco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Securitas_AB" title="Securitas AB">Securitas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordstjernan" title="Nordstjernan">Nordstjernan</a> and <a href="/wiki/SKF" title="SKF">SKF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[186]</a> The vast majority of Sweden's industry is <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">privately</a> controlled, unlike many other industrialised Western countries. An estimated 4.5 million Swedish residents are employed, and around a third of the workforce completed tertiary education. In terms of GDP per-hour-worked, Sweden was the world's ninth highest in 2006 at US$31, compared to US$22 in Spain and US$35 in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-oecd2007-197">[187]</a> GDP per-hour-worked is growing 2.5% per year for the economy as a whole and the trade-terms-balanced productivity growth is 2%.<a href="#cite_note-oecd2007-197">[187]</a> According to the OECD, deregulation, globalisation, and technology sector growth have been key productivity drivers.<a href="#cite_note-oecd2007-197">[187]</a> Sweden is a world leader in privatised pensions and pension funding problems are relatively small compared to many other Western European countries.<a href="#cite_note-198">[188]</a> A pilot program to test the feasibility of a six-hour workday, without loss of pay, will commence in 2014, involving the participation of Gothenburg municipal staff. The Swedish government is seeking to reduce its costs through decreased sick leave hours and increased efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-199">[189]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spotify_App_(23745887894).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Spotify_App_%2823745887894%29.jpg/220px-Spotify_App_%2823745887894%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Spotify_App_%2823745887894%29.jpg/330px-Spotify_App_%2823745887894%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Spotify_App_%2823745887894%29.jpg/440px-Spotify_App_%2823745887894%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5056" data-file-height="3371" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, Swedish audio streaming service with more than 600 million users</figcaption></figure> The typical worker receives 40% of his or her labour costs after the <a href="/wiki/Tax_wedge" title="Tax wedge">tax wedge</a>. Total tax collected by Sweden as a percentage of its GDP peaked at 52.3% in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-oecdtax11-200">[190]</a> The country faced a real estate and banking crisis in 1990–1991, and consequently passed tax reforms in 1991 to implement tax rate cuts and tax base broadening over time.<a href="#cite_note-AgellEnglund-201">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-RiksbankHeikensten-202">[192]</a> Since 1990, taxes as a percentage of GDP collected by Sweden have been dropping, with total tax rates for the highest income earners dropping the most.<a href="#cite_note-BengtssonHolmlund-203">[193]</a> In 2010 45.8% of the country's GDP was collected as taxes, the second highest among OECD countries, and nearly double the percentage in the US or South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-oecdtax11-200">[190]</a> Tax income-financed employment represents a third of the Swedish workforce, a substantially higher proportion than in most other countries. Overall, GDP growth has been fast since reforms—especially those in manufacturing—were enacted in the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-oecd2005-204">[194]</a> Sweden is the fourth-most competitive economy in the world, according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Report" title="Global Competitiveness Report">Global Competitiveness Report</a> 2012–2013.<a href="#cite_note-wefcomp-23">[15]</a> Sweden is the top performing country in the 2014 Global Green Economy Index (GGEI).<a href="#cite_note-ggei-205">[195]</a> Sweden is ranked fourth in the IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2013.<a href="#cite_note-imd-206">[196]</a> Sweden maintains its own currency, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish krona</a> (SEK). The Swedish <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank" title="Sveriges Riksbank">Riksbank</a>—founded in 1668 and thus the oldest central bank in the world—is currently focusing on price stability with an inflation target of 2%. According to the Economic Survey of Sweden 2007 by the OECD, the average inflation in Sweden has been one of the lowest among European countries since the mid-1990s, largely because of deregulation and quick utilisation of globalisation.<a href="#cite_note-oecd2007-197">[187]</a> The largest trade flows are with Germany, the United States, Norway, the United Kingdom, Denmark and Finland. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Sweden" title="Energy in Sweden">Energy in Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electricity_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity in Sweden">Electricity in Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordic_energy_market" title="Nordic energy market">Nordic energy market</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Sweden" title="Nuclear power in Sweden">Nuclear power in Sweden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ringhals.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ringhals.JPG/220px-Ringhals.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ringhals.JPG/330px-Ringhals.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ringhals.JPG/440px-Ringhals.JPG 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ringhals_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Ringhals Nuclear Power Plant">Ringhals Nuclear Power Plant</a>, located south of <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a></figcaption></figure> Sweden's energy market is largely privatised. The <a href="/wiki/Nordic_energy_market" title="Nordic energy market">Nordic energy market</a> is one of the first liberalised energy markets in Europe and it is traded in <a href="/wiki/NASDAQ_OMX_Commodities_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="NASDAQ OMX Commodities Europe">NASDAQ OMX Commodities Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nord_Pool_Spot" class="mw-redirect" title="Nord Pool Spot">Nord Pool Spot</a>. In 2006, out of a total electricity production of 139 <a href="/wiki/TWh" class="mw-redirect" title="TWh">TWh</a>, electricity from hydropower accounted for 61 TWh (44%), and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> delivered 65 TWh (47%). At the same time, the use of <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> etc. produced 13 TWh (9%) of electricity, while wind power produced 1 TWh (1%). Sweden was a net importer of electricity by a margin of 6 TWh.<a href="#cite_note-207">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a> is mainly used to produce heat for <a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">district heating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">central heating</a> and industry processes. Sweden joined the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> in 1974, after the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a> strengthened Sweden's commitment to decrease dependence on imported fossil fuels.<a href="#cite_note-:02-208">[198]</a> To protect against unexpected oil supply shocks and in accordance with international commitments made through the IEA, Sweden maintains a strategic petroleum reserve of at least 90 days of net oil imports. As of February 2022, Sweden's <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a> totalled 130 days' worth of net imports.<a href="#cite_note-209">[199]</a> Sweden has moved to generate electricity mostly from hydropower and nuclear power. The use of nuclear power has been limited, however. Among other things, the accident of <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Mile Island">Three Mile Island</a> prompted the Riksdag to ban new nuclear plants. In March 2005, an opinion poll showed that 83% supported maintaining or increasing nuclear power.<a href="#cite_note-210">[200]</a> Sweden is considered a "global leader" in <a href="/wiki/Decarbonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decarbonisation">decarbonisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-208">[198]</a> Politicians have made announcements about oil phase-out in Sweden, decrease of nuclear power, and multibillion-dollar investments in <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> and energy efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-Agenda212-211">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vidal2-212">[202]</a> The country has for many years pursued a strategy of indirect taxation as an instrument of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">environmental policy</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Energy_tax" title="Energy tax">energy taxes</a> in general and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> taxes in particular.<a href="#cite_note-Agenda212-211">[201]</a> Sweden was the first nation to implement <a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">carbon pricing</a>, and its carbon prices remain the highest in the world as of 2020. This model has been shown to be particularly effective at decarbonizing the nation's economy.<a href="#cite_note-:02-208">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sweden" title="Transport in Sweden">Transport in Sweden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%98resund_Bridge_from_the_air_in_September_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%C3%98resund_Bridge_from_the_air_in_September_2015.jpg/220px-%C3%98resund_Bridge_from_the_air_in_September_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%C3%98resund_Bridge_from_the_air_in_September_2015.jpg/330px-%C3%98resund_Bridge_from_the_air_in_September_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%C3%98resund_Bridge_from_the_air_in_September_2015.jpg/440px-%C3%98resund_Bridge_from_the_air_in_September_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/%C3%96resund_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Öresund Bridge">Öresund Bridge</a> between <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> in Denmark</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E6-E20_Olskroksmotet_in_Gothenburg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/E6-E20_Olskroksmotet_in_Gothenburg.png/220px-E6-E20_Olskroksmotet_in_Gothenburg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/E6-E20_Olskroksmotet_in_Gothenburg.png/330px-E6-E20_Olskroksmotet_in_Gothenburg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/E6-E20_Olskroksmotet_in_Gothenburg.png/440px-E6-E20_Olskroksmotet_in_Gothenburg.png 2x" data-file-width="1913" data-file-height="1073" /></a><figcaption>The west coast motorway <a href="/wiki/European_route_E6" title="European route E6">E6</a>/<a href="/wiki/European_route_E20" title="European route E20">E20</a> in central <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a></figcaption></figure> Sweden has 162,707 km (101,101 mi) of paved road and 1,428 km (887 mi) of expressways. <a href="/wiki/List_of_motorways_in_Sweden" title="List of motorways in Sweden">Motorways</a> run through Sweden and over the Øresund Bridge to Denmark. Sweden had left-hand traffic (vänstertrafik in Swedish) from approximately 1736, but after the Riksdag passed legislation in 1963 changeover took place on 3 September 1967, known in Swedish as <a href="/wiki/Dagen_H" title="Dagen H">Dagen H</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm metro">Stockholm metro</a> is the only underground system in Sweden and serves the city of Stockholm via 100 stations. The rail transport market is privatised, but while there are many privately owned enterprises, the largest operators are still owned by the state. Operators include <a href="/wiki/SJ_AB" title="SJ AB">SJ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veolia_Transport" title="Veolia Transport">Veolia Transport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Cargo" title="Green Cargo">Green Cargo</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A5gkompaniet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tågkompaniet">Tågkompaniet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inlandsbanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Inlandsbanan">Inlandsbanan</a>. Most of the railways are owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/Trafikverket" class="mw-redirect" title="Trafikverket">Trafikverket</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hall,_Stockholm_Central_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Hall%2C_Stockholm_Central_Station.jpg/220px-Hall%2C_Stockholm_Central_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Hall%2C_Stockholm_Central_Station.jpg/330px-Hall%2C_Stockholm_Central_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Hall%2C_Stockholm_Central_Station.jpg/440px-Hall%2C_Stockholm_Central_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Central_Station" title="Stockholm Central Station">Stockholm Central Station</a></figcaption></figure> Most tram networks were closed in 1967. But they survived in <a href="/wiki/Norrk%C3%B6ping" title="Norrköping">Norrköping</a>, Stockholm and Gothenburg, with <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg_tram_network" title="Gothenburg tram network">Gothenburg tram network</a> being the largest. <a href="/wiki/Lund_tramway" title="Lund tramway">A new tram line opened</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lund" title="Lund">Lund</a> on 13 December 2020. The largest airports include <a href="/wiki/Stockholm%E2%80%93Arlanda_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm–Arlanda Airport">Stockholm–Arlanda Airport</a> (16.1 million passengers in 2009) 40 km (25 mi) north of Stockholm, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6teborg_Landvetter_Airport" title="Göteborg Landvetter Airport">Göteborg Landvetter Airport</a> (4.3 million passengers in 2008), and <a href="/wiki/Stockholm%E2%80%93Skavsta_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm–Skavsta Airport">Stockholm–Skavsta Airport</a> (2.0 million passengers). Sweden hosts the two largest port companies in Scandinavia, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Gothenburg" title="Port of Gothenburg">Port of Göteborg AB</a> (Gothenburg) and the transnational company <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Malm%C3%B6_Port" title="Copenhagen Malmö Port">Copenhagen Malmö Port AB</a>. The most used airport for a large part of Southern Sweden is <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Airport" title="Copenhagen Airport">Kastrup or Copenhagen Airport</a> which is located only 12 minutes by train from the closest Swedish railway station, <a href="/wiki/Hyllie_railway_station" title="Hyllie railway station">Hyllie</a>. Sweden also has a number of car ferry connections to several neighbouring countries.<a href="#cite_note-213">[203]</a> This includes a route from <a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a> across <a href="/wiki/Kvarken" title="Kvarken">the Gulf of Bothnia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vaasa" title="Vaasa">Vaasa</a> in Finland. There are several connections from the Stockholm area across the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_%C3%85land" title="Sea of Åland">Sea of Åland</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> on the Finnish mainland and beyond to Estonia and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">St Petersburg</a> in Russia. Ferry routes from the Stockholm area also connect with Latvia and Poland across the Baltic Sea. The ferry ports of <a href="/wiki/Karlskrona" title="Karlskrona">Karlskrona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karlshamn" title="Karlshamn">Karlshamn</a> in southeastern Sweden serve Poland and Lithuania. Ystad and Trelleborg near the southern tip of Sweden have ferry links with the Danish island of <a href="/wiki/Bornholm" title="Bornholm">Bornholm</a> and the German ports of <a href="/wiki/Sassnitz" title="Sassnitz">Sassnitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Travem%C3%BCnde" title="Travemünde">Travemünde</a>, respectively, and ferries run to <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awinouj%C5%9Bcie" title="Świnoujście">Świnoujście</a>, Poland, from both of them. Trelleborg is the busiest ferry port in Sweden in terms of weight transported by lorry.<a href="#cite_note-214">[204]</a> Despite the opening of the fixed link to Denmark, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%98resund_Bridge" title="Øresund Bridge">Øresund Bridge</a>, the busiest ferry route remains the short link across the narrowest section of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%98resund" title="Øresund">Øresund</a> between <a href="/wiki/Helsingborg" title="Helsingborg">Helsingborg</a> and the Danish port of <a href="/wiki/Helsing%C3%B8r" title="Helsingør">Helsingør</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/HH_Ferry_route" class="mw-redirect" title="HH Ferry route">HH Ferry route</a>. There are over seventy departures a day each way; during peak times, a ferry departs every fifteen minutes.<a href="#cite_note-215">[205]</a> Ports higher up the Swedish west coast include <a href="/wiki/Varberg" title="Varberg">Varberg</a>, with a ferry connection across the <a href="/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat">Kattegat</a> to <a href="/wiki/Grenaa" title="Grenaa">Grenaa</a> in Denmark, and Göteborg, serving <a href="/wiki/Frederikshavn" title="Frederikshavn">Frederikshavn</a> at the northern tip of Denmark and <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a> in Germany. Finally, there are ferries from <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B6mstad" title="Strömstad">Strömstad</a> near the Norwegian border to destinations around the <a href="/wiki/Oslofjord" title="Oslofjord">Oslofjord</a> in Norway. Sweden has two domestic ferry lines with large vessels, both connecting Gotland with the mainland. The lines leave from Visby harbour on the island, and the ferries sail to either <a href="/wiki/Oskarshamn" title="Oskarshamn">Oskarshamn</a> or Nynäshamn.<a href="#cite_note-216">[206]</a> A smaller car ferry connects the island of <a href="/wiki/Ven_(Sweden)" title="Ven (Sweden)">Ven</a> in Øresund with <a href="/wiki/Landskrona" title="Landskrona">Landskrona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_policy">Public policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare in Sweden">Social welfare in Sweden</a></div> Sweden has one of the most highly developed welfare states in the world. According to a 2012 OECD report, the country had the second-highest public social spending as a percentage of its GDP after France, and the third-highest total (public and private) social spending at 30.2% of its GDP, after France and Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-218">[208]</a> Sweden spent 6.3% of its GDP, the ninth-highest among 34 OECD countries, to provide equal access to education.<a href="#cite_note-219">[209]</a> On health care, the country spent 10.0% of its total GDP, the 12th highest.<a href="#cite_note-220">[210]</a> Historically, Sweden provided solid support for <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> (except agriculture) and mostly relatively strong and stable property rights (both private and public), though some economists have pointed out that Sweden promoted industries with tariffs and used publicly subsidised R&D during the country's early critical years of industrialisation.<a href="#cite_note-H-J.C-Sweden-221">[211]</a> After World War II a succession of governments expanded the welfare state by raising the taxes. A series of successive social reforms transformed the country into one of the most equal and developed on earth. The consistent growth of the welfare state led to Swedes achieving unprecedented levels of social mobility and quality of life—to this day Sweden consistently ranks at the top of league tables for health, literacy and Human Development—far ahead of some wealthier countries (for example the United States).<a href="#cite_note-Equal_Societies-222">[212]</a> A report from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Development Program">United Nations Development Program</a> predicted that Sweden's rating on the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> will fall from 0.949 in 2010 to 0.906 in 2030.<a href="#cite_note-223">[213]</a> Sweden has been relatively quick to adopt <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> policies, such as <a href="/wiki/Privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation">privatisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Financialisation">financialisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-224">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[215]</a> compared to countries such as France.<a href="#cite_note-oecd2007-197">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[216]</a> The current Swedish government is continuing the trend of moderate rollbacks of previous social reforms.<a href="#cite_note-oecd2007-197">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[217]</a> Growth has been higher than in many other <a href="/wiki/EU-15" class="mw-redirect" title="EU-15">EU-15</a> countries. Since the mid-1980s, Sweden has had the fastest growth in inequality of any developed nation, according to the OECD. This has largely been attributed to the reduction in state benefits and a shift toward the privatisation of public services. Nevertheless, it remains far more egalitarian than most nations.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-116">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[218]</a> Sweden adopted free market agricultural policies in 1990. Since the 1930s, the agricultural sector had been subject to price controls. In June 1990, the Riksdag voted for a new agricultural policy marking a significant shift away from price controls. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a> fell somewhat. However, the liberalisations soon became moot because EU agricultural controls supervened.<a href="#cite_note-229">[219]</a> In 2015 and 2016, 69 per cent of the employed workers is organised in trade unions. Union density in 2016 was 62% among blue-collar-workers (most of them in the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="Swedish Trade Union Confederation">Swedish Trade Union Confederation</a>, LO) and 75% among white-collar workers (most of them in the Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees, TCO, and the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Confederation_of_Professional_Associations" title="Swedish Confederation of Professional Associations">Swedish Confederation of Professional Associations</a>, SACO).<a href="#cite_note-230">[220]</a> Sweden has state-supported union unemployment funds (<a href="/wiki/Ghent_system" title="Ghent system">Ghent system</a>).<a href="#cite_note-231">[221]</a> Trade unions have the right to elect two representatives to the board in all Swedish companies with more than 25 employees. Sweden has a relatively high amount of sick leave per worker in OECD: the average worker loses 24 days due to sickness.<a href="#cite_note-oecd2005-204">[194]</a> The unemployment rate was 7.2% in May 2017 while the employment rate was 67.4%, with the workforce consisting of 4,983,000 people while 387,000 are unemployed.<a href="#cite_note-232">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[223]</a> Unemployment among youth (aged 24 or younger) in 2012 was 24.2%, making Sweden the OECD country with the highest ratio of youth unemployment versus unemployment in general.<a href="#cite_note-234">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_inventions" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish inventions">Swedish inventions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg/170px-AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg/255px-AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg/340px-AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="2516" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a>, inventor of dynamite and institutor of the Nobel Prize</figcaption></figure> In the 18th century, Sweden's <a href="/wiki/Scientific_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific revolution">scientific revolution</a> took off. Previously, technical progress had mainly come from mainland Europe. In 1739, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a> was founded, with people such as <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anders_Celsius" title="Anders Celsius">Anders Celsius</a> as early members. <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Gustaf Dalén</a> founded <a href="/wiki/AGA_AB" title="AGA AB">AGA</a>, and received the Nobel Prize for his <a href="/wiki/Sun_valve" title="Sun valve">sun valve</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a> invented <a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">dynamite</a> and instituted the Nobel Prizes. <a href="/wiki/Lars_Magnus_Ericsson" title="Lars Magnus Ericsson">Lars Magnus Ericsson</a> started the company bearing his name, Ericsson, still one of the largest telecom companies in the world. <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Wenstr%C3%B6m" title="Jonas Wenström">Jonas Wenström</a> was an early pioneer in <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> and is along with <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> credited as one of the inventors of the three-phase electrical system.<a href="#cite_note-si91e-235">[225]</a> The traditional engineering industry is still a major source of Swedish inventions, but pharmaceuticals, electronics and other high-tech industries are gaining ground. <a href="/wiki/Tetra_Pak" title="Tetra Pak">Tetra Pak</a> was an invention for storing liquid foods, invented by <a href="/wiki/Erik_Wallenberg" title="Erik Wallenberg">Erik Wallenberg</a>. <a href="/wiki/Losec" class="mw-redirect" title="Losec">Losec</a>, an ulcer medicine, was the world's best-selling drug in the 1990s and was developed by <a href="/wiki/AstraZeneca" title="AstraZeneca">AstraZeneca</a>. More recently <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kan_Lans" title="Håkan Lans">Håkan Lans</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Identification_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic Identification System">Automatic Identification System</a>, a worldwide standard for shipping and civil aviation navigation. A large portion of the Swedish economy is to this day based on the export of technical inventions.<a href="#cite_note-si91e-235">[225]</a> Swedish inventors held 47,112 patents in the United States in 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweden&action=edit">[update]</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a>. As a nation, only ten other countries hold more patents than Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-236">[226]</a> Combined, the public and the private sector in Sweden allocate over 3.5% of GDP to <a href="/wiki/Research_%26_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Research & development">research & development</a> (R&D) per year, making Sweden's investment in R&D as a percentage of GDP the second-highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-237">[227]</a> For several decades the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish government">Swedish government</a> has prioritised scientific and R&D activities. As a percentage of GDP, the Swedish government spends the most of any nation on research and development.<a href="#cite_note-238">[228]</a> Sweden tops other European countries in the number of published scientific works per capita.<a href="#cite_note-239">[229]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Spallation_Source" title="European Spallation Source">European Spallation Source</a> (ESS) was scheduled to begin initial operations in 2019 with construction completion scheduled for 2025. The ESS will give an approximately 30 times stronger neutron beam than any of today's existing neutron source installations.<a href="#cite_note-240">[230]</a> The <a href="/wiki/MAX_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="MAX IV">MAX IV</a>, costing some SEK 3 billion, was inaugurated on 21 June 2016. Both facilities have strong implications on material research. Sweden was ranked second in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2023 and 2024.<a href="#cite_note-241">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waste_management">Waste management</h3></div> Sweden is known for its efficient waste management system. Only 0.7% of the total household waste is disposed, and the rest is reused.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-244">[234]</a> Around 52% of its waste is used for energy production (that is burnt) and 47% recycled.<a href="#cite_note-245">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[236]</a> About two million tonnes of waste are imported from neighbouring countries to make profitable recycling products.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-244">[234]</a> As of 2023 report, Sweden generated 1.7 billion euros in 2020 (the highest so far was 1.98 billion euros in 2016) from recycling waste.<a href="#cite_note-247">[237]</a> The works are mostly executed through the public organisation, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Waste_Management" title="Swedish Waste Management">Swedish Waste Management</a> (Avfall Sverige).<a href="#cite_note-auto1-244">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxes">Taxes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Sweden" title="Taxation in Sweden">Taxation in Sweden</a></div> Since the late 1960s, Sweden has had the highest tax quota (as percentage of GDP) in the industrialised world, although today the gap has narrowed and Denmark has surpassed Sweden as the most heavily taxed country among developed countries. Sweden has a two-step <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive tax</a> scale with a municipal income tax of about 30% and an additional high-income state tax of 20–25% when a salary exceeds roughly 320,000 SEK per year. <a href="/wiki/Payroll_tax" title="Payroll tax">Payroll taxes</a> amount to 32%. In addition, a national <a href="/wiki/Value_added_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Value added tax">VAT</a> of 25% is added to many things bought by private citizens. Certain items are subject to additional taxes, e.g. electricity, petrol/diesel and alcoholic beverages. In 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweden&action=edit">[update]</a>, total tax revenue was 47.8% of GDP, the second-highest tax burden among developed countries, down from 49.1% 2006.<a href="#cite_note-248">[238]</a> Public sector spending amounts to 53% of the GDP. State and municipal employees total around a third of the workforce, much more than in most Western countries. Only Denmark has a larger public sector (38% of Danish workforce). Spending on transfers is also high. On average, 27% of taxpayers' money in Sweden goes to education and healthcare, whereas 5% goes to the police and military, and 42% to social security.<a href="#cite_note-249">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pensions">Pensions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Sweden" title="Social security in Sweden">Social security in Sweden</a></div> Every Swedish resident receives a state pension. Swedish Pensions Agency is responsible for pensions. People who have worked in Sweden, but relocated to another country, can also receive the Swedish pension. There are several types of pensions in Sweden: occupational and private pensions, and national retirement. A person can receive a combination of the various types of pensions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sweden" title="Demographics of Sweden">Demographics of Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_Sweden_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urban areas in Sweden by population">List of urban areas in Sweden by population</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Sweden" title="Immigration to Sweden">Immigration to Sweden</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="12" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Sweden" title="Template:Largest cities of Sweden"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Sweden" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Sweden"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Sweden" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Sweden"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Sweden <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webbutik.skl.se/sv/artiklar/kommungruppsindelning-2017.html">"Kommungruppsindelning 2017"</a>. Retrieved 16 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommungruppsindelning+2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebbutik.skl.se%2Fsv%2Fartiklar%2Fkommungruppsindelning-2017.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> & <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/befolkning/befolkningens-sammansattning/befolkningsstatistik/pong/tabell-och-diagram/kvartals--och-halvarsstatistik--kommun-lan-och-riket/kvartal-1-2018/">"SCB befolkningsstatistik"</a>. Retrieved 11 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SCB+befolkningsstatistik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scb.se%2Fhitta-statistik%2Fstatistik-efter-amne%2Fbefolkning%2Fbefolkningens-sammansattning%2Fbefolkningsstatistik%2Fpong%2Ftabell-och-diagram%2Fkvartals--och-halvarsstatistik--kommun-lan-och-riket%2Fkvartal-1-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sweden_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Sweden by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sweden" title="List of cities in Sweden">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Sweden" title="Counties of Sweden">County</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sweden_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Sweden by population">Pop.</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sweden_by_metropolitan_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Sweden by metropolitan population">Metro.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sweden_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Sweden by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sweden" title="List of cities in Sweden">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Sweden" title="Counties of Sweden">County</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sweden_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Sweden by population">Pop.</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sweden_by_metropolitan_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Sweden by metropolitan population">Metro.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Stockholm_8721-B_(9870833193).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stockholm"><img alt="Stockholm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Stockholm_8721-B_%289870833193%29.jpg/120px-Stockholm_8721-B_%289870833193%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Stockholm_8721-B_%289870833193%29.jpg/180px-Stockholm_8721-B_%289870833193%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Stockholm_8721-B_%289870833193%29.jpg/240px-Stockholm_8721-B_%289870833193%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7295" data-file-height="4815" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> <a href="/wiki/File:View_over_Gothenburg_skyline_from_Skansen_Kronan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gothenburg"><img alt="Gothenburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/View_over_Gothenburg_skyline_from_Skansen_Kronan.jpg/120px-View_over_Gothenburg_skyline_from_Skansen_Kronan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/View_over_Gothenburg_skyline_from_Skansen_Kronan.jpg/180px-View_over_Gothenburg_skyline_from_Skansen_Kronan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/View_over_Gothenburg_skyline_from_Skansen_Kronan.jpg/240px-View_over_Gothenburg_skyline_from_Skansen_Kronan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3910" data-file-height="2200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_County" title="Stockholm County">Stockholm</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">952,058</td> <td style="text-align:right">2,205,105</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterbotten_County" title="Västerbotten County">Västerbotten</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">125,434</td> <td style="text-align:right">137,800 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%A4stra_hamnen%E2%80%93flygbild_06_september_2014-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malmö"><img alt="Malmö" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/V%C3%A4stra_hamnen%E2%80%93flygbild_06_september_2014-2.jpg/120px-V%C3%A4stra_hamnen%E2%80%93flygbild_06_september_2014-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/V%C3%A4stra_hamnen%E2%80%93flygbild_06_september_2014-2.jpg/180px-V%C3%A4stra_hamnen%E2%80%93flygbild_06_september_2014-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/V%C3%A4stra_hamnen%E2%80%93flygbild_06_september_2014-2.jpg/240px-V%C3%A4stra_hamnen%E2%80%93flygbild_06_september_2014-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2133" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a> <a href="/wiki/File:0065Uppsala_domkyrka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uppsala"><img alt="Uppsala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/0065Uppsala_domkyrka.jpg/120px-0065Uppsala_domkyrka.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/0065Uppsala_domkyrka.jpg/180px-0065Uppsala_domkyrka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/0065Uppsala_domkyrka.jpg/240px-0065Uppsala_domkyrka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4123" data-file-height="2744" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stra_G%C3%B6taland_County" title="Västra Götaland County">Västra Götaland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">565,496</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,015,974</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lund" title="Lund">Lund</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne_County" title="Skåne County">Skåne</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">121,893</td> <td style="text-align:right">197,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne_County" title="Skåne County">Skåne</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">351,749</td> <td style="text-align:right">689,206</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bor%C3%A5s" title="Borås">Borås</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stra_G%C3%B6taland_County" title="Västra Götaland County">Västra Götaland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">111,354</td> <td style="text-align:right">151,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uppsala_County" title="Uppsala County">Uppsala</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">221,141</td> <td style="text-align:right">257,200</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Huddinge" class="mw-redirect" title="Huddinge">Huddinge</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_County" title="Stockholm County">Stockholm</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">110,335</td> <td style="text-align:right">136,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping" title="Linköping">Linköping</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland_County" title="Östergötland County">Östergötland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">158,953</td> <td style="text-align:right">189,800</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eskilstuna" title="Eskilstuna">Eskilstuna</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_County" title="Södermanland County">Södermanland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">105,014</td> <td style="text-align:right">110,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96rebro" title="Örebro">Örebro</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96rebro_County" title="Örebro County">Örebro</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">150,949</td> <td style="text-align:right">196,700</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nacka" title="Nacka">Nacka</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_County" title="Stockholm County">Stockholm</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">101,697</td> <td style="text-align:right">114,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s" title="Västerås">Västerås</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stmanland_County" title="Västmanland County">Västmanland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">150,564</td> <td style="text-align:right">169,200</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A4vle" title="Gävle">Gävle</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A4vleborg_County" title="Gävleborg County">Gävleborg</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">100,825</td> <td style="text-align:right">107,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Helsingborg" title="Helsingborg">Helsingborg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne_County" title="Skåne County">Skåne</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">143,671</td> <td style="text-align:right">321,500</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Halmstad" title="Halmstad">Halmstad</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Halland_County" title="Halland County">Halland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">99,932</td> <td style="text-align:right">119,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Norrk%C3%B6ping" title="Norrköping">Norrköping</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland_County" title="Östergötland County">Östergötland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">140,991</td> <td style="text-align:right">149,600</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sundsvall" title="Sundsvall">Sundsvall</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sternorrland_County" title="Västernorrland County">Västernorrland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">98,837</td> <td style="text-align:right">115,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping" title="Jönköping">Jönköping</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping_County" title="Jönköping County">Jönköping</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">137,863</td> <td style="text-align:right">156,700</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dert%C3%A4lje" title="Södertälje">Södertälje</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_County" title="Stockholm County">Stockholm</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">96,254</td> <td style="text-align:right">158,300 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedishpopdensity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Swedishpopdensity.svg/150px-Swedishpopdensity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Swedishpopdensity.svg/225px-Swedishpopdensity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Swedishpopdensity.svg/300px-Swedishpopdensity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Population density in the counties of Sweden. People/km2: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  0–9.9</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  10–24.9</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  25–49.9</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  50–99.9</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  100–199.9</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  200+</div></figcaption></figure> The total resident population of Sweden was 10,377,781 in October 2020.<a href="#cite_note-population-9">[6]</a> The population exceeded 10 million for the first time on Friday 20 January 2017.<a href="#cite_note-250">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[241]</a> The average population density is just over 25 people per km2 (65 per square mile), with 1 437 persons per km2 in localities (continuous settlement with at least 200 inhabitants).<a href="#cite_note-SCB2020-252">[242]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SCB2019-253">[243]</a> 88% of the population live in urban areas, which cover 1.5% of the entire land area.<a href="#cite_note-SCBdensity2020-19">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCB2018-254">[244]</a> 63% of Swedes are in large urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-SCB2018-254">[244]</a> It is substantially higher in the south than in the north. There are more than 2000 localities.<a href="#cite_note-SCBdensity2020-19">[11]</a> The capital city Stockholm has a municipal population of about 950,000 (with 1.5 million in the urban area and 2.3 million in the metropolitan area). The second- and third-largest cities are <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a>. Outside of major cities, areas with notably higher population density include the agricultural part of Östergötland, the western coast, the area around Lake Mälaren and the agricultural area around Uppsala. <a href="/wiki/Norrland" title="Norrland">Norrland</a>, which covers approximately 60% of the Swedish territory, has a very low population density (below five people per square kilometre). The mountains and most of the remote coastal areas are almost unpopulated. Low population density exists also in large parts of western Svealand, as well as southern and central Småland. An area known as Finnveden, which is located in the south-west of Småland, and mainly below the 57th parallel, can also be considered as almost empty of people. There are no official statistics on ethnicity, but according to Statistics Sweden, 2,752,572 (26%) inhabitants of Sweden were of a <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Sweden" title="Immigration to Sweden">foreign background</a> in 2021, defined as being born abroad or born in Sweden with both foreign-born parents.<a href="#cite_note-:0-255">[245]</a> Of these inhabitants, 2,090,503 persons were born abroad and 662,069 persons were born in Sweden to parents born abroad. In addition, 805,340 persons had one parent born abroad with the other parent born in Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-:0-255">[245]</a> Five minority groups are officially recognized by Sweden: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sámi people">Sámi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden_Finns" title="Sweden Finns">Finns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tornedalers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tornedalers">Tornedalers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[246]</a> Sweden has one of the oldest populations in the world, with the average age of 41.1 years.<a href="#cite_note-257">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sweden" title="Languages of Sweden">Languages of Sweden</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></div> The official language of Sweden is Swedish,<a href="#cite_note-Swedish-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swedish2-3">[2]</a> a North Germanic language, related and very similar to <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, but differing in pronunciation and <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanian dialects">dialects spoken in Scania</a>, the southernmost part of the country, are influenced by Danish because <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5neland" title="Skåneland">the region traditionally was a part of Denmark</a> and is nowadays situated closely to it. <a href="/wiki/Sweden_Finns" title="Sweden Finns">Sweden Finns</a> are Sweden's largest linguistic minority, comprising about 5% of Sweden's population,<a href="#cite_note-Finns-258">[248]</a> and Finnish is recognised as a minority language.<a href="#cite_note-Swedish2-3">[2]</a> Owing to a 21st-century influx of native speakers of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, the use of Arabic is likely more widespread in the country than that of Finnish. However, no official statistics are kept on language use.<a href="#cite_note-259">[249]</a> Along with Finnish, <a href="/wiki/Minority_languages_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority languages of Sweden">four other minority languages</a> are also recognised: <a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>. Swedish became Sweden's official language on 1 July 2009, when a new language law was implemented.<a href="#cite_note-Swedish2-3">[2]</a> The issue of whether Swedish should be declared the official language had been raised in the past, and the Riksdag voted on the matter in 2005, but the proposal narrowly failed.<a href="#cite_note-260">[250]</a> To varying degrees, a majority of Swedes, especially those born after World War II, understand and speak English, owing to trade links, the popularity of overseas travel, a strong Anglo-American influence and the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Subtitle_(captioning)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtitle (captioning)">subtitling</a> rather than dubbing foreign television shows and films, and the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">relative similarity</a> of the two languages which makes learning English easier. In a 2005 survey by <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a>, 89% of Swedes reported the ability to speak English.<a href="#cite_note-261">[251]</a> English became a compulsory subject for secondary school students studying <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a> as early as 1849, and has been a compulsory subject for all Swedish students since the late 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-262">[252]</a> Most students also study one and sometimes two additional languages. Some Danish and Norwegian is also taught as part of Swedish courses for native speakers. Because of the extensive <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> between the three continental <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian language">Scandinavian languages</a>, Swedish speakers often use their native language when visiting or living in Norway or Denmark. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Religion in Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Sweden" title="Irreligion in Sweden">Irreligion in Sweden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katarina_kyrka_February_2015_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Katarina_kyrka_February_2015_02.jpg/220px-Katarina_kyrka_February_2015_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Katarina_kyrka_February_2015_02.jpg/330px-Katarina_kyrka_February_2015_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Katarina_kyrka_February_2015_02.jpg/440px-Katarina_kyrka_February_2015_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4881" data-file-height="3258" /></a><figcaption>The Protestant <a href="/wiki/Katarina_Church" title="Katarina Church">Katarina Church</a> in Stockholm</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moske_Malmo_2014Jun17_0002-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Moske_Malmo_2014Jun17_0002-3.jpg/220px-Moske_Malmo_2014Jun17_0002-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Moske_Malmo_2014Jun17_0002-3.jpg/330px-Moske_Malmo_2014Jun17_0002-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Moske_Malmo_2014Jun17_0002-3.jpg/440px-Moske_Malmo_2014Jun17_0002-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4746" data-file-height="3155" /></a><figcaption>The second oldest mosque in Sweden is the <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_Mosque" title="Malmö Mosque">Malmö Mosque</a>, inaugurated in 1984.</figcaption></figure> Before the 11th century, Swedes adhered to <a href="/wiki/Norse_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse paganism">Norse paganism</a>, worshiping <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a> gods, with its centre at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple in Uppsala</a>. With <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianisation</a> in the 11th century, the laws of the country changed, forbidding worship of other deities until the late 19th century. After the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> in the 1530s, the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> was abolished and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> became widespread. Adoption of Lutheranism was completed by the <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Synod" title="Uppsala Synod">Uppsala Synod</a> of 1593, and it became the official religion. During the era following the Reformation, usually known as the period of <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a>, small groups of non-Lutherans, especially <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> Dutch, the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Huguenots" class="mw-redirect" title="French Huguenots">French Huguenots</a> played a significant role in trade and industry, and were quietly tolerated.<a href="#cite_note-263">[253]</a> The Sami originally had their own <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">shamanistic religion</a>, but they were converted to Lutheranism by Swedish missionaries in the 17th and 18th centuries. With religious liberalisations in the late 18th century believers of other faiths, including <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>, were allowed to live and work freely in the country. However, until 1860 it remained illegal for Lutherans to convert to another religion. The 19th century saw the arrival of various <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">evangelical</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">free churches</a>, and, towards the end of the century, <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>, leading many to distance themselves from church rituals. Leaving the Church of Sweden became legal with the so-called <a href="/wiki/Dissenter_Acts_(Sweden)" title="Dissenter Acts (Sweden)">Dissenter Act</a> of 1860, but only under the provision of entering another <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a>. The right to stand outside any religious denomination was formally established in the law on <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> in 1951. In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden" title="Church of Sweden">Church of Sweden</a> was separated from the state. Sweden was the second <a href="/wiki/Nordic_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic country">Nordic country</a> to <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">disestablish</a> its <a href="/wiki/State_church" class="mw-redirect" title="State church">state church</a> (after Finland did so in the Church Act of 1869).<a href="#cite_note-264">[254]</a> At the end of 2022, 52.8% of Swedes belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden" title="Church of Sweden">Church of Sweden</a>;<a href="#cite_note-265">[255]</a> this number has been decreasing by 1-2 percentage points each year since 2001.<a href="#cite_note-svenskakyrkan.se-266">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-thelocal1-267">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[258]</a> Approximately 2% of the church's members regularly attend Sunday services.<a href="#cite_note-269">[259]</a> The reason for the large number of inactive members is partly that, until 1996, children automatically became members at birth if at least one of the parents was a member. Since 1996, only children and adults who are <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">christened</a> become members. Some 275,000 Swedes are today members of various <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestant">Evangelical Protestant</a> free churches (where congregation attendance is much higher), and due to recent immigration, there are now some 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Christians</a> and 92,000 Roman Catholics living in Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-270">[260]</a> 30% are <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">"none"</a> or "unspecified".<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-271">[261]</a> 8% are "other" (than Church of Sweden).<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-271">[261]</a> The first Muslim congregation was established in 1949. Islam's presence in Sweden remained marginal until the 1960s, when Sweden started to receive migrants from <a href="/wiki/The_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="The Balkans">the Balkans</a> and Turkey. Further immigration from <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> have brought the estimated <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden" title="Islam in Sweden">Muslim population</a> to 600,000.<a href="#cite_note-272">[262]</a> However, only about 110,000 were members of a congregation around 2010.<a href="#cite_note-273">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Sweden" title="Healthcare in Sweden">Healthcare in Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_National_Board_of_Health_and_Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare">Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare</a></div> Healthcare in Sweden is mainly <a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_health_care" title="Publicly funded health care">tax-funded</a>, universal for all citizens, and decentralised,<a href="#cite_note-276">[266]</a> although private health care also exists. The health care system in Sweden is financed primarily through taxes levied by regional councils and municipalities. A total of 21 councils are in charge of primary and hospital care within the country. Private healthcare is a rarity in Sweden, and even those private institutions work under the mandated city councils.<a href="#cite_note-277">[267]</a> The city councils regulate the rules and the establishment of potential private practices. While care for the elderly or those who need psychiatric help is conducted privately in many other countries, in Sweden, publicly funded local authorities are in charge of this type of care.<a href="#cite_note-278">[268]</a> Healthcare in Sweden is similar in quality to other developed nations. Sweden ranks in the top five countries with respect to low <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a>. It also ranks high in <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> and in safe <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-279">[269]</a> In 2018, health and medical care represented around 11% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-280">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sweden" title="Education in Sweden">Education in Sweden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uppsala_University_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Uppsala_University_2023.jpg/220px-Uppsala_University_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Uppsala_University_2023.jpg/330px-Uppsala_University_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Uppsala_University_2023.jpg/440px-Uppsala_University_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2935" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a> (established 1477)</figcaption></figure> Children aged 1–5 years old are guaranteed a place in a public <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: förskola or, colloquially, dagis). Between the ages of 6 and 16, children attend compulsory comprehensive school. In the <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a> (PISA), Swedish 15-year-old pupils score close to the OECD average.<a href="#cite_note-281">[271]</a> After completing the ninth grade, about 90% of the students continue with a three-year upper secondary school (gymnasium), which can lead to both a job qualification or entrance eligibility to university. The school system is largely financed by taxes. The Swedish government treats public and independent schools equally<a href="#cite_note-swedishmodeleconomist-282">[272]</a> by introducing <a href="/wiki/Education_voucher" class="mw-redirect" title="Education voucher">education vouchers</a> in 1992 as one of the first countries in the world after the Netherlands. Anyone can establish a for-profit school and the municipality must pay new schools the same amount as municipal schools get. School lunch is free for all students in Sweden, and providing breakfast is also encouraged.<a href="#cite_note-283">[273]</a> There are a number of different <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Sweden">universities and colleges in Sweden</a>, the oldest and largest of which are situated in <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lund_University" title="Lund University">Lund</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Gothenburg" title="University of Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_University" title="Stockholm University">Stockholm</a>. In 2000, 32% of Swedish people held a <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary degree</a>, making the country fifth in the OECD in that category.<a href="#cite_note-284">[274]</a> Along with several other European countries, the government also subsidises tuition of international students pursuing a degree at Swedish institutions, although a recent bill passed in the Riksdag will limit this subsidy to students from EEA countries and Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-285">[275]</a> The large influx of immigrants to Swedish schools has been cited as a significant part of the reason why Sweden has dropped more than any other European country in the international <a href="/wiki/PISA" class="mw-redirect" title="PISA">PISA</a> rankings.<a href="#cite_note-286">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden" title="Culture of Sweden">Culture of Sweden</a></div> Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Sweden was seen as an international leader in what is now referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">sexual revolution</a>", with gender equality having particularly been promoted.<a href="#cite_note-290">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[281]</a> Sweden has also become very liberal towards <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Sweden">homosexuality</a>, as is reflected in the popular acceptance of films such as <a href="/wiki/Fucking_%C3%85m%C3%A5l" class="mw-redirect" title="Fucking Åmål">Show Me Love</a>. Since 1 May 2009, Sweden repealed its "registered partnership" laws and fully replaced them with <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">gender-neutral marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[282]</a> Sweden also offers <a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership" title="Domestic partnership">domestic partnerships</a> for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples. Cohabitation (sammanboende) by couples of all ages, including teenagers as well as older couples, is widespread. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Music of Sweden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ABBA_-_TopPop_1974_5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/ABBA_-_TopPop_1974_5.png/220px-ABBA_-_TopPop_1974_5.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/ABBA_-_TopPop_1974_5.png/330px-ABBA_-_TopPop_1974_5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/ABBA_-_TopPop_1974_5.png/440px-ABBA_-_TopPop_1974_5.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>The Swedish band <a href="/wiki/ABBA" title="ABBA">ABBA</a> in April 1974, a few days after they won the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1974" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1974">Eurovision Song Contest</a></figcaption></figure> Historical re-creations of Norse music have been attempted based on instruments found in Viking sites. The instruments used were the <a href="/wiki/Lur" title="Lur">lur</a> (a sort of trumpet), simple string instruments, wooden flutes and drums. Sweden has a significant <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">folk-music</a> scene. The <a href="/wiki/Joik" title="Joik">joik</a>, a type of Sami music, is a chant that is part of the traditional Sami animistic spirituality. Notable composers include <a href="/wiki/Carl_Michael_Bellman" title="Carl Michael Bellman">Carl Michael Bellman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Franz Berwald</a>. Sweden also has a prominent choral music tradition. Out of a population of 9.5 million, it is estimated that five to six hundred thousand people sing in choirs.<a href="#cite_note-293">[283]</a> In 2007, with over 800 million dollars in revenue, Sweden was the third-largest music exporter in the world and surpassed only by the US and the UK.<a href="#cite_note-export_music-294">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-295">[285]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] According to one source 2013, Sweden produces the most chart hits per capita in the world, followed by the UK and the US.<a href="#cite_note-296">[286]</a> Sweden has a rather lively jazz scene. The Centre for Swedish Folk Music and Jazz Research has published an overview of jazz in Sweden by Lars Westin.<a href="#cite_note-297">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Sweden" title="Architecture of Sweden">Architecture of Sweden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Djurgardsbron_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Djurgardsbron_2008.jpg/220px-Djurgardsbron_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Djurgardsbron_2008.jpg/330px-Djurgardsbron_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Djurgardsbron_2008.jpg/440px-Djurgardsbron_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3030" data-file-height="2245" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rdsbron" title="Djurgårdsbron">Djurgårdsbron</a></figcaption></figure> Before the 13th century, almost all buildings were made of timber, but a shift soon began towards stone. Early Swedish stone buildings are the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> churches on the countryside. This would include the <a href="/wiki/Lund_Cathedral" title="Lund Cathedral">Lund Cathedral</a> from the 11th century and the somewhat younger church in <a href="/wiki/Dalby,_Lund" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalby, Lund">Dalby</a>, but also many early <a href="/wiki/Gothic_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic (architecture)">Gothic</a> churches built through influences of the Hanseatic League, such as in Ystad, Malmö and Helsingborg. Cathedrals in other parts of Sweden were also built as seats of Sweden's bishops. The <a href="/wiki/Skara_Cathedral" title="Skara Cathedral">Skara Cathedral</a> is made of bricks from the 14th century, and the <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Cathedral" title="Uppsala Cathedral">Uppsala Cathedral</a> in the 15th century. In 1230, the foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping" title="Linköping">Linköping</a> Cathedral were made, the material was there <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, but the building took some 250 years to finish. Among older structures are also some significant fortresses and other historical buildings such as at <a href="/wiki/Borgholm_Castle" title="Borgholm Castle">Borgholm Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halltorps_Manor" class="mw-redirect" title="Halltorps Manor">Halltorps Manor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eketorp" title="Eketorp">Eketorp</a> fortress on the island Öland, the <a href="/wiki/Nyk%C3%B6ping" title="Nyköping">Nyköping</a> fortress and the <a href="/wiki/Visby_city_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Visby city wall">Visby city wall</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:00_1110_Kalmar_domkyrka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/00_1110_Kalmar_domkyrka.jpg/220px-00_1110_Kalmar_domkyrka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/00_1110_Kalmar_domkyrka.jpg/330px-00_1110_Kalmar_domkyrka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/00_1110_Kalmar_domkyrka.jpg/440px-00_1110_Kalmar_domkyrka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4137" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Cathedral" title="Kalmar Cathedral">Kalmar Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> In the 1520s, King <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa" title="Gustav Vasa">Gustav Vasa</a> initiated grand mansions, castles, and fortresses to be built. Some of the more magnificent include <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Castle" title="Kalmar Castle">Kalmar Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gripsholm_Castle" title="Gripsholm Castle">Gripsholm Castle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vadstena" title="Vadstena">Vadstena</a>. In the next two centuries, Sweden was designated by <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">rococo</a>. Notable projects from that time include the city <a href="/wiki/Karlskrona" title="Karlskrona">Karlskrona</a>, which has now also been declared a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Drottningholm_Palace" title="Drottningholm Palace">Drottningholm Palace</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Exhibition_(1930)" title="Stockholm Exhibition (1930)">Stockholm exhibition</a>, which marked the breakthrough of <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a>, or funkis as it became known first surfaced in 1930; the style came to dominate in the following decades. Some notable projects of this kind were the <a href="/wiki/Million_Programme" title="Million Programme">Million Programme</a>, offering affordable living in large apartment complexes. The <a href="/wiki/Avicii_Arena" title="Avicii Arena">Avicii Arena</a>, located in Stockholm, is the largest hemispherical building on Earth. Its dome has a diameter of 110 metres (360 feet) and took two and a half years to build.<a href="#cite_note-298">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Sweden">Media in Sweden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sveriges_Television,_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sveriges_Television%2C_2.jpg/220px-Sveriges_Television%2C_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sveriges_Television%2C_2.jpg/330px-Sveriges_Television%2C_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sveriges_Television%2C_2.jpg/440px-Sveriges_Television%2C_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2970" data-file-height="2150" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Television" title="Sveriges Television">Sveriges Television</a> in Stockholm</figcaption></figure> Swedes are among the greatest consumers of newspapers in the world, and nearly every town is served by a local paper. The country's main quality morning papers are <a href="/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter" title="Dagens Nyheter">Dagens Nyheter</a> (liberal), <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6teborgs-Posten" title="Göteborgs-Posten">Göteborgs-Posten</a> (liberal), <a href="/wiki/Svenska_Dagbladet" title="Svenska Dagbladet">Svenska Dagbladet</a> (liberal conservative) and <a href="/wiki/Sydsvenska_Dagbladet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydsvenska Dagbladet">Sydsvenska Dagbladet</a> (liberal). The two largest evening <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)" title="Tabloid (newspaper format)">tabloids</a> are <a href="/wiki/Aftonbladet" title="Aftonbladet">Aftonbladet</a> (social democratic) and <a href="/wiki/Expressen" title="Expressen">Expressen</a> (liberal). The ad-financed, free international morning paper, <a href="/wiki/Metro_International" title="Metro International">Metro International</a>, was founded in Stockholm, Sweden. The country's news is reported in English by, among others, <a href="/wiki/The_Local" title="The Local">The Local</a> (liberal).<a href="#cite_note-299">[289]</a> The public broadcasting companies held a monopoly on radio and television for a long time in Sweden. Licence-funded radio broadcasts started in 1925. A second radio network was started in 1954, and a third opened 1962, in response to <a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">pirate radio</a> stations. Non-profit <a href="/wiki/Community_radio#Sweden" title="Community radio">community radio</a> was allowed in 1979 and in 1993 commercial local radio started. The licence-funded television service was officially launched in 1956. A second channel, <a href="/wiki/SVT2" title="SVT2">TV2</a>, was launched in 1969. These two channels (operated by <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Television" title="Sveriges Television">Sveriges Television</a> since the late 1970s) held a monopoly until the 1980s when cable and satellite television became available. The first Swedish-language satellite service was <a href="/wiki/TV3_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV3 (Sweden)">TV3</a> which started broadcasting from London in 1987. It was followed by <a href="/wiki/Kanal_5_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanal 5 (Sweden)">Kanal 5</a> in 1989 (then known as Nordic Channel) and <a href="/wiki/TV4_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV4 (Sweden)">TV4</a> in 1990. TV4 began its terrestrial broadcasts in 1992, becoming the first private channel to broadcast television content from within the country. Around half the population are connected to cable television. <a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television_in_Sweden" title="Digital terrestrial television in Sweden">Digital terrestrial television in Sweden</a> started in 1999. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_literature" title="Swedish literature">Swedish literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_August_Strindberg_by_Richard_Bergh_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Portrait_of_August_Strindberg_by_Richard_Bergh_1905.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_August_Strindberg_by_Richard_Bergh_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Portrait_of_August_Strindberg_by_Richard_Bergh_1905.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_August_Strindberg_by_Richard_Bergh_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Portrait_of_August_Strindberg_by_Richard_Bergh_1905.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_August_Strindberg_by_Richard_Bergh_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="1215" /></a><figcaption>The writer and playwright <a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">August Strindberg</a></figcaption></figure> Sweden has many authors of worldwide recognition including <a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">August Strindberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrid_Lindgren" title="Astrid Lindgren">Astrid Lindgren</a>, and Nobel Prize winners <a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Martinson" title="Harry Martinson">Harry Martinson</a>. In total seven <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prizes in Literature</a> have been awarded to Swedes. The first literary text from Sweden is the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6k_runestone" title="Rök runestone">Rök runestone</a>, carved during the Viking Age <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800 AD. With the conversion of the land to Christianity around 1100 AD, Sweden entered the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, during which monastic writers preferred to use Latin. Therefore, there are only a few texts in <a href="/wiki/Old_Swedish" title="Old Swedish">Old Swedish</a> from that period. Swedish literature only began to flourish when the language was standardised during the 16th century. This standardisation was largely due to the full translation of the Bible into Swedish in 1541. This translation is the so-called <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa_Bible" title="Gustav Vasa Bible">Gustav Vasa Bible</a>. With improved education and the freedom brought by <a href="/wiki/Secularisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularisation">secularisation</a>, the 17th century saw several notable authors develop the Swedish language further. Some key figures include <a href="/wiki/Georg_Stiernhielm" title="Georg Stiernhielm">Georg Stiernhielm</a> (17th century), who was the first to write classical poetry in Swedish; <a href="/wiki/Johan_Henric_Kellgren" title="Johan Henric Kellgren">Johan Henric Kellgren</a> (18th century), the first to write fluent Swedish prose; Carl Michael Bellman (late 18th century), the first writer of <a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">burlesque</a> ballads; and August Strindberg (late 19th century), a socio-realistic writer and playwright who won worldwide fame. The early 20th century continued to produce notable authors, such as Selma Lagerlöf, (Nobel laureate 1909), <a href="/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam" title="Verner von Heidenstam">Verner von Heidenstam</a> (Nobel laureate 1916) and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Lagerkvist" title="Pär Lagerkvist">Pär Lagerkvist</a> (Nobel laureate 1951). In recent decades, a handful of Swedish writers have established themselves internationally, including the detective novelist <a href="/wiki/Henning_Mankell" title="Henning Mankell">Henning Mankell</a> and the writer of spy fiction <a href="/wiki/Jan_Guillou" title="Jan Guillou">Jan Guillou</a>. The Swedish writer to have made the most lasting impression on world literature is the children's book writer Astrid Lindgren, and her books about <a href="/wiki/Pippi_Longstocking" title="Pippi Longstocking">Pippi Longstocking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emil_i_L%C3%B6nneberga" title="Emil i Lönneberga">Emil</a>, and others. In 2008, the second best-selling fiction author in the world was <a href="/wiki/Stieg_Larsson" title="Stieg Larsson">Stieg Larsson</a>, whose Millennium series of crime novels is being published posthumously to critical acclaim.<a href="#cite_note-300">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays">Holidays</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Sweden" title="Public holidays in Sweden">Public holidays in Sweden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valborg_2132_(7135992133).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Valborg_2132_%287135992133%29.jpg/220px-Valborg_2132_%287135992133%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Valborg_2132_%287135992133%29.jpg/330px-Valborg_2132_%287135992133%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Valborg_2132_%287135992133%29.jpg/440px-Valborg_2132_%287135992133%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5282" data-file-height="3291" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Walpurgis_Night" title="Walpurgis Night">Walpurgis Night</a> bonfire in Sweden</figcaption></figure> Apart from traditional Protestant <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Christian holidays</a>, Sweden also celebrates some unique holidays, some of a pre-Christian tradition. They include <a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a> celebrating the summer <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a>; <a href="/wiki/Walpurgis_Night" title="Walpurgis Night">Walpurgis Night</a> (Valborgsmässoafton) on 30 April lighting bonfires; and Labour Day or May Day on 1 May is dedicated to socialist demonstrations. The day of giver-of-light <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Saint Lucia</a>, 13 December, is widely acknowledged in elaborate celebrations which betoken its Italian origin and commence the month-long Christmas season. 6 June is the <a href="/wiki/National_holiday_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="National holiday of Sweden">National Day of Sweden</a> and has since 2005 been a public holiday. Furthermore, there are <a href="/wiki/Flag_flying_days_in_Sweden" title="Flag flying days in Sweden">official flag flying day</a> observances and a <a href="/wiki/Namesdays_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Namesdays in Sweden">Namesdays in Sweden</a> calendar. In August many Swedes have kräftskivor (crayfish dinner parties). <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Tours" title="Martin of Tours">Martin of Tours</a> Eve is celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a> in November with Mårten Gås parties, where roast goose and <a href="/wiki/Svartsoppa" title="Svartsoppa">svartsoppa</a> ('black soup') are served. The <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sámi people">Sámi</a>, one of Sweden's indigenous minorities, have their holiday on 6 February and Scania celebrate their Scanian Flag day on the third Sunday in July.<a href="#cite_note-301">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Swedish cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sveriges_Nationaldag_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sveriges_Nationaldag_2014.jpg/220px-Sveriges_Nationaldag_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sveriges_Nationaldag_2014.jpg/330px-Sveriges_Nationaldag_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sveriges_Nationaldag_2014.jpg/440px-Sveriges_Nationaldag_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_roll" title="Cinnamon roll">Cinnamon rolls</a> originated in Sweden and Denmark.</figcaption></figure> Swedish cuisine, like that of the other <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Finland">Finland</a>), was traditionally simple. Fish (particularly <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a>), meat, potatoes and <a href="/wiki/Dairy_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy products">dairy products</a> played prominent roles. Spices were sparse. Preparations include Swedish meatballs, traditionally served with gravy, boiled potatoes and <a href="/wiki/Lingonberry_jam" title="Lingonberry jam">lingonberry jam</a>; <a href="/wiki/Swedish_pancakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish pancakes">pancakes</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pyttipanna" title="Pyttipanna">pyttipanna</a>, a spiced fried hash of meat and potatoes originally meant to use up any leftovers of meat; <a href="/wiki/Lutefisk" title="Lutefisk">lutfisk</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">smörgåsbord</a>, or lavish buffet. <a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Akvavit</a> is a popular alcoholic <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">distilled beverage</a>, and the drinking of <a href="/wiki/Snaps" title="Snaps">snaps</a> is of cultural importance. The traditional flat and dry <a href="/wiki/Crisp_bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Crisp bread">crisp bread</a> has developed into several contemporary variants. Regionally important foods are the <a href="/wiki/Surstr%C3%B6mming" title="Surströmming">surströmming</a> (a fermented fish) in northern Sweden and <a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">eel</a> in southern Sweden. In August, at the traditional feast known as crayfish party, <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%A4ftskiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Kräftskiva">kräftskiva</a>, Swedes eat large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a> boiled with dill. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sweden" title="Cinema of Sweden">Cinema of Sweden</a></div> Swedish 20th-century culture is noted by pioneering works in the early days of cinema, with <a href="/wiki/Mauritz_Stiller" title="Mauritz Stiller">Mauritz Stiller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m" title="Victor Sjöström">Victor Sjöström</a>. In the 1920s–1980s, the filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a> and actors <a href="/wiki/Greta_Garbo" title="Greta Garbo">Greta Garbo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman" title="Ingrid Bergman">Ingrid Bergman</a> became internationally noted people within cinema. More recently, the films of <a href="/wiki/Lukas_Moodysson" title="Lukas Moodysson">Lukas Moodysson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lasse_Hallstr%C3%B6m" title="Lasse Hallström">Lasse Hallström</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ruben_%C3%96stlund" title="Ruben Östlund">Ruben Östlund</a> have received international recognition. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Sweden" title="Sport in Sweden">Sport in Sweden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bj%C3%B6rn_Borg_(1979)_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bj%C3%B6rn_Borg_%281979%29_cropped.jpg/170px-Bj%C3%B6rn_Borg_%281979%29_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bj%C3%B6rn_Borg_%281979%29_cropped.jpg/255px-Bj%C3%B6rn_Borg_%281979%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bj%C3%B6rn_Borg_%281979%29_cropped.jpg/340px-Bj%C3%B6rn_Borg_%281979%29_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1149" data-file-height="2080" /></a><figcaption>Former world No. 1 tennis player <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Borg" title="Björn Borg">Björn Borg</a></figcaption></figure> Sport activities are a national movement with half of the population actively participating in organised sporting activities. The two main spectator sports are <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>. Second to football, <a href="/wiki/Horse_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse sports">horse sports</a> (of which most of the participants are women) have the highest number of practitioners. Thereafter, <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orienteering" title="Orienteering">orienteering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">track and field</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">team sports</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">handball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floorball" title="Floorball">floorball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">bandy</a> are the most popular in terms of practitioners.<a href="#cite_note-302">[292]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_national_men%27s_ice_hockey_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish national men's ice hockey team">Swedish national men's ice hockey team</a>, affectionately known as Tre Kronor (English: <a href="/wiki/Three_Crowns" title="Three Crowns">Three Crowns</a>), has won the <a href="/wiki/Ice_Hockey_World_Championships" title="Ice Hockey World Championships">World Championships</a> nine times, placing them third in the all-time medal count. Tre Kronor also won Olympic gold medals in <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics" title="Ice hockey at the 1994 Winter Olympics">1994</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics" title="Ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics">2006</a>. In 2006, Tre Kronor became the first national hockey team to win both the Olympic and world championships in the same year. The <a href="/wiki/Sweden_men%27s_national_football_team" title="Sweden men's national football team">Swedish national men's football team</a> has seen some success at the World Cup in the past, finishing second when they hosted the tournament in 1958, and third twice, in <a href="/wiki/1950_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1950 FIFA World Cup">1950</a> and <a href="/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1994 FIFA World Cup">1994</a>. Sweden hosted the <a href="/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics" title="1912 Summer Olympics">1912 Summer Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian at the 1956 Summer Olympics">Equestrian at the 1956 Summer Olympics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/1958_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1958 FIFA World Cup">1958</a>. Other big sports events include the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1992" title="UEFA Euro 1992">UEFA Euro 1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/1995_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="1995 FIFA Women's World Cup">1995 FIFA Women's World Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/1995_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1995 World Championships in Athletics">1995 World Championships in Athletics</a>, <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2013" title="UEFA Women's Euro 2013">UEFA Women's Euro 2013</a>, and several championships of ice hockey, <a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">curling</a>, athletics, <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandy_World_Championship" title="Bandy World Championship">bandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">figure skating</a> and swimming. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/48px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/64px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sweden" title="Portal:Sweden">Sweden portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sweden-related_topics" title="List of Sweden-related topics">List of Sweden-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sweden" title="Outline of Sweden">Outline of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/329_Svea" title="329 Svea">329 Svea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> "Du gamla, du fria" has never been officially adopted as national anthem, but is so <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">by convention</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Since 1 July 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Swedish-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swedish2-3">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Swedish Sign Language">Swedish Sign Language</a> also has a special status as the official national sign language. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> All five <a href="/wiki/Minority_languages_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority languages of Sweden">officially recognised as minority languages</a> since 1999<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Since <a href="/wiki/Dagen_H" title="Dagen H">3 September 1967</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/.eu" title=".eu">.eu</a> domain is also used, as it is shared with other <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> member states. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Sverige <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">[ˈsvæ̌rjɛ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/59\/Sv-Sverige.ogg\/Sv-Sverige.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-Sverige.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/59/Sv-Sverige.ogg/Sv-Sverige.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-Sverige.ogg" title="File:Sv-Sverige.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: Ruotsi; <a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Meänkieli language">Meänkieli</a>: Ruotti; <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sami language">Northern Sami</a>: Ruoŧŧa; <a href="/wiki/Lule_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lule Sami language">Lule Sami</a>: Svierik; <a href="/wiki/Pite_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pite Sami language">Pite Sami</a>: Sverji; <a href="/wiki/Ume_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ume Sami language">Ume Sami</a>: Sverje; <a href="/wiki/Southern_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Sami language">Southern Sami</a>: Sveerje or Svöörje; <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: שוועדן, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Yiddish">romanized</a>: Shvedn; <a href="/wiki/Scandoromani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandoromani language">Scandoromani</a>: Svedikko; <a href="/wiki/Kalo_Finnish_Romani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalo Finnish Romani language">Kalo Finnish Romani</a>: Sveittiko. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of Sweden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/geonames/">UNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110801231428/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/geonames/">Archived</a> 1 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Swedish: Konungariket Sverige <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">[ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0d\/Sv-Konungariket_Sverige.ogg\/Sv-Konungariket_Sverige.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-Konungariket Sverige.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/Sv-Konungariket_Sverige.ogg/Sv-Konungariket_Sverige.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-Konungariket_Sverige.ogg" title="File:Sv-Konungariket Sverige.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> The State (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: staten) is also descriptively translated into English as the "central government", not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sweden" title="Government of Sweden">Government</a>, i.e. the cabinet which is but one organ of the State. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> An alternate English translation is "local governments". </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Swedish-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swedish_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swedish_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/Spraklag-2009600_sfs-2009-600/">"Språklag (2009:600)"</a> (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Riksdag</a>. 28 May 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110205547/http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/Spraklag-2009600_sfs-2009-600/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spr%C3%A5klag+%282009%3A600%29&rft.pub=Riksdag&rft.date=2009-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riksdagen.se%2Fsv%2FDokument-Lagar%2FLagar%2FSvenskforfattningssamling%2FSpraklag-2009600_sfs-2009-600%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swedish2-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swedish2_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swedish2_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swedish2_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swedish2_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandes2009" class="citation news cs1">Landes, David (1 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.se/20090701/20404">"Swedish becomes official 'main language'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Local" title="The Local">The Local</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131210004646/http://www.thelocal.se/20090701/20404">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Local&rft.atitle=Swedish+becomes+official+%27main+language%27&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft.aulast=Landes&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.se%2F20090701%2F20404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140206102022/http://www.sprakradet.se/servlet/GetDoc?meta_id=2119">"Är svenskan också officiellt språk i Sverige?"</a> [Is Swedish also an official language in Sweden?] (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Language_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Language Council">Swedish Language Council</a>. 1 February 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakradet.se/servlet/GetDoc?meta_id=2119#item100400">the original</a> on 6 February 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%84r+svenskan+ocks%C3%A5+officiellt+spr%C3%A5k+i+Sverige%3F&rft.pub=Swedish+Language+Council&rft.date=2008-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprakradet.se%2Fservlet%2FGetDoc%3Fmeta_id%3D2119%23item100400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17955808">"Sweden country profile"</a>. BBC News. 6 December 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231119130130/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17955808">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sweden+country+profile&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-17955808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__MI__MI0802/Areal2012N/">"Land- och vattenareal per den 1 januari efter region och arealtyp. År 2012 - 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Sweden" title="Statistics Sweden">Statistics Sweden</a> (SCB). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710000241/https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__MI__MI0802/Areal2012N/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2022. 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Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F2024&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/sweden-population">"Sweden Population 2024 (Live)"</a>. worldpopulationreview.com. 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Gleerup. p. 917. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110828081321/http://runeberg.org/svetym/1005.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svensk+etymologisk+ordbok&rft.pages=917&rft.pub=Gleerup&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Hellquist&rft.aufirst=Elof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fsvetym%2F1005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=VMNW&id=ID4508&lemmodern=Zweden">Lemma: SWEDEN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420214552/https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=VMNW&id=ID4508&lemmodern=Zweden">Archived</a> 20 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instituut_voor_de_Nederlandse_Taal" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal">Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Sweden" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Sweden">"Sweden"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 195631.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sweden&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DSweden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElganScobbie2015" class="citation book cs1">Elgan, Elisabeth; Scobbie, Irene (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8iJpCgAAQBAJ&dq=ruotsi+rus+russia+sweden&pg=PA287">Historical Dictionary of Sweden</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5071-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5071-0"><bdi>978-1-4422-5071-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005113159/https://books.google.com/books?id=8iJpCgAAQBAJ&dq=ruotsi+rus+russia+sweden&pg=PA287#v=onepage&q=ruotsi%20rus%20russia%20sweden&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sweden&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5071-0&rft.aulast=Elgan&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft.au=Scobbie%2C+Irene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8iJpCgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Druotsi%2Brus%2Brussia%2Bsweden%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DelsonTattersall2004-31"><a href="#cite_ref-DelsonTattersall2004_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_DelsonIan_TattersallJohn_Van_Couvering2004" class="citation book cs1">Eric Delson; Ian Tattersall; John Van Couvering (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6GFGsswTIO8C&pg=PA569">Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory</a> (Second ed.). Routledge. p. 569. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-58228-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-58228-9"><bdi>978-1-135-58228-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005113159/https://books.google.com/books?id=6GFGsswTIO8C&pg=PA569#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Human+Evolution+and+Prehistory&rft.pages=569&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-58228-9&rft.au=Eric+Delson&rft.au=Ian+Tattersall&rft.au=John+Van+Couvering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6GFGsswTIO8C%26pg%3DPA569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Price2015-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Price2015_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheron_Douglas_Price2015" class="citation book cs1">Theron Douglas Price (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dbC6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA43">Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023197-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023197-2"><bdi>978-0-19-023197-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005113201/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbC6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Scandinavia%3A+An+Archaeological+History+from+the+First+Humans+to+the+Vikings&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-023197-2&rft.au=Theron+Douglas+Price&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdbC6BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElgánScobbie2015-33"><a href="#cite_ref-ElgánScobbie2015_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElisabeth_ElgánIrene_Scobbie2015" class="citation book cs1">Elisabeth Elgán; Irene Scobbie (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8iJpCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">Historical Dictionary of Sweden</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5071-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5071-0"><bdi>978-1-4422-5071-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005113203/https://books.google.com/books?id=8iJpCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sweden&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5071-0&rft.au=Elisabeth+Elg%C3%A1n&rft.au=Irene+Scobbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8iJpCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brunsdale2016-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Brunsdale2016_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitzi_M._Brunsdale2016" class="citation book cs1">Mitzi M. Brunsdale (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qAQXDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA368">Encyclopedia of Nordic Crime Fiction: Works and Authors of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden Since 1967</a>. McFarland. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7536-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7536-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-7536-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005113204/https://books.google.com/books?id=qAQXDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA368#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Nordic+Crime+Fiction%3A+Works+and+Authors+of+Denmark%2C+Finland%2C+Iceland%2C+Norway+and+Sweden+Since+1967&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7536-0&rft.au=Mitzi+M.+Brunsdale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqAQXDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McIntosh2019-35"><a href="#cite_ref-McIntosh2019_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_McIntosh2019" class="citation book cs1">Christopher McIntosh (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6vpwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71">Beyond the North Wind: The Fall and Rise of the Mystic North</a>. Red Wheel Weiser. pp. 71–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63341-090-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63341-090-9"><bdi>978-1-63341-090-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005113219/https://books.google.com/books?id=6vpwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+North+Wind%3A+The+Fall+and+Rise+of+the+Mystic+North&rft.pages=71-72&rft.pub=Red+Wheel+Weiser&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-63341-090-9&rft.au=Christopher+McIntosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6vpwDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berend2007-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Berend2007_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNora_Berend2007" class="citation book cs1">Nora Berend (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UmFrVUb5DSwC&pg=PA174">Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus' c.900–1200</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46836-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46836-7"><bdi>978-1-139-46836-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005113205/https://books.google.com/books?id=UmFrVUb5DSwC&pg=PA174#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianization+and+the+Rise+of+Christian+Monarchy%3A+Scandinavia%2C+Central+Europe+and+Rus%27+c.900%E2%80%931200&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46836-7&rft.au=Nora+Berend&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUmFrVUb5DSwC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MartinMartin1995-37"><a href="#cite_ref-MartinMartin1995_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanet_L._B._MartinJohn_D._Martin1995" class="citation book cs1">Janet L. B. Martin; John D. Martin (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sRCc3TtL9bIC&pg=PA2">Medieval Russia, 980–1584</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36832-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36832-2"><bdi>978-0-521-36832-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005113205/https://books.google.com/books?id=sRCc3TtL9bIC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Russia%2C+980%E2%80%931584&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36832-2&rft.au=Janet+L.+B.+Martin&rft.au=John+D.+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsRCc3TtL9bIC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Quoted from: Gwyn Jones. A History of the Vikings. Oxford University Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280134-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280134-0">978-0-19-280134-0</a>. Page 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-:birka-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:birka_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:birka_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriceArciniGustinDrenzel2018" class="citation journal cs1">Price, T. Douglas; Arcini, Caroline; Gustin, Ingrid; Drenzel, Leena; Kalmring, Sven (March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaa.2017.10.002">"Isotopes and human burials at Viking Age Birka and the Mälaren region, east central Sweden"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Anthropological_Archaeology" title="Journal of Anthropological Archaeology">Journal of Anthropological Archaeology</a>. 49: 19–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaa.2017.10.002">10.1016/j.jaa.2017.10.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0278-4165">0278-4165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anthropological+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Isotopes+and+human+burials+at+Viking+Age+Birka+and+the+M%C3%A4laren+region%2C+east+central+Sweden&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=19-38&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaa.2017.10.002&rft.issn=0278-4165&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=T.+Douglas&rft.au=Arcini%2C+Caroline&rft.au=Gustin%2C+Ingrid&rft.au=Drenzel%2C+Leena&rft.au=Kalmring%2C+Sven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jaa.2017.10.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> 2006 <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Article "Birca". </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Andersson (1975), p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-sh-42"><a href="#cite_ref-sh_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadeniusNilssonÅselius1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hadenius, Stig; Nilsson, Torbjörn; Åselius, Gunnar (1996). Sveriges historia: vad varje svensk bör veta [History of Sweden: what every Swede should know] (in Swedish). Bonnier Alba. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-34-51784-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-34-51784-4"><bdi>978-91-34-51784-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sveriges+historia%3A+vad+varje+svensk+b%C3%B6r+veta&rft.pub=Bonnier+Alba&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-91-34-51784-4&rft.aulast=Hadenius&rft.aufirst=Stig&rft.au=Nilsson%2C+Torbj%C3%B6rn&rft.au=%C3%85selius%2C+Gunnar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagge2005" class="citation book cs1">Bagge, Sverre (2005). "The Scandinavian Kingdoms". In McKitterick, Rosamond (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge University Press. p. 724. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36289-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36289-4"><bdi>978-0-521-36289-4</bdi></a>. <q>Swedish expansion in Finland led to conflicts with Rus', which were temporarily brought to an end by a peace treaty in 1323, dividing the Karelian peninsula and the northern areas between the two countries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Scandinavian+Kingdoms&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History&rft.pages=724&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36289-4&rft.aulast=Bagge&rft.aufirst=Sverre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvarsHulden2002" class="citation book cs1">Ivars, Ann-Marie; Hulden, Lena, eds. (2002). När kom svenskarna till Finland?. Studier utg. av Svenska Litteratursällskapet i Finland 646.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=N%C3%A4r+kom+svenskarna+till+Finland%3F&rft.pub=Studier+utg.+av+Svenska+Litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet+i+Finland+646&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeinander1983" class="citation journal cs1">Meinander, Carl Fredrik (1983). "Om svenskarnes inflyttningar till Finland". <a href="/wiki/Historisk_Tidskrift_f%C3%B6r_Finland" title="Historisk Tidskrift för Finland">Historisk Tidskrift för Finland</a> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historisk+Tidskrift+f%C3%B6r+Finland&rft.atitle=Om+svenskarnes+inflyttningar+till+Finland&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Meinander&rft.aufirst=Carl+Fredrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarkiainen2008" class="citation book cs1">Tarkiainen, Kari (2008). Sveriges Österland: Från forntiden till Gustav Vasa. Finlands svenska historia 1. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 702:1. Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland; Stockholm: Atlantis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sveriges+%C3%96sterland%3A+Fr%C3%A5n+forntiden+till+Gustav+Vasa.+Finlands+svenska+historia+1.+Skrifter+utgivna+av+Svenska+litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet+i+Finland+702%3A1.&rft.pub=Svenska+litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet+i+Finland%3B+Stockholm%3A+Atlantis&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Tarkiainen&rft.aufirst=Kari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1977" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Franklin D. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swedennationshis00scot">Sweden: The Nation's History</a>. University of Minnesota Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swedennationshis00scot/page/58">58</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0804-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0804-1"><bdi>978-0-8166-0804-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sweden%3A+The+Nation%27s+History&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-0804-1&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fswedennationshis00scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestrin1920" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Westrin" title="Theodor Westrin">Westrin, Theodor</a>, ed. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfcj/0106.html">Nordisk familjebok: konversationslexikon och realencyklopedi. Bd 30</a> (in Swedish) (New, rev. and richly ill. ed.). Nordisk familjeboks förl. pp. 159–160. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170620062821/http://runeberg.org/nfcj/0106.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nordisk+familjebok%3A+konversationslexikon+och+realencyklopedi.+Bd+30&rft.pages=159-160&rft.edition=New%2C+rev.+and+richly+ill.&rft.pub=Nordisk+familjeboks+f%C3%B6rl&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fnfcj%2F0106.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Scott, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Scott, pp. 55–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Scott, pp. 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott,_p._121-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott,_p._121_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott,_p._121_52-1">b</a> Scott, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-Riksdagen-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Riksdagen_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riksdagen_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riksdagen.se/en/How-the-Riksdag-works/Democracy/The-history-of-the-Riksdag/">"The history of the Riksdag"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Riksdag</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140520020027/http://www.riksdagen.se/en/How-the-Riksdag-works/Democracy/The-history-of-the-Riksdag/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+Riksdag&rft.pub=Riksdag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riksdagen.se%2Fen%2FHow-the-Riksdag-works%2FDemocracy%2FThe-history-of-the-Riksdag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-v348-54"><a href="#cite_ref-v348_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riksdagen.se/en/news/from-royal-power-to-peoples-power---500-years-of-parliament-in-sweden/decisions-that-have-changed-sweden-15232023/">"Decisions that have changed Sweden 1523–2023"</a>. www.riksdagen.se. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240604150655/https://www.riksdagen.se/en/news/from-royal-power-to-peoples-power---500-years-of-parliament-in-sweden/decisions-that-have-changed-sweden-15232023/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.riksdagen.se&rft.atitle=Decisions+that+have+changed+Sweden+1523%E2%80%932023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riksdagen.se%2Fen%2Fnews%2Ffrom-royal-power-to-peoples-power---500-years-of-parliament-in-sweden%2Fdecisions-that-have-changed-sweden-15232023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Scott, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Scott, pp. 156–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthington2010" class="citation book cs1">Worthington, David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gfB5DwAAQBAJ&q=sigismund+vasa+1592&pg=PA35">British and Irish Emigrants and Exiles in Europe, 1603–1688</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-4458-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-4458-9"><bdi>978-90-474-4458-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005113205/https://books.google.com/books?id=gfB5DwAAQBAJ&q=sigismund+vasa+1592&pg=PA35#v=snippet&q=sigismund%20vasa%201592&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+and+Irish+Emigrants+and+Exiles+in+Europe%2C+1603%E2%80%931688&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-474-4458-9&rft.aulast=Worthington&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgfB5DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsigismund%2Bvasa%2B1592%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ba08AAAAIAAJ&q=war+against+sigismund&pg=PA172">"the cambridge modern history"</a>. CUP Archive. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005113233/https://books.google.com/books?id=ba08AAAAIAAJ&q=war+against+sigismund&pg=PA172#v=snippet&q=war%20against%20sigismund&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=the+cambridge+modern+history&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dba08AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dwar%2Bagainst%2Bsigismund%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2005" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&q=poland+and+sweden&pg=PA327">God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume 1: The Origins to 1795</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925339-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925339-5"><bdi>978-0-19-925339-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005113206/https://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&q=poland+and+sweden&pg=PA327#v=snippet&q=poland%20and%20sweden&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground+A+History+of+Poland%3A+Volume+1%3A+The+Origins+to+1795&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925339-5&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db912JnKpYTkC%26q%3Dpoland%2Band%2Bsweden%26pg%3DPA327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000102-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost2000102_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000103-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost2000103_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost2000103_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost2000103_61-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-HayesPSH-62"><a href="#cite_ref-HayesPSH_62-0">^</a> "A Political and Social History of Modern Europe V.1./Hayes..." Hayes, Carlton J. H. (1882–1964), Title: A Political and Social History of Modern Europe V.1., 2002-12-08, Project Gutenberg, webpage: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/etext04/7hsr110.htm">Infomot-7hsr110</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117105207/http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/etext04/7hsr110.htm">Archived</a> 17 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> However, Sweden's largest territorial extent lasted from 1319 to 1343 with <a href="/wiki/Magnus_IV_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus IV of Sweden">Magnus Eriksson</a> ruling all of the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_Sweden" title="Lands of Sweden">traditional lands of Sweden</a> and Norway. </li> <li id="cite_note-GusEB-64"><a href="#cite_ref-GusEB_64-0">^</a> "Gustav I Vasa – Britannica Concise" (biography), Britannica Concise, 2007, webpage: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121206031538/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9366349/Gustav-I-Vasa">EBConcise-Gustav-I-Vasa</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/finland/9.htm">"Finland and the Swedish Empire"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226013534/http://countrystudies.us/finland/9.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finland+and+the+Swedish+Empire&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Ffinland%2F9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwanNugent2008" class="citation book cs1">Ewan, Elizabeth; Nugent, Janay (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6oOCfHxQDtwC&pg=PA153">Finding the family in medieval and early modern Scotland</a>. Ashgate Publishing. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6049-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6049-1"><bdi>978-0-7546-6049-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905194502/https://books.google.com/books?id=6oOCfHxQDtwC&pg=PA153">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+the+family+in+medieval+and+early+modern+Scotland&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6049-1&rft.aulast=Ewan&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Nugent%2C+Janay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6oOCfHxQDtwC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000156-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost2000156_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000216-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost2000216_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000222-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost2000222_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000232-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost2000232_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000230-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost2000230_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000272-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost2000272_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000290-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost2000290_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000286-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost2000286_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrandsen2009" class="citation book cs1">Frandsen, Karl-Erik (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F3bNWrVRMb8C">The Last Plague in the Baltic Region. 1709–1713</a>. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-635-0770-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-635-0770-7"><bdi>978-87-635-0770-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Plague+in+the+Baltic+Region.+1709%E2%80%931713&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-87-635-0770-7&rft.aulast=Frandsen&rft.aufirst=Karl-Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF3bNWrVRMb8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngström1994" class="citation journal cs1">Engström, Nils Göran (1994). "Pesten i Finland 1710" [The plague in Finland in 1710]. Hippokrates. Suomen Lääketieteen Historian Seuran Vuosikirja. 11: 38–46. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11640321">11640321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hippokrates.+Suomen+L%C3%A4%C3%A4ketieteen+Historian+Seuran+Vuosikirja&rft.atitle=Pesten+i+Finland+1710&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=38-46&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11640321&rft.aulast=Engstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Nils+G%C3%B6ran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000295-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost2000295_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000296-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost2000296_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEricson2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ericson, Lars (2004). Svenska knektar (in Swedish). Historiska media. p. 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svenska+knektar&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Historiska+media&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ericson&rft.aufirst=Lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaten,_Jörg2016" class="citation book cs1">Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-50718-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-50718-0"><bdi>978-1-107-50718-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Global+Economy.+From+1500+to+the+Present.&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-50718-0&rft.au=Baten%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJutikkalaPirinen2003" class="citation book cs1">Jutikkala, Eino; Pirinen, Kauko (2003). A History of Finland. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-0-27911-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-0-27911-3"><bdi>978-951-0-27911-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Finland&rft.pages=287&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-951-0-27911-3&rft.aulast=Jutikkala&rft.aufirst=Eino&rft.au=Pirinen%2C+Kauko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäfer2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schäfer, Anton (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_l_GeQfwJufAC">Zeittafel der Rechtsgeschichte. Von den Anfängen über Rom bis 1919. Mit Schwerpunkt Österreich und zeitgenössischen Bezügen</a> (in German) (3 ed.). Edition Europa Verlag. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_l_GeQfwJufAC/page/n27">137</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9500616-8-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9500616-8-0"><bdi>978-3-9500616-8-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zeittafel+der+Rechtsgeschichte.+Von+den+Anf%C3%A4ngen+%C3%BCber+Rom+bis+1919.+Mit+Schwerpunkt+%C3%96sterreich+und+zeitgen%C3%B6ssischen+Bez%C3%BCgen&rft.pages=137&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Edition+Europa+Verlag&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-9500616-8-0&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_l_GeQfwJufAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NEsvno-83"><a href="#cite_ref-NEsvno_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorborg" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Norborg, Lars-Arne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/svensk-norska-unionen">"svensk–norska unionen"</a>. ne.se (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160115212312/http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/svensk-norska-unionen">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ne.se&rft.atitle=svensk%E2%80%93norska+unionen&rft.aulast=Norborg&rft.aufirst=Lars-Arne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Fuppslagsverk%2Fencyklopedi%2Fl%25C3%25A5ng%2Fsvensk-norska-unionen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttosen2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ottosen, Morten Nordhagen (25 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.norgeshistorie.no/grunnlov-og-ny-union/artikler/1333-mossekonvensjonen.html">"Mossekonvensjonen"</a>. Norges historie (in Norwegian). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703150932/https://www.norgeshistorie.no/grunnlov-og-ny-union/artikler/1333-mossekonvensjonen.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norges+historie&rft.atitle=Mossekonvensjonen&rft.date=2015-11-25&rft.aulast=Ottosen&rft.aufirst=Morten+Nordhagen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.norgeshistorie.no%2Fgrunnlov-og-ny-union%2Fartikler%2F1333-mossekonvensjonen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.se/20140814/sweden-and-norway-celebrate-200-years-of-peace">"Sweden and Norway celebrate peace treaty"</a>. The Local Europe AB. 14 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703150937/https://www.thelocal.se/20140814/sweden-and-norway-celebrate-200-years-of-peace">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sweden+and+Norway+celebrate+peace+treaty&rft.pub=The+Local+Europe+AB&rft.date=2014-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.se%2F20140814%2Fsweden-and-norway-celebrate-200-years-of-peace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Tore Frängsmyr, "Ostindiska Kompaniet", Publisher- "Bokförlaget Bra Böcker", <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6gan%C3%A4s" title="Höganäs">Höganäs</a>, 1976. (No ISBN to be found), backside overview and </li> <li id="cite_note-Einhorn-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Einhorn_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Einhorn_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinhornLogue1989" class="citation book cs1">Einhorn, Eric; Logue, John (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernwelfaresta00einh_0/page/9">Modern Welfare States: Politics and Policies in Social Democratic Scandinavia</a>. Praeger Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernwelfaresta00einh_0/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-93188-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-93188-9"><bdi>978-0-275-93188-9</bdi></a>. <q>Though Denmark, where industrialization had begun in the 1850s, was reasonably prosperous by the end of the nineteenth century, both Sweden and Norway were terribly poor. Only the safety valve of mass emigration to America prevented famine and rebellion. At the peak of emigration in the 1880s, over 1% of the total population of both countries emigrated annually.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Welfare+States%3A+Politics+and+Policies+in+Social+Democratic+Scandinavia&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-275-93188-9&rft.aulast=Einhorn&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Logue%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernwelfaresta00einh_0%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Einhorn, Eric and John Logue (1989), p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoblik1975" class="citation book cs1">Koblik, Steven (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swedensdevelopme0000kobl">Sweden's Development From Poverty to Affluence, 1750–1970</a>. University of Minnesota Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swedensdevelopme0000kobl/page/8">8–9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0766-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0766-2"><bdi>978-0-8166-0766-2</bdi></a>. <q>In economic and social terms the eighteenth century was more a transitional than a revolutionary period. Sweden was, in light of contemporary Western European standards, a relatively poor but stable country. ...It has been estimated that 75–80% of the population was involved in agricultural pursuits during the late eighteenth century. One hundred years later, the corresponding figure was still 72%.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sweden%27s+Development+From+Poverty+to+Affluence%2C+1750%E2%80%931970&rft.pages=8-9&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-0766-2&rft.aulast=Koblik&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fswedensdevelopme0000kobl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koblik9-10-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koblik9-10_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koblik9-10_90-1">b</a> Koblik, pp. 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Koblik, p. 11: "The agrarian revolution in Sweden is of fundamental importance for Sweden's modern development. Throughout Swedish history the countryside has taken an unusually important role in comparison with other European states." </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Koblik, p. 90. "It is usually suggested that between 1870 and 1914 Sweden emerged from its primarily agrarian economic system into a modern industrial economy." </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiney1975" class="citation journal cs1">Siney, Marion C. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libx.bsu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/ConspectusH&CISOPTR=410&REC=1">"Swedish neutrality and economic warfare in World War I"</a>. Conspectus of History. 1 (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005113722/https://dmr.bsu.edu/digital/collection/ConspectusH/id/410">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conspectus+of+History&rft.atitle=Swedish+neutrality+and+economic+warfare+in+World+War+I&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Siney&rft.aufirst=Marion+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibx.bsu.edu%2Fcdm4%2Fdocument.php%3FCISOROOT%3D%2FConspectusH%26CISOPTR%3D410%26REC%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koblik303-313-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koblik303-313_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koblik303-313_94-1">b</a> Koblik, pp. 303–313. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Nordstrom, p. 315: "Sweden's government attempted to maintain at least a semblance of neutrality while it bent to the demands of the prevailing side in the struggle. Although effective in preserving the country's sovereignty, this approach generated criticism at home from many who believed the threat to Sweden was less serious than the government claimed, problems with the warring powers, ill feelings among its neighbours, and frequent criticism in the postwar period." </li> <li id="cite_note-NB313-319-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NB313-319_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB313-319_96-1">b</a> Nordstrom, pp. 313–319. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/wallenberg.html">"Raoul Wallenberg"</a>. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141205181950/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/wallenberg.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Raoul+Wallenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fbiography%2Fwallenberg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NB335-339-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NB335-339_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB335-339_98-1">b</a> Nordstrom, pp. 335–339. </li> <li id="cite_note-svensteinmo-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-svensteinmo_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-svensteinmo_99-1">b</a> Globalization and Taxation: Challenges to the Swedish Welfare State. By Sven Steinmo. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111104144427/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,874317,00.htm">"Finland: Now, the Seven and a Half"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 7 April 1961. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,874317,00.htm">the original</a> on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Finland%3A+Now%2C+the+Seven+and+a+Half&rft.date=1961-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C874317%2C00.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Nordstrom, p. 344: "During the last 25 years of the century a host of problems plagued the economies of Norden and the West. Although many were present before, the 1973 and 1980 global oil crises acted as catalysts in bringing them to the fore." </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLobellSchönKrantz2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lobell, Håkan; Schön, Lennart; Krantz, Olle (June 2008). "Swedish Historical National Accounts, 1800–2000: Principles and Implications of a New Generation". Scandinavian Economic History Review. 56 (2). Almqvist and Wiksell International: 142–159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03585520802191282">10.1080/03585520802191282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=Swedish+Historical+National+Accounts%2C+1800%E2%80%932000%3A+Principles+and+Implications+of+a+New+Generation&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=142-159&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03585520802191282&rft.aulast=Lobell&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A5kan&rft.au=Sch%C3%B6n%2C+Lennart&rft.au=Krantz%2C+Olle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Englund, P. 1990. "Financial deregulation in Sweden." European Economic Review 34 (2–3): 385–393. Korpi TBD. Meidner, R. 1997. "The Swedish model in an era of mass unemployment." Economic and Industrial Democracy 18 (1): 87–97. Olsen, Gregg M. 1999. "Half empty or half full? The Swedish welfare state in transition." Canadian Review of Sociology & Anthropology, 36 (2): 241–268. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwisher,_Kara1992" class="citation news cs1">Swisher, Kara (18 September 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084954/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1025624.html">"Sweden's 'Crazy' 500% Interest Rate; Fails to Faze Most Citizens, Businesses; Hike Seen as Short-Term Move to Protect Krona From Devaluation"</a>. The Washington Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1025624.html">the original</a> on 15 February 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2010 – via Highbeam.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Sweden%27s+%27Crazy%27+500%25+Interest+Rate%3B+Fails+to+Faze+Most+Citizens%2C+Businesses%3B+Hike+Seen+as+Short-Term+Move+to+Protect+Krona+From+Devaluation&rft.date=1992-09-18&rft.au=Swisher%2C+Kara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-1025624.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonungKianderVartia2009" class="citation book cs1">Jonung, Lars; Kiander, Jaakko; Vartia, Pentti (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NxFh9qk0wBYC&pg=PA44">The Great Financial Crisis in Finland and Sweden</a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84844-305-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84844-305-1"><bdi>978-1-84844-305-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905193823/https://books.google.com/books?id=NxFh9qk0wBYC&pg=PA44">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Financial+Crisis+in+Finland+and+Sweden&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84844-305-1&rft.aulast=Jonung&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft.au=Kiander%2C+Jaakko&rft.au=Vartia%2C+Pentti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNxFh9qk0wBYC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.se/20140928/sweden-pays-tribute-to-estonia-disaster-victims">"Sweden pays tribute"</a>. thelocal.se. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005113746/https://www.thelocal.se/20140928/sweden-pays-tribute-to-estonia-disaster-victims">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thelocal.se&rft.atitle=Sweden+pays+tribute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.se%2F20140928%2Fsweden-pays-tribute-to-estonia-disaster-victims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenley2023" class="citation news cs1">Henley, Jon (23 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/23/estonia-ferry-disaster-inquiry-backs-finding-bow-door-was-to-blame">"Estonia ferry disaster inquiry backs finding bow door was to blame"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005113713/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/23/estonia-ferry-disaster-inquiry-backs-finding-bow-door-was-to-blame">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Estonia+ferry+disaster+inquiry+backs+finding+bow+door+was+to+blame&rft.date=2023-01-23&rft.aulast=Henley&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fjan%2F23%2Festonia-ferry-disaster-inquiry-backs-finding-bow-door-was-to-blame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429052619/http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=3013&date=20060207">"New Swedish weapon in Iraq"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Local" title="The Local">The Local</a>. 7 February 2006. 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Retrieved 30 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=NATO+formally+invites+Finland+and+Sweden+to+join+the+alliance.&rft.date=2022-06-29&rft.aulast=Erlanger&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Shear%2C+Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F06%2F29%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fnato-sweden-finland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66160319.amp">"Turkey's Erdogan to back Sweden joining Nato"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230710195636/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66160319.amp">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2023. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html?countryName=Sweden&countryCode=sw&regionCode=eu&rank=55#sw">the original</a> on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Comparison%3A+Area&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2147rank.html%3FcountryName%3DSweden%26countryCode%3Dsw%26regionCode%3Deu%26rank%3D55%23sw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gotakanal.se/en/">"Göta kanal official website"</a>. <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ta_Canal" title="Göta Canal">Göta Canal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160112033839/http://www.gotakanal.se/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G%C3%B6ta+kanal+official+website&rft.pub=G%C3%B6ta+Canal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gotakanal.se%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/dataserier-med-normalvarden-for-perioden-1991-2020-1.167775">"Dataserier med normalvärden för perioden 1991–2020"</a> (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/SMHI" class="mw-redirect" title="SMHI">SMHI</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528152859/https://www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/dataserier-med-normalvarden-for-perioden-1991-2020-1.167775">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dataserier+med+normalv%C3%A4rden+f%C3%B6r+perioden+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=SMHI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smhi.se%2Fdata%2Fmeteorologi%2Fdataserier-med-normalvarden-for-perioden-1991-2020-1.167775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slu.se/fakulteter/vh/samverkan/regional-jordbruksforskning-for-norra-sverige/rjn-det-norrlandska-klimatets-fordelar/">"Det norrländska klimatets fördelar"</a> [The Norrland climate's advantages] (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_lantbruksuniversitet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet">Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet</a>. 5 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211101183237/https://www.slu.se/fakulteter/vh/samverkan/regional-jordbruksforskning-for-norra-sverige/rjn-det-norrlandska-klimatets-fordelar/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Det+norrl%C3%A4ndska+klimatets+f%C3%B6rdelar&rft.pub=Sveriges+lantbruksuniversitet&rft.date=2021-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slu.se%2Ffakulteter%2Fvh%2Fsamverkan%2Fregional-jordbruksforskning-for-norra-sverige%2Frjn-det-norrlandska-klimatets-fordelar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/climate/impact/gulf_stream.shtml">"BBC Climate and the Gulf Stream"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080928040727/http://www.bbc.co.uk/climate/impact/gulf_stream.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 29 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Climate+and+the+Gulf+Stream&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fclimate%2Fimpact%2Fgulf_stream.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts1900" class="citation journal cs1">Watts, Harvey Maitland (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/div/ocp/gs/">"The Gulf Stream Myth"</a>. Monthly Weather Review. 28 (9): 393–394. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1900MWRv...28..393W">1900MWRv...28..393W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%281900%2928%5B393%3ATGSM%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1175/1520-0493(1900)28[393:TGSM]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110225021029/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/div/ocp/gs/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Weather+Review&rft.atitle=The+Gulf+Stream+Myth&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=393-394&rft.date=1900&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0493%281900%2928%5B393%3ATGSM%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1900MWRv...28..393W&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Harvey+Maitland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldeo.columbia.edu%2Fres%2Fdiv%2Focp%2Fgs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061117173015/http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/sustdev/EIdirect/climate/EIsp0002.htm">"Global Climate Maps"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/SUSTDEV/EIdirect/climate/EIsp0002.htm">the original</a> on 17 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Climate+Maps&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2FWAICENT%2FFAOINFO%2FSUSTDEV%2FEIdirect%2Fclimate%2FEIsp0002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100826085626/http://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/stralning/1.3052">"Normal solskenstid för ett år"</a> [Normal daylight hours for a year] (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Meteorological_and_Hydrological_Institute" title="Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute">Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/stralning/1.3052">the original</a> on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Normal+solskenstid+f%C3%B6r+ett+%C3%A5r&rft.pub=Swedish+Meteorological+and+Hydrological+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smhi.se%2Fklimatdata%2Fmeteorologi%2Fstralning%2F1.3052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geographic.org/global_weather/weather_data.php?month=02&year=1966&id=SWE00140744&path=weather_stations/sw000000000_szz99999999/SWE00140744.dly&name=Vuoggatjalme&country=Sweden">"Weather Data: Sweden, Vuoggatjalme, 1966, February"</a>. geographic.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629142510/https://geographic.org/global_weather/weather_data.php?month=02&year=1966&id=SWE00140744&path=weather_stations/sw000000000_szz99999999/SWE00140744.dly&name=Vuoggatjalme&country=Sweden">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weather+Data%3A+Sweden%2C+Vuoggatjalme%2C+1966%2C+February&rft.pub=geographic.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeographic.org%2Fglobal_weather%2Fweather_data.php%3Fmonth%3D02%26year%3D1966%26id%3DSWE00140744%26path%3Dweather_stations%2Fsw000000000_szz99999999%2FSWE00140744.dly%26name%3DVuoggatjalme%26country%3DSweden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaileyHubbardKlenMustonen2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bailey, Hannah; Hubbard, Alun; Klen, Eric S.; Mustonen, Kaisa-Riikka; Akers, Pete D.; Marttila, Hannu; Welker, Jeffrey M. (1 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-021-00719-y">"Arctic sea-ice loss fuels extreme European snowfall"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_Geoscience" title="Nature Geoscience">Nature Geoscience</a>. 14 (5): 283–288. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatGe..14..283B">2021NatGe..14..283B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41561-021-00719-y">10.1038/s41561-021-00719-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10037%2F20941">10037/20941</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1752-0894">1752-0894</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232765992">232765992</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230128085554/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-021-00719-y">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=Arctic+sea-ice+loss+fuels+extreme+European+snowfall&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=283-288&rft.date=2021-04-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10037%2F20941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232765992%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatGe..14..283B&rft.issn=1752-0894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41561-021-00719-y&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+Alun&rft.au=Klen%2C+Eric+S.&rft.au=Mustonen%2C+Kaisa-Riikka&rft.au=Akers%2C+Pete+D.&rft.au=Marttila%2C+Hannu&rft.au=Welker%2C+Jeffrey+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41561-021-00719-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012044304/https://www.skogskunskap.se/planera-skogsbruk/naturhansyn/naturmiljoer-fran-norr-till-soder/sodra-lovskogsregionen/">"Södra lövskogsregionen"</a>. Skogskunskap (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Forestry_Research_Institute_of_Sweden" title="Forestry Research Institute of Sweden">Forestry Research Institute of Sweden</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skogskunskap.se/planera-skogsbruk/naturhansyn/naturmiljoer-fran-norr-till-soder/sodra-lovskogsregionen/">the original</a> on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skogskunskap&rft.atitle=S%C3%B6dra+l%C3%B6vskogsregionen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skogskunskap.se%2Fplanera-skogsbruk%2Fnaturhansyn%2Fnaturmiljoer-fran-norr-till-soder%2Fsodra-lovskogsregionen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012055002/http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/skane/Sv/samhallsplanering-och-kulturmiljo/landskapsvard/kulturmiljoprogram/historia-utveckling/skogens-landskap/skog-och-bebyggelse/Pages/index.aspx">"Skog och bebyggelse"</a> [Forest and Buildings] (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/County_administrative_boards_of_Sweden" title="County administrative boards of Sweden">Skåne Länsstyrelse</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/skane/Sv/samhallsplanering-och-kulturmiljo/landskapsvard/kulturmiljoprogram/historia-utveckling/skogens-landskap/skog-och-bebyggelse/Pages/index.aspx">the original</a> on 12 October 2017. <q>Granskogen, som spreds norrifrån, nådde inte Skåne förrän mot slutet av 1800-talet. Under 1900-talets första hälft planterades stora arealer granskog.</q> [The spruce forest, which spread from the north, did not reach Scania until the end of the 19th century. During the first half of the 20th century, large areas of spruce forest were planted.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Skog+och+bebyggelse&rft.pub=Sk%C3%A5ne+L%C3%A4nsstyrelse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lansstyrelsen.se%2Fskane%2FSv%2Fsamhallsplanering-och-kulturmiljo%2Flandskapsvard%2Fkulturmiljoprogram%2Fhistoria-utveckling%2Fskogens-landskap%2Fskog-och-bebyggelse%2FPages%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> About the 1984 "Ädellövskogslagen" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.naturait.se/adellovskogen/">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012044321/http://www.naturait.se/adellovskogen/">Archived</a> 12 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – "I Sydsverige (Skåne, Halland och Blekinge) skall minst 70% av beståndet utgöras av ädellöv. Enligt ädellövskogslagen skall efter slutavverkning, alltid ny ädellövskog anläggas på sådana marker." or "In southern Sweden (Scania, Halland and Blekinge) at least 70% of the stock must be of <a href="/wiki/Edible_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible leaves">edible leaves</a>. According to the 'edible deciduous forests law', after ever harvesting, new deciduous forests must always be planted on such fields." (in these three provinces) </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171013120343/https://www.skogskunskap.se/planera-skogsbruk/naturhansyn/naturmiljoer-fran-norr-till-soder/sodra-barrskogsregionen/">"Södra barrskogsregionen"</a>. Skogskunskap. <a href="/wiki/Forestry_Research_Institute_of_Sweden" title="Forestry Research Institute of Sweden">Forestry Research Institute of Sweden</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skogskunskap.se/planera-skogsbruk/naturhansyn/naturmiljoer-fran-norr-till-soder/sodra-barrskogsregionen/">the original</a> on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skogskunskap&rft.atitle=S%C3%B6dra+barrskogsregionen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skogskunskap.se%2Fplanera-skogsbruk%2Fnaturhansyn%2Fnaturmiljoer-fran-norr-till-soder%2Fsodra-barrskogsregionen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RydénMigula2003-137"><a href="#cite_ref-RydénMigula2003_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLars_RydénPawel_MigulaMagnus_Andersson2003" class="citation book cs1">Lars Rydén; Pawel Migula; Magnus Andersson (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VIopLSQyI5MC&pg=PA82">Environmental science: understanding, protecting and managing the environment in the Baltic Sea region</a>. Baltic University Press. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-970017-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-970017-0-0"><bdi>978-91-970017-0-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005113713/https://books.google.com/books?id=VIopLSQyI5MC&pg=PA82#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+science%3A+understanding%2C+protecting+and+managing+the+environment+in+the+Baltic+Sea+region&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Baltic+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-91-970017-0-0&rft.au=Lars+Ryd%C3%A9n&rft.au=Pawel+Migula&rft.au=Magnus+Andersson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVIopLSQyI5MC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Swedish Encyclopedia "Bonniers Lexikon", vol 13 of 15, article "Sverige", Sweden, columns 1046–1050 </li> <li id="cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020" class="citation journal cs1">Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057">"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material"</a>. 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Walter de Gruyter. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014996-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014996-8"><bdi>978-3-11-014996-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005113712/https://books.google.com/books?id=8IyJkWAAXjkC&q=%22swedish+ban+on+corporal+punishment%22#v=snippet&q=%22swedish%20ban%20on%20corporal%20punishment%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. 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Retrieved 4 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Sweden&rft.atitle=Viktigare+lagar+och+f%C3%B6rordningar+inf%C3%B6r+%C3%A5rsskiftet+2019%2F202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.regeringen.se%2F4b0986%2Fcontentassets%2F05ff51dfa3c84ed18813b1d8815c29a0%2Fviktigare-lagar-och-forordningar-infor-arsskiftet-2019_2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larsson_&_Bäck:16-18-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Larsson_&_Bäck:16-18_151-0">^</a> <a href="#Larsson_&_Bäck">Larsson & Bäck</a>: pp. 16–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-Larsson_&_Bäck:212-215-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Larsson_&_Bäck:212-215_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larsson_&_Bäck:212-215_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larsson_&_Bäck:212-215_152-2">c</a> <a href="#Larsson_&_Bäck">Larsson & Bäck</a>: pp. 212–215. </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersson:92-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Petersson:92_153-0">^</a> <a href="#Petersson">Petersson</a>: p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersson:174-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Petersson:174_154-0">^</a> <a href="#Petersson">Petersson</a>: p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersson:79-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Petersson:79_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petersson:79_155-1">b</a> <a href="#Petersson">Petersson</a>: p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-Larsson_&_Bäck:210-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Larsson_&_Bäck:210_156-0">^</a> <a href="#Larsson_&_Bäck">Larsson & Bäck</a>: p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersson:79-82-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Petersson:79-82_157-0">^</a> <a href="#Petersson">Petersson</a>: pp. 79–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersson:80-82-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Petersson:80-82_158-0">^</a> <a href="#Petersson">Petersson</a>: pp. 80–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425154216/http://www.sweden.se/eng/Home/Society/Monarchy/Facts/Monarchy/">"Monarchy: A modern royal family"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Institute" title="Swedish Institute">Swedish Institute</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.government.se/sb/d/2853/nocache/true/a/21785/dictionary/true">the original</a> on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Head+of+State&rft.pub=Government+of+Sweden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.government.se%2Fsb%2Fd%2F2853%2Fnocache%2Ftrue%2Fa%2F21785%2Fdictionary%2Ftrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duties_of_the_Monarch-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duties_of_the_Monarch_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duties_of_the_Monarch_162-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/monarchy/themonarchyinsweden/dutiesofthemonarch.4.396160511584257f2180003302.html">"Duties of the Monarch"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Court_of_Sweden" title="Royal Court of Sweden">Royal Court of Sweden</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316041821/http://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/monarchy/themonarchyinsweden/dutiesofthemonarch.4.396160511584257f2180003302.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Duties+of+the+Monarch&rft.pub=Royal+Court+of+Sweden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kungahuset.se%2Froyalcourt%2Fmonarchy%2Fthemonarchyinsweden%2Fdutiesofthemonarch.4.396160511584257f2180003302.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_new_government_is_formed-163"><a href="#cite_ref-A_new_government_is_formed_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riksdagen.se/en/How-the-Riksdag-works/Democracy/Forming-a-government/A-new-government-is-formed/">"A new government is formed"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Riksdag</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141109002503/http://www.riksdagen.se/en/How-the-Riksdag-works/Democracy/Forming-a-government/A-new-government-is-formed/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+new+government+is+formed&rft.pub=The+Riksdag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riksdagen.se%2Fen%2FHow-the-Riksdag-works%2FDemocracy%2FForming-a-government%2FA-new-government-is-formed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Riksdag_Act_–_almost_a_fundamental_law-164"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Riksdag_Act_–_almost_a_fundamental_law_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141024155003/http://www.riksdagen.se/en/How-the-Riksdag-works/Democracy/The-Constitution/The-Riksdag-Act---almost-a-fundamental-law/">"The Riksdag Act – almost a fundamental law"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Riksdag</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riksdagen.se/en/How-the-Riksdag-works/Democracy/The-Constitution/The-Riksdag-Act---almost-a-fundamental-law/">the original</a> on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Riksdag+Act+%E2%80%93+almost+a+fundamental+law&rft.pub=The+Riksdag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riksdagen.se%2Fen%2FHow-the-Riksdag-works%2FDemocracy%2FThe-Constitution%2FThe-Riksdag-Act---almost-a-fundamental-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forming_a_government-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Forming_a_government_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riksdagen.se/en/How-the-Riksdag-works/Democracy/Forming-a-government/">"Forming a government"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Riksdag</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009160056/http://www.riksdagen.se/en/How-the-Riksdag-works/Democracy/Forming-a-government/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forming+a+government&rft.pub=The+Riksdag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riksdagen.se%2Fen%2FHow-the-Riksdag-works%2FDemocracy%2FForming-a-government%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IG-166"><a href="#cite_ref-IG_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riksdagen.se/Global/dokument/dokument/laws/the-instrument-of-government-2012.pdf">"The Instrument of Government (as of 2012)"</a> (PDF). The <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Riksdag</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008133940/http://www.riksdagen.se/Global/dokument/dokument/laws/the-instrument-of-government-2012.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Instrument+of+Government+%28as+of+2012%29&rft.pub=The+Riksdag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riksdagen.se%2FGlobal%2Fdokument%2Fdokument%2Flaws%2Fthe-instrument-of-government-2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Swedish_courts-167"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Swedish_courts_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019174305/http://www.domstol.se/Funktioner/English/The-Swedish-courts/">"The Swedish courts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Swedish_National_Courts_Administration" title="Swedish National Courts Administration">Swedish National Courts Administration</a>. 27 November 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.domstol.se/Funktioner/English/The-Swedish-courts/">the original</a> on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Swedish+courts&rft.pub=Swedish+National+Courts+Administration&rft.date=2005-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.domstol.se%2FFunktioner%2FEnglish%2FThe-Swedish-courts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill2009243-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerrill2009243_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTerrill2009">Terrill 2009</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill2009246-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerrill2009246_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTerrill2009">Terrill 2009</a>, p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.val.se/val/val2014/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html">"Röster – Val 2014"</a> (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Election_Authority_(Sweden)" title="Election Authority (Sweden)">Election Authority</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503192853/http://www.val.se/val/val2014/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%B6ster+%E2%80%93+Val+2014&rft.pub=Election+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.val.se%2Fval%2Fval2014%2Fslutresultat%2FR%2Frike%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181217125738/https://data.val.se/val/val2018/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html">"Röster – Val 2018"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Election_Authority_(Sweden)" title="Election Authority (Sweden)">Election Authority</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.val.se/val/val2018/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html">the original</a> on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Election+Authority&rft.atitle=R%C3%B6ster+%E2%80%93+Val+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.val.se%2Fval%2Fval2018%2Fslutresultat%2FR%2Frike%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmberg,_Sören1999" class="citation book cs1">Holmberg, Sören (1999). Norris, Pippa (ed.). Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 103–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829568-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829568-6"><bdi>978-0-19-829568-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Citizens%3A+Global+Support+for+Democratic+Government&rft.pages=103-123&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829568-6&rft.au=Holmberg%2C+S%C3%B6ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skr.se/skr/tjanster/englishpages/municipalitiesandregions.1088.html">"Municipalities and regions"</a>. skr.se. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121063424/https://skr.se/skr/tjanster/englishpages/municipalitiesandregions.1088.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=skr.se&rft.atitle=Municipalities+and+regions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskr.se%2Fskr%2Ftjanster%2Fenglishpages%2Fmunicipalitiesandregions.1088.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090209002918/http://www.dom.se/templates/DV_InfoPage____2317.aspx">"The Swedish courts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Swedish_National_Courts_Administration" title="Swedish National Courts Administration">Swedish National Courts Administration</a>. 10 March 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dom.se/templates/DV_InfoPage____2317.aspx">the original</a> on 9 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Swedish+courts&rft.pub=Swedish+National+Courts+Administration&rft.date=2005-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dom.se%2Ftemplates%2FDV_InfoPage____2317.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-burdenofcrime2005-175"><a href="#cite_ref-burdenofcrime2005_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_DijkRobert_ManchinJohn_van_KesterenSami_Nevala2005" class="citation web cs1">van Dijk, Jan; Robert Manchin; John van Kesteren; Sami Nevala; Gergely Hideg (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080428050421/http://www.gallup-europe.be/downloads/EUICS%20-%20The%20Burden%20of%20Crime%20in%20the%20EU.pdf">"EUICS report, The Burden of Crime in the EU, A Comparative Analysis of the"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup-europe.be/downloads/EUICS%20-%20The%20Burden%20of%20Crime%20in%20the%20EU.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EUICS+report%2C+The+Burden+of+Crime+in+the+EU%2C+A+Comparative+Analysis+of+the&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=van+Dijk&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Robert+Manchin&rft.au=John+van+Kesteren&rft.au=Sami+Nevala&rft.au=Gergely+Hideg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup-europe.be%2Fdownloads%2FEUICS%2520-%2520The%2520Burden%2520of%2520Crime%2520in%2520the%2520EU.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrange2013" class="citation news cs1">Orange, Richard (11 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/11/sweden-closes-prisons-number-inmates-plummets">"Sweden closes four prisons as number of inmates plummets"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131115000627/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/11/sweden-closes-prisons-number-inmates-plummets">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sweden+closes+four+prisons+as+number+of+inmates+plummets&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft.aulast=Orange&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fnov%2F11%2Fsweden-closes-prisons-number-inmates-plummets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> As context, according to <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Reischauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Reischauer">Edwin Reischauer</a>, "To be neutral you must be ready to be highly militarized, like Switzerland or Sweden." – see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapin1990" class="citation news cs1">Chapin, Emerson (2 September 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE2DC163AF931A3575AC0A966958260&scp=1&sq=edwin+o+reischauer&st=nyt">"Edwin Reischauer, Diplomat and Scholar, Dies at 79"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425013411/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/02/obituaries/edwin-reischauer-diplomat-and-scholar-dies-at-79.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Edwin+Reischauer%2C+Diplomat+and+Scholar%2C+Dies+at+79&rft.date=1990-09-02&rft.aulast=Chapin&rft.aufirst=Emerson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9C0CE2DC163AF931A3575AC0A966958260%26scp%3D1%26sq%3Dedwin%2Bo%2Breischauer%26st%3Dnyt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Nordstrom, p 336: "As a corollary, a security policy based on strong national defences designed to discourage, but not prevent, attack was pursued. For the next several decades, the Swedish poured an annual average of about 5% of GDP into making their defenses credible." </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/information-och-fakta/varnplikt/">"Värnplikt"</a> [Conscription] (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Armed_Forces" title="Swedish Armed Forces">Swedish Armed Forces</a>. Retrieved 21 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=V%C3%A4rnplikt&rft.pub=Swedish+Armed+Forces&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forsvarsmakten.se%2Fsv%2Finformation-och-fakta%2Fvarnplikt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110426203557/http://svt.se/2.22620/1.1595556/allmanna_varnplikten_skrotas?lid=puff_1597044&lpos=extra_0">"Allmänna värnplikten skrotas"</a> [General conscription scrapped] (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Television" title="Sveriges Television">Sveriges Television</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://svt.se/2.22620/1.1595556/allmanna_varnplikten_skrotas?lid=puff_1597044&lpos=extra_0">the original</a> on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allm%C3%A4nna+v%C3%A4rnplikten+skrotas&rft.pub=Sveriges+Television&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsvt.se%2F2.22620%2F1.1595556%2Fallmanna_varnplikten_skrotas%3Flid%3Dpuff_1597044%26lpos%3Dextra_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100122021708/http://www.thelocal.se/21494/20090816/">"Military conscription phase out under fire"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Local" title="The Local">The Local</a>. 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Retrieved 9 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OECD+Factbook+2011%E2%80%932012+%28see+Public+Finance+-%3E+Social+Expenditure%29&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd-ilibrary.org%2Feconomics%2Foecd-factbook_18147364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-factbook_18147364">"OECD Factbook 2011–2012 (see Education -> Education Expenditure)"</a>. OECD Publishing. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120823004743/http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-factbook_18147364">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OECD+Factbook+2011%E2%80%932012+%28see+Education+-%3E+Education+Expenditure%29&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd-ilibrary.org%2Feconomics%2Foecd-factbook_18147364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-factbook_18147364">"OECD Factbook 2011–2012 (see Health -> Health Expenditure)"</a>. OECD Publishing. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120823004743/http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-factbook_18147364">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OECD+Factbook+2011%E2%80%932012+%28see+Health+-%3E+Health+Expenditure%29&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd-ilibrary.org%2Feconomics%2Foecd-factbook_18147364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-H-J.C-Sweden-221"><a href="#cite_ref-H-J.C-Sweden_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Ha-Joon. Kicking Away The Ladder. pp. 39–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kicking+Away+The+Ladder&rft.pages=39-42&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Ha-Joon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Equal_Societies-222"><a href="#cite_ref-Equal_Societies_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsonPickett2009" class="citation web cs1">Wilkinson, Richard; Pickett, Kate (8 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205120331/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/nhhrc/publishing.nsf/Content/135-interim/$FILE/135%20-%20Submission%20-%20Childrens%20Hospitals%20Australasia%20(Attachment%20C).pdf">"The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health (Australia)">Department of Health</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.health.gov.au/internet/nhhrc/publishing.nsf/Content/135-interim/$FILE/135%20-%20Submission%20-%20Childrens%20Hospitals%20Australasia%20(Attachment%20C).pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 February 2016. 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Human Development Research Paper: 41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150219010417/http://ww.rrojasdatabank.info/HDRP_2010_40.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Development+Research+Paper&rft.atitle=A+Hypothetical+Cohort+Model+of+Human+Development&rft.pages=41&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=Jana&rft.au=Osborne+Daponte%2C+Beth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww.rrojasdatabank.info%2FHDRP_2010_40.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre2016" class="citation book cs1">Pierre, Jon, ed. 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(2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M5qkDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA569">The Handbook of Neoliberalism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 569. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-84400-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-84400-1"><bdi>978-1-138-84400-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009201645/https://books.google.com/books?id=M5qkDAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA569">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Neoliberalism&rft.pages=569&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-138-84400-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM5qkDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/mginews/businessweek/swedenbalance.asp">"Sweden's balancing lessons for Europe"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111031224326/http://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/mginews/businessweek/swedenbalance.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sweden%27s+balancing+lessons+for+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.com%2Fmgi%2Fmginews%2Fbusinessweek%2Fswedenbalance.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=9803876">"Moderate revolution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100104025637/http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=9803876">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Moderate+revolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2FdisplayStory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D9803876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/23/swedish-riots-stockholm">"Swedish riots rage for fourth night"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 23 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140817040239/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/23/swedish-riots-stockholm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Swedish+riots+rage+for+fourth+night&rft.date=2013-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fmay%2F23%2Fswedish-riots-stockholm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindberg2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lindberg, Henrik (May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econjwatch.org/issues/volume-4-number-1-may-2007">"The Role of Economists in Liberalising Swedish Agriculture"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a>. 4 (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193526/http://econjwatch.org/issues/volume-4-number-1-may-2007">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Econ+Journal+Watch&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Economists+in+Liberalising+Swedish+Agriculture&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2007-05&rft.aulast=Lindberg&rft.aufirst=Henrik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconjwatch.org%2Fissues%2Fvolume-4-number-1-may-2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> Yearly averages excluding full-time students working part-time. See Anders Kjellberg <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/ws/files/21676527/Kollektivavtalst_ckning_samt_organisationsgrad_2017_LUP.pdf">Kollektivavtalens täckningsgrad samt organisationsgraden hos arbetsgivarförbund och fackförbund</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312031300/https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/ws/files/21676527/Kollektivavtalst_ckning_samt_organisationsgrad_2017_LUP.pdf">Archived</a> 12 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Department of Sociology, Lund University. Studies in Social Policy, Industrial Relations, Working Life and Mobility. Research Reports 2017:1, Appendix 3 (in English) Table A </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Anders Kjellberg and Christian Lyhne Ibsen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/ws/files/21682547/Kjellberg_og_Ibsen_2016_ur_Due_og_Madsen.pdf">"Attacks on union organizing: Reversible and irreversible changes to the Ghent-systems in Sweden and Denmark"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309062312/https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/ws/files/21682547/Kjellberg_og_Ibsen_2016_ur_Due_og_Madsen.pdf">Archived</a> 9 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Trine Pernille Larsen and Anna Ilsøe (eds.)(2016) Den Danske Model set udefra (The Danish Model Inside Out) – komparative perspektiver på dansk arbejdsmarkedsregulering, Copenhagen: Jurist- og Økonomforbundets Forlag (pp.279–302) </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scb.se/en/finding-statistics/statistics-by-subject-area/labour-market/labour-force-surveys/labour-force-surveys-lfs/pong/statistical-news/labour-force-surveys-lfs-may-2017/">"Continued increase in the number of employees in the municipal sector"</a>. Statistics Sweden. 20 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009190725/http://www.scb.se/en/finding-statistics/statistics-by-subject-area/labour-market/labour-force-surveys/labour-force-surveys-lfs/pong/statistical-news/labour-force-surveys-lfs-may-2017/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Sweden&rft.atitle=Continued+increase+in+the+number+of+employees+in+the+municipal+sector&rft.date=2017-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scb.se%2Fen%2Ffinding-statistics%2Fstatistics-by-subject-area%2Flabour-market%2Flabour-force-surveys%2Flabour-force-surveys-lfs%2Fpong%2Fstatistical-news%2Flabour-force-surveys-lfs-may-2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svd.se/scb-72-procent-ar-arbetslosa">"SCB: Arbetslösheten minskar i landet"</a>. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). 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Retrieved 30 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Svenska+Dagbladet&rft.atitle=SCB%3A+Arbetsl%C3%B6sheten+minskar+i+landet&rft.date=2017-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svd.se%2Fscb-72-procent-ar-arbetslosa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130202221352/http://www.unric.org/en/youth-unemployment/27411-sweden-highest-ratio-of-youth-unemployment">"Sweden: Highest ratio of youth unemployment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNRIC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNRIC">United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe</a>, Brussels. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unric.org/en/youth-unemployment/27411-sweden-highest-ratio-of-youth-unemployment">the original</a> on 2 February 2013. 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NationMaster.com. 1 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120930043550/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/eco_gov_spe_in_res_and_dev-economy-government-spending-research-development">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+spending+in+research+and+development+statistics+%E2%80%93+countries+compared&rft.pub=NationMaster.com&rft.date=2007-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmaster.com%2Fgraph%2Feco_gov_spe_in_res_and_dev-economy-government-spending-research-development&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080916211008/http://www.swedenabroad.se/Page____50008.aspx">"Embassy of Sweden New Delhi – Science & Technology"</a>. Swedenabroad.se. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swedenabroad.se/Page____50008.aspx">the original</a> on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Embassy+of+Sweden+New+Delhi+%E2%80%93+Science+%26+Technology&rft.pub=Swedenabroad.se&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swedenabroad.se%2FPage____50008.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iop.org/publications/iop/2011/file_47455.pdf">"Neutron scattering"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics" title="Institute of Physics">Institute of Physics</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022104114/http://www.iop.org/publications/iop/2011/file_47455.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neutron+scattering&rft.pub=Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iop.org%2Fpublications%2Fiop%2F2011%2Ffile_47455.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuttaLanvinRivera_LeónWunsch-Vincent2024" class="citation book cs1">Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; Rivera León, Lorena; Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/">Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024%3A+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3681-2&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=Soumitra&rft.au=Lanvin%2C+Bruno&rft.au=Rivera+Le%C3%B3n%2C+Lorena&rft.au=Wunsch-Vincent%2C+Sacha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuttaLanvinWunsch-VincentLeón2023" class="citation book cs1">Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha; León, Lorena Rivera; World Intellectual Property Organization (12 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html">Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.46596">10.34667/tind.46596</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789280534320" title="Special:BookSources/9789280534320"><bdi>9789280534320</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022042128/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2023. 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Energy & Environmental Science. 2 (9): 907. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fb908135f">10.1039/b908135f</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1754-5692">1754-5692</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005114222/https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2009/EE/b908135f">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. 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Retrieved 28 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Immigrant+children+in+Sweden+blamed+for+country%27s+poor+test+scores&rft.date=2016-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fimmigrant-children-in-sweden-blamed-for-countrys-poor-test-scores-a6934111.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125061419/https://www.thelocal.se/20180822/sweden-in-focus-education-inequality-schools">"What's behind the rising inequality in Sweden's schools, and can it be fixed?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Local" title="The Local">The Local</a>. 22 August 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.se/20180822/sweden-in-focus-education-inequality-schools">the original</a> on 25 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Local&rft.atitle=What%27s+behind+the+rising+inequality+in+Sweden%27s+schools%2C+and+can+it+be+fixed%3F&rft.date=2018-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.se%2F20180822%2Fsweden-in-focus-education-inequality-schools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/education/2016/06/why-sweden-s-free-schools-are-failing">"Why Sweden's free schools are failing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>. 16 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115014822/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/education/2016/06/why-sweden-s-free-schools-are-failing">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Why+Sweden%27s+free+schools+are+failing&rft.date=2016-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fpolitics%2Feducation%2F2016%2F06%2Fwhy-sweden-s-free-schools-are-failing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dagenssamhalle.se/kronika/invandring-saeker-faktor-bakom-pisa-tappet-22744">"Invandring säker faktor bakom Pisa-tappet"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dagens+Samhalle&rft.atitle=Invandring+s%C3%A4ker+faktor+bakom+Pisa-tappet&rft.date=2016-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dagenssamhalle.se%2Fkronika%2Finvandring-saeker-faktor-bakom-pisa-tappet-22744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100917004928/http://www.sweden.se/eng/Home/Lifestyle/Reading/The-Swedish-myths-True-false-or-somewhere-in-between/">"The Swedish Myths: True, False, or Somewhere In Between?"</a>. Sweden.se. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sweden.se/eng/Home/Lifestyle/Reading/The-Swedish-myths-True-false-or-somewhere-in-between/">the original</a> on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Swedish+Myths%3A+True%2C+False%2C+or+Somewhere+In+Between%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sweden.se%2Feng%2FHome%2FLifestyle%2FReading%2FThe-Swedish-myths-True-false-or-somewhere-in-between%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarklund2009" class="citation journal cs1">Marklund, Carl (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/nordeuropaforum/2009-1/marklund-carl-83/XML/">"Hot Love and Cold People. Sexual Liberalism as Political Escapism in Radical Sweden"</a>. NORDEUROPAforum. 19 (1): 83–101. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121217062419/http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/nordeuropaforum/2009-1/marklund-carl-83/XML/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NORDEUROPAforum&rft.atitle=Hot+Love+and+Cold+People.+Sexual+Liberalism+as+Political+Escapism+in+Radical+Sweden&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-101&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Marklund&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedoc.hu-berlin.de%2Fnordeuropaforum%2F2009-1%2Fmarklund-carl-83%2FXML%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090410151816/http://www.thelocal.se/18608/20090402/">"Sweden passes new gay marriage law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Local" title="The Local">The Local</a>. 2 April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.se/18608/20090402/">the original</a> on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Local&rft.atitle=Sweden+passes+new+gay+marriage+law&rft.date=2009-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.se%2F18608%2F20090402%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurant2003" class="citation book cs1">Durant, Colin (2003). Choral Conducting: philosophy and practice. Routledge. pp. 46–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94356-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94356-7"><bdi>978-0-415-94356-7</bdi></a>. <q>Sweden has a strong and enviable choral singing tradition. [..] All those interviewed placed great emphasis on the social identification through singing and also referred to the importance of Swedish folk song in the maintenance of the choral singing tradition and national identity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choral+Conducting%3A+philosophy+and+practice&rft.pages=46-47&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94356-7&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-export_music-294"><a href="#cite_ref-export_music_294-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080615001724/http://www.swedenabroad.com/Page____59218.aspx">"Consulate General of Sweden Los Angeles – Export Music Sweden at MuseExpo"</a>. Swedenabroad.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swedenabroad.com/Page____59218.aspx">the original</a> on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consulate+General+of+Sweden+Los+Angeles+%E2%80%93+Export+Music+Sweden+at+MuseExpo&rft.pub=Swedenabroad.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swedenabroad.com%2FPage____59218.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-295"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_295-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111124414/http://casgroup.fiu.edu/pages/docs/551/1264626358_Interesting_Facts_about_EU_Countries.pdf">Interesting facts about EU countries</a>. casgroup.fiu.edu </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131217224031/http://www.svtplay.se/video/1628310/del-16-av-16">"Del 16 av 16"</a> [Part 16 of 16]. <a href="/wiki/Agenda_(Swedish_TV_program)" title="Agenda (Swedish TV program)">Agenda</a> (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Television" title="Sveriges Television">Sveriges Television</a>. 15 December 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svtplay.se/video/1628310/del-16-av-16">the original</a> on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agenda&rft.atitle=Del+16+av+16&rft.date=2013-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.svtplay.se%2Fvideo%2F1628310%2Fdel-16-av-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> at 19:45, citing the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Agency_for_Economic_and_Regional_Growth" title="Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth">Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080623003444/http://www.visarkiv.se/en/jazz/index.htm">"Lars Westin: Jazz in Sweden – an overview"</a>. Visarkiv.se. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visarkiv.se/en/jazz/index.htm">the original</a> on 23 June 2008. 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Retrieved 25 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sgmlight.com&rft.atitle=SGM+Lights+Up+World%27s+Largest+Hemispherical+Building&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsgmlight.com%2Fprojects%2Fp-5s-lighting-up-the-world%25E2%2580%2599s-largest-hemispherical-building&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1966" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Kenneth E. (1966). The history makers;: The press of Europe from its beginnings through 1965. 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Retrieved 5 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bestselling+fiction+authors+in+the+world+for+2008&rft.pub=Abebooks.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abebooks.com%2Fblog%2Findex.php%2F2009%2F01%2F15%2Fbestselling-fiction-authors-in-the-world-for-2008%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLokala_Nyheter_Skåne2019" class="citation news cs1">Lokala Nyheter Skåne (21 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/skane/skanska-flaggans-dag">"Så firas skånska flaggans dag | SVT Nyheter"</a>. SVT Nyheter. Svt.se. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308111959/https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/skane/skanska-flaggans-dag">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SVT+Nyheter&rft.atitle=S%C3%A5+firas+sk%C3%A5nska+flaggans+dag+%26%23124%3B+SVT+Nyheter&rft.date=2019-07-21&rft.au=Lokala+Nyheter+Sk%C3%A5ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svt.se%2Fnyheter%2Flokalt%2Fskane%2Fskanska-flaggans-dag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809003931/https://www.rf.se/globalassets/riksidrottsforbundet/nya-dokument/nya-dokumentbanken/idrottsrorelsen-i-siffror/2019-idrotten-i-siffror---sisu.pdf?w=900&h=900">"Idrottsrörelsen i siffror"</a> (PDF). rf.se (in Swedish). Swedish Sports Confederation. 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Retrieved 16 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rf.se&rft.atitle=Idrottsr%C3%B6relsen+i+siffror&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rf.se%2Fglobalassets%2Friksidrottsforbundet%2Fnya-dokument%2Fnya-dokumentbanken%2Fidrottsrorelsen-i-siffror%2F2019-idrotten-i-siffror---sisu.pdf%3Fw%3D900%26h%3D900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Bagge, Sverre (2005). "The Scandinavian Kingdoms". In The New Cambridge Medieval History. Eds. <a href="/wiki/Rosamond_McKitterick" title="Rosamond McKitterick">Rosamond McKitterick</a> et al. Cambridge University Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36289-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36289-4">978-0-521-36289-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley1990" class="citation journal cs1">Bradley, David (1990). "Radical principles and the legal institution of marriage: domestic relations law and social democracy in Sweden—BRADLEY 4 (2): 154—International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family". International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family. 4 (2): 154–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Flawfam%2F4.2.154">10.1093/lawfam/4.2.154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Law%2C+Policy+and+the+Family&rft.atitle=Radical+principles+and+the+legal+institution+of+marriage%3A+domestic+relations+law+and+social+democracy+in+Sweden%E2%80%94BRADLEY+4+%282%29%3A+154%E2%80%94International+Journal+of+Law%2C+Policy+and+the+Family&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=154-185&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Flawfam%2F4.2.154&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sweden/">Sweden</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118143648/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sweden/">Archived</a> 18 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105201119/http://www.scb.se/Pages/Product____25799.aspx">"Sweden's population 2012"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Sweden" title="Statistics Sweden">Statistics Sweden</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scb.se/Pages/Product____25799.aspx">the original</a> on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sweden%27s+population+2012&rft.pub=Statistics+Sweden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scb.se%2FPages%2FProduct____25799.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Durant, Colin (2003). Choral Conducting: philosophy and practice, Routledge, pp. 46–47. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94356-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94356-7">978-0-415-94356-7</a>.</li> <li>Einhorn, Eric and John Logue (1989). Modern Welfare States: Politics and Policies in Social Democratic Scandinavia. Praeger Publishers, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-93188-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-93188-9">978-0-275-93188-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2000" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Robert I (2000). The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558–1721. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-06429-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-06429-4"><bdi>978-0-582-06429-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Northern+Wars.+War%2C+State+and+Society+in+Northeastern+Europe+1558%E2%80%931721&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-582-06429-4&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Robert+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Koblik, Steven (1975). Sweden's Development from Poverty to Affluence 1750–1970. University of Minnesota Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0757-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0757-0">978-0-8166-0757-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Larsson_&_Bäck" class="citation book cs1">Larsson, Torbjörn; Bäck, Henry (2008). Governing and Governance in Sweden. <a href="/wiki/Studentlitteratur" title="Studentlitteratur">Studentlitteratur</a> AB. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-44-03682-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-44-03682-3"><bdi>978-91-44-03682-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governing+and+Governance+in+Sweden&rft.pub=Studentlitteratur+AB&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-91-44-03682-3&rft.aulast=Larsson&rft.aufirst=Torbj%C3%B6rn&rft.au=B%C3%A4ck%2C+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Magocsi, Paul Robert (1998). Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples. University of Minnesota Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2938-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2938-6">978-0-8020-2938-6</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/sweden/natur.htm">Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Sweden</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064226/http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/sweden/natur.htm">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Agenda 21 – Natural Resource Aspects – Sweden. 5th Session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, April 1997.</li> <li>Nordstrom, Byron J. (2000). Scandinavia since 1500. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2098-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2098-2">978-0-8166-2098-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Petersson" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Petersson, Olof (2010). Den offentliga makten (in Swedish). SNS Förlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-86203-66-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-86203-66-5"><bdi>978-91-86203-66-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Den+offentliga+makten&rft.pub=SNS+F%C3%B6rlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-91-86203-66-5&rft.aulast=Petersson&rft.aufirst=Olof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyerSawyer1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Sawyer" title="Birgit Sawyer">Sawyer, Birgit</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hayes_Sawyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Hayes Sawyer">Sawyer, Peter H.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jGJrXOjYvQgC">Medieval Scandinavia: from Conversion to Reformation, Circa 800–1500</a>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-1739-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-1739-5"><bdi>978-0-8166-1739-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420120558/https://books.google.com/books?id=jGJrXOjYvQgC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Scandinavia%3A+from+Conversion+to+Reformation%2C+Circa+800%E2%80%931500&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-1739-5&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Birgit&rft.au=Sawyer%2C+Peter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjGJrXOjYvQgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090731025052/http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____193256.aspx">"2006 census"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Sweden" title="Statistics Sweden">Statistics Sweden</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____193256.aspx">the original</a> on 31 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2006+census&rft.pub=Statistics+Sweden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scb.se%2FPages%2FTableAndChart____193256.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090714003037/http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____25897.aspx">"Preliminary Population Statistics, by month, 2004–2006"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Sweden" title="Statistics Sweden">Statistics Sweden</a>. 1 January 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____25897.aspx">the original</a> on 14 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preliminary+Population+Statistics%2C+by+month%2C+2004%E2%80%932006&rft.pub=Statistics+Sweden&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scb.se%2FPages%2FTableAndChart____25897.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013009/http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/BO0801_2007A01_BR_BO01SA0701.pdf">Yearbook of Housing and Building Statistics 2007</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Sweden" title="Statistics Sweden">Statistics Sweden</a>, Energy, Rents and Real Estate Statistics Unit. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-618-1361-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-618-1361-2"><bdi>978-91-618-1361-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/BO0801_2007A01_BR_BO01SA0701.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+Housing+and+Building+Statistics+2007&rft.pub=Statistics+Sweden%2C+Energy%2C+Rents+and+Real+Estate+Statistics+Unit&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-91-618-1361-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scb.se%2Fstatistik%2F_publikationer%2FBO0801_2007A01_BR_BO01SA0701.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerrill2009" class="citation book cs1">Terrill, Richard J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hJaEzC1CBe8C&pg=PA248">World Criminal Justice Systems: A Survey</a> (7 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59345-612-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59345-612-2"><bdi>978-1-59345-612-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Criminal+Justice+Systems%3A+A+Survey&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59345-612-2&rft.aulast=Terrill&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhJaEzC1CBe8C%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2880.htm">Sweden</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604192307/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2880.htm">Archived</a> 4 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60367-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60367-6">978-0-521-60367-6</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Sweden at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sweden" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Sweden">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sverige" class="extiw" title="c:Sverige">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Sweden" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Sweden">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sweden" class="extiw" title="q:Sweden">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sweden" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Sweden">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sweden" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Sweden">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sweden" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Sweden">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sweden#Q34" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Sweden">Sweden</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sweden/">Sweden</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125101315/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/sweden.htm">Sweden</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17955808">Sweden profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Sweden" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Sweden">Wikimedia Atlas of Sweden</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/52822">Sweden</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=SE">Key Development Forecasts for Sweden</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studyinsweden.se/">Study in Sweden</a> – official guide to studying in Sweden</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141230162402/http://www.circle.lu.se/upload/CIRCLE/workingpapers/200906_Schoen.pdf">Wayback Machine</a> Technological Waves and Economic Growth in Sweden 1850–2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928122527/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/sweden-economic-growth-and-structural-change-1800-2000/">Sweden – Economic Growth and Structural Change, 1800–2000</a> — EH.Net Encyclopedia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207061449/http://www.vifanord.de/index.php?id=1&L=1&rd=243343734">vifanord</a> – a digital library that provides scientific information on the Nordic and Baltic countries as well as the Baltic region as a whole</li></ul> Public sector <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sweden.se/">Sweden.se</a> — Sweden's official portal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riksdagen.se/en/">The Swedish Parliament</a> – official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.government.se/">The Government of Sweden</a> – official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt.4.367010ad11497db6cba800054503.html">The Royal Court</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011091836/http://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt.4.367010ad11497db6cba800054503.html">Archived</a> 11 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – official website of the Swedish Monarchy</li></ul> News media <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiosweden.org/">Radio Sweden</a> – public service</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svt.se/">Sveriges Television</a> (in Swedish) – public service</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dn.se/">Dagens Nyheter</a> (in Swedish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svd.se/">Svenska Dagbladet</a> (in Swedish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.se/">The Local – Sweden's news in English</a> – independent English language news site</li></ul> Trade <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/SWE/Year/2012/Summary">World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Sweden</a></li></ul> Travel <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitsweden.com/">VisitSweden.com</a> – official travel and tourism website for Sweden</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sweden_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sweden_topics" title="Template:Sweden topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sweden_topics" title="Template talk:Sweden topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sweden_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sweden topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sweden_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sweden</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Sweden" title="Prehistoric Sweden">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(800%E2%80%931521)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sweden (800–1521)">800–1521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1523%E2%80%931611)" title="History of Sweden (1523–1611)">1523–1611</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1611%E2%80%931648)" title="History of Sweden (1611–1648)">Rise to become Great Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Liberty" title="Age of Liberty">Age of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_1756" title="Coup of 1756">Coup of 1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_Crisis_(1768)" title="December Crisis (1768)">December Crisis (1768)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1772" title="Revolution of 1772">Revolution of 1772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavian_era" title="Gustavian era">Gustavian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_1809" title="Coup of 1809">Coup of 1809</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Sweden–Norway union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_famine_of_1867%E2%80%931869" title="Swedish famine of 1867–1869">Famine of 1867–1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_the_late_19th_century" title="Sweden during the late 19th century">Modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialization_of_Sweden" title="Industrialization of Sweden">Industrialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_I" title="Sweden during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II_(timeline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden during World War II (timeline)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1945%E2%80%931967)" title="History of Sweden (1945–1967)">1945–1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1967%E2%80%931991)" title="History of Sweden (1967–1991)">1967–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1991%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sweden (1991–present)">Since 1991</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sweden" title="Geography of Sweden">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sweden" title="List of cities in Sweden">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Sweden" title="Counties of Sweden">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Sweden">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Sweden" title="Forests of Sweden">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Sweden" title="List of islands of Sweden">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Sweden" title="List of lakes of Sweden">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_Sweden" title="Lands of Sweden">Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Sweden" title="List of metropolitan areas in Sweden">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Sweden" title="List of national parks of Sweden">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sweden" title="Provinces of Sweden">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Sweden" title="List of rivers of Sweden">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Sweden" title="Wildlife of Sweden">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sweden" title="Politics of Sweden">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Sweden" title="Administrative divisions of Sweden">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Sweden">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sweden" title="Elections in Sweden">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sweden" title="Foreign relations of Sweden">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sweden" title="Human rights in Sweden">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Sweden">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sweden" title="Government of Sweden">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_agencies_in_Sweden" title="Government agencies in Sweden">State agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Sweden" title="Judiciary of Sweden">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Sweden" title="Law of Sweden">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sweden" title="Law enforcement in Sweden">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Armed_Forces" title="Swedish Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_neutrality" title="Swedish neutrality">Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Sweden" title="List of political parties in Sweden">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sweden" title="Economy of Sweden">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Sweden" title="Agriculture in Sweden">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Sweden" title="Automotive industry in Sweden">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Sweden" title="Energy in Sweden">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Sweden" title="Income inequality in Sweden">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Krona (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_labour_movement" title="Swedish labour movement">Labour unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehn%E2%80%93Meidner_model" title="Rehn–Meidner model">Rehn–Meidner model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Stockholm" title="Nasdaq Stockholm">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Sweden" title="Taxation in Sweden">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sweden" title="Telecommunications in Sweden">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sweden" title="Transport in Sweden">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sweden" title="Tourism in Sweden">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Sweden" title="Category:Society of Sweden">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sweden" title="Abortion in Sweden">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Sweden" title="Censorship in Sweden">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Sweden" title="Crime in Sweden">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sweden" title="Demographics of Sweden">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sweden" title="Education in Sweden">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Sweden">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Sweden" title="Homelessness in Sweden">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Sweden" title="Human trafficking in Sweden">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Sweden" title="Immigration to Sweden">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sweden" title="Languages of Sweden">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_counties_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Swedish counties by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Sweden" title="Prostitution in Sweden">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Sweden" title="Welfare in Sweden">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sweden" title="Women in Sweden">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden" title="Culture of Sweden">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Du_gamla,_du_fria" title="Du gamla, du fria">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Sweden" title="Architecture of Sweden">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_art" title="Swedish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sweden" title="Cinema of Sweden">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sweden" title="Coat of arms of Sweden">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_wine" title="Swedish wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_fashion" title="Swedish fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sweden" title="Flag of Sweden">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Sweden" title="Irreligion in Sweden">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_literature" title="Swedish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Sweden">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Sweden" title="National Day of Sweden">National Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Sweden" title="Public holidays in Sweden">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Sweden" title="Sport in Sweden">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Sweden" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Sweden">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sweden" title="Outline of Sweden">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sweden" title="Category:Sweden">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sweden" title="Portal:Sweden">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Sweden" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Sweden" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Sweden</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nordic_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nordic_countries" title="Template:Nordic countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nordic_countries" title="Template talk:Nordic countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nordic_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nordic countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nordic_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries"><img alt="Map of the Nordic countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg/120px-Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg/180px-Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg/240px-Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/23px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/35px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/46px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="340" /> <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/41px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Special status</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">cultural area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/20px-Sami_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/31px-Sami_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/41px-Sami_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Nordic_countries" title="Climate of the Nordic countries">Climate of the Nordic countries</a></li> <li>Comparison of the Nordic countries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Cross_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic Cross flag">Nordic Cross flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Nordic_countries" title="Subdivisions of the Nordic countries">Subdivisions of the Nordic countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_the_Nordic_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in the Nordic countries">LGBT in the Nordic countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Nordic_countries" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Nordic countries">Nordic diplomatic missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_identity_in_Estonia" title="Nordic identity in Estonia">Nordic identity in Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nordic_countries" title="Category:Nordic countries">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" title="Template:Countries bordering the Baltic Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries bordering the Baltic Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries bordering the Baltic Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries bordering the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmian%E2%80%93Masurian_Voivodeship" title="Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship">Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad Oblast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nordic_Council" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nordic_Council" title="Template:Nordic Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nordic_Council" title="Template talk:Nordic Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nordic_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nordic Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nordic_Council" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Nordic Council"><img alt="Flag of the Nordic Council" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/23px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/35px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/46px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="340" /> <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/41px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer / offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/20px-Sami_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/31px-Sami_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/41px-Sami_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nordic_identity_in_Estonia" title="Nordic identity in Estonia">identity</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_main_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/80px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/120px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/160px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential enlargement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Former members</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template talk:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association#Membership" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Liechtenstein–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/80px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/120px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/160px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area#Membership" title="European Economic Area">provisional member</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Economic Area">UK membership</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">CH–EU relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">UK–EU relations</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Council_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Council_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompidou_Group" title="Pompidou Group">Pompidou Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Council of Europe–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Russia (1996–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_(OSCE)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OSCE" title="Template:OSCE"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OSCE" title="Template talk:OSCE"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OSCE" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OSCE"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_(OSCE)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partners for Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies and posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Conciliation_and_Arbitration" title="Court of Conciliation and Arbitration">Court of Conciliation and Arbitration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Democratic_Institutions_and_Human_Rights" title="Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights">Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_on_National_Minorities" title="High Commissioner on National Minorities">Commissioner on National Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Representative_on_Freedom_of_the_Media" title="OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media">Representative on Freedom of the Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_Point_for_Roma_and_Sinti_Issues" title="Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues">Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Minsk_Group" title="OSCE Minsk Group">OSCE Minsk Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93OSCE_relations" title="Armenia–OSCE relations">Armenia–OSCE relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93OSCE_relations" title="Azerbaijan–OSCE relations">Azerbaijan–OSCE relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Italy_to_OSCE" title="List of ambassadors of Italy to OSCE">List of ambassadors of Italy to OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomats_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_OSCE" title="List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the OSCE">List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mission_to_the_Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" title="United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe">United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active field missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Presence_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Presence in Albania (page does not exist)">Presence in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="OSCE Mission in Kosovo">Mission in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Montenegro (page does not exist)">Mission to Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Moldova (page does not exist)">Mission to Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Serbia (page does not exist)">Mission to Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Skopje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Skopje (page does not exist)">Mission to Skopje</a></li> <li>Centre in Ashgabat</li> <li>Programme Office in Astana</li> <li>Programme Office in Bishkek</li> <li>Programme Office in Dushanbe</li> <li>Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan</li> <li>Personal Representative of the Chairperson-in-Office on the Conflict Dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former field missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Needs_Assessment_Team_in_Armenia" title="OSCE Needs Assessment Team in Armenia">Needs Assessment Team in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Mission_to_Croatia" title="OSCE Mission to Croatia">Mission to Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Verification_Mission" title="Kosovo Verification Mission">Kosovo Verification Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Initiative" title="Community Security Initiative">Community Security Initiative in Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine" title="OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine">Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_organizations_with_the_Kingdom_of_Sweden_as_a_member" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sweden_ties" title="Template:Sweden ties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sweden_ties" title="Template talk:Sweden ties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sweden_ties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sweden ties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_organizations_with_the_Kingdom_of_Sweden_as_a_member" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International organizations with the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Sweden</a> as a member</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Geopolitical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Historical Cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee (IOC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization (ISO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Current monarchies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Economic Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank (AsDB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements (BIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="European Bank for Reconstruction and Development">European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Development_Bank" title="Inter-American Development Bank">Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Investment_Bank" title="Nordic Investment Bank">Nordic Investment Bank (NIB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Club" title="Paris Club">Paris Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Customs_Organization" title="World Customs Organization">World Customs Organization (WCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization (WTO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro-Atlantic_Partnership_Council" title="Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council">Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court (ICCt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union (WEU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangger_Committee" title="Zangger Committee">Zangger Committee (ZC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Technology Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Group" title="Australia Group">Australia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank (EIB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency (ESA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency (IEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Energy_Agency" title="Nuclear Energy Agency">Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Suppliers_Group" title="Nuclear Suppliers Group">Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="United_Nations_(UN)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations (UN)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo">UN Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea">UN Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_in_Georgia" title="United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia">UN Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Truce_Supervision_Organization" title="United Nations Truce Supervision Organization">UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Specialized agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization (ILO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund (IMF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization (IMO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union (ITU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization" title="United Nations Industrial Development Organization">UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union (UPU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization (WHO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization (WMO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association (IDA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation (IFC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_Investment_Guarantee_Agency" title="Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency">Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates observer status</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/159364209">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/311574554">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/133243592">3</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/172149294332280521859">4</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204537/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QbtfRmFKpvRPQrQfjc7kBGB">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4077258-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79021184">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15238534f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15238534f">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571513">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35534191">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134629&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451526">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/117514">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90570098">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000060526&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/97mppvdt327j8rx">Sweden</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/14606">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007554811405171">Israel</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007313084505171">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/23d10872-f5ae-3f0c-bf55-332788a16ecb">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00990252?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/kPhtiHZn">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026401606">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003371">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035835">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sweden&params=63_N_16_E_type:country_region:SE">63°N 16°E / 63°N 16°E / 63; 16</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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[\"CITEREFDuttaLanvinRivera_LeónWunsch-Vincent2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuttaLanvinWunsch-VincentLeón2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuttaLanvinWunsch-VincentLeón2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdvinsson,_SörenMalmberg,_GunnarHäggström_Lundevaller,_Erling2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinhornLogue1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElganScobbie2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElisabeth_ElgánIrene_Scobbie2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngström1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEric_DelsonIan_TattersallJohn_Van_Couvering2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEricson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErikssonFinnveden2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErlangerShear2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEwanNugent2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsberg2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrandsen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriesen_(von)1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrost2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFörsvarsmakten\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGee2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGritsch2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHadeniusNilssonÅselius1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHellquist1922\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHenley2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiggins2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmberg,_Sören1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvarsHulden2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanet_L._B._MartinJohn_D._Martin1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonPollard2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonungKianderVartia2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJutikkalaPirinen2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoblik1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKowalski\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrisztina_Than2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandes2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLars_RydénPawel_MigulaMagnus_Andersson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindberg2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLobellSchönKrantz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLokala_Nyheter_Skåne2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagnussonLönnaeusOrrenius2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarklund2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeinander1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitzi_M._Brunsdale2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNora_Berend2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorborg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrange2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrange2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOttosen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierre2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPriceArciniGustinDrenzel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadio2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegeringskansliet2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiksdagsförvaltningen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavageWertheimer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSawyerSawyer1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchäfer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiney1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpringerBirchMacLeavy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvenska_kyrkan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwisher,_Kara1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarkiainen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerrill2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheron_Douglas_Price2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVidal2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatts1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWesterlund2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestrin1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinsonPickett2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorthington2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_DijkRobert_ManchinJohn_van_KesterenSami_Nevala2005\"] = 1,\n [\"Larsson_\u0026amp;_Bäck\"] = 1,\n [\"Petersson\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite SSRN\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 48,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 42,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 128,\n [\"Convert\"] = 23,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Council of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries bordering the Baltic Sea\"] = 1,\n [\"Decrease\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 10,\n [\"European Economic Area (EEA)\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 9,\n [\"In lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Increase\"] = 3,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 52,\n [\"Langx\"] = 34,\n [\"Largest cities of Sweden\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 6,\n [\"Main\"] = 30,\n [\"Map caption\"] = 1,\n [\"Mdash\"] = 2,\n [\"Member states of the European Union\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nordic Council\"] = 1,\n [\"Nordic countries\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OED\"] = 1,\n [\"OSCE\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 9,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 16,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Sovereign states of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Sup\"] = 1,\n [\"Sweden ties\"] = 1,\n [\"Sweden topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 17,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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